<-- ************************************************************************* ** FACTOTUM(R) SemNet Version 0.56 ** ** Parts 1 and 2 ** ************************************************************************* Copyright (C) MICRA, Inc. 1998. FACTOTUM(R) is a registered Trademark of MICRA, Inc., Plainfield, NJ "In natural science, I have understood, there is nothing petty to the mind that has a large vision of relations, and to which every single object suggests a vast sum of conditions."[The Mill on the Floss, George Eliot, 1860]. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= For inquiries regarding commercial use of the FACTOTUM(R) Semantic Network, contact Patrick Cassidy at MICRA, Inc. 735 Belvidere Ave. Plainfield, NJ, 07062 (908) 668-5252 cassidy@micra.com =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The FACTOTUM(R) SemNet (in files fsn1.doc and fsn2.doc) is a hierarchically-organized semantic network in thesaurus format, derived by reorganization and supplementation of the version of Roget's Thesaurus published in 1911. The new organization is intended to permit more accurate use of inheritance, using ISA and other semantic relational markers. When the first reorganization of the Roget is completed, every word will be either in a defined location in the type hierarchy, or related to a node in the hierarchy by a defined semantic relation. These semantic relations at present are only suggestive English words, and to be useful in reasoning still need to be defined either by axioms or procedural code. The ultimate goal is to have a semantic network which has, in logically defined and computer-usable format, all of the "facts" about words which would be found in a typical dictionary, plus some other more basic "facts" about concepts which are essential for computer understanding of language, but would usually be so basic as to be left out of a dictionary produced for human use. This goal, however, would probably require over a hundred person-years, and the immediate goal of the reorganization of Roget is much more modest. This work is envisioned as being performed in two stages, the first being a simple reorganization of the Roget. The purpose of the first reorganizational stage is twofold: (1) to find the semantic relations implied by the organization of words in clusters under "main entries". We expect that these implied semantic relations will form the minimum necessary to describe those relations between words which are sufficiently salient to be used in understanding the words as used in normal communications. This set will probably form a subset of the semantic relations needed to provide definitions of words comparable in detail to normal dictionary definitions; and (2) to produce an "improved" Roget, in which words within each main entry which are subtypes of the entry headword are distinguished from other words, related by other semantic relations, and to explicitly denote the semantic relations involved. The resulting skeletal semantic network will need to be tested in comparison to other semantic networks in language-understanding tasks, such a disambiguation, to determine which parts may be useful and which need modification. We wish to specify in as precise a format as possible the meanings of words, but because words are used with great frequency in flexible, even novel ways, often metaphorically, and may vary slightly in meaning depending on the context of use, it is impossible to specify precisely all of the meanings which these words may have. What we hope to capture in a semantic network of this kind is primarily the central meanings of the most easily distinguishable senses. Any program using this network for interpretation will need to have a mechanism for adjusting the meanings to accommodate potential variant uses. Another type of flexibility in language is the frequent use of a more general term when a more precise term (one lower in the hierarchy) could be used. Awareness of this possibility on the part of an interpreting program is essential, particularly since the division and subdivision of words is to some extent arbitrary, and for convenience in classification we have sometimes inserted phrasal concepts which are seldom or never actually used in linguistic communication. This increases the potential that the hierarchical distance will not accurately reflect conceptual distance. Such insertions will not prove troublesome if conceptual distance takes into consideration not merely the number of hierarchical nodes which must be traversed from one concept to its supertype, but also the total number of nodes subordinate to the higher node. The logical relations between concepts (semantic relations) specified in this text-format file may be extracted by a parser and indexer (Thespars) written by Dr. Aleksandr Gelbukh (in Moscow), and the index is used by a viewer (Thesview), also written by Dr. Gelbukh. A list of the relations used, and their explanation, is contained in a companion file "relation.doc". The hierarchy is based exclusively on the nouns at present. The verbs and adjectives will nevertheless in most cases be in their proper hierachical order, since the entries, including those whose concepts are primarily verbal or adjectival, have been ordered by the nominalized forms. At the highest and most abstract levels, the hierarchy in some cases will not appear to be a proper type hierarchy, as for example, with M7, volition. The "subtypes" are not actually subtypes of volition itself, but form a cluster of concepts related to volition. This problem could be cured by simply labeling the concept "volition" as "concepts related to volition" or "volitional phenomenon". For the present, this has not been done, but after the completion of first reorganization, such questions will be reviewed to decide if such a relabeling is appropriate. So at present the topmost categories are sometimes more general than their labels would appear. In reality, therefore, at present the strict hierarchy tends to start at the node with one number (e.g. P2), or one level below that (e.g. M7.1). When the first reorganization is completed, the higher levels may be relabeled to bring a stricter inheritance capability up to the top levels. Inheritance will in general be more accurate with the physical concepts. In order to construct a reasonably accurate inheritance hierarchy, it has been necessary to create certain phrasal concepts, such as "powered land vehicle," which do not occur in real text. This is harmless, and a small price to pay for the convenience of efficient inheritance. Since this thesaurus is intended to be used in language understanding and generation, there can and should be a general rule in any generation system which excludes the use of words or phrases which have not previously been observed in text, unless the demands of the situation require use of the "novel" word. This will prevent odd-sounding text from being generated. For understanding, any phrase in this network which is not ecnountered in text will have zero or minimal impact on the performance of the system. Additions of missing words to supplement the original 1911 Roget have been entered only when their absence has been noticed in the course of the reorganization into a hierarchy; as yet no attempt at systematic additions has been made, to bring the coverage up to level of a modern dictionary. However, a few lists of plants from the Wordnet system (from the Princeton group of Prof. Miller) have been incorporated. Many phrases which are simply combinatorial, rather than idiomatic, have been included, since they were included or implied in the Roget. Those which are simple combinations, including verb-particle combinations, should be dissociated at some point, after procedures to regenerate such combinations in a combinatorial manner during language understanding have been constructed. Meanwhile, because this thesaurus will be incorporated into the lexicon, they serve to allow direct and efficient recognition of such combinations in text. USE OF THIS NETWORK This semantic network can serve as an outine for construction of a full lexicon for natural language understanding. At the present stage (version 0.55) the number of links per node (about 1, not counting inherited links) is many times fewer than would be needed to provide the essential chracteristics of words sufficient to construct a dictionary definition. Even when complete, as a simple network of nodes and links, it will merely provide a set of logical relations which tie together the linguistic symbols used to label the nodes. To provide actual language understanding, the semantic relations and the primitive concepts underlying the linguistic symbols must be defined by a procedural code which will create the logical structure to represent any linguistic input. According to the approach we favor, the main language-understanding routines will be associated with the "primitive" concepts of the network. Most of the headword concepts in this network are at least in part "primitive" (i.e. the concepts are not fully defined in terms of other concepts), and we presume that the coding of procedures to interpret these primitives will commence with the most general (highest in the hierarchy) and continue down the hierarchy, as time permits. After the first several hundred primitives have been encoded (in addition to a few hundred semantic relations), it may be feasible to test the network for its utility in language understanding. A program using only this network with a few hundred defined primitives may be able to obtain a "vague" understanding of the actions and objects encountered in text, but will lack the ability to distinguish many details (and therefore make certain inferences), especially on technical subjects. We expect that, as detail is added, more precise understanding will develop, without developing serious computational bottlenecks. Each word-concept in this semantic network will contain many of the essential elements of a definition (in most cases, with the genus, but without all of the differentia found in a typical dictionary definition). The first revision of the thesaurus to conform to a hierarchical network will only attempt to specify the relations within each main entry to the first level, i.e. it will distinguish the subtype relation from other types of semantic relations. There are many blocks of words (paragraphs), related to a headword by only a single semantic relation (usually subtype). Many of these have no other semantic relations to other words specified, and therefore are indistinguishable from each other by the logic of this network. For the same reason, those words listed only as subtypes must by default be treated as synonyms of the headword. Additional work, at a later stage, will be needed to add the detailed relations which would allow one to distinguish words which should be distinguished, and thus extract a complete definition for each word from this semantic network. For the simple purposes of distinguishing subtype from other relations, a simple linear-text format is sufficient, and, when organized in about 2000 main headings, analogously to the Roget, it has the advantage of placing many related concepts within a single window, allowing the editor to obtain a broad view of the context for each word. We find such a broad contextual view helpful in deciding the proper placement of words in the hierarchy. At the present time we have no mechanism to extract and display graphically all of the relations of a single concept to other concepts in the network. Such relations can be extracted by the ThesParse routines, and presented in files for use by other programs. For later work, after much more detail has been filled in, a graphically oriented display (and editing tool), although not essential, may prove more convenient. We expect that one of the knowledge-maintenance tools already created by other groups will prove suitable, and expect that the data in this semantic network will be transferrable to such a system. The difference between this file and the CYC project is, in addition to the much larger size of CYC, that CYC is attempting to formally specify all of the concepts in an encyclopedia, describing the objects and actions primarily in the physical world. We are trying to specify the concepts in a thesaurus, whose subject is the language itself. The difference is primarily one of emphasis, but this semantic network should have a larger proportion of "mental" (including linguistic, social and abstract) concepts than an encyclopedia, and much less technical content, as well as a much smaller set of relational predicates. In addition, the expressive power required to describe real-world phenomena will be greater than that required to merely specify relations between words. For any given verb or adjective, for example, at some time that verb or adjective has been predicated of some object in the real world, and therefore the number of assertional predicates about real world objects in an assertional database can be expected to equal the number of non-synonymous verbs and adjectives, unless some of those verbs or adjectives can be defined in terms of other concepts. For an assertional database such as CYC, extensions to this terminological notation relations will certainly be required. Accuracy and Completeness At the present time, representing only a few person-years of work, this semantic network will necessarily contain only a small part of the linguistic information commonly used by people in everyday communication. The number of specified semantic relations in this network is estimated to be between one percent and ten percent of those needed to define words sufficiently for understanding at the level required to form new concepts (i.e., to learn by use of language). Anyone who notices missing relations is encouraged to call them to our attention. For many concepts, especially among the physical objects and interactions of physical objects, this network has been, up to this point, deliberately left sketchy. In part, this is due to the need to concentrate first on the outline of the semantic network, leaving details for later. In addition, it is due to a recognition of the large amount of work that has already been done by others to define physical concepts, and the desire to avoid duplication of such effort. After the initial outline has been completed, we hope to be able to fill in details by reference to such other work. Nevertheless, to test the limits of this simple notation, occasionally definitions of physical concepts have been attempted. Anyone who notices errors or inadequacies in such definitions is encouraged to bring that to our attention. There are important conceptual relations still not treated by this simple notation. One is the "contingency" relation. For example, we may want to classify certain animals as egg-laying. So we might say {{exhibits(egg-laying animal): produce[obj=egg]}}. But this is true only of mature females. We have no simple way to include that contingency, and this must be done in order to make this network actually useful. For the moment such relations as "exhibits" can only be interpreted as meaning the the "exhibited" action occurs under certain unspecified conditions, i.e. that it is a potential action, not always observed. Aside from incompleteness, at this stage (version 0.55), there are very likely a number of outright errors (internal inconsistencies). In addition, because other workers may disagree as to the meanings of individual concepts or individual semantic relations, others may disagree as to the use of certain relations between concepts, even though they are internally consistent. The simplest way to decide if the relations defined here are consistent with one's own interpretations of linguistic usage, is to scan a list of all of the uses of one semantic relation (which can be generated by the ThesParse program), to see how that relation is used here. We also welcome comments pointing out errors or suggesting different interpretations of either words or semantic relations, or suggesting additional semantic relations not used here. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- History: Last edit 1998-Jan-09. The first scan of the entire thesaurus has been completed. Numerous reference words still have ambiguous or incorrect references. Disambiguation of references started Oct 12, 1995. Using HP4 printer driver, This first file has 615 total pages, of which 13 are the introduction. September 20, 1994: All Roget numbers now have an associated hierarchical number. August 13, 1994. In file B, at P 50 of 381; 331 remaining. August 8, 1994. In file A, at P 470 of 470. Part B has 366 pages. Thus, (excluding header) done 470, with 366 remaining. Section margins 0.5" at each edge (8-1/2 x 11") August 8, 1994. Completed shifting of most individual Roget categories to new positions, but the initial internal reorganization has only reached M3.1.1.3 (ca. 50 per cent done). July 20, 1994: To avoid the inability of MS-Word to handle the current-sized file, we divided the single file into two files; part A contains abstract and physical concepts, and part B contains mental concepts. A nuisance, but manageable until we get a word processor that can handle a 3+-megabyte file. June 23, at 385 out of 719 = 334 remaining??? Pagination?? June 23, 1994: The MS-word program has begun to bomb with a message "not enough memory", presumably due to too large a file (or too many bookmarks?). Removed the original Roget classification at the bottom of the thesaurus, and put it in a file called "rtoutlin.doc". As of June 6, 1994: at Page 357 out of 773 = 416 remaining. April 1994: added some detailed sections from the living organism sections of Wordnet 1.4. Most organisms from Wordnet were left out. Feb 5-7, 1994: The syntactical errors found by Sasha's parser have been removed. June 1993: Began modifications to conform more closely to the UMLS semantic network in the "organism" section. Began to search and remove syntactical errors. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= NOTATIONS =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-===-= This thesaurus is organized, like the Original Roget's by major word categories, of which there are about 1100. Each main entry has words semantically related to the headword, and organized in subsections. The first subdivision of the main entry is the paragraph. All the words in any paragraph have the same semantic relation to the headword. A main entry may be headed by a Roget-entry number (a number prefixed by a "#" symbol), or by a hierarchical entry number (a number prefixed by a "A", "P", or "M"). Within each paragraph will be one or more synonym groups, separated by semicolons. Within a synonym group may be one or more phrases, which will be composed of one or more words. A phrase may be enclosed in quotation marks, and this will in most cases be solely to contain a phrase with a number or some special symbol (such as numbers or letters from European alphabets), to avoid confusing the automatic parser. The quotation marks should not be construed as indicating any special meaning. There are varying degrees of synonymy, and the synonym groups located between colons are intended to be synonymous in the normal sense that the "synonyms" may be substituted for each other in at least one particular context. If the "synonym" is in fact synonymous in only one particular phrase or context, we try to specify that phrase or context by use of the contxtual relation "{[in_frame]}". However, this level of detail has not been achieved with the entire text. One implied relation not usually explicitly defined concerns adjectives. The default interpretation of the first synonym-group among the adjectives should be equivalent to the relation {[concerning(x)]} where "x" is the headword of the main entry. This is intended to be approximately equivalent to the commonly used lexical device in dictionaries, "of or related to". ROGET-NUMBERED ENTRIES The 1911 Roget category numbers have been retained, and subdivided in some cases with a, b, c, where significant parts of a Roget entry are broken out into a separate entry. This numbering serves merely as a temporary cross-reference to other entries, until all Roget entries have been assigned a hierarchical number. It also serves to indicate the origin of most of the entries. Eventually most Roget entries (with some exceptions) should have at least one hierarchical entry number, but as of the last edit this has not been completed. HIERARCHICAL NUMBERING The hierarchical numbering is in 3 groups: abstract, Physical, and Mental, in which the hierarchy numbers are preceded with an A, P, or M, repectively. Subdivisions are preceded by decimal points separating the hierarchical levels (segment numbers), as in "P2.3.2.3.5". A word in the hierarchical noun segment of each subgroup should be a proper subtype of all of the higher categories. If necessary for some implementation, a single top level called "concept" could be added. Within a paragraph, words which are approximately synonymous are grouped together, separated by commas; each synonym-group is separated by a semicolon (";") from other words which have a lot of similarity, but are not so closely synonymous. All paragraphs begin with a tab (indentation) and end with a period. The objective is to group within each paragraph words which have similar semantic categories, and a similar semantic relation to the headword. In some cases, in order to maintain the hierarchical numbering as strictly as possible, certain compound categories have been used for which there is no single word, and which comprise the sole phrase in the entry. For example, to divide entertainment devices, we created the entry: P2.3.1.3.13.1 NON-ELECTRONIC ENTERTAINMENT DEVICES N. non-electronic entertainment device. Although such categories may appear arbitrary, in most cases they are created in order to attach semantic relations which apply to a whole category, and thereby to maintain modularity and minimize redundancy, so as to make the database more easily maintainable. RELATIONAL ENTRIES Certain main entries are not included in the main hierarchy, i.e., they are not simply a subtype of some other entry, but are indexed by their relation to another entry. In such cases, the Hierarchical number will contain an "R" at some point within the numbering system, indicating a relational entry. For example, "trophy" is include within the section on "success", M7.4.1.1 (which includes victory), and is numbered M7.4.1.1.R1. To a certain extent such entries have something of the character of "Roles" in KL-ONE-like systems, i.e., they are defined by virtue of their relation to something else. (for more about roles and role names, see Note10, below at R9). Other examples of relational entries are parts of physical objects. IN this case, as well as in the case of a "trophy", the entries are in fact physical objects, and could have been included directly in the hierarchy under physical objects. However, this would have been contrary to the guiding principle of this network, which is to classify concepts within the categories to which they are mentally most closely related. The logical relations will be the same regardless of what the hierarchical number is, but it should be easier to comprehend, build, and modify the network by collecting the closely related entries in one place. This is, of course, the reason for adopting a Roget-like structure to the text representation of the network. SYNONYMS AND SUBTYPES There may be several paragraphs under each main heading. Within the first paragraph the first synonym set in general contains words which are synonymous to the headword. The remaining synonym groups of the first paragraph contain words which share a lot of similarity in meaning to the head entry word. This is equivalent to an implied {{similar_to}} relation. Other paragraphs within the set of nouns, unless marked with different semantic relations, are implied subtypes of the headword. OTHER SEMANTIC RELATIONS [[semrel]] Words which are not synonymous or subtypes, but have other semantic relations to the headword, are contained in paragraphs with a semantic relation indicated in a double curly bracket heading the paragraph. These other semantic relations are to be interpreted as default conditions, to which there may be exceptions. Exceptions may be noted by a symbol pair "!:" within a relation, overriding the same previous relation(s) inherited from above. FOr example, a "conduit" usually has an opening (to transport physical substances), but an electrical wire is usefully thought of as a conduit for electricity, and the transported agents (electrons) need no opening thourhg twhich to pass, so we override the default hollow character of a conduit thus: {{!:not_has_subtype(opening, R260)}} {{has_subtype(conduit[for=electricity[2], @P2.6.1.1.2])}} {{has_subtype(wire, @R205)}} electrical wire. Initial comments in square brackets are generally either explanatory comments or semantic relations for which a well-defined semantic relation has not yet been formulated. Comments in square brackets after a word may be usage comments, or, used within semantic relations, may restrict the application of the relation. In general, between the beginning of a main entry and the "end-hierarchy" mark "$$", any paragraph not headed by a semantic relation has the default semantic relation of a subtype of the headword, i.e., part of the hierarchy proper. This may also be written explicitly as {{has_subtype(headword)}}. However, if there is a direct semantic relation (in double brackets) heading a paragraph, and containing no first argument (in parentheses) (e.g. {{has_part}}), this relation is assumed to be the only semantic relation of the headword to the paragraph words. Such "direct" semantic relations will not contain a parenthesis within the double curly brackets. In this case, if a group of words has a semantic relation in addition to the subtype relation, the subtype relation must be specified explicitly. (There is an exception, for the semantic relations dealing with quantity or intensity. These semantic relations imply a subtype relation, e.g. {{has_high_intensity}} is a direct semantic relation, but the words thus categorized will also be subtypes of the headword, although with a distinctive property differntiating them from other subtype words). In general, a semantic relation in which the first argument is some other word which does *not* have its primary definition in the same main entry does NOT nullify the subtype relation(for example, under Interpretation, R522, the paragraph: {{uses(mysticism)}} anagoge, anagogoy. shows that the words anagoge and anagogy, in addition to being subtypes of interpretation, are also devices employed in mysticism. Likewise, if the specified semantic relation is another subtype relation (i.e., if a subtype relation is specified which is not the headword, this subtype is also assumed to apply in addition to the subtype of the headword). A paragraph may have any number of relations listed, all of which apply to all the words in the paragraph. For example, under R85a, Computation: {{&used_in(number, R84)}} {{used_in(symbol)}} operation, mathematical operation; operator. Here operator and operation both use numbers and symbols, and both are a type of computation. The "&" in front of the semantic relation means "sometimes" or "may". In this case, the "sometimes" symbol is used because mathematical operations may operate on things other than numbers (but in this paragraph, the second relation states that a mathematical operation always uses symbols). The quantifier may be different in the reverse direction, and where this is to be indicated explicitly, there may be two qualifiers in front of a relation. Thus, in the entry of "interval", we note that an interval may be caused by the act of parting, but it may also be caused by other factors -- thus: {{&!caused_by(interval): @P2.6.1.2.4.4, parting}}. i.e., parting always causes an interval, but an interval is only sometimes caused by parting. The interpretation of combinations of relations is not yet well defined. One example of a combination is in the entry under "Smooth", where various methods of smoothing are given. Here, smoothing by abrasion and smoothing by cutting. In the verb section: V. smooth, smoothen[obs3]. [render smooth] {{has_subtype(smooth)}} {{has_method(abrade, @P2.4.2.4.3)}} file; polish, burnish. Interpretation: "to file is to smooth by abrasion" {{has_subtype(smooth)}} {{has_method(cut, R44)}} plane; mow; shave. Interpretation: "planing, mowing, and shaving are types of smoothing by cutting" Thus, in ordinary English, the "method" relation is usually expressed as "by". Another example is the relation between wood and sawdust. Of course, sawdust is composed of wood, but more specifically, we write: {{constitutes(wood)}} {{has_subtype(powder)}} {{forms(cut)}} {[with_object(wood)]} sawdust. This means that "cutting wood forms a powdery material composed of wood, called sawdust". # pound sign serves as the start of a Roget entry. The segment of the entry which is directly included in the hierarchy (as opposed to non-hierarchical semantic relations) is exclusively in the noun section, beggining with the N. symbol. $$ ends the hierarchical segment started by a "N." within an entry. This is a temporary device to allow recognition of paragraphs containing subtypes, even though non-subtytpe paragraphs have not been given their proper semantic markers. At present, only a few entries have this boundary explicitly marked. {{}} double curly brackets designate the defined semantic relation (see list in file "relation.doc") which the immediately following segment(paragraph) has to the immediately preceding hierarchically organized main entry. These brackets precede the word(s) being categorized, and the relation applies to all entries up to the end of the paragraph. For usage, see below. These relations are essentially predicate relations between two arguments. (where the relation does not contain a verb, the implied verb is "is", e.g. "part_of" actually means "[head word] is_part_of [following word]".). In the case where the first argument is not the main entry word(s) for that segment, the first argument will appear in parentheses behind the relation, thus "{{has_property(light): color}}" means that light has a property named color(and that color in this sense has its primary entry elsewhere). Where the relation is a property, the property may have a value, and in this case the value may also appear inside the relational markers. In this case, there will be a second set of colons within the relation, immediately preceding the value. If the second concept of the relation is outside the relational markers (a primary entry), there will be two colons immediately adjacent. Thus, for a primary entry: {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{property_of(number of sides):: six}} hexagon. and for a reference entry: {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{property_of(number of sides): hexagon: six}}. Another notation with similar purpose, used to provide additional detail in semantic relations, is to include a conceptual relation in square brackets after a word. For bicycle, we want to indicate that it must have two wheels, so we use: {{has_part(bicycle): wheel[num=2]}}. We can also use inequalities to express the idea of maximum or minimum: {{has_member(organization): person[num=>0]}}. Typically, the proper interpretation of the expression within such square brackets will be the task of the primitive routine assigned to interpret the modified word. Thus such routines must be able to interpret any modifier which is used in that fashion. A list of the different modifiers used in such square brackets is contained in the file "attribs.doc". ^ A further detail of the notation occurs where we want to express the concept that a property of some concept is quantitatively similar or different to the same quantity of another concept. We use the [val] as a modifier, and relate that to another concept. That other concept must also be a value. We use a short notation to indicate a property of a concept, the carat "^", which is interpreted as "of" applied in the reverse direction. Thus the age of a child is "child^age", and the child of a parent is parent^child, and we express the fact that the age of a father must be greater than the age of that father's child by: {{has_property: age[val=>parent^child^age]}} parent; father, sire, dad, papa. This carat mark must be interpreted as the "of" expressing therelation which is explicitly marked in this hierarchy. Because there is only one direct relation between parent and child, viz. "begets", the child "of" the parent is the child of the parent who creates that child. another example, would be where we want to say that "a chimney is taller than the building of which it is a part": {{{has_relative_val(height^chimney + height^building^chimney): ">1"}}}. This should have only one interpretation, since the only direct relation between the building and the chimney is the "has_part" relation. More explicit "of" relations are needed, and will be added. Universal quantifiers. In order to say things about all of a certain class of objects, one method is to use the "number" restriction with a value of "all". Thus to say that a regular polygon has all sides of equal length, we can use: {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{has_part($side)}} regular polygon. &&{{has_property($side[num=all]): length[val=equal]}}. The "equal" in the value statement must be used with a relation which refers to some property of more than one object. & In cases where the semantic relation sometimes holds between the two words, and sometimes doesn't, an ampersand (&) is placed before the relation. This symbol is not symmetrical, i.e., it does not work the same way in both directions. For example, only some types of conversion are caused by radioactivity. But radioactivity always causes conversion of the radioactive element. Thus the non-symmetry: {{&result_of(conversion): radioactivity}}. {{has_result(radioactivity): conversion, transmutation}}. (read as: "conversion is sometimes the result of radioactivity", or "some types of conversion are the result of radioactivity"). {{&has_subtype(pathogen): virus; bacterium; protozoan}}. (read as: some viruses and some bacteria are pathogens) Without this symbol, the normal interpretation is that the relation will usually hold, and is to be considered a default, to be applied unless overridden. In certain cases, the existence of more than one argument for the target of a relation will have the same effect as a "sometimes" symbol. For example, if a physical object is "part_of" more than one whole object, the interpretation is that the part may be found in any one of those whole objects. Several arguments for "caused_by" means that any one of those could be a cause. If all "causes" are required to operate to produce an effect, they should be combined in one argument, with "+" signs between them. On the other hand, some relations are inherently symmetrical with respect to frequency. "requires" and its inverse, "required_for" express the same relation, and should have the same meaning of necessity in both directions. ! In cases where the semantic relation is a necessary condition, not overridable (except in unusual circumstances, such as metaphorical use), the exclamation point "!" is used. !! In order to create definitions which have both necessary and sufficient conditions (defined, rather than primitive concepts), the double asterisk is used prior to the relation name. Such definitions should be susceptible to automatic placement within the hierarchy. !: Used in front of a relation name to signify that this relation overrides all default relations of the same type. Used especially with subtypes. {{!:has_subtype(x): y}} means that other than the specific properties of the main entry, y inherits only from x and its supertypes, regardless of the supertype of the main entry in which it may be located. However, y will still inherit properties from the main entry in which it is located. {[]} Curly brackets followed by square brackets indicate a semantic relation which is one of usage in context. This includes usage of the type often indicated in dictionaries with the phrase "of ..." or "in ...", i.e., the specific meaning of a word when used in relation to a particular subject. In this sense, the relation "in_frame" is used, e.g. under "limit"... {[in_frame(gambling)]} maximum bet. In most cases, there will be only one word in parentheses, indicating the relationship of the following word to the headword. Occasionally, two words will be in p[arentheses, and in this case, the second word takes the place of the headword in the relationship. These relations may apply to the subject or object of a verb, the noun modified by an adjective, or an activity (such as gambling, above) in which the term is used. {} single curly brackets signify semantic relations in a manner similar to double curly brackets, but the semantic relations are not included in the defined list. Typically the semantic relations in single curly brackets are more complex than those in double curly brackets. [] square brackets contain explanatory comments, and in some cases may contain semantic relations which have not yet been classified. Brackets which appear at the head of a paragraph apply to all words in the paragraph, but brackets which appear at the end of a word or phrase apply only to that word or phrase. One type of comment, for example, is the context in which a word most often appears in the specific sense (e.g. MED means medical context, CHEM is chemistry, coll. means colloquial usage, etc.). Such comments appear after the relevant word. Although many of the notations have been standardized, any type of free-form comment may appear in square brackets, either at the head of the paragraph, or after a single phrase. A special comment in square brackets after a word is the Wordnet word-sense for that word. Such comments appear as a "wn" followed by a number, such as: plant[wn3] which means that this sense of the word "plant" is labeled as sense 3 in Wordnet. A bracket comment of the type [wfr-100] indicates that the labeled word is not actually obsolete, but is used much less frequently than a more common sense. Eventually, all lexical entries should have a frequency-of-usage count for each sense, to assist the interpreter to choose the correct sense. Until then, such "frequency" counts are entered only as estimates, where it is possible that common senses will be confused with rare senses. Another special use of square brackets is as a temporary notation to indicate words which can be used to generate additional word combinations by replacement of the indicated word with any of its subtypes. The comment which indicates this type of functionality is of the form: [replaceable=R191] where "replaceable=" is the keyword, and the reference indicates where the replaceable word has its primary entry. --> <-- In this file, comments which are not a proper part of the thesaurus itself are contained within arrow brackets thus: <-- comment -->. In some cases, the topic dealt with by such commnts have filled volumes of philosophical speculation, and the only function of the comment is to explain the reason for the classification used, not to assert that a compelling solution to each of these profound questions has been found. --> <-- ?? signifies locations where rearrangement or additions are needed / the forward slash in any grouping serves as an "or" function; any member of the group will serve in that location, or for that purpose. This is shortened equivalent of having several such relations expressed individually. @ References to numbers starting with "@" indicate that the reference or relation is to a word within the designated main entry, but the reference word is not the head word itself (or one of its synonyms). In this case, the reference word is usually a word semantically related to the head word, with its primary occurrence at that location. $ local concept mark. This is used in frame-like structures, to indicate identity of reference for certain concepts within the frame. Used with the following. && continuation mark: is used to create a frame-like object by tying together several assertions. (We use "frame" here to mean any structure containing more than one binary relation). The assertions may contain a word which is prefixed by a dollar sign ("$"). This dollar sign is a signal that the following word is to be treated as a unique but unnamed concept, defined locally. That is, the properties specified are relevant only within that specific frame. All identical words prefixed by the dollar sign are to be treated as a single object (concept), connected to the other concepts of that frame. If the "word" prefixed by a dollar sign is a single letter, this is to be treated as an undefined variable. Otherwise, the concept of the $-prefixed word is identical to (in that it inherits the properties and definition of) the concept specified by the same ordinary word. For example, under "rodent", to indicate that the bristles of a porcupine (a large rodent) are stiff, we use the notation: {{part_of($bristle)}} {{property_of(large)}} porcupine. &&{{has_property($bristle): stiff}}. In this case, the property "stiff" applies only to the bristle of the porcupine, and not to any other bristle. Another use for the "&&" notation is where a word may occur in several senses in the same main entry. In this case, the continuation implies that the sense referred to is the one in the same "frame", e.g. (where "ounce" and "pound" have different meanings in different weighing systems): {{has_units(avoirdupois weight)}} ounce; pound, lb; hundredweight, cwt; ton, short ton; long ton. &&{{{has_relative_value(pound+ounce): "16"}}}. &&{{{has_relative_value(hundredweight+pound): "100"}}}. Alternatively, instead of using a continuation or a specially-marked concept, it is also possible to tie together assertions without the "$", where a unique concept (occurring only once a a primary word) is defined and named. In this case, all relations specified will apply to that unique concept. For example, in the above case we could define a subtype of bristle, a "porcupine bristle". Then the frame would look like: {{property_of(large)}} porcupine. {{has_part(porcupine)}} {{has_subtype(bristle)}} porcupine bristle. {{has_property(porcupine bristle): stiff}}. In such cases one must take care not to create a new concept with that name, which will lead to ambiguity. Both methods of creating frames have been used in this thesaurus. The assertions connected by "&&" must follow sequentially, with the "&&" occupying the first characters after a tab, as above. Neologisms In order to find a conceptual path without excessive addition of new relations, it was sometimes necessary to use a derivative word not found in a typical dictionary, but easily recognizable: e.g. "pulverizability" in the grouping: {{has_requirement(pulverization)}} pulverizability. {{has_high_intensity(pulverizability)}} friability. Similarly, phrases may be used for that purpose. ------------------------------------------------------------- End of Special symbol list -------------------------------------------------------------- Example of usage of relational brackets: The default usage is that the relation links the main entry to the following words. If the related words are outside the brackets, the related words have their primary definition at this location, and these related words are counted as a separate sense (primary entry) of the words. If the related words are inside the brackets, the relation is followed by a colon, and this appearance of the related words is not counted as a separate sense (the word is a reference entry). If the symbol "@" appears as the first entry of a relation, then all subsequent words in that paragaph will be found at the referenced entry, and all are reference-entries. If the first word of the relation is not the primary entry word, the first word of the relation is included in a parenthesis following the relation. This notation is used where the first word of the relation is not a primary entry word, and has its primary definition (in that specific sense) within the same main entry. Entry word: pattern. {{is_a: group[of characteristics]}}. {{has_member}} characteristic, property, feature. {{has_subtype}} disposition, arrangement, array. {{has_property: order, A4.1}}. {{has_property(characteristic/property/feature)}} value. {{analogous_to: vector}}. (note that what this says is that a property may have a property called a value!) NOTE that because "characteristic" in this sense has its primary definition here, the has_property relation on that word is also located in this entry. Where several words in their primary locations all have an is_a relation to another word, the inverse relationship is used for convenience. Thus a mimeograph is_a copy, but for convenience this is included with other writings which are copies, i.e. Entry word: Writing (Document) {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint; photo offset. and, correspondingly, under Copy, R21: {{has_subtype(writing): mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint; photo offset}}. In many cases, specific subtypes of a concept which are simply combinations of words are included explicitly, e.g. for "critic" are listed specific types of critic (music critic, drama critic). Although these concepts could be easily derived from the individual concepts, the purpose of having such combinations explicitly included is to make it easier for a parser to recognize the combinations as a single defined unit, making errors of interpretation less likely. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Notes on individual relations: For a complete explanation, see the file "relation.doc". Closely related, almost synonymous concepts are marked as {{similar_to:}}. This indicates a closer similarity than [ref: ]. An intermediate degree of similarity is marked with the "sometimes, somewhat" operator "&", as in {{&similar_to:}}. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= DICTIONARY GENERATION =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The goal is to organize this thesaurus so that a dictionary outline of meanings (without glosses, pronunciation, etc.) can be generated automatically by a scan of the thesaurus; a large part of the semantically important information about a word should be derivable from its location in this hierarchy. Each word in a specific sense should appear only once in its proper location in the hierarchy. References to that word in that specific sense should be contained within brackets. The dictionary-outlining program will classify words which are not within brackets by their location in the hierarchy, and each new occurrence of a particular such word will be considered as a different sense from all others. Words within brackets are not be considered as a new sense of a particular word, although the indexing program will index them. As a longer-term project, the inclusion of more detail for each word will eventually allow a human-usable definition to be generated from each word in the thesaurus. Conversely, a properly constructed interpreter will allow the thesarus to be generated from a human-readable dictionary, provided that the definitions in that dictionary conform to well-defined conventions that can be handled by the parser/interpreter. We are also beginning construction of such a formatted dictionary to be used as an aid in construction of the semantic network. In many cases in this thesaurus, especially where conceptual_part and has_case relations are defined for a headword, the generation of a proper definition for subtypes of that headword will require unification of the headword with the subtype, to match the general cases defined for the headword with the specific cases denoted for each subtype of the headwrod. The second argument of each semantic relation may occur inside or outside of brackets, depending on whether the second argument of the semantic relation contains the prime sense of that word. A common example of words for which the prime location contained within a semantic pointer would be parts of machines which are peculiar to that specific machine; that is, in this thesaurus, component parts of objects for which the primary function is to serve specifically as part of that object will be classified together with the object itself in the hierarchy, within a has_part relational group. One useful element in the dictionary would be the length of the hypernym path, and the number of hyponyms, derived from this semantic network. This information will be useful in heuristic routines which may need to decide whether to expand a word's path in order to resolve references. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The individual numbered entries of this thesaurus were originally derived from the 1911 Roget's thesaurus. The following differences will be noted between this version and the original edition of the printed 1911 thesaurus: (1) the space-saving abbreviations in the original, using hyphens to represent common words, prefixes or suffixes, have been expanded into the full words or phrases. (2) the side-by-side format for words and their opposites has been abandoned. Words are listed in order of their entry number. (3) each Roget main entry (1035 entries) has a pound sign "#" in front of the number to facilitate computerized search. Some entries have been divided into two or more, with the original Roget number, plus letters to indicate their origin. (4) greek words and phrases are transliterated and marked as a foreign language word, thus: hysteron proteron[Grk]. (5) where italics occurred in the original, italics are used in the Microsoft Word(R) format file. In the plain ASCII file, this formatting is lost. (6) in the original book, words which were obsolete (in 1911) were marked with a dagger. In this version, those words are marked with an "obsolete" notation: "[obs1]". There are over 300 of these. Some of the words which were still current in 1911, but are no longer found in a current college-size dictionary (presently obsolete words), or which are no longer used in the specific indicated sense, have been marked with an "obsolete" notation: "[obs2]". However, this marking process is purely opportunistic, with no systematic attempt to cover the entire thesaurus; only a small portion of the words which are now obsolete have been thus marked. Most though not all of the foreign-language phrases are now obsolete. The "obsolete" notation [obs3] indicates that the previous word (or some word in the previous phrase) is (1) not recognized by the word processor's spelling checker, and (2) is either NOT in a modern college-sized dictionary, or is noted there as being "ARCHAIC". (7) This file contains only the main body of the thesaurus. Neither outline nor index are contained here. The outline of the original thesaurus with an overview of the organization of the concepts is contained in a separate file, "outline.doc", on the distribution disk. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= This is a very small-scale (individual) project, which is not competitive with academic or commercial efforts such as the CYC project, or the Wordnet system, but is intended to provide a convenient resource primarily for our own programs, but also for experimentation in natural-language processing by individuals or small groups with no access to more complete systems. This is only one of many projects in industry or academia attempting to build a semantic network for use in intelligent computer programs (But I resisted calling it YASN, "yet another semantic network"). We view its virtues as being (1) accessible to anyone. Although copyrighted, it will be widely distributed for research use, and we actively solicit contributions and comments from any interested party; and (2) organized somewhat differently from many other semantic networks, with an emphasis on language, as opposed to an assertional network with an emphasis on use in database or expert systems. This network is likely to have some structures, relations or concepts not present in other systems. Anyone who is currently engaged in or contemplating a similar thesaurus or dictionary project, who would be willing to collaborate on this project, is encouraged to contact us, so that unnecessary duplication of effort can be avoided. We would also appreciate being notified of typos, errors, or omissions in any version. Send inquiries or comments to: Patrick Cassidy MICRA Inc. 735 Belvidere Ave. Plainfield, NJ 07062-2054 internet: cassidy@micra.com voice: (908) 668-5252 fax: (908) 668-5904 (If no one answers, please leave a message.) ========================================================================== --> <-- Plan of Classification: the three major categories are not themselves included within an ISA hierarchy. If necessary for some implementation, a single top level called "thing" "class" "type" "top" or "concept" could be used. The "top" category would be semantically empty within this system, though it might have significance at a meta-level in discussing the system. In some cases, real semantic content (counted as slots that can be inherited) does not begin until the third level down. The first (top) level of the ISA hierarchy starts with the categories designated by capital letters. the top three categories are A: abstract relation P: physical concept M: mental concept all categories begin with one of these letters. In general, a concept in the Physical or Mental categories may be a subtype of one in the abstract category, but the reverse wll not be true. Similarly, a concept in the "Mental" category may be a subtype of one in the "physical" category, but the reverse will not be true. Thus these three categories form a relatively natural grouping. The actual one-dimensional organization of the text obviously cannot accurately represent the multi-dimensional organization of the conceptual relations, and some elements of surface organization will be arbitrary, as when one concept has multiple hypernyms. Some concepts will have only a very abstract direct hypernym, such as "process", but will be arranged here, as in the original Roget, closer to other concepts more commonly associated in linguistic usage. This proximity assists in building the semantic network by presenting several related concepts to the editor together on the same screen. Nevertheless, with all of the proper relations specified, the underlying logical structure will be the same as if a different one-dimensional organization were selected. As the number of relation specified increases, and the relations begin to take up most of the display space, this presentation will become less useful, and a different editing utility may be required, even though the logical organization does not much change. The reason for the three-category organization is based on the belief that people learn concepts primarily by sense interactions with the physical world. This provides the "grounding" which avoids the infinite regress otherwise resulting from an attempt to define concepts in terms of other concepts. Observations and interpretations of these interactions eventually cause the formation of abstract relational concepts, which are then applied in an analogical or metaphorical fashion to the more abstract mental constructs people use in interacting with each other. Thus the abstract relations first learned form the physical world are also applied to the mental world, and these relations form a distinct category of concepts. We feel that this distinction is worth preserving in a classification scheme. The remaining concepts are divided into physical, i.e. those that may be considered to exist independent of thinking agents to appreciate them, and mental concepts, those that are invented by or only significant to, thinking agents. (but see note 1) Lakoff and Johnson [9] use the terms "physical" and "cultural" to distinguish these two worlds. There are numerous cases where it appears somewhat arbitrary whether to classify concepts in the physical or mental worlds (sensation, physical science), but since this is a multiple-inheritance system, the logical relations can be preserved regardless of the formal location of a concept. The chosen division (physical or mental) is usually that which appears to allow easiest visualization of the largest number of relations for a concept. One guiding principle for reorganizing the Roget was to have the "abstract relations" category contain only those concepts which could apply to either physical or mental (social) concepts. Ideally, none of the abstract concepts should be a subtype of either a physical or mental concept, but physical and mental concepts are often subtypes of an abstract concept. There are some close calls, and it is sometimes tempting to make a physical or abstract concept a subtype of a mental concept. The "mental" category is intended to include all concepts created by the thinking actions of an intelligent agent. This includes communication, legal, social, financial, and religious concepts. It also has some elements of perception, in an attempt to distinguish the physical operation of the senses from their interpretation by intelligent agents. It is perception, at the interface between the physical and mental worlds, where the distinctions are most difficult to apply. Thus "mental" includes many concepts classified as "abstract" in some classifications, and some elements of perception, which might be under "physical" concpets. The "R" numbers refer to the main heading numbers (1 to 1000, with some subheadings, such as 615a) from the 1911 Roget's Thesaurus. Note 1: We classify mathematics within the abstract category, for convenience to associate it with numbers. This implies no position on whether mathematicians "invent" mathematics or "discover" it (in the Platonist sense). It just seems that mathematical concepts are naturally classified among relations. --> <-- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *************************************************************************** ** FACTOTUM THESAURUS ** ** A hierarchical thesaurus with inheritance ** ** MAIN TEXT OF THESAURUS ** *************************************************************************** [[thes]] --> <-- This hierarchy has three top levels, A, P, and M. If necessary, a single higher "top" level, called "concept" could be added (since this is intended as a conceptual hierarchy) --> A. ABSTRACT RELATION N. {{studied_in(mathematics, @R25/philosophy, M3.1.2.3.2.1/ontology, @R1)}} abstract relation. <-- "object, thing, entity" here will be something that can have a property. A property will not be a thing in this sense. The "existence" which these "things" possess can be abstract or fictional. Roget had mostly physical things in mind, but we need more abstract objects as well. The "object" here is the most abstract object; it is merely something that exists (in any sense) and can have a property. We have defined "something" as something which has the property existence. Therefore anything which exists is something. This is the most general (top) category, and is therefore essentially meaningless, except in asserting the existence of that "something". This means that properties and actions are also something, i.e. a property or an action exists. "Something" is not the same as the term "entity," which cannot include properties or actions. The other basic definition is that "something" affects a physical object. This means that something exists *only if* it affects a physical object. This is not an attempt to define away long-standing questions of ontology, but merely to form a logical system that is relatively self-consistent. Something must exist in order to affect any physical object (including a human brain). So, any idea at all by definition exists and is something because it affects at least one human brain. I know, I know! This seems like it is leading to a contradiction. We can define a set x as "the set of all things that don't exist". Now it seems that this set of things that don't exist affects our minds (mine and the readers), so by definition it does exist! Well, there are two ways out of this contradiction: (1) we may say that the set of things that don't exist itself exists (having been defined), even if the things in the set don't exist; or (2) we can say that what actually exists is the phrase "the set of things that don't exist", and this phrase may have no external referents. It exists only as a string of words. By this definition, unicorns exist. They may be hypothetical, mythical, or fictional, but since they impinged upon the minds of many people, they exist. Whether something exists in the "real world" is, of course an important question. In this network, things which are not believed to exist in the real world are usually labeled as mythical, mystical, hypothetical, or fictional. Even though this is only a terminological network, and in principle does not purport to present any assertions about whether things exist in the real world or not, it will in general be assumed that any physical object defined without a qualifying property of "mythical", etc., will exist or have existed at some time in the "real world". Note that an object is something that has a property. But a property is not an object. Also note that a type of object is a patient (object of an action) see R175. [[exist]] [[object]] --> A1 EXISTENCE (R1 TO R8) #3a. Existence. N. existence. {{required_for: act, @R170; react, @R277; affect, @R175; be affected, @R175}}. {{!!property_of}} conceptual entity. {{!!property_of}} object, entity, thing, item. {{!!affects(something): physical object, P2.3}}. <-- an object is something with a property. A "conceptual entity" may be an action or a property. Events may have properties, so events are considered "objects" in this sense. --> {{has_property(object): property, R79a}}. {{has_subtype(object): physical object, P2.3; event, R151}}. V. exist, be. <-- this is an abstract "have" as in have a property, have a state, have a part. Any object which is, has. --> {{has_action(object)}} {[with_object(property, R79a/part, R51)]} have. Pron. {{synonym_of(conceptual entity)}} something. {{member_of(something): everything, @R78}}. <-- [reality = real existence in the physical world, for abstract concepts. Existence of physical objects in space is at R186]. For this ontology, nothing exists unless it is created (at the big bang, if not later). Objects in other universes exist insofar are they are discussed by people in this universe. --> A1.1 ABSTRACT EXISTENCE #1. Abstract Existence. N. {{antonym_of(nonexistence, R2)}} existence, being, ens[Lat], esse[Lat], subsistence[obs2]. {{has_subtype}} substantiality, positiveness. {{studied_in}} ontology. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(physical object, P2.3): @A1.2, reality, actuality, real existence, sober reality, actual existence, existence in the real world}}. {{has_subtype: presence, R186}}. {{has_subtype: coexistence &c. R120}}. {{!caused_by: creation, R161}}. {{has_ending: destruction; death, P2.2.3.2}}. V. exist, have being, have existence. {{has_synonym(exist)}} be[inf], am[1st person sing], is[3rd person sing], are[pl], being[gerund]. {{has_past_tense(be)}} was[sing], were[pl], been[ppart]. abide, continue, endure, last, remain, stay. stand, obtain, be the case; have place, prevail. pass the time, vegetate. consist in, lie in; be comprised in, be contained in, be constituted by. {{has_subtype: occur &c. (event) R151}}. {{has_subtype(be)}}{[of(living organic object, P2.3.2.1)]} live, breathe, find oneself. {{has_subtype(be[mode=suboptimally, @R651])}}{[of(living organic object, P2.3.2.1)]} subsist. {{has_commencement}} come into existence, come into being. {{has_commencement: arise &c. (begin) R66; come forth &c. (appear) R446}}. {{has_subtype(come into existence): become &c. (be converted) R144}}. {{&caused_by}} actualize. {{caused_by: create, R161}}. Adj. existing, being, having existence; existent, under the sun; in existence. {[of(living organic object, P2.3.2.1): @R359, living, breathing]}. [continuing to exist] extant, surviving; still in existence, still around; afloat, afoot, on foot, current, prevalent; undestroyed. [pertaining to the physical universe] real, actual; positive, absolute; substantial, substantive; self-existing, self-existent; essential. {{similar_to(real): @R494, true, factual, authentic}}. well-founded, well-grounded. not potential; not imaginary, unimagined[ob2]; not idealized, unideal[obs3]. Adv. actually &c. adj.; in fact, in point of fact, in reality; as a matter of fact; indeed; de facto, ipso facto. Phr. ens rationis [Lat]; ergo sum cogito[Lat]; "thinkest thou existence doth depend on time?" [Byron]. A1.1.R1 NONEXISTENCE #2. Nonexistence. N. {{antonym_of(existence, R1)}} nonexistence, non-existence, nonsubsistence, non-being, inexistence[obs3]; nothingness, oblivion. <-- this "absence" is abstract, for absence of anything. The "absence" at R187 is specifically for absence of objects at locations in space --> {{has_subtype}} absence, lack. <-- almost anything can be absent in the abstract sense --> {{has_patient(absence)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a/attribute, @R79a/action, @A7/information, R527b)}} absent thing. {{has_subtype(absence): absence &c. R187}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(item, R3a)}} nonentity, nonexistent item, nil. {{property_of}} negativeness, blankness; nullity; nihility[obs3]. {{property_of}} {{antonym_of(reality, A1.2)}} unreality. {{has_subtype(nonexistent item)}} {{property_of(imaginary, @R515)}} fictitious item, imaginary item, fiction. {{has_subtype(imaginary item): figment, @R515}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary)}} abeyance. {{similar_to: unsubstantiality, R4}}. {{property_of: nothing, no such thing &c. @R4}}. {[of(desire)]} Nirvana, ku [Jap]. {{caused_by: destruction, R162, @A7}}. {{caused_by: @R162, annihilation, extinction, extinguishment, extirpation, obliteration}}. {{studied_in}} nihilism. V. not exist, not be, have no existence, be nonexistent. be null and void; be extinct. {{&has_commencement}} [intrans] cease to exist, pass out of existence, cease to be, pass from existence; melt away, dissolve, dissipate, evaporate, leave not a rack behind; go, be no more. {{has_subtype(cease to exist)}} pass away, perish. {{has_subtype(cease to exist)}} {[of(sort, R75)]} become extinct, die out. {{has_subtype(perish): die &c. R360}}. {{has_subtype(cease to exist): disappear &c. R449}}. {{caused_by: @R756, abrogate, render null, nullify}}. {{caused_by: @R162, destroy, annihilate, obliterate, extirpate}}. Adj. nonexistent, not existing, not extant, inexistent[obs3]. negative, blank; insubstantial, shadowy, spectral, visionary. {{has_property(absent thing)}} absent, lacking, missing. {{&consequence_of(absent)}} omitted. {{has_subtype(absent): absent &c. R187}}. unreal, potential, virtual; baseless, in nubibus[Lat]; unsubstantial &c. R4; vain. unborn, uncreated[obs3], unbegotten, unconceived, unproduced, unmade. perished, annihilated &c. v.; extinct, exhausted, gone, lost, vanished, departed; defunct &c. (dead) R360. {{has_subtype(nonexistent[mode=temporarily]): @R142, abeyant, in abeyance}}. PredAdj. gone with the wind, history. {{has_subtype: @R515, fabulous, ideal, imaginary}}. {{has_subtype: hallucinatory, @R503}}. {{has_subtype: supposititious &c. R514}}. Adv. negatively, virtually &c. adj.. Phr. non ens[Lat]; "Now he belongs to the ages." [Seward]. A1.2 CONCRETE EXISTENCE N. {{has_subtype(existence, R1)}} {{has_property(physical object, P2.3)}} concrete existence, reality, actuality, real existence, sober reality, actual existence, existence in the real world; not a dream, not a fantasy; no joke. {{has_conceptual_part(reality)}} fact, matter of fact, stubborn fact, hard fact, irreducible fact. {{has_subtype(fact)}} {{not_property_of(known[by=person, P2.3.2.3])}} unknown fact, previously undiscovered fact, previously unknown fact. {{conceptual_part_of: truth, R494}}. {{property_of: something, A1.2.R1}}. {{property_of: physical object, P2.3; universe, R318; space, R180; time, P1.1; time, R106}}. <-- [Totality of existences: universe, galaxy, world &c. R318] --> {{property_of}} plenum. {{has_subtype: @R359, life}}. <-- the following entries may duplicate their meaning in other locations [something that exists] --> <-- [something that does not exist] -- --> A1.2.1 NOTHING #4a. Nothing. N. {{property_of(inexistence, R2)}} nothing, naught, nil, nullity, zero, cipher, never a one, ne'er a one[contr]. {{synonym_of(nothing)}} [emphatic] nothing whatever, nothing at all, nothing on earth, not a particle, not a whit, not an iota. no such thing, none in the world. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} no one, nobody, none, not a soul. {{&has_manifestation}} hollowness, blank. {{topic_of}} tabula rasa[Lat], blank. {{has_subtype(blank): blank sheet, @R635c}}. {{has_subtype(blank)}} {{property_of(absence[of=text, @R590], R2)}} {{&has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} blank space. {{has_symbol(blank space)}} {{has_subtype(line)}} dotted line. {{part_of(blank space): application form, @R765}}. {{contents_of: void, @R187}}. inanity, fool's paradise. {{has_metaphor}} red herring; hen's teeth; mare's nest. {[in_frame(computer software)]} vaporware. {[in_subject(mathematics)]} null; the null set, the empty set. V. {{caused_by(nonexistence)}} vanish, evaporate, fade; dissolve, vaporize, melt away. {{has_subtype(vanish): disappear &c. R449}}. Adj. vacant, vacuous; eviscerated; blank, hollow; nominal; null. {{has_subtype(vacant): empty &c. R187}}. no, none of. [of assertions] inane. A1.2.1.R1 UNSUBSTANTIALITY #4. Unsubstantiality. N. {{similar_to(inexistence, R2)}} unsubstantiality[obs3], insubstantiality; nothingness, nihility[obs3]; no degree, no part, no quantity, no thing. {{property_of}} shadow. {{property_of: phantom &c. (fallacy of vision) R443; dream &c. (imagination) R515; ignis fatuus[Lat] &c. (luminary) R423}}. {{property_of}} air, thin air, vapor; "baseless fabric of a vision " [Tempest]; mockery. {{property_of}} all talk, moonshine, stuff and nonsense; matter of no importance, matter of no consequence; thing of naught, man of straw, John Doe and Richard Roe, faggot voter; nominis umbra[Lat], nonentity; flash in the pan, vox et praeterea nihil[Lat]. {{property_of: bubble &c. R353}}. Adj. unsubstantial; baseless, groundless; ungrounded; without foundation, having no foundation. dreamy; shadowy; ethereal, airy; cloud built, cloud formed; gossamer, gossamery, illusory, insubstantial, unreal. {{has_subtype: imaginary, R515; immaterial, @R317}}. {{has_subtype: @R980, ghostly, spectral}}. Phr. there's nothing in it; " an ocean of dreams without a sound" [Shelley]; " such stuff as dreams are made of " [Tempest]. <-- The main purpose of this entry is to define "a", "some" [[something]] --> A1.2.R1 SOMETHING N. {{property_of(concrete existence)}} something. {{consists_of}} substance, stuff, material, substratum. {{has_subtype: P2.3, physical object, object, article; matter &c. R316}}. {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{property_of(living): being, living being}}. {{has_subtype(substance): substance, P2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(living being): @P2.3.2.3, somebody, someone, person, being, soul, flesh and blood, body}}. {{has_subtype(living being): @P2.3.2.1.1, animal, beast, creature, critter[coll]}}. {{property_of}} element, essential nature, groundwork, vital part. <-- classify as determiners? Roget called these "adjectives"--> Det. some, a, at least one. any, any one of. Phr. there exists at least one. A1.3 FORMAL EXISTENCE N. formal existence. <-- Internal conditions --> <-- Roget entry R5 includes the concept of character, nature (as applied to people or things). This is actually a set of characteristics. We idenitify the concept of an individual characteristric as a property, at R79a. --> A1.3.1 ESSENCE (R5) #5. Essence. N. {{manifestation_of(extrinsicality, R6)}} {{has_property(object, @R3a)}} essence, noumenon, nature, character, identity, quintessence, quiddity, inmost nature, inner reality, vital principle. {{property_of}} essential part, gist, pith, marrow, core, heart, fundamental part, intrinsic part, important part, basic part, vital part. {{has_manifestation: peculiarity, @R79a}}. {{has_property}} essentiality, inherence, essentialness[obs3]; intrinsicality[obs3], inbeing[obs3], inhesion[obs3]. subjectiveness. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} ego, egohood[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} sap, lifeblood, backbone, soul. {{has_subtype}} constitution, principle, type, quality, crasis[obs3], diathesis[obs3]. {{has_member(character): characteristic, R79a}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_property(object, @R3a)}} structure, structuring, organization, internal organization, architecture. {{has_conceptual_part(structure)}} {{has_subtype(essential part)}} {{property_of(incomplete, R53)}} {{property_of(basic)}} frame, framework, skeleton, outline. {{has_subtype(structure): form, R240}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): character; habit, R613; temperament, @M4.2.2.1; spirit, @M4.2.2.1]}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R157, endowment, capacity, capability}}. {{has_expression: idiosyncrasy, @R79a; oddity, @R79a; tendency &c. R176; diagnostics}}. {{similar_to: pattern, A2.6.1.2}}. {{conceptual_part_of: normality, R80}}. <-- , incarnation --> {{causes(intrinsicality): durability, @R110}}. V. be in the blood, run in the blood; be born so; be intrinsic &c. adj.. Adj. essential, basic, fundamental; intrinsic, inherent, intrinsical[obs3]. natural; derived from within, subjective; innate, ingrained, inwrought. {{has_consequence: @R82, normal, usual}}. {{has_subtype(innate): @P2.6.4.2, inherited, genetic, incarnate, hereditary, inborn, inbred, immanent, congenital, connate, running in the blood, indigenous, bred in the bone, instinctive, infused, implanted}}. virtual. {{has_property(core): @R221, inward, internal}}. {{has_consequence(essential): characteristic, @R79}}. {{has_consequence(essential): @R465b, characteristic, diagnostic}}. invariable, incurable, incorrigible, ineradicable, fixed. Adv. intrinsically &c. adj.; at bottom, in the main, in effect, practically, virtually, substantially, au fond; fairly. Phr. " character is higher than intellect " [Emerson]; "come give us a taste of your quality "[Hamlet]; magnos homines virtute metimur non fortuna [Lat][Nepos]; non numero haec judicantur sed pondere [Lat][Cicero]; " vital spark of heavenly flame " [Pope]. <-- characteristic was removed from this category and transferred to R79a, which also had characteristics under specification --> <-- External conditions --> A1.3.2 EXTRINSICALITY (R6) #6. Extrinsicality. N. {{antonym_of(essentiality, @R5)}} extrinsicality[obs3], extraneousness. {{property_of}} accident, extrinsic property, accidental property. {{similar_to: extraneousness &c. R57}}. {{required_for}} objectiveness, non ego. {{property_of: appearance, phenomenon &c. R448}}. Adj. {{antonym_of(essential)}} extrinsic, derived from without, derivative, incidental, accidental, nonessential, extrinsical[obs3]. modal, adventitious; ascititious[obs3], adscititious[obs3]; contingent, fortuitous. objective. {{similar_to: extraneous &c. (foreign) R57}}. {{&causes: transientness, @R111}}. {{consequence_of}} implanted, ingrafted[obs3]; inculcated, infused. {{similar_to: @R220, outward, external}}. Adv. extrinsically, nonessentially, incidentally. accidentally, fortuitously, contingently. A1.4 MODAL EXISTENCE N. modal existence. <-- Absolute --> A1.4.1 STATE (R7) #7. State. N. {{has_property(object, R3a/system, @M3)}} state, condition, status. {{has_subtype}} mode, modality, schesis[obs3]. {[in_frame(change of state)]} {{has_subtype}} initial state; final state. {{has_subtype(change[of=state], A6)}} {{has_difference(initial state + final state)}} change of state. {{follows(final state): initial state}}. {{has_subtype: @A7.7, phase, period}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(abnormal, @R83)}} abnormal condition. {{property_of}} {{has_part(process, A7.7)}} stage, step. {{has_subtype(stage)}} developmental form. {[of(physical object)]} {{has_conceptual_part: form &c. (shape) R240}}. {{conceptual_part_of: frame, fabric &c. R329}}. {{affected_by: circumstance, R8}}. {{has_property: @R448, aspect, appearance}}. <-- states as applied to humans are listed separately under properties of humans --> {{has_subtype: human condition, R7b, P2.2.3.5.1}}. V. be in a state, possess a state, be in a mode, have a status, have a state, exhibit a state. enjoy a state, labor under a state, labor under a condition; be on a footing, do, fare; come to pass. Adj. conditional, modal, formal. structural, organic. Adv. conditionally. formally, modally. as the matter stands, as things are; such being the case, in that situation; in this situation. <-- Relative --> <-- This entry is for situation generally. Situation of a physical object is a subtype, at R183a. Large parts of this section were moved to R183a, at P1.2.3.1.2. [[situation]] --> A1.4.2 CIRCUMSTANCE (R8) #8. Circumstance. N. circumstance, context, place, point. {{affects}} situation, position, posture, attitude. {{has_subtype(situation): situation, R183a}}. {{has_subtype: @R475, contingency, dependence}}. {{affects: causation, R153}}. {{has_subtype: attribution, R155}}. {{affects: state, R7}}. {{affects: action, R680}}. {{property_of: phase, @A7.7}}. Adj. circumstantial; given, conditional, provisional; critical; modal; contingent, incidental. Adv. in the circumstances, under the circumstances, under the conditions; in this situation, in that situation, under these circumstances; under those circumstances. thus, in that way, in such wise. conditionally, provided, if, in case; if so, if so be, if it be so. <-- the abstract concepts of possibility and contingency were placed by Roget in the "evidence" section, clearly related to human reasoning. We need something more independent of the mind. [[possibility]] --> A1.4.3 POSSIBILITY N. possibility. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{property_of(possible)}} possible event. {{conceptual_part_of}} conditionality. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} condition. {{has_case(condition)}} {{has_subtype(target, @R9)}}{{has_subtype(possible event)}} conditional event. {{has_subtype(condition): cause, @R153}}. {{has_subtype(relation, A2.1.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(conditionality)}} {{has_conceptual_part(causality, @R153)}} contingency, dependence, dependency, causal relation. {{has_subtype(dependency): influence, R175}}. <-- "possibility" at R470 is not a strict subtype --> {{conceptual_part_of: possibility, R470; probability, R472}}. {{antonym_of}} impossibility. {{antonym_of(dependence)}} independence. V. be possible. be contingent, depend. Adj. possible; in the cards[coll]. {{has_property(conditional event)}} contingent, conditional, conditioned, dependent. {{antonym_of(dependent)}} independent, unconditional. Conj. {{has_marker(contingency)}} if. <-- [[RELATION]] --> A2 RELATION (R9 TO R24) N. relation. A2.1 ABSOLUTE RELATION N. absolute relation. <-- a 'relation" is a concept connecting two other concepts, here called "origin" and "target". Relation is be a primitive concept, and we distinguish it here from "relatedness", which is a property of related objects. This is the most general relation, of which all semantic relations are subtypes. It is a primitive concept. Most relations are directed (see R9). An undirected relation might be, for example "connection", which merely states that two objects exist, withour distinguishing the two. "directionality" here is very abstract, merely indicating a relation between two objects which are distinguishable by order of precedence. In fact, the origin may also *be* the target in a directed relation. A symmetrical relation only has the two arguments, and the order is unimportant. The fact that there is more than one object does not mean that those multiple object are necessarily distinct. In logic, an example would be "self-identity" --> A2.1.1 RELATION (R9) #9. Relation. N. relation, relationship, bearing, connection, concern, cognation. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} related object[num=>1]. {{has_property(related object[num=>1])}} relatedness. {{has_subtype}} binary relation. {{has_case(binary relation)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a): related object[num=2]}}. {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} {{property_of(directionality)}} directed relation. {{has_case_x(directed relation)}} {{has_subtype(related object)}} origin; target. {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} transitive relation. <-- this type of symmetry needs to be carefully defined --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(symmetrical, R242)}} symmetrical relation. {{has_case(symmetrical relation): $origin; $target}}. &&{{has_property($origin)}} origin name. &&{{has_property($target)}} target name. &&{{identical_to(origin name): target name}}. &&{{not_identical_to($origin): $target}}. <-- Note10: Here "role" is a specialized term, designating a type of relation name. The difference between a "role" and other binary relations is that a "role" is not only the name of a relation, but also the name of one of the related objects, specifically the target (e.g. father, capital, lover, synonym), whereas the general "relation" is a relation name, and the name of the related objects are different. In general, when a role name is followed by "of" the next word should be the name of the origin. In the case where a role is a purpose, the semantic marker word would normally be "for". This usage is not accurate with respect to inheritance functions. The "role" of a "father" is actually the concept "fatherhood". The word "role" itself, or its supertype "relation" cannot be used in the same way as those subtypes (such as "father") which we are designating as "roles". What we actually need is a relation such as "has_label" relating a role such as "fatherhood" with the word used to label the target of that role. Thus "has_role" is to be considered as a temporary (version 0.55) shorthand, until the proper better-defined semantics for "role" is developed. Meanwhile, those words defined as "roles" behave in other ways very similarly to ordinary words, and are treated as ordinary words for most purposes. This "role" designation will be replaced by a property called "roleness". This property holds for words which occur in phrasal patterns "role of X" or "X's role", where the X is a strongly typed object (or group) that stands in a relation to the "role" word. Typical example, "father" of X, "president" of X. Although strongly typed, the object standing in that role need not be unique. This is as much a lexical property as it is conceptual. It may be designated thus: {{has_property(y): roleness[to=X]}} where X designates the object to which y stands in a role-relation. Such relations should come in pairs, designating the inverse role. --> {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{has_subtype(target)}} role. {{has_property(role)}} roleness. {{has_case(role)}} {{has_subtype(origin)}} role origin. {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} {{has_subtype(role)}} symmetrical role. {{has_subtype(relation)}} function. {{has_case(function)}} {{has_subtype(related object): mathematical set[num=>1]}}. {{has_subtype(function)}} quantitative relation. {{has_case(quantitative relation)}} {{has_subtype(related object): number, A5}}. <-- although a "pointing" may not necessarily involve time, since it can be static or abstract, the relationship between origin and target in a directional relationship is analogous to time precedence, i.e, origin comes "before" target. So we use that "precedes" relation --> {{precedes(origin): target}}. {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{property_of(directed)}} pointer, directed link. {{has_property(pointer)}} {{has_subtype(order, @R60)}} direction, directionality, pointing, directedness. {{has_subtype(pointer)}} reference. {{has_subtype: correlation &c. R12}}. {{has_subtype: @R17, @A2.3, analogy, similarity}}. {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} self-other relation. {{has_case(self-other relation)}} {{has_subtype(origin)}} self. {{has_case(self-other relation)}} {{has_subtype(target)}} other. {{has_subtype(directed relation): if-then relation}}. {{has_subtype}} link, tie, bond of union. {{has_subtype}} affinity, homology, alliance, homogeneity, association. {{has_subtype}} filiation[obs3] &c. (consanguinity) R11. <-- {financial relation: interest}[ref: ownership, possession, R777, M9.2.1] --> {{has_subtype: @R644, utility, relevancy}}. {{has_subtype: agreement, R23}}. {{has_subtype: causal relation, dependency}}. {[in_frame(space)]} spatial relation, relative position. {[of(line)]} {[in_frame(space): linear orientation, P1.2.2.2.2]}. {{similar_to: comparison &c. R464}}. {{has_subtype: kinship, @R11}}. {[of(numbers)]} {[in_frame(mathematics): @R84, ratio, proportion; product; sum; difference]}. {{conceptual_part_of: R197, nearness; approximation, @R17}}. V. be related, have a relation, relate to, have to do with, refer to; bear upon; pertain to, appertain to. belong to, answer to. [transitive] regard, concern, touch, touch upon. {{has_subtype: affect, @R175}}. {{has_subtype: interest, @R457}}. bring into relation with, bring to bear upon; connect, associate, draw a parallel. {{exhibits(pointer)}} point, point to. {{conceptual_part_of: link, R43}}. Adj. relative, cognate, relating to, pertaining to; relative to, in relation with, referable to, referrible to[obs3]. belonging to; appurtenant to, in common with. {{has_subtype: correlative, R12}}. related, connected; implicated, associated, affiliated, agnate, allied to; en rapport, in touch with. approximative[obs3], approximating; proportional, proportionate, proportionable; allusive, comparable. applicable, equiparant[obs3]. in the same category, of the same type, of the same class. {{has_subtype: like &c. R17}}. {{has_subtype: @R23, relevant, pertinent, germane}}. {{has_property(directed link)}} {{has_subtype(ordered, @R60)}} {{nominalization_of(directionality)}} directed. {{has_property(pointing/direction)}} {{similar_to(directed)}} {{nominalization_of(directionality)}} directional. Adv. relatively. {{similar_to: pertinently &c. R23}}. thereof; as to, as for, as respects, as regards; about; concerning &c. v.; anent; relating to, as relates to; with relation, with reference to, with respect to, with regard to; in respect of; while speaking of, a propos of[Fr]; in connection with; by the way, by the by; whereas; for as much as, in as much as; in point of, as far as; on the part of, on the score of; quoad hoc[Lat]; pro re nata[Lat]; under the heading of, under the rubric of, under the category of, under the name of, under the title of; in the matter of, in re. Prep. {{has_symbol(directionality)}} {{has_symbol(origin)}} from. {{has_symbol(directionality)}} {{antonym_of(from)}} {{has_symbol(target)}} to, toward, in the direction of. {{has_marker(role origin)}} of. Phr. "Really, universally, relations stop nowhere, and the exquisite problem of the artist is eternally but to draw, by a geometry of his own, the circle within which they shall happily appear to do so."[Henry James, 1909]; "thereby hangs a tale " [Taming of the Shrew]. <-- [Want, or absence of relation.] --> A2.1.2 UNRELATEDNESS #10. unrelatedness. N. unrelatedness, irrelation, non-relation, lack of relation, independence, dissociation, unconnectedness, lack of connection, disconnection, misrelation[obs3], inconnection[obs3]. {{has_consequence}} {{&has_consequence(lack of influence, R175a)}} irrelevancy, impertinence, inapplicability, nihil ad rem[Lat], non-pertinence. {{has_subtype}} multifariousness; inconsequence; incommensurability. {{similar_to: extraneousness, R57}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R24, intrusion, irreconcilableness, disagreement}}. {{conceptual_part_of: nonuniformity, @R16a; heterogeneity, @R16a; unconformity, @R83}}. {{property_of: inclusion, @P2.1.4}}. V. be unrelated, have no relation to, be unconnected, have no connection to; have no bearing upon, have no concern with; have no business with; not concern; have no business there, have nothing to do with. {{conceptual_part_of: intrude &c. R24}}. bring in head and shoulders, drag in head and shoulders, lug in head and shoulders. Adj. unrelated; unconnected, disconnected; independent, unallied. irrelative[obs3], irrespective, regardless. adrift, isolated, insular. extraneous, extrinsic. strange, alien, foreign, outlandish, exotic. arbitrary, random. uncorrelated, orthogonal[math.]. {{antonym_of(uncorrelated/orthogonal): correlated, @R12}}. not comparable, incommensurable. heterogeneous. {{&has_consequence: unconformable &c. R83}}. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(relevant, @R23)}} irrelevant. {{similar_to(irrelevant): @R645, irrelevant, inapplicable}}. not pertinent, not to the point, not to the purpose; impertinent, inapposite, beside the mark, a propos de bottes[Fr]; aside from the purpose, away from the purpose, foreign to the purpose, beside the purpose, beside the question, beside the transaction, beside the point. {{conceptual_part_of: misplaced &c. (intrusive) R24}}. traveling out of the record. remote, far-fetched, out of the way, forced, neither here nor there, quite another thing; detached, segregate; disquiparant[obs3]. multifarious; discordant &c. R24. incidental, parenthetical, obiter dicta, episodic. Adv. independently. parenthetically, by the way, by the by, incidentally, en passant[Fr]; irrespectively &c. adj.; apropos of nothing; without reference to, without regard to; in the abstract; a se. <-- R11 Consanguinity is moved to human relations [HREL] P2.3.2.3.6.2 --> <-- in Roget 1911, the technical concept of correlation is mixed in with reciprocity. Here we break out reciprocity to a new category, R12a --> <-- [interrelation.][[correlation]] The "move" in "move together" here refers to values of attributes or physical parameters --> A2.1.3 CORRELATION (R12) #12. Correlation. N. correlation, interrelation, association, connection, link, mutuality, mutual relation. {{manifestation_of}} interdependence. {{&manifestation_of: causality, @R153}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R17, similarity, analogy}}. {{antonym_of: irrelation, @R10}}. V. correlate, be correlated; be interrelated. {{has_subtype(be correlated)}} change together, move together, move in tandem. Adj. correlated, correlative, interrelated, closely related; alternate; interdependent, intertwined; complemental, complementary. international. {{antonym_of: unrelated, uncorrelated, @R10}}. <-- here we define a "reciprocal relation" which designates the name of a relation between two objects (or people), such that if one has that title relative to another, the other has the same title relative to the one. e.g. two mates are each a mate of the other. Any example of this relation should be usable in the sense that, where "rr" is the name of the reciprocal relation: "x is a rr of y" implies that "y is a rr of x" --> A2.1.4 RECIPROCITY (R12A) #12a. Reciprocity. N. reciprocity, reciprocation; mutuality. {{property_of(reciprocity)}} reciprocal relation, mutual relation, symmetrical relation. {{has_subtype(reciprocal relation): mate, @R374a; co-worker, @R711; partner}}. {{has_subtype}} reciprocalness[obs3], mutuality. {{performed_by}} reciprocator, reprocitist. {{has_method: interchange, R148}}. {[in_frame(action, R680)]} give and take. {{similar_to: complement, adjunct, R39}}. {{conceptual_part_of: interchange &c. R148}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R794, exchange, barter}}. V. reciprocate; give in return. exchange, alternate; counterchange[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: interchange &c. R148}}. Adj. reciprocal, reciprocative, mutual, commutual[obs3]. interchangeable. Adv. reciprocally, mutually. vice versa; in return; each other, one another. mutatis mutandis[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of: by turns &c. R148}}. Phr. " happy in our mutual help " [Milton]. <-- identify in the sense of discover the identity (identify, recognize) is under R465b, (identification), and R465 discrimination (operation of the intellect). This entry is the "identity" which is the topic of identification. The distinction between this and "equality" at R27 is subtle. Identity is the situation of two intensional concepts referring to the same extensional object. Equality is identity only of the value some property of an object. e.g. two things may be "equal" in height or weight or power. This "identity" is also used for identity of essence, which includes substance, i.e. if an object is made of diamond, its composition is identical to that of a diamond. ote that "identification" mean assignment to a category, so that if one "ienditfies" a gem as a diamond, this is consistent with this meaning of "identity" being identity of essence. There is a spearate meaning, identity of individual, when we identify a person as a certain individual.--> A2.1.5 IDENTITY (R13) #13. Identity. N. {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} {{has_extreme(similarity, R17)}} identity, oneness, sameness, selfsameness, selfness[obs3]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9)}} reference object. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(target, @R9)}} identical object. {{has_subtype}} self-identity. {{has_subtype(identity[of=value, @R79a]): equality, R27}}. {{property_of}} same; self, very same, one and the same. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} genuine article, real thing, very thing, actual thing, real McCoy, no other, one and only, none other, no imitation, no phony, no fake. {{has_subtype(real thing)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} the flesh. {{&result_of: coalescence, R48}} {{&result_of: coincidence, R178}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_high_level(similarity, R17)}} {{has_subtype(equality, @R27)}} {{has_conceptual_part(purpose, R615)}} convertibility, interconvertability, interchangeability, indistinguishability, practical identity, identity for a purpose. {{caused_by(indistinguishability)}} lack of contrast, absence of contrast, lack of difference. {{purpose_of(discover[obj=identity]): identification, R465b}}. {{has_consequence(identity[of=series^element[num=all], R69]): @R104, monotony}}. {{has_consequence(identity[of=assertion, R535]): @R104, tautology}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M1.1, self]}. {{alternative_to: copy, R21}}. {{has_subtype}} homoiousia[obs3]. {{causes: exactness, R494}}. {{conceptual_part_of: alter ego, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.17}}. V. be identical, be the same, be one, be one and the same; coincide, coalesce, merge. treat as the same, render the same, render identical. lack contrast, lack variety, lack heterogeneity. {{topic_of: identify, R465}}. Adj. identical, one, same, one and the same, selfsame, homoousian[obs3], self[obs2]. {{has_subtype: @R82, authentic, genuine, true, real, regular, bona fide, unquestionable, faithful, valid}}. coincident, coalescent, coalescing; no difference, tweedle dee and tweedle dum; much the same, of a muchness[obs3]; unaltered. {{has_subtype}} {{has_high_level(similarity, R17)}} {{has_conceptual_part(purpose, R615)}} {{has_subtype(equivalent, @R27)}} convertible, interconvertible, interchangeable, indistinguishable, identical for a purpose. Adv. identically. convertibly, interconvertibly, interchangeably, indistinguishably. {{has_subtype(identically)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} in the flesh. on all fours. Pron. ilk [Scottish]. {{property_of(identity)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M1.1, oneself]}. Phr. six of one and half a dozen of the other; "a distinction without a difference"; "not a dime's worth of difference between them" [George Wallace]. <-- [Noncoincidence.] --> A2.1.6 CONTRARIETY (R14) #14. Contrariety. N. {{has_high_level(difference, R15)}} contrariety, oppositeness, opposition, contrast. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} {{has_subtype(physical object/person, P2.3.2.3)}} foil. {{has_high_level}} polarity, antithesis. {{property_of}} opposites[pl], the opposite, the reverse, the inverse, the converse, the antipodes[pl], the antithesis, the other extreme. {{property_of}} contradiction; clashing, repugnance. {[of(meaning)]} antonymy. {{property_of(antonymy)}} {{has_subtype(word, R562)}} antonym. {[of(goal): antagonism &c. (opposition) R708]}. {{&caused_by: inversion &c. R218}}. {{has_subtype(opposites)}} action and reaction; yang and yin, yang-yin. {{&has_manifestation: antagonism, R179}}. {{result_of(polarity)}} {{increased_by(polarity)}} polarization. {{reduced_by(polarity)}} {{inverse_of(polarization)}} depolarization. V. be opposite, be contrary, be opposed, be contrasted, be in contrast. be polar, be antithetical. contrast with, oppose; differ toto coelo[Lat]. {{&caused_by}} invert, reverse, turn the tables; turn topsy-turvy, turn end for end, turn upside down, turn inside out. contradict, contravene. {{caused_by(be polar)}} polarize. {{has_subtype(be opposite[in=effect, R154/action, @R170]): antagonize &c. R708}}. Adj. contrary, opposite, counter, dead against, polar, contrarious[obs3], contrariant[obs3]. converse, reverse; opposed, antithetical, contrasted, contrasting, antipodal, antipodean, antagonistic, opposing. conflicting, inconsistent, contradictory. at cross purposes; negative; hostile &c. R708. differing toto coelo[Lat]; diametrically opposite, diametrically opposed; as opposite as black and white, as opposite as light and darkness, as opposite as fire and water, as opposite as the poles; as different as night and day; " Hyperion to a satyr"[ Hamlet]; quite the contrary, quite the reverse; no such thing, just the other way, tout au contraire[Fr]. Adv. contrarily, contra, contrariwise, per contra, on the contrary, nay rather; vice versa. antagonistically, oppositely, conflictingly. conversely. contrastingly. on the other hand &c. (in compensation) R30. Phr. " all concord's born of contraries " [B. Jonson]; "Thesis, antithesis, synthesis" [Marx]. <-- note difference, here is not the same as dissimilar, R18. The concept in the Roget grouping, "difference", seems to be more of an individual difference, difference in one respect, rather than an overall difference, which is considered as dissimilarity. For this classification, we treat difference as a meronym of dissimilarity. [[difference]] --> A2.1.7 DIFFERENCE (R15) #15. Difference. N. {{antonym_of(similarity, R17)}} difference, divergence; distinction. {{has_case}} area of difference. {{&caused_by}} variance, variation, variety; diversity, contradistinction, discrepancy; alteration, alterity. {{&caused_by: permutation, @R148}}. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(morphology, @R562): @R562, moods and tenses]}. {{has_subtype}} nice distinction, fine distinction, delicate distinction, subtle distinction; shade of difference, nuance; differentia. {{has_high_quantity: dissimilarity, R18}}. {{has_high_intensity}} far cry. {{has_extreme: contrariety, opposition R14}}. {{property_of}} different thing, something else, apple off another tree, another pair of shoes; horse of a different color; this that or the other. {{&caused_by: change, R140}}. {{required_for: discrimination &c. R465}}. {{has_subtype(difference[of=opinion/belief]): disagreement &c. R24}}. {{has_subtype(difference[of=quantity/quality]): disparity &c. (inequality) R28}}. V. be different, be dissimilar, differ, vary, ablude[obs1], not match, mismatch. {{has_high_level}} be very different, differ greatly, differ by a wide margin, be a far cry. {{has_high_level}} {[in_frame(comparison, R464)]} contrast. divaricate. {{has_high_level}} differ completely, differ totally, differ toto coelo[Lat], differ longo intervallo[It], be like black and white, be like night and day, have no resemblance. {{&caused_by(differ): vary, modify &c. (change) R140}}. {{required_for(difference): discriminate &c. R465}}. Adj. {{antonym_of(similar, R17)}} differing, different, distinguishable, dissimilar, unlike, unalike, not alike. contrasting; diverse, heterogeneous, multifarious, polyglot; varied, modified; diversified, various, divers, all manner of, all kinds of; variform[obs3] &c. R81; daedal[obs3]. other, another, not the same; unequal &c. R28. unmatched. {{has_high_level(different)}} widely apart, poles apart, distinctively different, markedly different, differing widely. {{has_consequence(distinctively different): @R79, distinctive, characteristic, discriminative, distinguishing}}. incommensurable, incommensurate. Adv. differently. diversely, heterogeneously. Prep. {{has_marker(area of difference)}} in, with respect to. Phr. il y a fagots et fagots. A2.2 CONTINUOUS RELATION N. continuous relation. <-- This uniformity if of a continuous nature. The "normality" at R80 may be of a periodic regularity. [[Uniform]] --> A2.2.1 UNIFORMITY #16. Uniformity. N. {{has_subtype(similarity[of=parts[num=all], R51], R17)}} uniformity, homogeneity, homogeneousness, consistency, connaturality[obs3], connaturalness[obs3]. {{has_case: domain, @A8}}. {{has_subtype}} accordance; consonance, uniformness. {[of(action, P2.4): @R136, regularity, constancy, even tenor, routine; monotony, continuousness, steadiness]}. {{&causes: normality &c. R80; agreement &c. R23}}. {{&conceptual_part_of: perfection @R650}}. V. be uniform, be homogeneous; run through. become uniform, become homogeneous. {{&causes: accord with &c. R23; be normal, @R80}}. {{&caused_by}} render uniform, homogenize; assimilate, level, smooth, dress. {{has_subtype(render uniform)}} {{antonym_of(polarize)}} depolarize. Adj. uniform, homogeneous, homologous[obs2]. of a piece, consistent, connatural[obs3]; monotonous, even; regular, unchanged, unchanging, undeviating, unvaried. continuous, unsegmented. {{has_high_level}} totally uniform, invariable, unvarying, invariant. {{has_subtype(totally uniform): flawless @R650}}. {{has_conceptual_part: in harmony with &c. (agreeing) R23}}. {[of(action, P2.4): @R136, regular, constant, routine; monotonous, steady]}. Adv. uniformly, homogeneously, unvaryingly, invariantly. {[of(action, P2.4): @R136, continually, steadily, constantly, regularly, with regularity, continuously, monotonously, routinely]}. Prep. uniformly with &c. (conformably) R82. Phr. ab uno disce omnes[Lat]. <-- these relations of normality and variety were located later in Roget under " CATEGORICAL ORDER" But they are too close to R16 and R16a, to keep so far apart. Some of the words under R16 appear to continuous objects or non-grouped objects, and R80 and R81 mostly apply to discontinuous objects such as groups, rather than within a single object. Difficult distinction? N. within-group relation, relation within a group. 80. Normality 81. multiformity 82. Conformity 83. Unconformity "Normality" will be an important concept in programming the understanding functions for a NLU system. The system needs to know in all cases what is normal and what variations from normal might be expected. !#! [[normal]] --> A2.2.1.1 NORMALITY (R80) #80. Normality. N. {{has_property(member)}} normality, normalcy, normalness[obs3], usualness. {{property_of}} familiarity, naturalness. {{entailed_by: commonness (frequency) R136}}. {{property_of}} default. {{property_of}} rule; standard, norm. {{consequence_of: genuineness (conformity) R82; custom (habit) M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. {{property_of: standard}}. {{has_subtype(standard): pattern (prototype) R22}}. {{has_subtype: uniformity &c. R16}}. {{&result_of}} normalization, standardization. V. be normal. {{&caused_by}} normalize, standardize. {{&caused_by}} default, default to. Adj. normal, natural, unexceptional, default; standard; typical, commonplace. {{entailed_by: @R136, common, usual, frequent}}. {{has_subtype: undamaged, intact, healthy}}. {{consequence_of: conforming, @R82}}. <-- [ref: true, genuine, authentic, @R82]. --> Adv. {{has_consequence(frequently, @R136)}} normally, naturally; true to form, true to type, as per form; in absence of contrary information. typically, commonly, usually, as usual. {{has_high_level}} as always, invariably. {{has_conceptual_part(as always): always, @R78}}. {{has_consequence(invariably): inevitably, @R601}}. <-- conformity to some idea, rule, or standard is often expressed as "true to". The truth-concepts are in a cluster at M4, properties of ideas R494 Truth R495 Error, 543. Veracity.. 544. Falsehood 545. Deception 546. Untruth [[instance]] --> A2.2.1.2 CONFORMITY (R82) #82. Conformity. N. {{antonym_of(unconformity, R83)}} {{has_conceptual_part(normality, A2.2.1.1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(agreement, R23)}} {{has_subtype(similarity[to=norm, @R80], R17)}} conformity, conformance. {{has_case: prototype, R22}}. {{has_case: type, A2.6.1.1}}. {{property_of}} {{has_member(type, A2.6.1.1)}} instance, example, specimen, sample. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(example)}} case, case in point; object lesson; elucidation. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(adjusting, @R60)}} conforming, reconciliation, harmonizing. {{has_subtype(example)}} quotation. {{topic_of(example): @R522, exemplification, illustration}}. {[of(behavior): conventionality &c. (custom) M7.3.5.1.2.1]}. {{&mcaused_by}} observance; habituation. {{has_subtype(conformity[of=person][to=nationality])}} naturalization. {{conceptual_part_of}} rule, nature, principle; law; order of things; normal state, natural state, ordinary state, model state, normal condition, natural condition, ordinary condition, model condition; standing dish, standing order. {{has_subtype(conformity[of=identity, R5 + expected identity])}} genuineness, authenticity, bona fides, validity. {{property_of(genuineness): @R13, genuine article, real thing}}. {{topic_of}} Procrustean law; law of the Medes and Persians; hard and fast rule, unwavering rule, unbending rule. V. {{caused_by(conformity)}} conform, conform to. conform to rule; accommodate oneself to, adapt oneself to; rub off corners. be regular &c. adj.; move in a groove; follow observe the rules, go by the rules, bend to the rules, obey the rules, obey the precedents; comply with, tally with, chime in with, fall in with; be guided by, be regulated by; fall into a custom, fall into a usage. {{has_subtype(conform[to=custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1])}} {{has_subtype(adhere to custom, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} follow the fashion, follow the crowd, follow the multitude; pass muster, do as others do, hurler avec les loups [Fr]; stand on ceremony; when in Rome do as the Romans do; go with the stream, go with the flow, swim with the stream, swim with the current, swim with the tide, blow with the wind; stick to the beaten track; keep one in countenance. exemplify, illustrate, cite, quote, quote precedent, quote authority, appeal to authority, put a case; produce an instance &c. n.; elucidate, explain. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(adjust, @R58)}} bring into conformity, reconcile, harmonize. {{has_subtype(bring into conformity)}} {[in_frame(accounting, @R811)]} balance the books. Adj. conforming. adapted, accommodated. conformable to rule; according to regulation, according to rule, according to Hoyle, according to Cocker, according to Gunter; en regle [Fr], selon les regles[Fr], well regulated, orderly. {{has_subtype(conforming[to=precedent, R64])}} of daily occurrence, of everyday occurrence; in the natural order of things; ordinary, common, habitual, usual, everyday, workaday, typical, normal, nominal; canonical, orthodox. {{has_subtype(conforming[to=precedent, R64]): conventional &c. (customary) M7.3.5.1.2.1; regular &c. R138}}. {{has_large_quantity(conforming[to=precedent, R64]): frequent, R136}}. in the order of the day; naturalized. formal. sound, strict, rigid, positive, uncompromising, Procrustean. secundum artem[Lat], shipshape, technical. exempIe[Fr]. illustrative, in point. {{has_subtype(conforming[of=identity, R5 + expected identity])}} true, real, genuine, authentic, regular, bona fide, unquestionable; faithful, valid. {{similar_to(genuine): true, R494}}. {{similar_to: pure, unadulterated, R652}}. <-- symmetric &c. R242.??? relation? --> Adv. conformably; accordingly. by rule; in conformity; as usual, ad instar[Lat], instar omnium[Lat]; more solito[Lat], more-majorum. {{has_subtype(truly, R494)}} authentically, genuinely, truly, really, unquestionably. for the sake of conformity; as a matter of course, of course; pro forma[Lat], for form's sake, by the card. invariably &c. (uniformly) R16. for example, exempli gratia[Lat], "e.g."[abbr]; inter alia[Lat], among other things; for instance. Prep. conforming to, in accordance with, according to, in conformity with, in accordance with, in keeping with, uniformly with. consistent with, consistently with. agreeably to. {{{has_marker(instance + type, A2.6.1.1)}}} of. Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr]; ex pede Herculem[Lat]; noscitur a sociis [Lat]; ne e quovis ligno Mercurius fiat [Lat][Erasmus]; "they are happy men whose natures sort with their vocations" [Bacon]; "The nail that sticks up will get hammered down" [Japanese saying]; "Stick your neck out and it may get cut off". <-- [Absence or want of uniformity.] --> A2.2.2 NONUNIFORMITY #16a. Nonuniformity. N. {{antonym_of(uniformity)}} {{has_subtype(complexity, R59a)}} nonuniformity, diversity, irregularity, unevenness, non-uniformity. {[of(surface, R220): roughness &c. R256]}. {{caused_by}} dissimilarity, dissimilitude, divarication, divergence. {{has_subtype: multiformity &c. R81}}. {{has_conceptual_part: unconformity &c. R83}}. {{&caused_by: @R651, imperfection, flaw}}. {[of(group, R72)]} {{has_subtype(nonuniformity, R16a)}} {{antonym_of(homogeneity, @R16)}} heterogeneity. <-- heterogeneity is more of a logical consequence than a result of differences. Relation?? --> {{caused_by(heterogeneity): difference[between=members[of=group, R72], A2.5.5.2.2], R15}}. Adj. nonuniform, diversified, varied, irregular, uneven. multifarious; of various kinds; all manner of, all sorts of, all kinds of. {{has_subtype: multiform &c. R81}}. {{has_subtype: rough &c. R256}}. {{&caused_by: @R651, imperfect, flawed}}. {{has_subtype: amorphous, @R241}}. Adv. irregularly. variously, in all manner of ways, here there and everywhere. <-- the distinction between this "variety" and the variety at R16a is subtle. This applies to defined groups! [[variety]] --> A2.2.2.1 VARIETY (R81) #81. Variety. N. {{&has_property(group)}} {{has_subtype(heterogeneity, @R16a)}} {{conceptual_part_of(difference, R15/dissimilarity, R18)}} variety, diversity; multiformity, omniformity[obs3]; irregularity; multifariousness &c. adj.; varied assortment. {{property_of}} grab bag; hodge podge, hotch potch. {{has_conceptual_part: non-relation &c. R10}}. {{manifestation_of: essence, R5}}. {{&mcaused_by: choice, M7.R1}}. V. {{caused_by(variety)}} mix and match. {{&mcaused_by: choose, M7.R1}}. Adj. varied, heterogeneous, diverse, mixed, various, different, dissimilar, assorted, mingled, odd, divers, diversified, variform[obs3]; manifold, many-sided. variegated, motley, mosaic, eclectic; epicene, indiscriminate, desultory; all manner of; of every description, of all sorts and kinds; et hoc genus omne[Lat]; and what not; de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis [Lat]. polymorphous, multiform, multifold, multifarious, multigenerous[obs3], multiplex. {{has_high_intensity}} inharmonious, unmatched, unrelated. jumbled, confused, mixed up, discordant; nonuniform, irregular. omniform[obs3], omnigenous[obs3], omnifarious[obs3]. {{&consequence_of: protean (form) R240}}. Phr. "harmoniously confused" [Pope]; " variety's the very spice of life" [Cowper]. A2.2.2.2 EXCEPTION (R83) #83. Exception. N. {{has_conceptual_part(variety, A2.2.2.1)}} {{property_of(dissimilarity[to=norm, @R80], R18)}} exception, peculiarity, something exceptional, something unusual. {{has_property}} {{antonym_of(conformity, R82)}} {{has_subtype(dissimilarity[to=norm, @R80], R18)}} nonconformity, nonconformance, unconformity, disconformity. {{has_property}} {{antonym_of(normality, A2.2.1.1)}} abnormality, anomaly, abnormity[obs3], oddness, anomalousness, unnaturalness. <-- these words can be both the property and the thing --> {{has_subtype}} oddity, curiosity, rarity; freak, freak of Nature, mutant, bizarrerie[obs3], je ne sais quoi[Fr]; rouser, snorter [U.S.]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ugly, @R846/malformed, @R243)}} monster, monstrosity. {{has_subtype(nonconformity): @M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1, nonconformity, unconventionality, idiosyncrasy}}. {{has_subtype}} original, nondescript, character, nonesuch, nonsuch[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} prodigy, wonder, miracle. {{has_metaphor}} flying fish, black sheep, black swan, lusus naturae[Lat], rara avis[Lat], queer fish. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(animal[1], R366): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.2, mongrel, random breed; half-caste, half-blood, half-breed; crossbreed, hybrid, metis[Lat], mulatto, half blood}}. {{has_subtype(crossbreed[between= horse + donkey])}} mule; hinny. {{has_subtype(crossbreed[between= zebra + donkey])}} zebrule; zebrinny. {{has_subtype}} aberration; irregularity; variety; singularity; exemption. {{has_subtype: @R469, exception, salvo, qualification}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(animal[1], R366)}} {{property_of(mythical, @R515)}} mythical animal. {{has_subtype(mythical animal)}} phoenix; chimera; hydra; sphinx; minotaur; griffin, griffon; centaur, saggittary[obs3]; kraken; cockatrice; wyvern; roc; dragon; sea serpent; mermaid[fem.], merman[male], merfolk[collective]; unicorn; Cyclops, "men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders" [Othello]. {{studied_in(monster)}} teratology. {{has_subtype(exception[to=surroundings])}} fish out of water; neither one thing nor another, neither fish nor fowl, neither fish flesh nor fowl nor good red herring. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(rarity)}} one in a million, one in a way, one in a thousand. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} outcast. {{has_subtype(outcast): outlaw}}. {{has_subtype: impurity, contamination, adulteration, R653}}. {{has_metaphor}} odd duck; island. {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(pleasant)}} oasis. {{causes(nonconformity[of=part, R51]): heterogeneity, @R16a}}. {{conceptual_part_of: nonuniformity, R16a}}. {{has_subtype: hermaphrodite, @R374a}}. <-- [ref: imitation, copy &c. R19]. [ref: phony, sham &c. R545; falseness, R544]. --> V. be exceptional, be uncomformable. have no business there; baffle all description, beggar all description. {{&caused_by}} leave the beaten track, leave the beaten path. {{&caused_by}} infringe a law, break a law. {{&caused_by}} infringe a usage, infringe a custom, break a usage, break a custom, violate a law, violate a usage, violate a custom. {{&caused_by}} break a habit, infringe a habit. {{has_metaphor(infringe a custom)}} drive a coach and six through; stretch a point. <-- abnormalize[obs3] --> Adj. exceptional, nonconforming, atypical, unconformable. abnormal, abberrant, abnormous[obs3]; anomalous, anomalistic; peculiar, exclusive, eccentric, egregious. unusual, unaccustomed, strange, uncustomary, unwonted, uncommon; rare, extraordinary, out of the ordinary; unexpected; unaccountable; outre[Fr], out of the way; queer, quaint. odd, strange, funny, curious. remarkable, noteworthy. irregular, arbitrary. {{has_high_level(unusual)}} fantastic, bizarre; outlandish, exotic, tombe des nues[Fr], preternatural; nonesuch, none such, sui generis[Lat], nondescript[obs2]. unnatural. out of order, out of place, out of keeping, out of tune, out of one's element; beyond the pale, out of the pale. lawless, informal, stray, wandering, wayward, wanton; out of the beaten track, off the beaten track, out of the common, out of the common run; misplaced. {{has_subtype: @R243, grotesque, monstrous}}. {{has_subtype: wonderful &c. R870}}. {{has_subtype: unfashionable, @R851}}. {{has_consequence: heterogeneous, @R16a}}. {{conceptual_part_of: asymmetric, @P1.2.4.1.2}}. {{property_of: P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.2, half blood, hybrid, mongrel}}. {{has_subtype: @R374a, bisexual, hermaphrodite}}. singular, unique, one-of-a-kind. original, unconventional, unheard of, unfamiliar; undescribed, unprecedented, unparalleled, unexampled. {{has_subtype(exceptional): @R123, newfangled, novel, non-classical}}. {{&similar_to: impure, contaminated, adulterated, R653}}. {{&has_consequence(exception): qualified &c. R469}}. denatured[Biochem.], denaturalized[obs3]. heteroclite[Gram], amphibious, epicene; adelomorphous[obs3], monoclinous[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} androgynous, androgynal[obs3]. Adv. exceptionally, unconformably. abnormally, abberrantly, anomalously; peculiarly, eccentrically, egregiously; queerly, quaintly. unusually, uncommonly. unconventionally, unprecedentedly; indescribably, undescribably. {{has_extreme}} singularly, uniquely. irregularly, arbitrarily. lawlessly, informally, wantonly. oddly, strangely, funnily, curiously. unnaturally. unaccustomedly, uncustomarily, unwontedly. {{has_high_level(unusually)}} rarely, extraordinarily. unexpectedly; unaccountably. remarkably, noteworthily. {{has_high_level(unusually)}} fantastically, bizarrely; outlandishly, exotically. {{has_high_level(unusually)}} once in a blue moon, once in a million years. Prep. except, except for, aside from, save, other than, barring, beside, without, save and except, let alone, with the exception of. excepting, leaving out, leaving off, not including, not counting, not considering, setting aside. {{has_extreme(with the exception of)}} with the sole exception of. Conj. unless. however, yet, but. Int. "what on earth!", "what in the world!", "What the devil!"; "Holy cow!"; "Can you top that?"; Sacre bleu [Fr]. Phr. never was seen the like, never was heard the like, never was known the like. I could hardly believe it; I saw it, but I didn't believe it. A2.3 PARTIAL RELATION N. partial relation. A2.3.1 SIMILARITY (R17) #17. Similarity. N. similarity, resemblance, likeness, similitude, semblance. {{has_subtype}} affinity, parallelism; analogy, analogicalness[obs3]; homology; correspondence, parity, homoiousia[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(nearness)}} approximation. {{has_property(approximation)}} approximateness, nearness, closeness. {{has_subtype}} connaturalness[obs3], connaturality[obs3]; brotherhood; family likeness, family resemblance. {{has_high_level}} cookie-cutter similarity. {{property_of(homology)}} homologue, homolog. {{property_of(analogy)}} analogue, analog. {{&caused_by: imitation, R19, A2.3.3}}. {{has_subtype: agreement &c. R23}}. {{property_of(similarity[of=pronunciation, @R582])}} {[in_frame(speech, @R582):alliteration, rhyme, pun]}. {{&result_of: repetition &c. R104}}. {{has_extreme: @R13, identity, sameness}}. {{has_subtype(similarity[of=parts[num=all], R51]): uniformity &c. R16}}. {{has_measure(similarity[of=measured value][to=true value])}} {{has_conceptual_part(measurement[1], R466)}} accuracy. {{has_high_level(accuracy)}} high accuracy, accurateness. {{affected_by(accuracy)}} {{has_measure(similarity[of=measured value][to=repeat measurement])}} {{has_property(measuring instrument)}} precision. {{has_high_level(precision)}} high precision, preciseness. {{has_subtype}} isogamy[obs3]. {{property_of}} the like, such. {{property_of}} match, pendant. {{property_of}} parallel; close resemblance, striking resemblance, speaking resemblance. {{property_of: simile, @R521}}. {{has_extreme}} perfect match. {{property_of: @R556, representation, faithful likeness, faithful resemblance}}. {{property_of: photograph, R556a}}. {{conceptual_part_of: metaphor, R521}}. {{has_consequence(similarity[of=series^element[num=all], R69]): @R104, monotony, tautology}}. {{trait_of: twin, mate @P2.3.2.3.6.4.17}}. {{has_extreme(similarity): equality, R27}}. {{has_subtype(similarity[of=form])}} isomorphism[1]. {{has_subtype(relation)}} {{property_of(isomorphic)}} isomorph. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(set theory)]} isomorphism[2]; homomorphism. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(topology): homeomorphism, @R85a]}. V. be similar. be analogous; be homologous, be parallel. resemble, look like, bear resemblance to, take after, approximate, seem like; smack of, savor of; bear a semblance to, parallel, match, rhyme with; favor, span [U. S.]. {{has_high_intensity(resemble)}} bear a striking resemblance to, be alike as two peas in a pod. {{&caused_by: imitate &c. R19}}. look similar, look alike. {{&caused_by}} render similar, render alike; assimilate, bring near; connaturalize[obs3], make alike; rhyme, pun. Adj. similar, like, alike; twin. resembling, similar to, approximating, looking like, reminiscent of, suggesting, suggestive of, seeming like, smacking of, recalling, calling to mind. analogous; analogical, analog; homologous; parallel, of a piece; such as, so; homoiousian[obs3]. {{has_subtype(similar[mode=superficially])}} seeming. such, suchlike. connatural[obs3], congener, allied to. a show of; mock, pseudo, simulating, representing. lifelike, faithful; true to nature, true to life, the very image, the very picture of; for all the world like, comme deux gouttes d'eau[Fr]; as like as two peas in a pod, as like as it can stare; instar omnium[Lat], cast in the same mold, ridiculously like. {{has_subtype(similar[in=value, @R79a])}} {{conceptual_part_of(nearness)}} approximate, near, close. {{has_consequence(approximate)}} imprecise. <-- the "precise" at R494 (truth) will be left as a qualitative property of an assertion, and here the word refers to preciseness as a relation to a true value. This type of "precision" should have its own entry??? --> {{conceptual_part_of(almost identical)}} {{antonym_of(imprecise)}} {{similar_to(precise, @R494)}} precise, exact. {{has_high_level}} cookie-cutter. <-- ""approximately equal" connotes greater precision than "approximate"! --> {{has_high_level(close)}} about the same, approximately equal, almost identical. {{has_high_level(approximately equal): @R27, equivalent}}. {{has_subtype(similar[in=form])}} isomorphic. Adv. similarly. [[of(quantity, R25)]} approximately, nearly; sort of, kind of, around. {{has_subtype(approximately)}} on the order of, of the order; in the ballpark of. {{has_subtype(approximately)}} give or take a little, plus or minus. as if, so to speak; as it were, as if it were; quasi, just as, veluti in speculum[Lat]. et cetera, etc, "&c."; and the like, and so forth. much the same, something like, sort of, in the ballpark, such like. [of meaning] to that effect. Prep. similar to. Phr. et sic de similibus[Lat]. [of people] tel maitre tel valet[Fr], like master, like servant; tel pere tel fils[Fr], like father like son, the fruit doesn't fall far from the tree, a chip off the old block. "a distinction without a difference". <-- in this classification, the entry "difference" will be considered as one element (part) of "dissimilarity" --> A2.3.2 DISSIMILARITY (R18) #18. Dissimilarity. N. {{has_large_quantity(difference, R15)}} dissimilarity, dissimilaritude[obs3]; unlikeness, diversity, disparity, dissemblance[obs3]; divergence, variation. {{&caused_by: change, R140; variation, A2.3.4}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R20, novelty, originality}}. V. {{has_large_quantity(differ, R15)}} be unlike, be dissimilar, be disparate. {{has_extreme}} bear no resemblance to, differ toto coelo[Lat]. break new ground. {{&caused_by}} render unlike, render dissimilar. {{&caused_by: vary &c. (diversify) R140}}. {{&caused_by: change, R140}}. Adj. dissimilar, unlike, disparate; divergent; of a different kind, of a different sort, of a differeent class, of a different feather; unmatched, unique. {{has_subtype: @R20, new, novel, original, patented, ground-breaking, pioneering, non-imitation}}. creative, imaginative. patentable, non-obvious, unobvious. {{has_subtype: unprecedented &c. R83}}. nothing of the kind; no such thing, quite another thing; far from it, cast in a different mold, tertium quid[Lat], as like a dock as a daisy, "very like a whale " [Hamlet]; as different as chalk from cheese, as different as Macedon and Monmouth; lucus a non lucendo[Lat]. diversified &c. R16a. Adv. otherwise. Phr. diis aliter visum[Lat]; " no more like my father than I to Hercules" [Hamlet]. <-- [[copy]] --> A2.3.3 IMITATION (R19) #19. Imitation. N. {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} imitation, imitating, copying, replicating, replication. {{forms: copy, R21}}. {{has_subtype}} repetition, duplication, reduplication; reproduction. {{&causes: duplication, R90}}. {{has_subtype}} transcription. {{has_subtype(copying)}} {{has_subtype(drawing, @R554)}} {{used_in(tracing paper)}} {{formed_by(tracing, @R556)}} tracing. {{has_subtype(tracing)}} image tracing; relief tracing. <-- image tracing can use either transillumination or direct projection --> {{has_patient(image tracing)}} {{has_subtype(original, R22)}} {{has_subtype(picture, R556)}} original picture. {{requires(image tracing[ptnt=$original picture]): project[obj=projected image[of=$original picture], @P2.3.1.3.6][onto=tracing paper], P2.3.1.3.6}}. {{has_patient(relief tracing)}} {{has_subtype(original, R22)}} {{has_subtype(relief, @R557)}} traced relief. {{requires(relief tracing[ptnt=$traced relief]): contact[between= tracing paper + $traced relief], R199}}. {{has_subtype}} mockery, mimicry; simulation. {{has_subtype(imitation[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} impersonation, personation. {{causes}} semblance. {{method_for}} assimilation. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(deception, R545)}} faking. {{has_subtype: representation &c. R554}}. {{has_subtype: @R856, parody, takeoff, lampoon, caricature}}. {[of(language): quotation, @R535]}. {[of(communication)]} paraphrase. {[of(original idea/text, @R590): plagiarism, @R791]}. {[of(organism, R357): reproduction, procreation; replication]}. {{has_subtype(copying[of=image, R448])}} {{similar_to(copying): @P2.3.1.3.6.2, photography, photocopying}}. {{similar_to: @R544, forgery, counterfeit}}. <-- imitator to person who ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.38 IMITATOR --> V. imitate, copy, replicate. reproduce, repeat. mirror, reflect, echo, reecho; do like, catch; transcribe; match, parallel. mock, mimic, ape, simulate, impersonate, personate; represent &c. R554; counterfeit. {{used_in(impersonate): act &c. (drama) R599}}. {{has_subtype: @R856, take off on, parody, travesty, caricature, lampoon, burlesque}}. follow in the steps of, tread in the steps, follow in the footsteps of, follow in the wake of; take pattern by; follow suit, follow the example of; walk in the shoes of, take a leaf out of another's book, strike in with; take after, model after; emulate. {{formed_by(tracing, @R556)}} trace. Adj. imitated &c. v.; mock, mimic; modelled after, molded on. paraphrastic; literal; imitative; secondhand; imitable; aping, apish, mimicking. {{has_consequence(imitation)}} {{has_property(copy, R21)}} imitation[2]. {{has_subtype(imitation[2]): @R545, counterfeit, bogus, phony, ersatz, fake[2]}}. Adv. literally, to the letter, verbatim, literatim[Lat], sic, totidem verbis[Lat], word for word, mot a mot[Fr]; exactly, precisely. Phr. like master like man; " like - but oh! how different! " [Wordsworth]; " genius borrows nobly " [Emerson]; " pursuing echoes calling 'mong the rocks " [A. Coles]; " quotation confesses inferiority " [Emerson]; "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery". <-- R20 refers mostly to the human trait "creativity", and might have its primary location under human traits. An essential element is "newness", involving time. So this has elements of the physical world and mental world, and we leave it here. --> A2.3.3.R1 ORIGINALITY (R20) #20. Originality. N. {{antonym_of(imitation, R19)}} {{conceptual_part_of(dissimilarity, R18 + newness, P123)}} originality, nonimitation, novelty[1], newness, non-imitation. {{property_of}} something new, a novelty, novelty[2], no imitation. {{property_of: invention[2], @R515}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M5.7.3, creativeness, creativity, inventiveness]}. {{&property_of: prototype, R22}}. Adj. original, new, novel. ground-breaking, pioneering. {{conceptual_part_of(original)}} creative, inventive; untranslated. {{manifestation_of}} {{has_subtype(uncommon, @R83)}} exceptional, rare, sui generis[Lat], uncommon, unexampled. {{has_consequence: unique, @R83}}. unimitated[obs3], uncopied[obs3]; unmatched, unparalleled. {{&has_consequence(new)}} {{required_for(new)}} patented. <-- This "copy" is mostly for objects [Result of imitation.] --> A2.3.3.R2 COPY (R21) #21. Copy. N. {{antonym_of(original, R22)}}{{property_of(posteriority, R117)}} {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} {{forms(copying, R19)}} copy, facsimile, replica, imitation, counterpart, effigies, effigy, form[2], likeness. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): original, R22}}. {{has_subtype}} model, representation, adumbration, study. {{has_property: resemblance[to=original, R22], R17}}. {{has_subtype}} duplicate, reproduction, replication. {{has_subtype}} {{has_member(set/run)}} replicate, rerun. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(accurate, @R494)}} exact copy, exact imitation, precise copy; servile copy, servile imitation. {{has_subtype(copy[of=image, R448])}} reflection, reflex, reflexion[Brit]. {{has_subtype(copy[of=sound, R402])}} echo. {{has_subtype: @R856, parody, caricature, burlesque, travesty, travestie[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype: @R556, portrait}}. {{has_subtype: @R554, representation, visualization, illustration, delineation}}. {{has_subtype(copy)}} {{conceptual_part_of(change, R140)}} {{property_of(different[from=original], R15)}} derivative, derivation, modification, expansion, extension, revision, variant, variation, form[2]. {{has_subtype(variant[of=statement, R535])}} paraphrase. {{has_subtype(variant[of=speech, R582])}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} transcript. {{has_subtype(variant)}} embodiment. {{has_subtype(variant[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} avatar, incarnation. {{has_subtype(variant)}} recording, scan[copy into a non-visual form]. {{has_subtype(variant): @R230, silhouette, outline}}. {{has_subtype(variant): shadow, @R421}}. {{has_subtype(writing): mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint; photo offset}}. {{has_subtype(variant[of=document, R590a])}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} reprint, new printing; rechauffe[Fr]; apograph[obs3], fair copy; second edition &c. (repetition) R104. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{has_subtype: @R590, @M8.1.3.3.2.4, facsimile, reprint}}. {{has_subtype}} pasticcio[obs3]. {{has_subtype(replicate): @P2.3.1.3.6.5, cast, mold}}. {{has_subtype(replicate): @P2.3.1.3.6.1, print}}. {{has_subtype: @R545, counterfeit, fake}}. {{product_of}} copying, replication. {{product_of(transcript)}} transcription. {{similar_to(copying): duplication, R90}}. Adj. copied, reproduced. faithful; lifelike &c. (similar) R17; close, conscientious. unoriginal, imitative, derivative. <-- [Thing copied.] --> A2.3.3.R3 PROTOTYPE (R22) #22. Prototype. N. {{property_of(antecedence, R116)}} {{antonym_of(copy, R21)}} prototype, original, model, paradigm, pattern, precedent, standard, ideal, reference, scantling, type, exemplar, example; archetype, antitype[obs3]; protoplast, module, ensample[obs3]; lay-figure. <-- a protoype isn't always original in the sense menat in R20 --> {{&has_property: originality, R20}}. <-- is a mock-up a copy or a model? Usually, it comes before the real thing, so we classify it as a model --> {{has_subtype(model)}} mockup, mock-up. {{has_subtype(model): cartoon, @R230}}. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(comparing)]} known, known object. {{has_subtype: text, copy @R590, @M8.1.3.3.2.4}}. {{has_subtype(model)}} design; fugleman[obs3], keynote. {{has_subtype}} die, mold; matrix, last, plasm[obs3]; proplasm[obs3], protoplasm; mint; seal, punch, intaglio; stamp. {{has_subtype}} negative, photographic negative. V. be an example, set an example. set a copy. {{has_subtype(set an example)}} {[in_frame(behavior, R692): @R692, be a role model]}. Phr. a precedent embalms a principle [Disraeli]; exempla sunt odiosa[Lat]. A2.3.4 VARIATION (R20A) #20a. Variation. N. variation; alteration &c. (change) R140. {{has_subtype}} modification; discrepance[obs3], discrepancy. {[in_frame(language, R560)]} {[of(word[1], R562)]} moods and tenses. {{has_subtype: divergency[obs3] &c. R291}}. {{has_subtype}} aberration; innovation. {{has_measure}} {[in_frame(mathematics, @R25)]} variance; standard deviation; root mean square deviation, RMS, RMS deviation; standard error; deviation &c. R279. V. {{has_subtype(change, R140)}} {{caused_by(variation)}} vary. deviate &c. R279; diverge &c. R291; alternate, swerve. Adj. varied. modified. {{has_subtype: diversified &c. R16a}}. <-- "replicate" as used here differs somewhat from "copy". A copy is a duplication of an original, whereas a replicate is one of a number of items produced by a procedure (such as casting, printing; even an experiment) all of which are equally original. Thus it is an original and a copy at the same time! Russian distinguishes the two senses of "copy". One of a series of "originals" is an "exemplar"--> A2.4 GENERAL RELATION N. general relation. <-- note that the "agreement' here at R23 is an abstract concept. At R714 it is specifically a mental interaction between two intelligent agents. The concept of "appropriate, adapted" is also in here, but should be moved to the mental categories under means to a goal???. --> A2.4.1 AGREEMENT (R23) #23. Agreement. N. {{conceptual_part_of(relation, R9)}} agreement; accord, consistency, accordance; concordance, concert. {{has_subtype}} unison, harmony. {{consequence_of}} compatibility. {{has_subtype}} conformance; consonance, consentaneousness[obs3], consistency; congruity, congruence; keeping; correspondence, parallelism, apposition, union. {{conceptual_part_of: conformity &c. R82; uniformity &c. R16}}. <-- the following paragraph, originally here, was moved to R644, "utility" since these words relate mostly to fitness for a purpose --> {{has_subtype: @R644, fitness, aptness, appropriateness, applicability, relevancy, pertinence, aptitude[obs2]}}. {{has_subtype(agreement[to=rule, @R697]}} propriety, admissibility. {{property_of}} case in point. {[in_frame(comparison, R464)]} commensurability. {{&caused_by}} adaptation, adjustment, accommodation, adaption[obs3]; reconciliation, reconcilement; assimilation. {{has_subtype(adaptation)}} fitting together, coaptation[obs3]. {{has_subtype(adaptation[of=organism, R357][to=environment, R227])}} acclimatization. {{has_subtype(adaptation[of=genes, @P2.6.4.2])}} coadaptation. {{has_subtype(adaptation[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} graduation. {{&causes(adaptation): utility, R644}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: @R714, concord, general agreement, mutual understanding}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{conceptual_part_of: @R762, consent, agreement, assent}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{conceptual_part_of: cooperation, R709}}. {{has_subtype: concurrence &c. R178}}. {{property_of}} right man in the right place, very thing; quite the thing, just the thing. V. agree, accord, harmonize, be accordant, be in agreement, be in accord. correspond, tally, respond; meet, suit, fit, befit, do, adapt itself to; fall in with, chime in with, quadrate with, consort with, comport with; dovetail, fit like a glove, fit to a tittle, fit to a T; match &c. R17; become one; homologate[obs3]. agree with, accord with, fit with, correspond to. {{&caused_by}} assimilate. {{&caused_by}} render accordant &c. adj.; fit, suit, adapt, acclimatize, acclimate, accommodate; graduate; adjust &c. (render equal) R27; dress, regulate, readjust. {{&caused_by}} reconcile, square, square with, fadge[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&mcauses: @R762, consent, assent}}. Adj. agreeing, suiting &c. v.; in accord, consistent, accordant, concordant, consonant, congruous, consentaneous[obs3], correspondent, corresponding. congenial; coherent; becoming; harmonious reconcilable, conformable; in accordance with, in harmony with, in keeping with, in unison with &c. n.; at one with, of one mind, of a piece; consistent, compatible, proportionate; commensurate; on all fours. apt, apposite, pertinent, pat; to the point, to the purpose; happy, felicitous, germane, ad rem[Lat], in point, on point, directly on point, bearing upon, applicable, relevant, admissible. {{has_subtype: @R644, fit, in loco, a propos[Fr], appropriate, seasonable, sortable, suitable, idoneous[obs3], deft}}. adapted, acclimatized. at home, in one's proper element. Adv. a propos of[Fr]; pertinently &c. adj.. Phr. rem acu tetigisti[Lat][obs3]; "if the shoe fits, wear it"; the cap fits; auxilia humilia firma consensus facit [Lat][Syrus]; discers concordia [Lat][Ovid]. <-- this Roget entry has a lot of different concepts mixed in, most of which belong in the mental section. This needs to be completely reworked, and perhaps distributed to other entries??? The headword is close to "dissimilarity". We use "disagreement" here to mean a consequence of some type of dissimilarity between two objects; "nonconformity" at R83 is a dissimilarity between one object and some norm. --> A2.4.2 DISAGREEMENT (R24) #24. Disagreement. N. {{conceptual_part_of(dissimilarity, R18)}} disagreement, disparity, mismatch, discrepancy, variance, divergence; dissimilitude, inequality. {{&mcauses}} {{has_expression}} discord, discordance; dissonance, dissidence; incongruity, incongruence[obs3]; discongruity[obs3], mesalliance; bickering, clashing, misunderstanding, wrangle. {{has_high_level}} irreconcilableness, irreconcilability, incompatibility. {{has_subtype(irreconcilability): hostility, @R889; antagonism, @R708; incompatibility, @R708}}. {{has_subtype: discord, R713}}. {{conceptual_part_of: opposition, R708}}. {{has_subtype}} disproportion, disproportionateness[obs3]; inharmonious; repugnance. {{has_subtype}} unfitness, inaptitude, impropriety, inappropriateness; inapplicability, unsuitability, unseasonableness; inconsistency, inconcinnity[obs3]; irrelevancy &c. (irrelation) R10. {{has_subtype}} incommensurability. {{has_subtype}} misjoining[obs3], misjoinder[obs3]; syncretism[obs3], intrusion, interference; concordia discors[Lat]. {{similar_to: unconformity &c. R83}}. {{has_metaphor}} fish out of water. V. disagree; clash; interfere, intrude, come amiss; not concern &c. R10; mismatch; humano capiti cervicem jungere equinam[Lat]. {{has_subtype(clash): jar, @R713}}. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(dissimilar, R18)}} disagreeing, discordant, discrepant, at variance. jarring, clashing. {{has_high_level}} at war; hostile, antagonistic, repugnant, incompatible, irreconcilable, inconsistent with; intrusive, incongruous; disproportionate, disproportionated[obs3]; inharmonious, unharmonious[obs3]; inconsonant, unconsonant[obs3]; divergent, repugnant to. inapt, unapt, inappropriate, improper; unsuited, unsuitable; inapplicable, not to the point; unfit, unfitting, unbefitting; unbecoming; ill-timed, unseasonable, mal a propos[Fr], inadmissible. inapposite &c. (irrelevant) R10. uncongenial; ill-assorted, ill-sorted; mismatched, misjoined[obs3], misplaced, misclassified; unaccommodating, irreducible, incommensurable, uncommensurable[obs3]; unsympathetic. out of character, out of keeping, out of proportion, out of joint, out of tune, out of place, out of season, out of its element; at odds with, at variance with. Adv. in defiance, in contempt, in spite of; discordantly &c. adj.; a tort et a travers[obs3]. Phr. asinus ad lyram[Lat]. A2.5 INTERNAL RELATION N. internal relation. <-- [[simplicity]] --> <-- this sould be in a "properties" category?? --> A2.5.1 SIMPLENESS (R42) #42. Simpleness. N. {{antonym_of(complexity, A2.5.2)}} simpleness, simplicity. {{has_subtype}} purity, homogeneity. {{&caused_by}} elimination. {{&caused_by: purification &c. (cleanness) R652}}. {{&caused_by: @R60, sifting, sorting}}. {{&caused_by}} isolation; simplification; homogenization. {{has_excess(simplification)}} oversimplification. V. [transitive] render simple, simplify; homogenize. winnow, bolt, eliminate; exclude, get rid of, cull; clear; disentangle &c. (disjoin) R44. {{has_subtype(simplify): purify &c. (clean) R652}}. {{has_subtype(simplify): @R60, sift, sort}}. Adj. simple, uniform, of a piece, homogeneous, single, pure, sheer, neat. unmixed, unmingled[obs3], unblended, uncombined, uncompounded; elementary, undecomposed; unadulterated, unsophisticated, unalloyed, untinged[obs3], unfortified, pur et simple[Fr]; incomplex[obs3]. free from, exempt from; exclusive. Adv. simple &c. adj.; only. A2.5.2 COMPLEXITY (R59a) #59a. Complexity. N. {{antonym_of(simplicity, A2.5.1)}} complexity; complexness &c. adj.; complexus[obs3]; complication, implication, intricacy, intrication[obs3]; perplexity. {{property_of}} network, labyrinth; wilderness, jungle; involution, raveling, entanglement; coil &c. (convolution) R248; sleave[obs3], tangled skein, knot, Gordian knot, wheels within wheels; kink, gnarl, knarl[obs3]; webwork[obs3]. {[of(action, @R680)]} {{has_subtype: difficulty, R704}}. {[in_frame(traffic[2], @R266)]} {{property_of(complexity)}} {{has_subtype(obstruction[of=traffic[2], @R266], M7.3.4.R4.1)}} jam, traffic jam. {{has_high_intensity(traffic jam)}} gridlock. {{has_subtype: nonuniformity, R16a}}. V. complexify[obs3], complicate. Adj. complex, complexed; intricate, complicated, perplexed, involved, raveled, entangled, knotted, kinked, kinky, tangled, inextricable; irreducible. gnarled, knarled[obs3]. {{property_of}} {[in_frame(traffic[2], @R266)]} snarled, gridlocked, jammed. Phr. the plot thickens. <-- adhesion, here is a general sticking together, a more abstract concept than the more physically-oriented concept of tenacity at R327b. We moved the physically-related concepts to R327b [[adhesion, connect]] --> A2.5.3 CONNECTEDNESS (R46) #46. connectedness. N. {{antonym_of(unconnectedness, A2.5.4)}} connectedness, linkage, continuity[1]. {{has_representation: abstract graph, A2.5.3.R1}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} connected structure. {{!!has_part(connected structure)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} connected object[num=>1]. {{has_subtype(continuity[1])}} {{of[time, P1.1/period, R108])}} continuity[2], ceaselessness. {{has_subtype: @R69, succession[2], consecution, consecutiveness}}. {{caused_by}} coherence[1]. {{&caused_by(coherence)}} concretion, accretion; conglutination, agglutination, agglomeration; aggregation; consolidation. {{has_subtype}} {[of(discourse, @M8.1.3.2.2)]} coherence[2]. {{has_subtype(incoherence, R47)}} {{antonym_of(coherence[2])}} incoherence. {{&caused_by: attaching, R43}}. {{has_requirement: connection, A3.3.3.R1}}. {{has_extreme}} inseparability, inseparableness. {{&caused_by: joining, R43}}. {{property_of}} connection, link. {{&causes}} {{&has_manifestation: dependence, @A1.4.3}}. <-- put these in the physobj category! out of place here???--> {{property_of: path, R627}}. {{property_of: @P2.2.1.2, conglomerate, concrete}}. {{&caused_by: @R327b, adhesion, adherence, set, cementation, sticking, tenacity, soldering}}. {{&consequence_of(adhesion): @R327, stickiness, adhesiveness}}. V. [intransitive] connect[1], be connected, be linked, be tied together. continue. cohere, hang together. {{&caused_by(connect)}} agglomerate. {{&caused_by(connect)}} [transitive] connect[2], link, link up, hook together. Adj. {{has_property(connected object/connected structure)}} connected, linked. continuous; continual. cohesive, cohering. {{has_subtype: @R69, consecutive, successive}}. united, unseparated, unsessile[obs3]. {{has_extreme}} inseparable, inextricable, infrangible[obs3]. {{required_for: compact, @R321}}. <-- This entry is only for graphs with at least one connection. This is a very simlistic entry, primarily for defining some relations within a parse tree. [[graph]] --> A2.5.3.R1 ABSTRACT GRAPH N. {{has_representation(connectedness, A2.5.3)}} abstract graph, graph. {{!!has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} node, vertex, vertices[pl]. {{!!has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(connection, R45)}} link, edge. {{has_subtype_x(node)}} terminal node, leaf; non-terminal node. <-- terminal nodes connect to only one other node. Meaningful mostly in trees. --> {{!!connected_to(terminal node): node[num=1]}}. {{+has_conceptual_part}} {{location_of(non-terminal node)}} {{conceptual_part_of(link[num=>2])}} branch. {{{interconnects(link): node + $node}}}. {{&representation_of(link): relation, A2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} directed graph; undirected graph. {{has_part(directed graph)}} {{has_subtype(link, @R9)}} {{property_of(directed, @R9): directed link, @R9}}. {{has_subtype}} {{not_part_of(cycle)}} acyclic graph. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(cycle)}} cyclic graph. {{has_subtype(directed graph)}} {{has_subtype(acyclic graph)}} directed acyclic graph. {{has_subtype(directed graph)}} tree-structured graph, tree. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(node)}} {{has_subtype(origin[of=line of descent])}} root node. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(series, R69)}} {{has_subtype(line, R69)}} line of descent[num=>0]. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(node)}} {{has_subtype(terminus[of=line of descent], R67)}} leaf. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(node)}} successor, successor node. {{has_reciprocal(successor node)}} parent node. {{isnota(root node): successor node}}. {{isnota(parent node): leaf}}. {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{has_result(parsing): parse tree}}. {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{uses(management, R693): chain of command, @R693}}. <-- [Want of adhesion, nonadhesion, immiscibility.] --> A2.5.4 UNCONNECTEDNESS (R47) #47. Unconnectedness. N. {{antonym_of(connectedness, A2.5.3)}} unconnectedness, incoherence, lack of connection, noncohesion; nonadhesion[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} looseness; laxity; relaxation; loosening, , slackening, relaxing; freedom; rope of sand. {{has_subtype}} graininess[2], granularity, state of division. {{consequence_of(unconnectedness[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1])}} immiscibility. {[in_frame(image)]} {{has_subtype(graininess[1]): graininess[2], resolution}}. {{similar_to: disjunction &c. R44}}. V. {{&caused_by}} make loose &c. adj.; loosen, slacken, relax; come unstuck; fall apart, crumble. {{&caused_by: @R44, separate, detach, unglue, disjoin}}. Adj. incoherent, unconnected. multipartite[obs3], abstract; disjunctive; secant. separate, unconnected, apart, disparate, insular, discrete, asunder, far between, loose, free, unattached, unannexed, unassociated. detached, loose, baggy, slack, lax, relaxed, flapping, streaming. {{&consequence_of}} {{antonym_of(adhesive, @R327)}} nonadhesive. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{consequence_of}} immiscible. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(combined, @R48)}} uncombined, unconsolidated, unjoined. disheveled. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(powder, R330)}} noncohesive, like grains of sand. {{has_subtype(noncohesive)}} {{has_property(grain, P2.3.1.3.2.13): granular, @R330}}. {{&has_consequence(noncohesive)}} crumbling, falling apart. {{&consequence_of: @R44, separated, segregated, detached, disjoined}}. <-- "unconnectedness", above is the generic term for any two things which are not connected (and perhaps never were, nor had any reason to be). Here, we refer to a series or a conceptually whole object which has some kind of discontinuity in it. [Interrupted sequence.] --> A2.5.4.1 DISCONTINUITY #70. Discontinuity. N. {{has_subtype(unconnectedness, A2.5.4)}} discontinuity[1], discontinuousness. {{caused_by}} discontinuity[2], interruption, break, anacoluthon[obs3]. {{has_subtype: disjunction, R44, A3.3.4}}. {{has_subtype(discontinuity[2])}}{[of(solid object): @P1.2.2.2.1.3.1, fracture, flaw, fault, crack, cut; solution of continuity, caesura; broken thread]}. {{has_subtype(discontinuity[2][of=time interval, R108])}}{{has_subtype(time interval, R108): @M7.3.4.3.R1, pause, intermission; episode}}. {{property_of}} patchwork, potpourri, pastiche, hodgepodge, mosaic, collage, nontage, composite, rhapsody[obs2]. {[of(discourse)]} aside, digression, parenthesis. {{has_subtype: deviation, R279}}. {{has_subtype: detour, circuit, R629, M7.2.3}}. {{has_subtype: alternation, @R63}}. {{conceptual_part_of: periodicity, R138}}. {[of(war[1], R722)]} {{has_subtype(pause[of=war[1], R722], @M7.3.4.3.R1)}} truce, cease fire; lull, dropping fire. {{similar_to: space, gap &c. (interval) R198}}. {{has_subtype: lacuna, @R53}}. V. be discontinuous &c. adj.; alternate, intermit, sputter, stop and start, hesitate. discontinue, pause, interrupt; intervene; break, break in upon, break off; interpose &c. R228; break the thread, snap the thread; disconnect &c. (disjoin) R44; dissever. Adj. {{has_subtype(unconnected, @R47)}} discontinuous, broken, interrupted, dicousu[Fr], disconnected, discrete, disjunctive, unsuccessive[obs3]. {{has_subtype(discontinuous[in=time flow, R109])}} {{conceptual_part_of(pause, @R142)}} intermittent, intermitting. {{has_subtype(intermittent)}} spasmodic, syncopated, desultory; occasional; alternating; alternate. {{has_high_level(intermittent): fitful &c. (irregular) R139}}. patchwork, hodgepodge. {{has_subtype: recurrent &c. (periodic) R138}}. Adv. discontinuously, intermittently, at intervals, by snatches, by jerks, by skips, by catches, by fits and starts, skippingly[obs3], per saltum[Lat]. alternately, in alternation, by turns, in turns. parenthetically. Phr. "like angel visits few and far between" [Campbell]. <-- [[PART]] --> A2.5.5 COMPOSITION #54. Composition. N. composition, constitution, makeup, crasis[obs3]. {{has_component}} component material. {{&formed_by}} inclusion, comprehension; admission, reception. {{&formed_by: combination &c. R48}}. {{has_conceptual_part: part, R51}}. {{result_of}} embodiment; formation. {{has_part: component, R56}}. V. be composed of, be made of; consist of, comprise, be formed of, be made up of, be resolved into. include &c. (in a class) R76; contain, hold, comprehend, take in, admit, embrace, embody. [transitive] involve, implicate; drag into. compose, constitute, form, make; make up, fill up, build up; enter into the composition of &c. (be a component) R56. Adj. containing, constituting &c. v.. <-- "indivisible" is an important concept, but is only one line of this entry. --> A2.5.5.1 WHOLE (R50) #50. Whole. N. {{property_of(completeness, R52)}} {{part_of(part[1], R51)}} whole, totality, entirety, integer, ensemble, collectiveness[obs3]. {{&has_property}} indivisibility, indiscerptibility[obs3]. {{&result_of}} integration; embodiment. {{has_property}} wholeness, integrity. {{has_property: unity &c. R87}}. <-- a complex is made up of parts that are different in type. We have no way to say that now [1-17-96] --> {{part_of(part[1][num=>1], R51)}} {{property_of(nununiform, @R81)}} complex, aggregate, ensemble, compages[obs3], complexus [obs3]. {{has_subtype}} all, the whole, total, one and all, gross amount, sum, sum total, tout ensemble, length and breadth of, " be all and end all ". {{has_metaphor}} Alpha and Omega; lock stock and barrel; the long and the short. {{&result_of(wholeness)}} {{&formed_by(whole)}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} {{has_subtype(assembling[2], @R72)}} {{has_subtype(joining[ptnt=part[num=all], R51], R43)}} assembling, integration, putting together, integrating. {{has_property: completeness, A2.5.5.3}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(indivisible)}} indivisible whole, indivisible unit, smallest unit. V. form a whole, constitute a whole; integrate, embody, amass; amount to, come to. {{&result_of(wholeness)}} {{&formed_by(whole)}} {{has_subtype(join[ptnt=part[num=all], R51], R43)}} {{has_subtype(assemble[2], @R72)}} assemble, integrate, put together. Adj. whole, total, integral, entire; complete &c. R52; one, individual. unbroken, intact, uncut, undivided, unsevered[obs3], unclipped[obs3], uncropped, unshorn; seamless; undiminished; undemolished, undissolved, undestroyed, unbruised. {{has_subtype}} indivisible, unresolvable, atomic, indissoluble, indissolvable[obs3], indiscerptible[obs3]. wholesale, sweeping; comprehensive. Adv. wholly, altogether; totally &c. (completely) R52; entirely, all, all in all, as a whole, wholesale, in a body, collectively, all put together; in the aggregate, in the lump, in the mass, in the gross, in the main, in the long run; en masse, as a body, on the whole, bodily[obs2], en bloc, in extenso [Lat], throughout, every inch. Phr. tout bien ou rien [Fr]. <-- here member is like a limb, not a member of a set. For the latter, see A2.5.5.2.2 . [[part]] --> A2.5.5.2 PART (R51) #51. Part. N. {{has_part(structure, @R5)}} {{has_part(whole, R50)}} {{has_subtype(role, R9)}} part[1], fraction, portion; subdivision, section. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): whole, R50}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(number, R84): fraction, R100a}}. {{has_subtype}} aliquot part, aliquot portion. <-- "has_partition" is used for dividing substances or spaces where the properties of the part are similar to the properties of the whole: an arbitrary partition --> {{has_partition(whole, R50)}} piece. {{has_subtype}} lump, bit, hunk, morsel, particle. {{has_subtype(piece)}} {{forms(breaking, @R328)}} fragment, chip, chipping, chunk, shard, collop[obs3]. {{has_subtype(piece)}} {{forms(cutting, P2.8.1)}} shiver, sliver, driblet, clipping, paring, shave, shaving. {{has_partition(piece)}} {{has_subtype(piece)}} subpartition, smaller partition, subfragment. {[of(abstract space, A8)]} {{has_partition(abstract space, A8)}} region, subspace, partition. {{has_subtype(region[of=ordinary space, @R180]): region, R181}}. {{has_subtype(part[of=territory, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1])}} {{has_subtype(region): @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1, division, section, sector, quarter, ward}}. {{has_part(part)}} subpart. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(concept, M3.1.1.1): case, @M3.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} segment. {{has_subtype(sample[of=material[2], @P2.1.1], @R82)}} sample. {{has_subtype(piece)}} {[of(fabric, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)]} {{has_subtype(sample, @R51)}} swatch. {{has_subtype}} dose; item, particular; aught, any; division; cantle, frustum; detachment, parcel. {{has_subtype}} cut, cutting, shaving, slice; scrap, scale. {{has_subtype}} small part. {{has_subtype}} installment, dividend. {{has_subtype: share, @R786}}. {{has_subtype: lamina &c. R204}}. {{has_subtype}} arm, wing, member, limb, lobe, lobule, branch, offshoot, ramification. {[of(plant, R367)]} scion, bough, joint, link; runner; leaf, leaflet; stump, rump. {{has_subtype(part[of=bush[1], @R367/tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3]): @P2.3.2.1.2, twig, sprig}}. {{has_subtype: component part &c. R56}}. {{has_subtype}} sarmentum[obs3]. {[of(text, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): article, passage]}. {{has_subtype}} debris, odds and ends, oddments, detritus, talus; excerpta[Lat]. {[of(text)]} chapter, clause, count, paragraph, verse. {[of(container)]} compartment. {[of(circle)]} sector. {[of(computer program)]} routine, subroutine; call; instruction. {[of(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5): department &c. (class) R75]}. V. {{&formed_by(part)}} {{has_subtype(disjoin, R44)}} part[2], divide. {{has_subtype(divide): @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1, break, divide}}. {{has_subtype(have[obj=part[1]])}} {{&has_action(object, @R3a)}} have a part. {{has_action(part[1])}} be a part; be part of, form part of, be a part of. {{has_subtype(divide): @R786, partition, apportion}}. Adj. fractional, fragmentary; sectional, aliquot; divided &c. v.; in compartments, multifid[obs3]; disconnected; partial. Adv. partly, in part, partially; piecemeal, part by part; by by installments, by snatches, by inches, by driblets; bit by bit, inch by inch, foot by foot, drop by drop; in detail, in lots. semi-. <-- "a part of" is part of a whole --> Prep. {[in_frame(part[1])]} {{has_marker(whole, R50)}} of. A2.5.5.2.1 COMPONENT (R56) #56. Component. N. {{has_component(whole, R50)}} component, component part, integral part, integrant part[obs3], element, constituent. {{component_of: composition, R54}}. {{has_subtype}} ingredient; part and parcel; contents; appurtenance; feature. {{has_subtype(ingredient)}} leaven. {[of(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5): member, @R51; personnel, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6]}. V. {{has_action(component)}} {{has_subtype(@R51, be part of)}} [intransitive] be a component, be a constitutent, be an element; enter into, enter into the composition of; belong to, appertain to; merge in, be merged in, be combined in; inhere in. {{result_of(be combined in)}} [transitive] combine, unite. {{has_subtype(be a component[of=action, R680])}} {{hperforms(agent, R690)}} be implicated in. {{has_subtype(be implicated in): @R778, share in, participate in}}. form, make, constitute, compose. Adj. forming &c. v.; inclusive. <-- [[member]] --> A2.5.5.2.2 MEMBER N. {{has_member(group, A2.6.1)}} member, element, group member. {{has_property}} membership. V. include, number among. Adj. {{has_property(member): included, @R76}}. including. <-- the following was included in "whole", A2.2.5.1. Note that the relation "major_component" is used for parts that are essential or important, and not necessarily the majority part. The relation "has_main_component" is used for the majority part. Thus majority part and "most important part" are both contined here -- perhaps they should be separated? [Principal part.] --> A2.5.5.2.3 MAIN PART N. {{has_major_component(whole, R50)}} main part, mass, core, principal part, best part, chief part, greater part, major part, bulk, body. {[of(diet, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(food, R298)}} staple. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(important, R642)}} {{has_subtype(framework, @R5)}} framework, skeleton. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(important, R642)}} {{has_subtype(essential part, @R5)}} trunk, torso, bole, hull, hulk. {{has_metaphor}} lion's share, Benjamin's mess. {{has_main_component(whole, R50)}} greater part, major part, bulk. {{has_main_component(whole, R50)}} most, nearly all, almost all, essentially all, substantially all. Adj. most of, the major part of. Adv. mostly; substantially, on the whole. A2.5.5.3 COMPLETENESS (R52) #52. Completeness. N. {{has_property(whole, A2.5.5.1)}} completeness, wholeness, allness[obs3]. {{similar_to: wholeness, R50}}. {{&caused_by: completion, R729}}. {{&required_for: perfection, R650}}. {{has_subtype}} entirety; solidity, solidarity; unity; all; ne plus ultra[Lat], ideal, limit. {{&requires}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} complement, supplement. {{has_subtype(supplement)}} make-weight, casting weight. {{&requires}} {{has_subtype(process)}} {{used_in(supplement)}} {{has_subtype(completion, R729)}} supplementation, complementation, supplementing, complementing, filling. {{result_of}} saturation, saturity[obs1]; impletion[obs3]. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4, high water, high tide, flood tide, spring tide}}. {{property_of}} fill, load, bumper, bellyful[obs3]; brimmer[obs3]. {{&required_for: sufficiency &c. R639}}. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88}}. {[of(status)]} {{has_requirement: circumstances, @R183a}}. V. be complete &c. adj.; come to a head. {{&requires}} {{&caused_by}} render complete. {{has_method(render complete)}} supplement, complement. {{has_method(render complete)}} fill, charge, load; fill up, fill in, fill to the brim, fill the measure of; make up, make good; piece out, eke out; supply deficiencies; saturate. {{has_subtype(fill[mode=again])}} replenish, refill. {{has_subtype(render complete): complete, @R729}}. go the whole hog, go the whole length; go all lengths. Adj. {{has_property(whole, R50)}} complete, entire; full, good, absolute, thorough, plenary; solid, undivided; with all its parts; all-sided. {{&has_consequence: perfect &c. R650}}. exhaustive, radical, sweeping, thorough-going; dead. regular, consummate, unmitigated, sheer, unqualified, unconditional, free; abundant &c. (sufficient) R639. brimming, brimmimg over, runnung over; brimful, topful, topfull; filled, chock full, choke full; as full as an egg is of meat, as full as a vetch; saturated, crammed; replete &c. (redundant) R641; fraught, laden; full-laden, full-fraught, full-charged; heavy laden; soaked, waterlogged. {{has_property(supplement)}} supplemental, supplementary, completing, suplementing, complementing, ascititious[obs3]. Adv. completely, entirely, utterly, altogether, outright, wholly, totally, in toto, quite, fully, stark. thoroughly, absolutely, exhaustively, throughout, through and through. {[of(effort, R686)]} to the full, to the utmost, all out, to the backbone, to the top of one's bent, as far as possible, a outrance[obs3]; with a vengeance, with a witness. over head and ears; effectually, for good and all, nicely, through thick and thin, head and shoulders; neck and heel, neck and crop; in all respects, in every respect; at all points, out and out, to all intents and purposes; toto coelo[Lat]; utterly; clean, clean as a whistle; heart and soul, root and branch, down to the ground. from first to last, from beginning to end, from end to end, from one end to the other, from Dan to Beersheba, from head to foot, from top to toe, from top to bottom, de fond en comble[Fr]; a fond, a capite ad calcem [Lat], ab ovo usque ad mala[Lat], fore and aft; every, whit, every inch; cap-a-pie, to the end of the chapter; up to the brim, up to the ears, up to the eyes; "as . . . as can be". on all accounts; sous tous les rapports[Fr]. Phr. falsus in uno falsus in omnibus [Latin: false in one thing, false in everything]; omnem movere lapidem[Lat]; una scopa nuova spazza bene [Italian]. A2.5.5.4 INCOMPLETENESS (R53) #53. Incompleteness. N. {{has_property(part)}} incompleteness, lack of completeness. {{has_case}} {{property_of(missing, @R2)}} something missing. {{has_subtype(something missing)}} missing piece, missing part, gap, hole, lacuna; deficit, deficiency[2]; shortage. {{has_subtype(something missing)}} omission. {{caused_by(omission)}} {{has_subtype(negligence, @R460)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} omission[2]. {{consequence_of: defect, @R651}}. {{has_subtype}} deficiency[1], absence, want, lack, short measure. {{property_of: shortcoming &c. R304}}. {{&causes: insufficiency &c. R640; imperfection &c. R651}}. {{has_subtype: immaturity &c. (nonpreparation) R674}}. {{&caused_by}} half measures. {{has_symbol(omission)}} {[in_frame(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): caret, @R550]}. {{&caused_by: break &c. (discontinuity) R70}}. {[of(action, @A7): noncompletion &c. R730]}. {{&caused_by}} missing link. V. be incomplete &c. adj.; fall short of &c. R304; lack &c. (be insufficient) R640; neglect &c. R460. Adj. incomplete. defective, deficient, wanting, lacking, failing. imperfect &c. R651; in default, in arrear, in arrears; short, short of; hollow, meager, lame, half-and-half, perfunctory, sketchy; crude &c. (unprepared) R674. {[of(action, @A7): @R730, unfinished, uncompleted]}. {{antonym_of: complete, R729}}. mutilated, garbled, docked, lopped, truncated. {[of(action, @A7)]} in progress, in hand; going on, proceeding. Adv. incompletely &c. adj.; by halves. Phr. caetera desunt[Lat]; caret. A2.5.5.5 EXCLUSION (R55) #55. Exclusion. N. {{has_subtype(separation[from=group], R44)}} exclusion, non-admission, omission, exception, rejection; exile &c. (seclusion) R893; noninclusion[obs3], preclusion, prohibition. <-- separation is a mutual exclusion ... what relation? --> {{has_subtype}} separation, segregation, isolation, quarantine, seposition[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} elimination, expulsion; defecation. {{function_of(exclude[obj=water, R337])}} {{has_subtype(barrier[to=water, R337], @M7.3.4.R4.1)}} cofferdam; diving bell. {{has_subtype(exclusion[from=obligation[to=obey[obj=law, R963/rule, @R741], R743], R926]): exemption, R777a}}. {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3): @M7.3.2, repudiation]}. V. [intransitive] be excluded from &c. v.. {{has_subtype(separate, R44)}} exclude, bar; leave out, shut out, bar out; reject; lay apart, put apart, set apart, lay aside, put aside. throw overboard; strike off, strike out; neglect &c. R460; banish &c. (seclude) R893. {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3): @M7.3.2, repudiate, blackball]}. except. pass over, omit; garble; eliminate, weed, winnow. relegate, segregate; quarantine. Adj. excluding, leaving out, barring. exclusive, only. excluded &c. v.; unrecounted[obs3], not included in; inadmissible. <-- the "exclusive" of exclusive right or possession is at R924 --> {{has_subtype(exclusive): exclusive, @R924}}. Prep. exclusive of, barring; except; except for, excepting, with the exception of; save; other than; bating. Phr. bar the door to. <-- these are the abstract versions of range, restriction, etc, of which the physical subtype are contained in the physical or mental sections. It applies to restrictions on the ability of objects to hold qualitative attributes as well as quanitative attributes. --> A2.5.5.5.R1 RANGE N. {{property_of(member, A2.5.5.2.2)}} {{conceptual_part_of(limit, R233)}} range, reach, sphere, scope, extent. {{has_subtype}} amplitude. {{has_case}} {{property_of(included, @A2.5.5.2.2)}} inside, interior. {{has_case}} {{property_of(excluded)}} outside, exterior. {{causes}} restriction, containment, limitation. V. range. restrict, confine. Adj. restricted, contained. internal; external. {{has_consequence(external): excluded, @R55}}. {{has_consequence(internal): included, @A2.5.5.2.2}}. Prep. inside, within; outside, beyond. A2.5.5.6 EXTRANEOUSNESS (R57) #57. Extraneousness. N. extraneousness, foreignness, alienness. {{has_subtype}} extrinsicality[obs3] &c. R6; alienage[obs3], alienism. {{has_subtype: exteriority &c. R220}}. {{property_of(extraneousness)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} foreign body, foreign substance, foreign element. {{property_of(extraneousness): alien, stranger, P2.3.2.3.6.4.3}}. {{similar_to: irrelation, R10}}. {{caused_by: external origin}}. V. be extraneous, be extrinsic, not belong, be in the wrong place. Adj. {{has_subtype(unrelated, R10)}} extraneous, extrinsic, foreign, alien. tramontane, ultramontane. inadmissible; exceptional. {{&consequence_of: excluded &c. R55}}. {{has_subtype: @R220, ulterior, exterior}}. Adv. extraneously, extrinsically. in foreign parts, in foreign lands; abroad, beyond seas; over sea on one's travels. <-- Roget had a major category, "collective order" under "order" to express conceots relating to classes and relations within clases. This was to distinguish such concepts from parts of "compounds", which were under "continuous relation". However, the concepts are so related that this separation seems for ouir purposes to create more confusion, by putting similar words quite far apart. We have moved the group and class here, under "relation", and renamed it "group relation". --> A2.6 GROUP RELATION (R72 TO R74) N. group relation, relation within a group. <-- 72. Assemblage 73. Nonassemblage 74. Focus Dispersion --> <-- [[GROUP]] --> A2.6.1 GROUP #72. Group. N. group, cluster, assemblage[1], set. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(individual, @R87): @A2.5.5.2.2, member, element, group member}}. {{has_subtype(set)}} set[2], mathematical set. {{studied_in(mathematical set)}} set theory. {{has_subtype(set)}} {{property_of(ordered, @R60)}} partially ordered set, poset. {{has_subtype(partially ordered set): hierarchy, @A2.6.4}}. {{has_subtype}} batch, lot, pack. {{has_subtype(group[of=solid object[num=>1]])}} {{forms(collecting[2])}} collection[2]. {{has_subtype(group[of=number[num=>1], A5])}} numerical group, numerical grouping. {{has_subtype(quantity[of=physical object], R25, A3.1.1)}} {{property_of(greatness, R31)}} {{has_large_quantity(physical object)}} great quantity, huge amount; heap, pile, congeries; lump, load, rouleau[obs3]; mountain, mass; galaxy. {{has_subtype}} clump, pencil; budget, assortment; bunch; parcel; packet, package; bundle, fascine[obs3], fasces[obs3], bale. {{has_subtype}} group of fibers. {{has_subtype(group)}} {{member_of(animal, R366)}} group of animals. {{result_of(group of animals)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} {{has_subtype(convergence, @R290)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{formed_by(group of animals)}} [intransitive] assembling[1], gathering[1], assembly[1], ingathering[1], collecting[1], coming together. {{has_subtype(group of animals): human group, P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{result_of}} {{patient_of(physical object[num=>1])}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{antonym_of(dispersion, R73)}} assemblage[2], assembling[2]; collection[1], collecting[2], assembly[2], collocation, colligation[obs3]; compilation[1], compiling, levy, gathering, ingathering. {{has_subtype(gathering)}} {{location_of(center, @R222)}} centralization. {{result_of: @A2.6.4, grouping, clustering}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(multitude, R102)}} large group, quantity. {{has_subtype}} miscellany, collectanea[obs3]; museum, menagerie &c. (store) R636; museology[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} volley, shower, storm, cloud. {{has_subtype}} pyramid; bing[obs3]; drift; tissue; snowball, snowdrift. {{has_subtype: P2.3.2.3.5, human group}}. {{has_subtype(group): team; crew, gang, knot, squad, band, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): reunion, drawing room, at home; reception, conversazione[It] &c. (social gathering) R892}}. {{has_subtype(group): assembly, congress, meeting, levee; convention, conventicle; gemote[obs3]; conclave &c. (council) R696}}. {{has_subtype(group): posse, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): crowd, throng, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): bunch, drive, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): @R712a, swarm, shoal, school, covey, flock, gaggle, herd}}. {{has_subtype(group): tribe}}. {{has_subtype(group): clan, brotherhood}}. {{has_metaphor}} Pleiades; constellation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_large_quantity}} multitude. {{has_subtype(group[of=attributes]): pattern A2.6.1.2}}. {{has_subtype}} agglomeration, conglomeration, , aggregation, conglomerate, acervation[obs3], cumulation; glomeration[obs3], conglobation[obs3]; coacervate[Chem], coacervation[Chem], coagmentation[obs3]; accumulation &c. (store) R636. {{property_of(density)}} concentration, congestion, omnium gatherum[Lat], spicilegium[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(concentration)}} black hole of Calcutta. {[of(vehicle, P2.3.2.3.16.2.2.1)]} {{affected_by(traffic flow, @R266): @R266, heavy traffic, bottleneck, traffic jam}}. {{has_subtype(group of fibers)}} fagot, wisp, truss, tuft; shock, rick, fardel[obs3], stack, sheaf, haycock[obs3]; fasces, fascicle ; seron[obs3], seroon[obs3]; gavel, hattock[obs3], stook[obs3]. {{has_part(body)}} {{has_subtype(group of fibers, @R72, A2.6.1)}} fascicle, fasciculus. {{has_part(book)}} fascicle, fascicule[obs3], fasciculus. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(well-defined)}} set, mathematical set. {{studied_in(mathematical set)}} {{has_branch(mathematics)}} set theory. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(well-defined)}} group, mathematical group. {{studied_in(mathematical group)}} {{has_branch(mathematics)}} group theory. {{has_symbol}} {{has_subtype(noun, @R567)}} collective noun. <-- ?? these should be in a separate category, usage is (quantity) of ... --> V. {{result_of(group)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} [intransitive] assemble[1], collect[1], muster, come together, get together; meet, unite, join, rejoin; cluster, swarm; surge, stream, herd, crowd, throng, associate; congregate, conglomerate, concentrate; center round, rendezvous, resort; flock, flock together, pig together; forgather; huddle; reassemble; agglomerate, aggregate. precipitate. {{result_of(group)}} [transitive] assemble[2], muster, gather, bring together, get together, put together, draw together, scrape together, lump together, collect[2]; collocate, colligate[obs3]; get, whip in; hold a meeting; convene, convoke, convocate[obs3]; rake up, dredge; pack, put up, truss, cram; acervate[obs3]; compile; group, aggroup[obs3], concentrate, unite; collect into a focus, bring into a focus; collect in a dragnet; heap Ossa upon Pelion. {{has_subtype(collect[2]): amass, accumulate &c. (store) R636}}. heap, heap together, mass, pile, pile up, pile on. {{has_action(group): include, @R76}}. Adj. {{has_property(group)}} grouped, collected, assembled. clustered. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} flocked, herded, crowded, thronged, congregated, conglomerated, concentrated; gathered, gathered round, rendezvoused; come together, flocked together; huddled. associated. {{has_subtype(assembled[mode=closely, @R197])}} closely packed, dense, close-packed, serried. crowded to suffocation, teeming, swarming, populous. as thick as hops; all of a heap, cumulative. fasciculated. {[referring_to(mathematical set/set theory)]} set-theoretic. Adv. in a group. Suff. {{has_symbol(collective noun)}} "-ware"; "-stuffs". Phr. acervatim[Lat]; tibi seris tibi metis[Lat]. <-- a class is usually a group defined by their properties; a "set" in mathematics may be defined by enumerating its members, and they may have no common features. Here, a "set" is in the common sense of a set of similar things. The definitions here have not been conformed to the Ontolingua "Frame Ontology", but should be easily reconciled. [[class]] --> A2.6.1.1 CLASS (R75) #75. Class. N. {{has_subtype(group, A2.6.1)}} {{produces(classification, A2.6.4)}} class, division, category, categorema[obs3], kind, sort, type, variety. <-- for a class, a member is an instance --> {{!!has_subtype}} {{!!has_member}} {{has_subtype(member, A2.5.5.2.2)}} member, class member. {{has_subtype(class member)}} instance. {{has_subtype(definition[of=class], @R522)}} specification, conceptualization, conception, general conception, defining properties, necessary and sufficient conditions. <-- not every class has a subclass, but a "subclass" is a type of "class"! --> {{&has_subtype}} subtype, subclass. {{has_subtype(name[of=subtype], R564)}} hyponym. {{has_property(member): similarity &c. R17; relatedness, @R9}}. <-- we assume that a "class" is defined by some common property. This excludes classes defined by extension. DO we need to include those? If so, we must add a "&" to this "has_property" --> {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(property, @R79a)}} class property, common class property. {{is_a}} {{property_of(roleness)}} supertype[of=class member]. {{has_subtype(name[of=supertype], R564)}} hypernym. {{has_subtype(instance): example, @R82}}. <-- to "identify" may mean to assign to a class or category, as well as to refer to a specific individual. The former is to "identify as a" and the latter is to "identify as" --> {{topic_of(class): @R465b, classification, recognition, categorization, identification}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(known[by=person])}} known category, previously known category, previously recognized class. {{has_subtype(class[of=organism, R357])}} genus[1]; species[1]; family. {{has_subtype(species)}} {[in_frame(biology)]} biological species, species[2]. {{has_subtype(genus)}} {[in_frame(biology)]} biological genus, genus[2]. {[in_frame(biology)]} order; kingdom; race; tribe; breed, kit. {[in_frame(religion)]} sect. {{has_subtype}} assortment; feather, kidney. <-- this is for "set of dishes" etc. --> {{has_subtype}} set. {{has_part(set)}} subset. {{has_subtype}} range. {{has_subtype}} head, order; province, domain. {[of(human group)]} section; department, subdepartment. {[of(playing card): suit]}. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(sociology)]} {{has_subtype(human group): social class, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1, sept; clan]}. {{has_subtype: gender, sex, kin}}. {{has_subtype}} manner, description, denomination, designation, rubric, character, stamp, predicament. {{formed_by}} indication, particularization, selection, specification. {{has_property(member): inclusion &c. R76}}. V. {{result_of(class)}} classify. {{topic_of(class): @R465b, classify, recognize, categorize, identify}}. {{has_action(member): belong, @R76}}. Det. {{has_marker(class)}} a, a kind of, a sort of, a type of, a class of, a subtype of. Phr. "Really, universally, relations stop nowhere, and the exquisite problem of the artist is eternally but to draw, by a geometry of his own, the circle within which they shall happily appear to do so."[Henry James]. <-- pattern here is in the technical sense used for computerized pattern-matching. For this purpose a pattern is defined as a group(or set) of characteristics, each of which has a value. The values may be numerical, qualitative(finite multi-valued), or yes/no. In the abstract, a pattern is a group of elements with some characteristic internal relations. [[pattern]] --> A2.6.1.2 PATTERN N. {{has_subtype(group, A2.6.1)}} pattern. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(ordering, @R60)}} grouping, distribution, disposition, arrangement, array. {{has_subtype}} syntactic pattern; statistical pattern. {{has_property(statistical pattern)}} dispersion[1]. {{has_property(numerical group)}} {{has_subtype(dispersion[1])}} numerical dispersion, dispersion[2]. {{has_subtype(distribution)}} spatial distribution. {{has_property(syntactic pattern)}} syntactic patterning, syntactic ordering. {{used_for: identification, recognition}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} internal organization, internal relations. {{has_member: @A2.6.4.R5, characteristic, property, feature}}. {{has_property: multidimensionality; complexity}}. {{has_property: order, A4.1}}. {{has_representation}} {{&has_part(computer program)}} {[in_frame(computer program)]} {{has_subtype(linear array, A4.1.R2)}} vector, array. {{studied_in}} pattern matching. {{studied_in(syntactic pattern)}} parsing. {{has_subtype: traffic pattern, @R266; flight pattern}}. Adj. patterned. <-- dispersion may destroy a group. How to be more specific? --> A2.6.2 DISPERSION #73. Dispersion. N. {{antonym_of(assemblage, R72)}} {{conceptual_part_of(divergence, @R291)}} dispersion, dispersing; aspersion; scattering &c. v.; dissemination, diffusion, dissipation; spread, respersion[obs3], circumfusion[obs3], interspersion, spargefaction[obs3]; affusion[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: separation[of=part, R51][from=part, R51], R44}}. {{has_result(dispersion[ptnt=$group, R72]): destruction[2][ptnt=$group], @R162}}. {{&result_of}} nonassemblage. {{has_subtype}} {{member_of(transfer[1], A6.1.7)}} distribution, apportionment, distributing. {{has_subtype(distribution): apportionment, R786}}. {{has_subtype}} waifs and estrays[obs3], flotsam and jetsam, disjecta membra[Lat] [Hor.]; waveson[obs3]. V. disperse, scatter, disseminate, diffuse, shed, spread, bestrew, overspread, dispense, disband; dispel, dissipate; sow, broadcast, cast forth, draught off. disembody, dismember, distribute; apportion &c. R786; blow off, let out, spew; strew, straw, strow[obs3]; ted; spirtle[obs3], cast, sprinkle; issue, deal out, retail, utter; resperse[obs3], intersperse; set abroach[obs3], circumfuse[obs3]. turn adrift, cast adrift; scatter to the winds. spread like wildfire, disperse themselves. Adj. {[referring_to(distribution)]} distributive. {{has_consequence(disperse)}} dispersed, scattered, disseminated, diffused, shed, spread, bestrewn, overspread, dispensed, disbanded; dispelled, dissipated; sown, broadcast, widespread. unassembled, uncollected, unjoined; sparse, dispread, sporadic; adrift, stray; disheveled, streaming. {{has_subtype(widespread): epidemic, @R78}}. Adv. sparsim[obs3], here and there, passim. <-- [Place of meeting.] --> A2.6.3 FOCUS #74. Focus. N. {{has_conceptual_part(group)}} {{has_subtype(center, R222)}} focus[1]. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_at(convergence, R290)}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} point of convergence. {{has_subtype(point of convergence[of=human group])}} {{has_location(meeting)}} gathering place, resort, haunt, retreat; venue; rendezvous; rallying point; trysting place, place of assignation; place of meeting, place of resort; point de reunion. {{has_subtype(point of convergence[of=human group])}} headquarters, home, club; depot &c. (store) R636. {{has_subtype(focus[of=entering, R294]): entrance, @R294}}. {{has_subtype(focus[of=exiting, R295]): exit[2], @R295}}. {[of(distribution, @A2.6.1.2)]} {[in_frame(statistics)]} mode. {{has_subtype(focus[of=light ray[num=>1], @R420])}} {[in_frame(optics, @R420)]} focal point, focus[2]. {{has_location(focal point)}} {[in_frame(optical instrument)]} focal plane. {[in_frame(optical instrument)]} {{required_for(bring to a focus, @R74): @P2.3.1.3.6, focus, distinctness}}. {[of(ray, R244)]} corradiation[obs3]. V. {{location_of(focus[1])}} bring to a point, bring to a focus. {{metaphor_for}} bring to an issue. {{has_method(bring to a focus)}} {[in_frame(optical instrument)]} {[with_obj(optical instrument)]} [transitive] focus[3]. {{has_method(bring to a focus)}} {{used_in(optical instrument)}} {[with_obj(light ray)]} [transitive] focus[4]. Adj. focal. {{has_result(focus[3]/focus[4])}} focused, in focus. <-- [[classify]] --> A2.6.4 CLASSIFICATION (R75 TO R78) N. {{has_subtype(arranging, @A4.1.R2)}} {{has_subtype(ordering, @R60)}} {{has_subtype(segregation[ptnt=group, R72], @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1)}} classification[1], classifying, grouping, division, sorting, dividing into sorts, assortment, allotment, apportionment. {{&has_method(classifying)}} clustering. {{has_result(classifying)}} classification[2], system of classification. {{has_subtype(classification[2])}} {{has_subtype(directed graph, @A2.5.3.R1)}} {{has_subtype(partially ordered set)}} hierarchy. {{has_subtype(classification[2])}} taxonomy, grouping, taxis[obs2], syntaxis[obs3], graduation[obs2]. {{has_conceptual_part(classification): class, A2.6.1.1}}. V. {{has_subtype(arrange, @A4.1.R2)}} {{has_subtype(segregate[ptnt=group, R72], @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1)}} classify, class, group, assort, sort, divide into sorts. {{has_method(classify)}} cluster. Adj. classifying. classified. <-- 75. Class 77. Exclusion 76. Inclusion 79. Speciality 78. Generality --> A2.6.4.R1 INCLUSION (R76) #76. Inclusion. N. [Comprehension under, or reference to a class.] {{antonym_of(exclusion, R77)}} {{has_conceptual_part(classification, A2.6.4)}} {{has_action(whole, R50/group, R72/class, R75)}} inclusion, membership, subsumption, admission, comprehension, reception. {{has_patient}} included item. {{forms: member, A2.5.5.2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} containment, embrace, encirclement. {{forms(inclusion[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3][into=human group])}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(member, A2.5.5.2.2)}} group member, member. {{member_of(group member)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} ins, in group, in crowd. {{conceptual_part_of: composition &c. (inclusion in a compound) R54}}. V. {{has_action(included item)}} be included, be included in, be contained, be contained in, be comprehended within, be comprised within, member among; come under, fall under, range under, range with; belong, belong to, pertain to; merge in. {{has_action(whole, R50)}} {{caused_by(be included in)}} {{has_subtype(have, @R3a)}} [transitive] include, contain, have. {{has_subtype(include)}} comprise, embody. {{has_subtype(include)}} {[with_object(part, R51)]} subsume, encompass, comprehend. {{&caused_by(include): @R296, admit, receive}}. {{has_subtype(include): @R227, embrace, encircle, bound}}. {{has_subtype: inclose &c. (circumscribe) R229; contain}}. reckon among, enumerate among, number among; refer to; place with, arrange with, place under. involve, take into account. Adj. {{has_property(class member)}} included, contained. {{has_subtype(included)}} within the bounds, within the range, inside the range, within the limits, inside the limits, inside the bounds. {{has_subtype(within the bounds)}} {[in_frame(ball game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1)]} {{&has_location(ball, @P2.3.1.3.13.1.2)}} in bounds. {{has_subtype(in bounds)}} {[in_frame(baseball, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} {[when_modifying(baseball, @P2.3.1.3.13.1.2)]} fair. {{has_property(class, R75/container, P2.3.1.3.9/group, R72)}} including, containing, having. {{has_high_level(including)}} inclusive, catholic. {{has_high_level(inclusive): @R78, comprehensive, encyclopedic}}. {{has_property(class member)}} {{property_of(roleness)}} congeneric, congenerous, of the same class, of the same type, of the same sort. {{has_subtype(including): encircling, @R227}}. Adv. inclusively. {{has_high_level(inclusively)}} comprehensively, encyclopedically. and the like, and so forth, "etc.", et cetera. Phr. a maximis ad minima[Lat], et hoc genus omne[Lat], "&c.", "etc."; et cetera[Lat]. <-- Roget's comment: /The same set of words are used to express Exclusion from a class and Exclusion from a compound. Reference is therefore made to the former at R55. This identity does not occur with regard to Inclusion, which therefore constitutes a separate category/. --> <-- however, non-member can be used for class or group, but not for compound. So put it here. --> A2.6.4.R2 EXCLUSION (R77) #77. Exclusion. N. {{antonym_of(inclusion, R76)}} {{has_conceptual_part(classification, A2.6.4)}} {{has_subtype(exclusion[from=class], R55)}} exclusion, noninclusion. {{forms}} non-member, out, excluded member, excluded item. {{member_of(non-member)}} {{contrast_to(ins, @R76)}} outs[collective]. A2.6.4.R3 GENERALITY (R78) #78. Generality. N. {{antonym_of(speciality, R79)}} generality, generalization; universality. {{has_subtype}} catholicity, catholicism; miscellany, miscellaneousness[obs3]; dragnet; common run; worldwideness[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} prevalence, run. V. be general &c. adj.; prevail, be going about, stalk abroad. render general &c. adj.; generalize. Adj. general, generic, collective, broad, comprehensive, sweeping, ecyclopedic, encyclopaedic, encyclopedical[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: widespread &c. (dispersed) R73}}. universal; catholic, catholical[obs3]; common, worldwide; ecumenical, oecumenical[obs3]; transcendental; prevalent, prevailing, rife, epidemic, besetting; all over, covered with. Pan-American, Anglican[obs3], Pan-Hellenic, Pan-Germanic, slavic; panharmonic[obs3]. every, all; unspecified, impersonal. {{has_subtype(all[of=two objects]): both, @R89}}. customary &c. (habitual) M7.3.5.1.2.1. Adv. generally, in general, generally speaking; speaking generally. {{has_extreme}} universally. for the most part; in the long run &c. (on an average) R29. {[of(time, R113a)]} always, for better for worse. whatever, whatsoever; to a man, one and all. without exception. Pron. everything, all. {{has_subtype(all)}} {[of(people, @P2.3.2.3): @P2.3.2.3, everyone, everybody; all hands, all the world and his wife; anybody, N or M, all sorts]}. {{has_subtype(all[of=two objects]): both, @R89}}. <-- "Individuality" in ROget was a combination of concepts of "individual thing" and the characteristics which individuals may have. R5 intrinsicality! We leave main concept of individual (as opposed to all, the group) here, where class and inclusion concepts are. We break out trait, characteristic into its own entry and move the main entries from R5 to R79a. R79 retains the concept of specification, pointing to a particular item. [[pronoun]] --> A2.6.4.R4 INDIVIDUALITY (R79) #79. Individuality. N. {{antonym_of(generality, R78)}} individuality, speciality, particularity, specificity, specialness, individualness, uniqueness, specificness[obs3], specialite[obs3], individuity[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} esotericism. {{property_of: individual, @R87}}. {{has_conceptual_part: characteristic, R79a}}. {{has_high_level: singularity &c. (unconformity) R83}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} personality, mannerism. {{&causes: @M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1, peculiarity, idiosyncrasy, idiocrasy[obs3]}}. {{&causes: unconformity, R83}}. {{manifestation_of: character, R5}}. {[of(interpretation, R522)]} reading, version, lection; state. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(indicating, @R550)}} specification; deixis. {{property_of: self, M1.1}}. {{has_subtype(idiosyncrasy): tendency, R176}}. <-- [ref: type, idiotype]. --> V. specify, particularize, individualize, realize, specialize, designate, determine; denote, indicate, point out, select. descend to particulars, enter into detail, go into detail, come to the point. Adj. special, particular, individual, specific, proper, characteristic, original, private, respective, definite, determinate, especial, certain, partial, party, peculiar, appropriate, several, exclusive; singular &c. (exceptional) R83. {[of(knowledge, R527b)]} specialized, esoteric, technical, recondite, abstruse. <-- this "typical" mean "specific to this type" and is almost opposite of the usual meaning of "typical" (common) --> idiomatic, idiotypical, typical. {{has_high_level}} distinctive, discriminative, distinguishing. personal. {{has_subtype(characteristic[of=region, R181])}} endemic. {{has_subtype(distinguishing): diagnostic, @R465b}}. peculiar, idiosyncratic. Adv. specially, especially, particularly &c. adj.; in particular, in propria persona[Lat]; ad hominem[Lat]; for my part. each, apiece, one by one, one at a time; severally, respectively, each to each; seriatim, in detail, in great detail, in excruciating detail, in mind-numbing detail; bit by bit; pro hac vice[Lat], pro re nata[Lat]. namely, that is to say, for example, id est, exemplia gratia[Lat], "e.g."[abbr], "i.e."[abbr], videlicet, "viz."[abbr]; to wit. Pron. it; they. PersonalPron. {{property_of(individuality[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): @M1.1, I, I myself, myself, me}}. {{property_of(individuality[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): @M1.2, you, yourself, thee, thou, thyself, he, she, him, her, himself, herself, itself, theirselves}}. PossPron. my; your; his; her; its. mine; yours, thine[obs2]; hers. Art. the. DemonstrativePron. this; that; these; those; yon, yonder; this here [coll.]. InterrogativePron. who; which; what; whether. Phr. le style est l'homme meme[Fr]. <-- individual characteristic. Note that the "value" of the characteristic is an integral part of its definition; the word value did not occur in Roget in this sense, so it is listed here as its primary location for this sense. The use of this term "value" is exemplified by colors: {{has_property(cherry): color[val=red]}} In this case, the attribute is color, and the term "red" after the "=" sign is the name of the value. If the term after the "=" sign is a number, the value is a numerical value. The number may also have units: {has_property(chimney): height[val = 30 feet]}}, wich have their usual meaning. An attribute is a concept attached to an object. When attached to actions, an attribute is typically a mode for the action, i.e., an adverb. Not that in this notation, the "value" which comes after the equals sign is the name of the value. The value itself is a concept. In the case of numbers (a written number is a type of word), the name of the value is given by a number, but that number itself has to be evaluated to get the numerical value. So the "value" itself has a value! [[attribute]] [[characteristic]] --> A2.6.4.R5 ATTRIBUTE (R79A) #79a. Attribute. N. {{has_member(pattern, A2.6.1.2)}} {{has_conceptual_part(individuality, R79)}} {{has_conceptual_part(classification, A2.6.4)}} {{!!has_property(object, @R3a)}} trait, characteristic, property, feature, aspect, attribute, quality. {{has_case}} value. {{has_domain(value): word, R562; name, R564; dimensional magnitude}}. {{&has_property(value): numerical value, @A5; concept, R453}}. {{&has_unit(numerical value): unit of measure}}. {{&has_representation}} {{&has_case(value)}} {{has_subtype(abstract dimension, @A8)}} dimension. {{member_of: character, R5}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(distinctive, @R15)}} distinctive feature, distinctive characteristic, distinguishing characteristic. {{has_subtype(distinctive feature)}} {{property_of(unusual, R83)}} peculiarity, idiosyncrasy, oddity. {{has_subtype(peculiarity[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): idiosyncrasy, @M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1}}. {{causes(peculiarity): unconformity &c. R83}}. {{&conceptual_part_of: unit}}. {{has_subtype}} {{plural}} particulars, details, items, counts; minutiae. {{component_of}} {{plural}} differentia. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: R820, habitual affection}}. {{has_subtype(property[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): @P2.2.3.5.2, ability, endowment, faculty}}. V. {{has_action(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(have, @R3a)}} {[with_object(property)]} have a property. Adj. {{&has_property(attribute): @R465b, characteristic, diagnostic}}. {{has_property(attribute): @R79, special, particular, individual, specific}}. A3 QUANTITY R25 TO R57 [[QUANTITY]] N. quantity. {{has_conceptual_part: number, A5}}. <-- Absolute Relative --> <-- units of measure are located under their respective dimensions, e.g. length under length, volume under volume, etc. --> <-- [Absolute quantity.] --> A3.1 SIMPLE QUANTITY N. simple quantity. <-- [[quant]] [[math]] --> A3.1.1 QUANTITY #25. Quantity. N. quantity, amount, measure, simple quantity, absolute quantity. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(number, R84 + unit of measure)}} {{&has_value(property, R79a)}} magnitude, dimensional magnitude. {{has_subtype(magnitude)}} amplitude. {{has_subtype(magnitude[of=property[of=physical object], R79a])}} physical quantity. {{has_subtype}} mass; quantum. {{has_subtype(magnitude): size, P1.2.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{formed_by(addition, R37)}} sum, total, aggregate, bulk. {{assessed_by: measure, mensuration, R466, @M2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} intensive quantity; extensive quantity. {{has_measure(intensive quantity): @R159, intensity, strength, force}}. {{has_subtype}} load, lot. {{studied_in}} mathematics, math[informal], mathesis[obs3]. {{studies(mathematics)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} mathematical object. {{has_subtype(mathematical object): abstract space; number; mathematical set}}. {{has_branch(mathematics): @R85a, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, calculus, topology}}. {{conceptual_part_of(magnitude)}} {{has_subtype(mathematical object)}} vector. <-- the direction of an abstract link (at R9) is a binary-valued property, since that link is only between two objects. The direction of a vector in an abstract space can have many values. We therefore classify it as a subtype --> {{!!has_conceptual_part(vector)}} {{has_conceptual_part(abstract space)}} {{has_subtype(direction, @R9)}} direction. {{has_subtype}} [Definite or finite quantity.] armful, handful, mouthful, spoonful, capful; bundle; stock, batch, lot, dose; yaffle[obs3]. {{has_subtype: large quantity, R102}}. {{has_subtype: @R72, great quantity}}. {{has_subtype: @R32, small quantity, smallness}}. V. quantify, measure, fix, estimate, determine, quantitate, enumerate. Adj. quantitative, some, any, aught, more or less, a few. {{has_property(vector): directedness, @R9}}. {{has_property(intensive quantity)}} intensive. {{has_property(extensive quantity)}} extensive. Adv. to the tune of, all of, a full, the sum of, fully, exactly, precisely. Phr. "Math is tough." [Talking Barbie, 1993]. <-- [[degree]] [Relative quantity.] "degree" is one of the most fundamental concepts, and is dificult to find any other concept which forms a part of this. --> A3.1.2 DEGREE #26. Degree. N. {{&has_property(property, A2.6.4.R5)}} {{has_subtype(value, @R79a)}} degree, extent, intensity, strength. measure, amount. ratio. height, pitch. gradation, shade; tenor, compass; caliber; grade. rate; way; sort. point, mark; stint, standard. {{has_high_intensity}} high intensity, high degree. {{has_subtype: stage &c. (term) R71}}. {{has_subtype(intensity): greatness, R31}}. {[of(social status): station, rank, standing]}. Adj. comparative; gradual, shading off. Adv. by degrees, gradually, inasmuch, pro tanto[It]; however, howsoever; step by step, bit by bit, little by little, inch by inch, drop by drop; a little at a time, by inches, by slow degrees, by little and little; in some degree, in some measure; to some extent; di grado in grado[It]. A3.2 COMPARATIVE QUANTITY N. {{has_subtype(quantity)}} comparative quantity. <-- By Comparison with a Standard --> <-- 31. Greatness R32. Smallness --> <-- [Sameness of quantity or degree. Sameness of identity is under "identity" at R13] --> A3.2.1 EQUALITY (R27) #27. Equality. N. equality, parity, coextension. symmetry, balance, poise; evenness, monotony, level. equivalence; equipollence[obs3], equipoise, equilibrium, equiponderance[obs3]; par, quits, a wash; not a pin to choose; distinction without a difference, six of one and half a dozen of the other; tweedle dee and tweedle dum; identity &c. R13; similarity &c. R17. {{&caused_by}} equalization, equation; equilibration; coordination; adjustment. {{has_subtype(adjustment)}} readjustment. {{conceptual_part_of}} drawn game, drawn battle; neck and neck race; tie, draw, standoff, dead heat. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} match, peer, compeer, equal, mate; fellow, brother; equivalent. V. be equal &c. adj.. [transitive] equal, match, reach, keep pace with, run abreast; come to, amount to, come up to; be on a level with, lie on a level with; balance; cope with. amount to the same thing, come to the same thing. {{&caused_by(be equal)}} equalize, make equal, render equal, level, dress, balance, equate; strike a balance; establish equality, restore equality, restore equilibrium. {{has_method(equalize)}} trim, adjust, poise; fit, accommodate; adapt &c. (render accordant) R23; readjust; stretch on the bed of Procrustes. {{has_subtype(equalize)}} {[in_frame(competitive game)]} handicap, give points, spot points. Adj. equal. even, level, monotonous, coequal, symmetrical, coordinate; on a par with, on a level with, on a footing with; up to the mark; equiparant[obs3]. <-- there are apparently degrees of "equality". This "identical" (W10 sense 2) is not quite the same as the one at R13 (W10 sense 1) --> {{has_high_level}} exactly equal, precisely equal. {{has_extreme(equal)}} identical. {{has_low_level}} equivalent, tantamount; indistinguishable; quits; homologous; synonymous &c. R522; resolvable into, convertible, much at one, as broad as long, neither more nor less; much the same as, the same thing as, as good as; all one, all the same; equipollent, equiponderant[obs3], equiponderous[obs3], equibalanced[obs3]; equalized &c. v.; drawn; half and half; isochronal, isochronous isoperimetric[obs3], isoperimetrical[obs3]; isobath[Oceanography], isobathic[Oceanography]. {{has_low_level(equivalent): @R17, about the same, approximately equal}}. Adv. equally &c. adj.; pari passu[Lat], ad eundum[Lat], caeteris paribus[Lat]; in equilibrio[Lat]; to all intents and purposes. Phr. it comes to the same thing, it amounts to the same thing; what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander; "Not a dime's worth of difference between them." [george Wallace]. <-- [Difference of quantity or degree.] --> A3.2.2 INEQUALITY (R28) #28. Inequality. N. {{has_subtype(difference, R15)}} inequality, inequation[obs3]. disparity, unevenness, imparity; inclination of the balance, partiality, bias, weight; shortcoming. {{&mcauses: supplementation, @R52}}. {[of(probability, R472)]} odds. {{has_subtype: superiority &c. R33; inferiority &c. R34}}. {{has_subtype(difference[of=quantity, R25], R15)}} {{has_subtype(inequality[of=quantity, R25])}} margin. {{has_subtype(margin)}} {{in_frame(contest, R720)]} margin of victory. {{has_subtype(margin)}} margin of error. {{has_small_quantity(margin)}} thin margin, razor-thin margin. slender margin, narrow margin. {{has_subtype(margin): @R180, excess; margin for error, room for error; leeway}}. V. be unequal &c. adj.; countervail; have the advantage, give the advantage; turn the scale; kick the beam; topple, topple over; overmatch &c. R33; not come up to &c. R34. Adj. unequal, uneven, disparate, partial; unbalanced, overbalanced; top-heavy, lopsided, biased, skewed; disquiparant[obs3]. Adv. haud passibus aequis [Latin][Vergil]. <-- mean is both a quantity and a property --> A3.2.3 MEAN (R29) #29. Mean. N. {{has_subtype(middle[of=scale, @R69], R68)}} mean, average[1]. median; mode; balance, medium. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} averaging, taking an average. {{property_of: generality, R78}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} middle state. {{has_subtype(middle state)}} neutrality[1]. {{has_mean(alkalinity, @R392b + acidity, @R397)}} {{has_subtype(neutrality[1], @R29)}} neutrality[2], chemical neutrality. {[of(action, R680): @R174, middle course, golden mean]}. {[in_frame(negotiation, R770a): compromise, R774]}. {[of(skill, R698)]} mediocrity. least common denominator. {{topic_of: law of averages, @R156}}. V. {{result_of(mean)}} average[2], take an average, take the average, take the mean, reduce to a mean. [intransitive] average out. {{has_method(average[2])}} split the difference. strike a balance, pair off. Adj. {{has_subtype(middle, R68)}} mean, intermediate; average; neutral. mediocre, middle-class; commonplace &c. (unimportant) R643. Adv. on an average, in the long run; taking one with another, taking all things together, taking it for all in all; communibus annis[Lat], in round numbers. Phr. medium tenuere beati[Lat]. <-- ?? Where does this belong? Mostly refers to human affairs, purposive behavior. "balance, counterbalance" is relatively abstract. Leave that here? Part to restitution, R790, M9.2.2 --> A3.2.4 COMPENSATION #30. Compensation. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} compensation, compensating. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(nullification[of=difference, R15], @R162)}} neutralization, equation, neutralizing, equating, balancing, counterbalancing. set-off, offset. {{uses(balancing)}} {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.3.2, counterpoise, ballast, counterbalance, tare}}. {{function_of: @R52, make-weight, casting-weight}}. reaction; measure for measure. {{has_method: equalization &c. R27; counteraction &c. R179; averaging, @R29}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R774, compromise[2], give and take}}. {{has_subtype(compensation[for=harm[1], R659a]): retaliation &c. R718}}. {{has_subtype: indemnification, @R973; restitution, R790}}. V. compensate, make compensation, make up for, compense[obs3]. indemnify, make good; counteract, countervail, counterpoise; balance; outbalance[obs3], overbalance, counterbalance; set off; hedge, square, give and take. cover, fill up, neutralize, nullify. {{has_subtype: redeem &c. (atone) R952}}. {{has_method: equalize, R27}}. Adj. compensating, compensatory; countervailing &c. v.. in the opposite scale. {{&has_consequence: equivalent &c. (equal) R27}}. Adv. in return, in consideration. on the other hand. Conj. but, however, yet, still, notwithstanding; nevertheless, nathless[obs3], none the less; although, though; albeit, howbeit; mauger[obs3]. at all events, at any rate. be that as it may, for all that, even so; on the other hand, at the same time, quoad minus[Lat], quand meme[Fr], however that may be; after all is said and done; taking one thing with another. Phr. " light is mingled with the gloom " [Whittier]; every dark cloud has a silver lining; primo avulso non deficit alter [Lat][obs3][Vergil]; saepe creat molles aspera spina rosas [Lat][Ovid]. <-- [[great]] [[very]] --> A3.2.5 GREATNESS #31. Greatness. N. {{antonym_of(smallness, R32)}} greatness, largeness, magnitude. might, strength, intensity, fullness; extremity. {{has_high_level(greatness)}} vastness, hugeness, immensity; enormity. {{property_of(intensity)}} {{not_conceptual_part_of(direction)}} tensor. {{property_of}} {{has_large_quantity(object, @R3a): multitude, R102}}. {{has_extreme: infinity, R105}}. {{property_of}} {{has_large_quantity(quantity, R25)}} large quantity, large amount, lots, lot, a lot, a quantity, a volume. {{synonym_of(large quantity)}} deal, great deal, pot, world, load[coll.], heap[coll.], heaps[coll.], shitload[vulg.]; power[dial.], sight[dial.]. {{property_of: @R72, mountain, mass, heap, assemblage[1]}}. {{&has_measure: size, P1.2.2.1.1}}. {{property_of: large size, R192}}. {{has_extreme}} maximum, upper limit. {{has_subtype(maximum): limit, P1.2.2.3.1.7}}. {{metaphor_for: importance &c. R642}}. {[of(supplies): abundance, @R639]}. {{property_of: @A2.5.5.2.3, principal part, chief part, main part, greater part, major part, best part, essential part, bulk, mass}}. <-- [ref: peck, bushel, load, cargo, (volume) R200b]. --> {{&result_of(maximum)}} maximization. {{&property_of: stock &c. (store) R636}}. {{property_of: flood, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2; spring tide, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4}}. {{&property_of: @R190, cartload, wagonload, shipload}}. {{conceptual_part_of: excess, R641; extravagance, @R818}}. V. be great &c. adj.; run high, soar, tower, transcend; rise to a great height, carry to a great height; know no bounds; ascend, mount. {{&caused_by: enlarge &c. (increase) R35}}. {{&caused_by: expand, @R194}}. {{&result_of(be great)}} maximize. Adj. great, large, big, huge. considerable, fair, above par; Herculean, cyclopean; ample; abundant &c. (enough) R639; full, intense, strong, sound, passing, heavy, plenary, deep, high; signal, at its height, in the zenith. {{has_high_level: greater &c. R33}}. {{has_high_level(great)}} vast, immense, enormous, humongous[coll.], extreme. {[of(size): large, R192]}. {{has_high_level(enormous)}} astronomical. world-wide, widespread, far-famed, extensive; wholesale; many &c. R102. goodly, noble, precious, mighty; sad, grave, heavy, serious; far gone, arrant, downright; utter, uttermost; crass, gross, arch, profound, intense, consummate; rank, uninitiated, red-hot, desperate; glaring, flagrant, stark staring; thorough-paced, thoroughgoing; roaring, thumping; extraordinary. important &c. R642; unsurpassed &c. (supreme) R33; complete &c. R52. august, grand, dignified, sublime, majestic &c. (repute) R873. {{similar_to(wasteful, R638, M7.2.2.1.1)}} inordinate, excessive, extravagant, immoderate, exorbitant, outrageous, preposterous, unconscionable, swinging. monstrous, overgrown. towering, stupendous, prodigious, astonishing, incredible; marvelous &c. R870. unlimited &c. (infinite) R105; unapproachable, unutterable, indescribable, ineffable, unspeakable, inexpressible, beyond expression, fabulous. undiminished, unabated, unreduced[obs3], unrestricted. absolute, positive, stark, decided, unequivocal, essential, perfect, finished. remarkable, of mark, marked, pointed, veriest; noteworthy; renowned. Adv. [in a great or high degree] very, very much. {{has_extreme(very): @R52, entirely, completely, utterly}}. {{has_extreme(very)}} extremely, in the extreme; infinitely, beyond measure, beyond all bounds, immeasurably; indefinitely, beyond compare, beyond comparison; incalculably. {{has_subtype(very)}} greatly, stupendously, prodigiously. [in a positive degree] truly &c. (truth) R494; decidedly, unequivocally, purely, absolutely, seriously, essentially, fundamentally, radically, downright, in all conscience; for the most part, in the main. {{has_subtype(greatly): abundantly &c. (sufficiently) R639}}. widely, far and wide. {{has_subtype(very)}} much, muckle[obs3], well, indeed, a deal, no end of, most, not a little; pretty, pretty well; enough, in a great measure, richly; to a large extent, to a great extent, to a gigantic extent; on a large scale; so; never so, ever so; ever so dole; scrap, shred, tag, splinter, rag, much; by wholesale. {{has_high_level(very)}} mighty, mightily, powerfully; with a witness, ultra[Lat], exceedingly, intensely, exquisitely, acutely, to a high degree, in a high degree. [in a supreme degree] preeminently, superlatively &c. (superiority) R33. {{has_excess(very)}} {{similar_to: wastefully, @R638, M7.2.2.1.1}} immoderately, monstrously, preposterously, inordinately, exorbitantly, excessively, enormously, out of all proportion, outrageously, with a vengeance. {{has_subtype(exceptionally, @R83)}} [in a marked degree] particularly, remarkably, singularly, curiously, uncommonly, unusually, peculiarly, notably, signally, strikingly, pointedly, mainly, chiefly; famously, egregiously, prominently, glaringly, emphatically, kat exochin[Grk], strangely, wonderfully, amazingly, surprisingly, astonishingly, incredibly, marvelously, awfully, stupendously, tremendously, extravagantly; severely. desperately, confoundedly, deucedly, devilishly, with a vengeance[postpositive]; a outrance[obs3], a toute outrance[Fr]. [in a violent degree] furiously &c. (violence) R173. [in a painful degree] painfully, sadly, grossly, sorely, bitterly, piteously, grievously, miserably, cruelly, woefully, lamentably, shockingly, frightfully, dreadfully, fearfully, terribly, horribly. Phr. a maximis ad minima[Lat]; " greatness knows itself" [Henry IV]; " mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed " [B. Cornwall]; minimum decet libere cui multum licet [Lat][Seneca]; " some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them " [Twelfth Night]. <-- By Comparison with a Similar Object [[more]] --> A3.2.5.1 SUPERIORITY #33. Superiority. N. {{has_high_intensity(greatness, R31)}} superiority. advantage, dominance, ascendancy; pull; vantage ground, prevalence, partiality; personal superiority. {[of(number)]} plurality. {[of(part, R51): majority, A3.2.5.1.1]}. supremacy. {[of(social status, @M3.3.2.1.6): nobility, @R875]}. {{trait_of: champion, P2.3.2.3.6.4.19.1}}. {{trait_of: expert, P2.3.2.3.6.4.19}}. supremacy, preeminence; lead. {[of(quantity)]} more; higher; larger. {{has_excess(more): excess, R641}}. {{has_extreme(larger)}} maximum. record; trikumia[Grk], climax; culmination &c. (summit) R210; transcendence; ne plus ultra[Lat]. lion's share, Benjamin's mess. {{conceptual_part_of: importance, R642}}. V. be superior &c. adj.. [transitive] exceed, excel, transcend; outdo, outbalance[obs3], outweigh, outrank, outrival, out-Herod; pass, surpass, get ahead of; over-top, override, overpass, overbalance, overweigh, overmatch; top, o'er-top, cap, beat, cut out; beat hollow; outstrip &c. R303; eclipse, throw into the shade, take the shine out of, outshine, put one's nose out of joint. have the upper hand, have the whip hand of, have the advantage; turn the scale, kick the beam. prevail; precede, take precedence, come first; come to a head, culminate. beat all others, outrank all others, surpass all others; bear the palm; break the record; take the cake [U.S.]. {{&caused_by: @R194, become larger, render larger, expand}}. {{&caused_by: increase, R35}}. Adj. superior, greater, major, higher. exceeding, surpassing, transcending, outranking; overmatching, outrivaling; great &c. R31; distinguished, ultra; vaulting; more than a match for. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} high class, top-notch. {{similar_to: first-rate &c. (important) R642}}. {{similar_to: excellent, R648}}. supreme, greatest, utmost, paramount, preeminent, foremost, crowning; unrivaled peerless, matchless; none such, second to none, sans pareil[Fr]; unparagoned[obs3], unparalleled, unequalled, unapproached[obs3], unsurpassed; superlative, inimitable facile princeps[Lat], incomparable, sovereign, without parallel, nulli secundus[Lat], ne plus ultra[Lat]; beyond compare, beyond comparison; culminating &c. (topmost) R210; transcendent, transcendental; plus royaliste que le Roi[Fr], more catholic than the Pope. increased &c. (added to) R35; enlarged &c. (expanded) R194. Adv. more, beyond, over. over the mark, above the mark; above par; upwards of, in advance of; over and above; at the top of the scale, at its height. [in a superior or supreme degree] exceedingly, extremely, eminently, egregiously, preeminently, surpassing, surpassingly, prominently, superlatively, supremely, above all, of all things, the most, to crown all, kat exochin [Grk], par excellence, principally, especially, particularly, peculiarly, a fortiori, even, yea, still more. {{similar_to: to a high degree, @R31}}. Phr. " I shall not look upon his like again " [Hamlet]; deos fortioribus addesse [Lat][Tacitus]. <-- This entry is for majority as meaning more than half of something [[majority]] --> A3.2.5.1.1 MAJORITY N. {{has_subtype(superiority)}} {{has_subtype(plurality, @R33)}} {{has_subtype(part, R51)}} {{has_subtype(fraction, R100a)}} majority, largest part; more than half. preponderance, preponderation. {{has_measure: number, A5}}. {{has_units: percent[val=>50], @A5}}. {{property_of: larger[than =minority]}}. {{property_of: larger[than =half]}}. {{antonym_of: minority}}. {{used_in}} election. {{has_high_quantity(majority)}} large majority. {{has_units(large majority): percent[val=>60], @A5}}. {{has_high_quantity(large majority)}} overwhelming majority. {{has_units(overwhelming majority): percent[val=>90], @A5}}. {{has_subtype(large majority)}} almost all, almost everything. {{has_metaphor(almost everything)}} everything but the kitchen sink. V. preponderate, predominate. Adj. most, most of, the majority of, more than half of. {{has_property(almost everything)}} almost all, almost every. Adv. mostly, in the majority. for the most part. <-- ?? to a limited degree should be broken out to a section near to qualification R469 " Almost" is moved to R34, near less --> A3.2.6 SMALLNESS #32. Smallness. N. {{antonym_of(greatness, R31)}} smallness &c. adj.; tenuity; paucity; fewness &c. (small number) R103; mediocrity, moderation. {[of(size): small size, R193]}. {{has_subtype: @R643, meanness, insignificance, unimportance}}. finiteness. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} small quantity, small amount, little bit. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} modicum, trace, hint, mite, bit, morsel, jot, iota, ace; minutiae[pl], details[pl]; soupcon, dab, dight[obs3], whit, tittle; touch, cast; granule, globule, sup, sop, spice, sprinkling, dash, morceau[obs3], screed, smack, smidgin, tinge, tincture; inch, patch, scantling, tatter, cantlet[obs3], flitter, gobbet[obs3], crumb, seed, fritter, shive[obs3]; snip, snippet; snick[obs3], snack, snatch, slip, scrag[obs3]. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} {{has_subtype(piece, @R51): chip, chipping; shiver, sliver, driblet, clipping, paring, shave, shaving; fragment}}. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} {{has_subtype(measure, @R466)}} thimbleful, spoonful, handful, capful, mouthful. {{property_of}}{{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} {{has_subtype(measure, @R466)}} grain, scruple, minim. {{has_extreme(small quantity)}} minimum, lower limit; vanishing point. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(quantity[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1], R25)}} drop, droplet; sip. {{has_metaphor(small quantity)}} drop in the bucket, drop in the ocean; atom, particle, molecule, corpuscle; look, thought, idea; material point, point, speck, dot, mote; shade, shadow; spark, scintilla, gleam; hair. nutshell. {{&property_of}} {{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} finite quantity. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} mere nothing, next to nothing; hardly anything; just enough to swear by; the shadow of a shade. {{&property_of: trifle &c. (unimportant thing) R643}}. {{&result_of: contraction, R195}}. V. be small &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell. {{&caused_by: diminish &c. (decrease) R36}}. {{&result_of: contract, R195}}. Adj. small, little; diminutive &c. (small in size) R193; minute; fine. inconsiderable, paltry &c. (unimportant) R643. {[of(energy, R171): faint, @P2.6.1.1.1.R2]}. slender, light, slight, scanty, scant, limited; meager &c. (insufficient) R640; sparing; few &c. R103; low, so-so, middling, tolerable, no great shakes; below par, under par, below the mark; at a low ebb; halfway; moderate, modest; tender, subtle. inappreciable, evanescent, infinitesimal, homeopathic, very small; atomic, corpuscular, microscopic, molecular, subatomic. mere, simple, sheer, stark, bare; near run. {[of(intelligence, R498)]} dull, petty, shallow, stolid, ungifted, unintelligent. Adv. [in a small degree] to a small extent, on a small scale; a little bit, a wee bit; slightly &c. adj.; imperceptibly; miserably, wretchedly; insufficiently &c. R640; imperfectly. {[of(energy, R171): faintly, @P2.6.1.1.1.R2]}. passably, pretty well, well enough. [in a certain or limited degree] partially, in part; in a certain degree, to a certain degree; to a certain extent; comparatively; some, rather in some degree, in some measure; something, somewhat; simply, only, purely, merely; at least, at the least, at most, at the most; ever so little, as little as may be, tant soit peu[Fr], in ever so small a degree; thus far, pro tanto[It], within bounds, in a manner, after a fashion, so to speak. {{similar_to: almost, @R34}}. [in an uncertain degree] about, thereabouts, somewhere about, nearly, say; be the same, be little more or less. [in no degree] no ways, no way, no wise; not at all, not in the least, not a bit, not a bit of it, not a whit, not a jot, not a shadow; in no wise, in no respect; by no means, by no manner of means; on no account, at no hand. Phr. dare pondus idonea fumo [Lat][Persius]; magno conatu magnas nugas [Lat][Terence]; " small sands the mountain, moments make the year " [Young]. A3.2.6.1 INFERIORITY #34. Inferiority. N. inferiority, minority, subordinacy; shortcoming, deficiency; imperfection; lower quality, lower worth. minimum. {{similar_to: smallness &c. R32}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): commonalty &c. R876]}. V. be inferior, be wanting; fall short of, come short of; not pass, not come up to; want. hide its diminished head, retire into the shade, yield the palm, play second fiddle, be upstaged, take a back seat. {{&caused_by: @R36, decrease, become smaller, render smaller}}. {{&caused_by: contraction, R195}}. Adj. inferior, smaller; small &c. R32; minor, less, lesser, deficient, minus, lower, subordinate, secondary; second-rate &c. (imperfect) R651; sub, subaltern; thrown into the shade; weighed in the balance and found wanting; not fit to hold a candle to, can't hold a candle to. least, smallest; lowest. {{superlative_of(least): little, @R193}}. {{superlative_of(smallest): small, @R193}}. diminished &c. (decreased) R36; reduced &c. (contracted) R195; unimportant &c. R643. Adv. less; under the mark, below the mark, below par; at the bottom of the scale, at a low ebb, at a disadvantage; short of, under. {{similar_to(insufficiently, @R640, M7.2.2.1)}} almost, nearly, well-nigh, short of, not quite, all but, just short of; near upon, close upon; peu s'en faut[Fr], near the mark; within an ace of, within an inch of; on the brink of; scarcely, hardly, barely, only just, no more than; "close, but no cigar". <-- Most of the head words are processes, but similar words are used of the results of the process. We leave alloy, compound here as abstract properties. Elsewhere as physical entities [[combination]] --> A3.3 COMBINING (R48) #48. Combining. N. {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} combining, combination[1]. union[1], unification, uniting, synthesis, incorporation, amalgamation, embodiment, coalescence, coalescing, fusion, fusing, blending, crasis[obs3]. absorption. {{has_subtype(blending[of=color, R428])}} suffusion. {{has_subtype: joining, R43}}. {{has_subtype: mixing, R41}}. {{has_result}} combination[2]. {{has_subtype(combination[2]): mixture[2], @R41}}. {{has_subtype(combination[2])}} alloy, compound, amalgam, composition, tertium quid[Lat]; resultant. impregnation, seeding. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88}}. {{&caused_by: centralization}}. V. combine, unite, incorporate, amalgamate, embody, absorb, reembody[obs3], blend, blend together, blend in, merge, fuse, dissolve, melt into one, consolidate, conjoin, coalesce, centralize, impregnate; put together, lump together; cement a union, marry. Adj. combined &c. v.; impregnated with, ingrained; imbued inoculated. miscible, soluble. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} azeotropic [chem.]. [of solids] eutectic [chem.]. <-- 41. Mixture 42. Simpleness --> A3.3.1 ADDITION (R37) #37. Addition. N. addition. incrementation; annexation, adjection[obs3]; superposition, superaddition, superjunction[obs3], superfetation; accession, reinforcement; increase &c. R35. {{has_patient}} increment, supplement. {{has_subtype(supplement): additive, R39}}. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88; interposition &c. R228; insertion &c. R300}}. {{similar_to: attachment, junction &c. R43}}. <-- putting something back that was lost or taken away. This is the parent type of repair. This entry is used for objects. For restoration of qualities, such as function, "wholeness" or health, use "repair" at M7.3.5.4.1.5. Repair procedes by substitution (the other sense of "replacement") --> {{has_subtype}} restoration, replacement, putting back, adding back. {{follows(replacement): loss, R776; removal, @R38}}. {{has_patient(replacement)}} {{has_patient(loss, R776/removal, @R38)}} something lost. &&{{has_patient(replacement)}} something replaced. &&{{identical_to(something lost): something replaced}}. {{is_a(something replaced/something lost): object, @R3a; quality, R79a}}. {{has_subtype(restoration[obj=quality])}} {{used_in(substitution, R147): repair, M7.3.5.4.1.5}}. V. add, annex, affix, superadd[obs3], subjoin, superpose; clap on, saddle on; tack to, append, tag, tag on; graft, graft on, graft onto, ingraft[obs3]; saddle with; sprinkle; introduce &c. (interpose) R228; insert &c. R300. become added, accrue; advene[obs3], supervene. replace, put back, restore, add back. reinforce, reenforce, restrengthen[obs3]; swell the ranks of; augment &c. R35. Adj. added &c. v.; additional; supplemental, supplementary; suppletory[obs3], subjunctive; adjectitious[obs3], adscititious[obs3], ascititious[obs3]; additive, extra, accessory. Adv. au reste[Fr], in addition, more, plus, extra; and, also, likewise, too, furthermore, further, item; and also, and eke; else, besides, to boot, et cetera, "&c."; and so on, and so forth; into the bargain, cum multis aliis[Lat], over and above, moreover. with, withal; including, inclusive, as well as, not to mention, let alone; together with, along with, coupled with, in conjunction with; conjointly; jointly &c. R43. Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit[Lat]. <-- [[mix]] --> A3.3.1.1 MIXING (R41) #41. Mixing. N. mixing, mixture[1], admixture, commixture, commixtion[obs3]; commixion[obs3], intermixture, alloyage[obs3], matrimony. {{similar_to: junction &c. R43; blend, combination &c. R48}}. miscegenation. {{causes: complexity, A2.5.2}}. {{has_result(mixing)}} {{property_of(complexity)}} mixture[2]. {{has_subtype(mixture[2]): solution; suspension; aerosol, sol}}. impregnation; infusion, diffusion suffusion, transfusion; infiltration; seasoning, sprinkling, interlarding; interpolation &c. R228; adulteration, sophistication. {{has_subtype(mixing[mode=thoroughly, @R729])}} blending. {{used_in(blending): combining, @R48}}. {{has_part(mixture[2])}} ingrediant. {{has_subtype(ingredient)}} tinge, tincture, touch, dash, smack, sprinkling, spice, seasoning, infusion, soupcon. <-- specific alloys, amalgams to Processed natural materials, P2.3.1.2.3.1 --> {{has_subtype(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} alloy, amalgam. [person whose parents are of different races] mixed-blood, mulatto. V. {{has_subtype(join, R43)}} {{has_subtype(combine, R48)}} mix, admix. {{has_subtype(mix[mode=thoroughly, @R729])}} blend. commix, immix[obs3], intermix; mix up with, mingle, mix in; commingle, intermingle, bemingle[obs3]; pound together; hash up, stir up; knead, brew; impregnate with; intertwine, interweave &c. R219; associate with; miscegenate[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(disorder, R59)}} mix up. {{has_subtype(mix up): shuffle &c. (derange) R61}}. be mixed &c. v.; get among, be entangled with. interlard &c. (interpolate) R228. instill, imbue; infuse, suffuse, transfuse; infiltrate, dash, tinge, tincture, season, sprinkle, besprinkle, attemper[obs3], medicate, blend, cross; alloy, amalgamate, compound, adulterate, sophisticate, infect. Adj. mixed &c. v.; implex[obs3], composite, half-and-half, linsey-woolsey, chow-chow, hybrid, mongrel, heterogeneous; motley &c. (variegated) R440; miscellaneous, promiscuous, indiscriminate; miscible. Adv. among, amongst, amid, amidst; with; in the midst of, in the crowd. <-- [Thing added] --> A3.3.1.R1 ADDITIVE (R39) #39. Additive. N. {{!!has_patient(addition, R37)}} {{has_subtype(object, R3a)}} adjunct, additive, something added, addition, additament[obs3]; additum[Lat], affix, appelidage[obs3], annexe[obs3], annex. augment, augmentation; increment, reinforcement, supernumerary, accessory; garnish, sauce; adjective, addendum; continuation. {[in-frame(arithmetic)]} addend. complement, supplement. mate, match. {{conceptual_part_of: appurtenance, accompaniment &c. R88}}. {{similar_to: reciprocity, R12}}. rider, offshoot, episode, side issue, corollary; piece; flap, lappet, skirt, embroidery, trappings, cortege; tail, suffix &c. (sequel) R65; wing. V. complement, supplement, be complementary; match, mate. Adj. complementary, supplementary; additional &c. R37. winged, alate[obs3], alated[obs3]. Adv. additionally, in addition, as an addition. as well, on top of that. <-- "item" used as marker for items in a list --> {{has_marker}} item. <-- [[subtract]] a process --> A3.3.2 SUBTRACTING (R38) #38. Subtraction. N. subtraction, subtracting, deducting, deduction, retrenchment, subduction[obs2]. {{has_subtype(subtraction[of=object, @R3a][from=object, @R3a/group, R72])}} removing, removal, withdrawal, taking away. {{has_conceptual_part: decrement, R40a}}. {{has_subtype(removal)}} ablation, sublation[obs3]. {{result_of(removal): abrasion, @P2.4.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(taking away): taking, R789; stealing, R791}}. {{has_subtype(removal)}} {{used_in(cutting, P2.8.1)}} amputation; excision, recision, abscission. garbling &c. v.; mutilation, detruncation[obs3]. curtailment &c. R201. {[in_frame(arithmentic)]} {{part_of: @R85a, @M3.1.2.2.1, subtraction}}. {{!causes: decrease &c. R36}}. {{&has_result: simplicity, A2.5.1}}. {{has_subtype(subtraction[ptnt=impurity]): purification}}. {[of(dirt, @R653)]} {{has_subtype: cleaning, R652a}}. {{has_subtype: extraction, R301}}. {{has_subtype(removal[ptnt=cover, R223/hat, @P2.3.1.3.5.2])}} taking off. {{has_subtype(removal[ptnt=physical object][from=surface, R220]): taking off}}. V. subtract, deduct, subduct[obs2], deduce[obs2]. remove, withdraw, take from, take away; detract. bate, retrench. garble, mutilate, amputate, detruncate[obs3]. {{has_method(remove)}} cut off, cut away, cut out; excise; pare; thin, prune, decimate; abrade, scrape, ablate, file. {{has_extreme(subtract)}} eliminate. {{has_subtype(remove[obj=sex organs]): @P2.6.4.8.3.1, geld, castrate, neuter}}. [intransitive] fall off, abscise, abscind[obs3]. {{causes(subtract): diminish &c. R36; curtail &c. (shorten) R201; deprive of &c. (take) R789}}. {{&causes(subtract)}} weaken. {{has_subtype(remove[ptnt=cover, R223/hat, @P2.3.1.3.5.2])}} take off. {{has_subtype(remove[ptnt=physical object][from=surface, R220]): take off}}. Adj. {{has_property(decrement, R40a)}} {[after(subtraction)]} subtracted, deducted. {{has_property(decrement, R40a)}} {[after(removal)]} removed, withdrawn, taken away. {{has_property(subtraction)}} subtractive. Adv. in deduction &c. n.; less; short of; minus, without, except, except for, excepting, with the exception of, barring, save, exclusive of, save and except, with a reservation; not counting, if one doesn't count. <-- [Thing remaining.] --> A3.3.2.R1 REMAINDER (R40) #40. Remainder. N. {{has_result(subtraction, R38)}} remainder[1], residue, rest, what is left, what is left over, residuum. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(persistence, R141)}} survival, surviving, remaining, survivance[obs3]. remains, remanent, remnant, relic; leavings. stubble, result, educt[obs3]; fag-end; alluvium. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=destruction, R162])}} ruins, rubble. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=damage, A7.4.R1.1])}} wreck. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=decay, R659]): skeleton, A2.5.5.2.3; skeleton, @R362}}. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=fossilization]): fossil, @R362}}. heeltap[obs3], odds and ends, cheesepairings[obs3], candle ends, orts[obs3]. {{has_subtype: dregs &c. (dirt) R653}}. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=use]): refuse, @R645}}. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=cutting, P2.8.1/toppling, @R306])}} {[of(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)]} {{has_part(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)}} stump, tree stump. balance, complement, expletive[obs2]; superplus[obs3], surplusage[obs3]. {{&caused_by: R641, superfluity, redundancy}}. {{has_subtype: @R641, surplus, overplus[obs3], excess}}. {{has_subtype: @R85a, remainder[2]}}. V. remain, survive, be left, be left over, be outstanding. exceed. {{&caused_by}} leave; leave behind. Adj. remaining, left; left behind, left over, surviving, residual, residuary; over, odd. unconsumed, sedimentary; net; exceeding, over and above; outlying, outstanding. {{has_subtype: cast off &c. R782}}. {{&consequence_of: @R641, superfluous, redundant, unnecessary}}. <-- [Thing deducted.] --> A3.3.2.R2 DECREMENT (R40A) #40a. Decrement. N. {{has_conceptual_part(subtraction, R38)}} decrement, discount, defect, loss, deduction; afterglow; eduction[obs3]. {[in-frame(arithmetic)]} subtrahend. waste. A3.3.3 JOINING #43. Joining. N. {{has_inverse(separating, R44)}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} joining, junction, connecting, attachment, attaching, ligation, ligating, alligation[obs3] &c. v.; joinder[Law], union, uniting, conjunction, conjugation, coupling, accouplement[obs3], compagination[obs3], vincture[obs3]; symphysis[Anat], anastomosis[Med]; astriction[obs3], infibulation[obs3], inosculation[obs3]. annexation, annexing, annexion[obs3], annexment[obs3]. confluence, communication, concatenation; meeting, reunion; assemblage &c. R72. {{causes: connection, link &c. R45}}. {{has_subtype: @R327b, cementing, gluing}}. {{&caused_by: adhesion, R327b}}. {{has_subtype(joining[of=person[num=2], P2.3.2.3]): marriage &c. (wedlock) R903}}. {{forms}} joint, juncture, joining point. {{has_subtype(joint)}} pivot, hinge, articulation, commissure[obs3], seam, gore, gusset; stitch; miter, mortise. {{has_subtype(stitch)}} {[in_frame(surgery, P2.6.4.8.3.1)]} suture. {{has_subtype(joint): weld, @R327b}}. {{has_result}} closeness, tightness. {{&has_result: coherence &c. R46; combination &c. R48}}. {[of(country[num=>1])]} {{desired_by}} annexationist. {{&property_of(attached[to=animal, R366]): @R253b, burr, bur}}. {{&property_of(attached[to=animal, R366]): @P2.3.2.1.1.1.3, remora}}. {[of(animal[1], R366): coition, copulation; sex, sexual congress, sexual conjunction, sexual intercourse, love-making]}. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88}}. {{&uses(cementing, @R327b): cement, P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.2}}. {{&uses(gluing, @R327b): glue, P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.1}}. V. join, unite; conjoin, connect, marry; put together, lay together, clap together, hang together, lump together, hold together, piece together, tack together, fix together, bind up together together. associate; embody, reembody[obs3]; roll into one. attach, fix, affix, saddle on, fasten, bind, secure, clinch, twist, make fast &c. adj.; tie, string, strap, tie together; buckle; hitch, lash, truss; bandage; braid; splice; swathe, gird; picket; harness; chain, chain together. {{has_subtype(attach): @R751, restrain, fetter, tether, moor}}. lock, latch, belay, brace, hook, grapple, leash, couple, accouple[obs3], link, yoke, bracket; marry &c. (wed) R903; bridge over, span. {{has_subtype(attach): @R327b, glue, cement, weld}}. {{similar_to: cement, glue &c. R45}}. pinion; sew, lace, tat, stitch, tack, knit, button. braze; pin, nail, bolt, hasp, clasp, clamp, crimp, screw, rivet; impact, solder, set; weld, weld together, fuse together; wedge, rabbet, mortise, miter, jam, dovetail, enchase[obs3]; graft, ingraft[obs3], inosculate[obs3]; entwine, intwine[obs3]; interlink, interlace, intertwine, intertwist[obs3], interweave; entangle; twine round, belay; tighten; trice up, screw up. be joined &c. adj.; hang together, hold together; cohere &c. R46. Adj. joined &c. v.; joint; conjoint, conjunct; corporate, compact; hand in hand. {{has_subtype[mode=securely]}} firm, fast, close, tight, taut, taught, secure, set, intervolved [obs1]; inseparable, indissoluble, inseverable, insecable[obs3]. Adv. jointly, conjointly. in conjunction with &c. (in addition to) R37; fast, firmly, tautly &c. adj.; intimately. Phr. tria juncta in uno[Lat]. <-- [Connecting medium.] [[connection]] --> A3.3.3.R1 CONNECTION (R45) #45. Connection. N. {{has_requirement(connectedness, A2.5.3)}} {{causes(joining, R43)}} connection, link, bond, linkage, connective, vinculum. bond of union, copula, hyphen, intermedium[obs3]; bracket; bridge, stepping-stone, isthmus. {{function_of(join[obj=places])}}{{has_subtype: way, P2.3.1.3.10.5}}. {{has_subtype(connection): @P2.3.1.3.11.1.1, pin, nail, hook, clamp, tendon, fiber, cord, fastener}}. {{has_subtype(connection): @P2.3.1.3.11.1.1, cement, glue}}. shackle, rein &c. (means of restraint) R752; prop &c. (support) R215. V. bridge over, span; connect &c. R43; hang &c. R214. <-- the words in the following may express both the action of separating and the result, a separation (a state). Thus the same word may occur twice, in these twp senses. The main noun section should be interpreted as the action, not the result. Nouns expressing the action are marked as the cause. The verb also expresses the action. Note that spatial separation is a subtype (interval, R198) under space. [[separation]] --> A3.3.4 SEPARATING (R44) #44. Separating. N. {{has_inverse(joining, R43)}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} separating, separation[1], disconnecting, severance, disseverance, disjoining, dissociating, disengaging, dissociation[1]. {{forms}} interval, separation[3], degree of separation, remove. {{causes: unconnectedness, R47}}. &&{{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} separated object[num=2]. &&{{between(interval): separated object + separated object}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(state, A7)}} {{conceptual_part_of(interval)}} separation[2], disconnection, disjunction, state of separation, disunity, disunion, disassociation[2], disengagement; separateness &c. adj.; abjunction[obs3]; cataclasm[obs3]; inconnection[obs3]. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} separation[4], breakup. {{has_subtype}} fragmentation. {{forms(fragmentation): fragment[num=>2], @R51}}. {{has_subtype(separating)}} division, dividing; detachment, detaching, segregation, segregating; elision; compartmentation, compartition [obs1]; disruption, abruption[obs3]; fission. abstraction, abstractedness; isolation; insularity, insulation; oasis; island; severalty; disjecta membra[Lat]; apportionment &c. R786. {{has_subtype(separation[4][of=married couple]): end of marriage, M8.3.1.1.1.7}}. {{has_subtype(interval): spatial interval, R198; discontinuity[2], @R70}}. {{has_subtype(interval): @P1.2.2.1.3.1, fissure, break, breach, rent, split, rift, caesura, crack, fault, slit, physical separation, incision}}. {{has_subtype(separating): cutting, P2.8.1; dispersion, R73; dividing, P2.6.1.2.4.4.1; decomposition &c. R49}}. {{has_subtype: subdivision, classification, classifying}}. {[of(human group)]} {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} separatist. {{has_subtype(separating[ptnt=part, R51])}} modularizing, modularization, compartmentalizing, compartmentalization. {{has_purpose(modularizing[ptnt=$device, R633]): reliability[of=$device]; separation[2][of=subfunction[of=$device]]}}. {{has_subtype(compartmentalization): partitioning, @R228}}. {{purpose_of(modularization[ptnt=computer program, R626a]): object-oriented programming}}. V. {{has_result(separating)}} be disjoined, be separate, be separated, be disjoint. {{&caused_by(separation[2])}} separate, disjoin, disconnect. disengage, disunite, dissociate, dispair[obs3]; divorce, part, dispart[obs3], detach, cut off, rescind[obs2]. segregate, set apart, keep apart, insulate, isolate. unravel; disentangle. {{has_subtype(separate)}} {{caused_by(fragmentation)}} fragment. <-- this "compartmentalize" is abstract, and may be used for processes such as computer programming --> {{has_subtype(separate[ptnt=part, R51])}} modularize, compartmentalize. {{has_subtype(compartmentalize): partition, @R228}}. {{has_subtype(disconnect)}} {{inverse_of(glue, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.1)}} unglue, unstick. {{has_subtype(disconnect)}} {{inverse_of(fasten, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1)}} unfasten, pull part. {{has_subtype(disconnect)}} {{inverse_of(zip up, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1)}} unzip. <-- this "separated" is distinguished from the generic "unconnected" at R47 in that this is the result of a process of separation --> Adj. {{has_consequence(separating)}} {{antomym_of(connected, R46)}} {{has_subtype(unconnected, R47)}} separated, detached, disjoined, disconnected. segregated, insulated, isolated, set apart, kept apart. distinct; adrift; straggling; rift, reft[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(separated): discontinuous &c. R70}}. {{has_requirement(separating)}} [capable of being cut] scissile[Chem], divisible, discerptible[obs3], partible, separable. Adv. separately &c. adj.; one by one, severally, apart; adrift, asunder, in twain; in the abstract, abstractedly. <-- ?? add references to chemistry here --> A3.3.5 DECOMPOSING (R49) #49. Decomposing. N. decomposing, decomposition, analysis, analysing, dissection, dissecing. resolution, catalysis[obs2], dissolution; corruption &c. (uncleanness) R653; dispersion &c. R73; disjunction &c. R44; disintegration. {[in_frame(chemical reaction): hydrolysis; disproportionation]}. {[in_frame(nuclear reaction): fission]}. V. decompose, decompound; rot; crumble into dust. [transitive] analyze, disembody, dissolve; resolve into its elements, separate into its elements; electrolyze[Chem]; hydrolyze [chem]; dissect, decentralize, break up, break apart, break into parts; disperse &c. R73; unravel &c. (unroll) R313. Adj. decomposed &c. v.; catalytic, analytical; resolvent, separative, solvent. A4 ORDER RELATION (R58 TO R83) N. {{has_subtype(relation, R9)}} order relation. <-- (Time = R106 to R139 has been moved to physical universe) [[ORDER]] --> A4.1 ORDERLINESS (R58 TO R61) #58. Orderliness. N. {{&has_property(group, R72)}} order, orderliness, regularity, uniformity. system, systematicity. symmetry, lucidus ordo[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{property_of(mythological)}} music of the spheres. subordination; course, even tenor, routine. {{property_of: method}}. economy, discipline. {{property_of: series, R69}}. {{property_of(order, @A4.1): rank, place &c. (term) R71}}. {{property_of(order, @A4.1): pattern, A2.6.1.2 }}. {{property_of(order, @A4.1): arrangement, R60}}. {{has_subtype}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M2.1.2.1, neatness, tidiness, correctness, method]}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(changing, @R140): @R60, adjusting, adjustment; ordering}}. V. be in order, become in order &c. adj.; form, fall in, draw up; arrange itself, range itself, place itself; fall into one's place, take one's place, take one's rank; rally round. {{caused_by(be in order)}} adjust, methodize, regulate, systematize. {{caused_by(be in order): @R60, order, set in order, arrange}}. <-- we will define this "organized, ordered" to mean any type of organization. The meaning of "ordered, sorted" is set at R60 (the result of an ordering process), and is considered a higher level of order than here --> Adj. ordered, orderly, organized, grouped. regular; in order, in trim, in apple-pie order, in its proper place. uniform, symmetrical, shipshape. {[when_modifying(action, R680)]} {{has_subtype: businesslike, systematic, methodical}}. {{has_subtype: @R61, unconfused}}. {{has_subtype: @M2.1.2.1, neat, tidy, en regle[Fr], well regulated, correct, methodical}}. {{&consequence_of: arranged &c. R60}}. Adv. in order; methodically &c. adj.; in turn, in its turn; step by step; by regular steps, by regular gradations, by regular stages, by regular intervals; seriatim, systematically, by clockwork, gradatim[Lat]; at stated periods &c. (periodically) R138. Phr. natura non facit saltum[Lat]; "order is heaven's first law" [Pope]; "order from disorder sprung" [Paradise Lost]; ordo est parium dispariumque rerum sua loca tribuens dispositio [Lat][St. Augustine]. <-- here we break up R59 into disorder (randomness), and R59a complexity. These are two different concepts. Note that simplicity, (entry R849) refers to affections or appearance, not internal complexity. We also need a corresponding entry for conceptual or organizational simplicity. --> <-- need to break R59 into lack of any order, and incorrect order (cart before the horse) --> <-- [Absence, or want of Order, &c.] --> A4.1.R1 DISORDER (R59) #59. Disorder. N. {{has_subtype(state, R7, @A1.1.4)}} {{property_of(complexity)}} {{antonym_of(order, A4.1)}} disorder, absence of order. {{&caused_by: derangement &c. R61}}. irregularity. {{has_conceptual_part: anomaly &c. (unconformity) R83}}. {[of(human group)]} anarchy, anarchism; disunion. {[of(human group): discord &c. R24]}. {{has_extreme}} randomness. {{conceptual_part_of(randomness): chance, R156}}. confusion, disarray, confusedness &c. adj.. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.2.5, mish-mash, mix, farrago, hodgepodge, jumble, medley, hash, huddle, litter, omnium gatherum[Lat]}}. {{property_of}} mess, mash, imbroglio, muddle, muss [U. S.]. {{property_of: mixture &c. R41}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: @M2.1.2.R1.1, want of method, untidiness, slovenliness}}. {{has_high_intensity}} chaos, tohubohu[obs3]. {{has_property: complexity &c. R59a}}. {{property_of: @R713, turmoil, tumult, riot, discord}}. [legal terms] disorderly person; disorderly persons offence; misdemeanor. {[of(morality)]} {{trait_of: @R962, rake, slattern, slut, libertine}}. V. be disorderly &c. adj.; ferment, play at cross-purposes. put out of order; derange &c. R61; ravel &c. R219; ruffle, rumple. Adj. disordered, disorderly, orderless, unordered, disorganized. out of order, out of place, out of gear; irregular, desultory; acephalous[obs3], deranged; aimless; straggling; unmethodical, immethodical[obs3]; unsymmetric[obs3], unsystematic. {{has_high_intensity}} chaotic, tohubohu[obs3]. untidy, slovenly; dislocated; out of sorts; promiscuous, indiscriminate. {[of(human group)]} anarchical. anomalous &c. (unconformable) R83. unarranged, unformed; unsized, unranked, ungrouped, unalloted, undistributed, undealt; unsorted; unsifted. confused; deranged &c. R61; topsy-turvy &c. (inverted) R218; shapeless &c. R241; disjointed, out of joint. {{antonym_of: arranged, R60}}. troublous[obs3]; riotous &c. (violent) R173. complex &c. R59a. Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits, by fits and snatches, by fits and starts; pellmell; higgledy-piggledy; helter-skelter, harum-scarum; in a ferment; at sixes and sevens, at cross-purposes; upside down &c. R218. Phr. the cart before the horse; hysteron proteron[Grk]; chaos is come again; "the wreck of matter and the crush of worlds " [Addison]. <-- [[arrangement]] These words are mostly nominalized verbs, but the process and result are intermixed. In the adjective section, "ordered" is considered a higher level of "ordered" than at R58. Here it is the result of deliberate arrangement. --> A4.1.R2 ARRANGING (R60) #60. Arrangement. N. arranging, arrangement[1], organization[1], ordering, organizing. {{!causes: order, A4.1}}. {{has_conceptual_part: element, @A2.6.1}}. disposal, disposition; collocation, allocation; distribution; collation. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(changing, @R140)}} adjusting, adjustment. {[in_frame(recording, M8.1.3.2.1.4): tabulation, @M8.1.3.2.1.4]}. analysis. {{has_subtype(arranging): classification, A2.6.4}}. {{has_result(arranging)}} {{property_of(order, R58)}} arrangement[2], organization[2]. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2])}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} array. {{has_subtype(array)}} {{property_of(one-dimensional)}} linear array, one-dimensional array. {{has_subtype(array)}} {{property_of(two-dimensional)}} two-dimensional array. {{has_subtype(two-dimensional array): @R86, table, matrix}}. {{has_subtype(linear array): series, R69}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=list, R86])}} {{property_of(ordered[by=alphabet, @R561])}} alphabetical arrangement, alphabetical order. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=list, R86])}} {{property_of(ordered[by=number, R84])}} numerical arrangement, numerical order. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2])}} formatting; format; syntagma[Gram.]. {{caused_by: ordering, reduction to order}}. {{caused_by}} arranging; sorting; sifting; sizing, ranking. {{has_result(sorting)}} sequence, ordered sequence. {{has_subtype(sorting[by=size])}} sorting by size. <-- [Result of arrangement] --> {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=information, R527b]): @R592, digest, compendium}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=maps, @P2.4.2.1.1]): atlas, @R554}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2]): file, @R86; organism, R357; architecture}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=text]): synopsis, @R596}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=information]): register, @R551}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=data]): database, @M3.1.1.2}}. <-- [Instruments for sorting] --> {{&uses(sorting)}} sorter. {{&uses(sorting by size): @P2.3.1.3.12.7, sieve, riddle, screen}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2])}} {{property_of(order, R58): plan &c. R626; preparation &c. R673}}. V. {{caused_by(be in order, @R58)}} [transitive] order, arrange, organize, reduce to order, bring into order, set in order, introduce order into, put in order, place in order. dispose, place, form; set out, collocate, pack, marshal, parcel out, allot, distribute, deal; cast the parts, assign the parts; dispose of, assign places to; put to rights, set to rights, put into shape, put in trim, put in array. {[with_obj(human group)]} rally. methodize, regulate, systematize, coordinate, settle, fix. {{has_subtype(arrange)}} {{formed_by(class, R75): classify, A2.6.4}}. {{has_subtype(group[by=size])}} sift, riddle, range, size, rank. {{has_method(organize)}} divide; file, string together, thread; register &c. (record) R551; catalogue, tabulate, index, graduate, digest, grade; apportion. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(reduce[obj=disorder])}} unravel, disentangle, ravel, card; disembroil[obs3]; feaze[obs3]. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(change, R140)}} adjust. Adj. {{has_high_level(ordered, @R58)}} {{has_consequence(arrange)}} arranged, ordered, organized. formed. collocated, parceled out, alloted, distributed, dealt. assorted, sorted. sized, ranked; sifted, riddled. {{has_subtype(arranged)}} {{&has_property(text)}} {[in_frame(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} formatted. embattled, in battle array; cut and dried; methodical, orderly, regular, systematic. Adv. by class, by type, by category, by sort. Phr. "In vast cumbrous array" [Churchill]. <-- [Subversion of Order; bringing into disorder.] --> A4.1.R3 DERANGEMENT #61. Derangement. N. derangement, disordering, deranging; evection[obs3], discomposure, disturbance; disorganization, deorganization[obs3]; dislocation. {{!causes: disorder, A4.1.R1}}. disruption, perturbation, interruption. involvement. {{caused_by(randomness, @R59)}} randomization. {{has_subtype(randomization): shuffling, @R148}}. {{has_subtype: inversion &c. R218; corrugation &c. (fold) R258}}. {{has_subtype: @R148, rearrangement, redistribution, interchange}}. V. derange, disorder, disarrange, mix up, misarrange[obs3]; discompose; deorganize[obs3], discombobulate, disorganize, confuse. randomize. {{has_subtype(randomize): shuffle, @R148}}. embroil, unsettle, disturb, trouble, jumble, tumble. displace, misplace; mislay. interrupt, disrupt, perturb. huddle, muddle, toss, hustle, fumble, riot; bring into disorder, put into disorder, throw into disorder &c. R59; muss [U.S.]; break the ranks, disconcert, convulse; break in upon. unhinge, dislocate, put out of joint, throw out of gear. turn topsy-turvy &c. (invert) R218; bedevil; complicate, involve, perplex, confound; imbrangle[obs3], embrangle[obs3], tangle, entangle, ravel, tousle, towzle[obs3], dishevel, ruffle; rumple &c. (fold) R258. litter, scatter; mix &c. R41. rearrange &c. R148. Adj. deranged &c. v.; syncretic, syncretistic[obs3]; mussy, messy; flaky; random, unordered; messed up, mussed up. <-- section 4.2 deals with sequence in genereal. An ordered sequence is in A4.2.4, Series. [[sequence]] hi? --> A4.2 SEQUENTIAL ORDER (R62 TO R71) N. {{has_subtype(order, R58)}} {{property_of(unidimensional)}} sequential order, linear order, order. gradation, progression. {{property_of}} sequence[1]. {{has_subtype(sequence[1]): series, R69}}. {{property_of: line, R244}}. <-- 62. Precedence 63. Sequence 60. Arrangement 61. Derangement 64. Precursor 65. Sequel 66. Beginning 67. End 68. Middle 69. Continuity 70. Discontinuity 71. Term --> <-- this "precedence" is abstract, for an abstract series; for precedence in time, see R116; for precedence in motion, see R280 --> A4.2.1 PRECEDENCE (R62) #62. Precedence. N. {{antonym_of(succession, R63)}} precedence, preceding, coming before, antecedence, antecedency[obs3], prevenance[obs3], prevenience[obs1], anteposition[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: series, @R69}}. {{action_of}} the lead, le pas. {[in_frame(shape, R240): anteriority[obs3]]}. {[in_frame(time): @R116, antecedence, priority]}. {{&caused_by: preference, @R609}}. {[in_frame(motion)]}{{has_subtype: precession, R280}}. {{action_of: precursor &c. R64}}. {{&causes: importance &c. R642}}. {{&caused_by: superiority &c. R33}}. <-- epacme[obs3]. ?def? --> V. precede; come before. {{has_extreme}} come first, be first, be in the lead, be at the head, lead, head, take the lead, lead the way, introduce, usher in. {{has_subtype(lead the way)}} be in the vanguard; have the pas. {{has_subtype(lead the way)}} set the fashion &c. (influence) R175; take precedence, have precedence. {{has_subtype(lead the way): @R280, have the start, lead the dance, open the ball}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} [transitive] place before; prefix; premise, prelude, preface. Adj. preceding &c. v.; precedent, antecedent; anterior; prior &c. R116; before; former; foregoing; beforementioned[obs3], abovementioned[obs3], aforementioned; aforesaid, said; precursory, precursive[obs3]; prevenient[obs3], preliminary, prefatory, introductory; prelusive, prelusory; proemial[obs3], preparatory. Adv. before; in advance &c. (precession) R280. Phr. seniores priores[Lat]; prior tempore prior jure[Lat]. A4.2.1.R1 PRECURSOR (R64) #64. Precursor. N. {{property_of(precedence, A4.2.1)}} precursor, antecedent, precedent, predecessor. bellwether; herald, harbinger; foreboding; dawn. {{has_subtype: forebear, ancestor}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.16, preparer, forerunner, vancourier[obs3], avant-coureur[Fr], leader, pioneer, scout, prodrome[obs1], prodromos[obs3], prodromus[obs3], outrider}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.16, avant-courier, avant-garde, bellmare[obs3], forelooper[obs3], foreloper[obs3], stalking-horse, voorlooper[Afrikaans], voortrekker[Afrikaans]}}. {{has_subtype(text)}} prelude, preamble, preface, prologue, foreword, avant-propos[Fr], protasis[obs3], proemium[obs3], prolusion[obs3], proem, prolepsis[Gram], prolegomena, prefix, introduction; heading, frontispiece. {{&has_function: @R673, @M2.2.3, preparation, groundwork, spadework}}. overture, exordium[Lat], symphony; premises. prefigurement &c. R511; omen &c. R512. {[of(chemical): raw material, starting material]}. Adj. precursory; prelusive, prelusory, preludious[obs3]; proemial[obs3], introductory, prefatory, prodromous[obs3], inaugural, preliminary; precedent &c. (prior) R116. Phr. "a precedent embalms a principle" [Disraeli]. <-- the headword is the action of beginning. Beginning[2] is the point or part which forms the beginning of a series or object --> A4.2.1.R2 BEGINNING (R66) #66. Beginning. N. beginning[1], commencement, inception, initiation, opening, outset, incipience, origination, inchoation[obs3]. {{location_of}} beginning[2], starting point, origin. genesis, primogenesis[obs3], birth, nativity, cradle, infancy; start, inception, creation; dawn &c. (morning) R125; evolution. <-- &c. R293 --> onset, outbreak, advent, occurrence, brunt; alpha, initial; inauguration, debut, le premier pas, embarcation[Fr], rising of the curtain; maiden speech; initiative, move, first move; narrow end of the wedge, thin end of the wedge; fresh start, new departure. {{has_subtype(origin)}} {{location_of(outside, R220a)}} external origin. {{has_cause: origin &c. (cause) R153}}. {{has_cause}} source, rise. {{has_metaphor}} bud, germ &c. R153; egg, rudiment. {{&caused_by: precursor, R64}}. {{has_subtype(precursor, R64): van &c. (front) R234}}. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): title-page; head, heading; caption, fatihah[obs3]]}. entrance, entry, ingress; inlet, orifice, mouth, chops, lips, porch, portal, portico, propylon[obs3], door; gate, gateway; postern, wicket, threshold, vestibule; propylaeum[obs3]; skirts, border &c. (edge) R231. first stage, first blush, first glance, first impression, first sight. rudiments, elements, outlines, grammar, first thing, alphabet, ABC's. V. begin, start, commence; open, dawn, set in, take its rise, enter upon, enter; set out &c. (depart) R293; embark in; incept[obs3]. [intransitive] inchoate, rise, arise, originate. {{caused_by}} [transitive] initiate, launch, inaugurate; conceive. {{!caused_by: cause, R153}}. {{caused_by}} usher in; lead off, lead the way; take the lead, take the initiative; head; stand at the head, stand first, stand for; lay the foundations &c. (prepare) R673; set up, set on foot, agoing[obs3], set abroach[obs3], set the ball in motion; apply the match to a train; broach; open up, open the door to. [intransitive] get underway, set about, get to work, set to work, set to; make a beginning, make a start. handsel; take the first step, lay the first stone, cut the first turf; break ground, break the ice, break cover; pass the Rubicon, cross the Rubicon; open fire, open the ball; ventilate, air; undertake &c. R676. come into existence, come into the world; make one's debut, take birth; burst forth, break out; spring up, spring forth, crop up, pop up, appear, materialize. begin at the beginning, begin ab ovo[Lat]. begin again, begin de novo; start afresh, make a fresh start, take it from the top, shuffle the cards, reshuffle the cards, resume, recommence. Adj. beginning &c. v.; initial, initiatory, initiative; inceptive, introductory, incipient; proemial[obs3], inaugural; inchoate, inchoative[obs3]; embryonic, rudimental; primogenial[obs3]; primeval, primitive, primordial &c. (old) R124; aboriginal; natal, nascent. first, foremost, leading; maiden. begun &c. v.; just begun &c. v.. Adv. at the beginning, in the beginning &c. n.; first, at first, firstly, in the first place, imprimis[Lat], first and foremost; in limine[Lat]; in the bud, in embryo, in its infancy; from the first, from the beginning, from its birth; ab initio[Lat], ab ovo[Lat], ab incunabilis[Lat], ab origine[Lat]. Phr. "let's get going!", "let's get this show on the road!", "up and at 'em!", aller Anfang ist schwer [Ger]; dimidium facti qui coepit habet [Lat][Cicero]; omnium rerum principia parva sunt [Lat][Cicero]. <-- Note the difference between posteriority (R117), which onlt means coming after in time, and succession, here, which means that one thing takes the place of another. Posteriority is included, but not sufficient. [[succession]] --> A4.2.2 SUCCESSION (R63) #63. Succession. N. {{antonym_of(precedence, R62)}} succession, coming after; going after &c. (following) R281; consecution. {{has_conceptual_part: posteriority, R117}}. {{conceptual_part_of: series, @R69}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(change, A6)}} {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, @R104)}} alternation, taking turns. {{has_property(alternation)}} alternateness, alternativeness, alternity[obs3]. {{has_subtype(succession)}} {{has_conceptual_part(alternation)}} turn, round. continuation, extension; postposition. order of succession; successiveness; paracme[obs3]. {{performed_by: @R167, @P2.6.4.1, line, lineage, posterity, descendent, heir, successor}}. secondariness[obs3]. {{&has_property: subordinancy, @R34}}. suffix, postfix. {[in_frame(motion)]}{{has_subtype: sequence, R281}}. {[in_frame(birth)]} {{property_of: @P2.3.2.2.3.2, afterbirth, placenta}}. V. succeed; come after, come on, come next; follow, ensue, step into the shoes of. {{has_subtype}} alternate, take turns. {{similar_to(add/attach)}} place after, suffix, append. Adj. succeeding &c. v.; sequent[obs3]; sequacious[obs3], proximate. next; subsequent, consequent. consecutive &c. (continuity) R69; alternate, amoebean[obs3]. later, latter; posterior &c. R117. Adv. after, subsequently; behind &c. (rear) R235. A4.2.2.R1 SEQUEL (R65) #65. Sequel. N. {{property_of(succession, A4.2.2)}} sequel[1], suffix, successor; tail, queue, train, wake, trail, rear; retinue, suite. {{has_conceptual_part: posteriority, R117}}. {{has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(text)}} appendix, postscript; epilogue; codicil; colophon. {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} continuation, sequel[2]; installment; part two; return of; son of. {{has_subtype(performance, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6.3)}} episode, next episode. {{&has_part(oration)}} {{has_temporal_location(end)}} peroration; tag, tag line, more last words. {{has_subtype(thought)}} afterthought, arriere pensee[Fr], second thoughts, treppenwoerter[Ger.]; outgrowth. appendage, aftercome[obs3], aftergrowth[obs3], afterpart[obs3], afterpiece[obs3], aftercourse[obs3], aftergame[obs3]. tail piece, heelpiece[obs3]. <-- [[end]] --> A4.2.2.R2 END (R67) #67. End. N. end[1], ending, close, termination; desinence[obs3], conclusion, finis, finale. {{location_of}} end[2], terminus, endpoint, term. {{has_subtype(end)}} extreme, extremity, last. {{has_metaphor(endpoint)}} omega; period. {{has_subtype(ending[of=right, R924])}} {{causes(ending[of=term, @R108]): lapse, @R776}}. {{has_subtype(end)}} {{has_part(P2.3, physical object): end; tail; edge; point, tip}}. tag; bonne bouche[Fr]; bottom dollar, tail end, rear guard. {[of(oration, R586): peroration, @R586]}. {[of(action, R680)]} consummation, denouement. {[of(action, R680): finish &c. (completion) R729]}. fate. {{has_metaphor}} fall of the curtain. goal, object, objective, destination. limit, determination; expiration, expiry[obs3], extinction, extermination; end of all things; finality. {[of(universe)]}{[in_frame(religion)]} Judgment day, last day, crack of doom, doom, doomsday, day of Judgment, day of reckoning, dies irae[Lat]. {{studied_in(Judgment day)}} eschatology. {[of(life): death, P2.2.3.2]}. {[of(existence, R3a): annihilation, @R162]}. break up, commencement de la fin, last stage, turning point; coup de grace, deathblow; knock-out blow; sockdolager [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(failure, R732)}} abortion; abend. V. end, close, finish, terminate, conclude, come to a close, come to an end, cometo a conclusion, draw to a close, draw to a finale. expire, run out, pass away, die. {{has_result(expire/bring to an end)}} be past, be over, be terminated, have run its course, be all over, be finished, be done, be done with. [transitive] bring to an end, bring to a conclusion, bring to a halt, bring to its finish; put an end to, make an end of. determine; get through. achieve &c. (complete) R729; stop &c. (make to cease) R142; shut up shop; hang up one's fiddle. {{has_subtype(fail, R732)}} abort; abend. {{has_subtype: die &c. R360}}. Adj. final, terminal, last, ultimate. {{has_subtype: rear &c. R235}}. definitive, penultimate[coll.]. caudal, hindmost, hindermost[obs3], vergent[obs3]. ending, terminating, finishing, concluding, closing. conterminate[obs3], conterminous, conterminable[obs3]. {{has_consequence(terminate)}} ended, terminated, fiished, concluded, at an end. settled, decided, over, played out, set at rest; conclusive. penultimate, last but one; last but two; last but three. unbegun, uncommenced[obs3]; fresh. {{has_subtype(finishing): crowning &c. (completing) R729}}. Adv. finally &c. adj.; in fine; at the last; once for all. Phr. "as high as Heaven and as deep as hell" [Beaumont & Fletcher]; deficit omne quod nascitur [Lat][Quintilian]; en toute chose il faut considerer la fin[Fr][obs3]; finem respice[Lat][obs3]; ultimus Romanorum[Lat]. A4.2.3 MIDDLE (R68) #68. Middle. N. {{property_of(precedence, A4.2.1)}} {{property_of(succession, A4.2.2)}} middle, midst, mediety[obs1], mean &c. R29; medium, middle term; center &c. R222; mid-course &c. R628; mezzo termine[It]; juste milieu[Fr] &c. R628; halfway house, nave, navel, omphalos[obs3]; nucleus, nucleolus. equidistance[obs3], bisection, half distance; equator, diaphragm, midriff; intermediate &c. R228. Adj. middle, medial, mesial[Med], mean, mid, median, average; middlemost, midmost; mediate; intermediate &c. (interjacent) R228; equidistant; central &c. R222; mediterranean, equatorial; homocentric. Adv. in the middle; midway, halfway; midships[obs3], amidships, in medias res. <-- Originally named "continuity" we reorganized and renamed "series." The "continuity" concept actually belongs no under A2.5.3 (connectedness). Although Roget notes that this is "uninterrupted sequence", he includes series and procession, etc. which deal with discontinuous items, and are therefore in a sense interrupted. The distinction from "Sequence", at A4.2, above, is somewhat fine. We leave in the interrupted sequences, but must note the relationship to "repetition", at R104.. [Uninterrupted sequence.] --> <-- This series is an ordered sequence -- ordered by some principle, not merely by being in sequence. A sequence which is not ordered by some principle (e.g. a set sequenced by random selection) is at 4.4 Here is where a set-theoretic definition would be useful. [[series]] --> A4.2.4 SERIES (R69) #69. Series. N. {{has_subtype(sequence[1], A4.2)}} {{property_of(linear order, A4.1)}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} {{has_subtype(directed graph, @A2.5.3.R1)}} series, ordered sequence, sequence[2], succession[1]. {{has_property}} succession[2], consecution, consecutiveness. {{has_subtype: list, R86}}. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(item, @R3a)}} element. {{has_subtype(element)}} {{has_subtype(beginning[2], @R66)}} {{has_subtype(first)}} {{rel_loc_of(beginning[2], @R66)}} beginning, head, first element. {{has_subtype(element)}} {{has_subtype(end, @R67)}} {{property_of(last)}} {{rel_loc_of(end, @R67)}} end, tail, last element. round, suite, progression, train, chain; gradation, course; constant flow, unbroken extent. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(joining, R43)}} concatenation, catenation. {{aformed_by: ordering, R60}}. {{has_subtype(ordered sequence[of=values, @R79a])}} scale. <-- in a numerical scale the ordering principle is the magnitude of the number. How to say that??? --> {{has_subtype(scale[of=numbers], A4.2)}} {{uses(measurement)}} {{conceptual_part_of(number)}} numerical scale. rank, row; file, column. line, range, tier, string, thread, team; colonnade. {[of(playing card): suit, @P2.3.1.3.13.1.2]}. {{has_property}} linearity; seriality; continuity; consecution, consecutiveness &c. adj.. {{has_extreme(continuity)}} ceaselessness. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, R104)}} procession, column; retinue, cortege, cavalcade, rank and file, line of battle, array. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, R104)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1.R1, pedigree, genealogy, lineage, ancestry, descent; line, line of ancestors; strain]}. {{has_metaphor: ladder}}. V. [intrans] be serial, be in series, be in a series, follow in a series, form a series, form a line. {{result_of(series)}} [intrans] get in line, fall in, fall into line, form a line[2]. {{result_of(series)}} arrange in a series, collate &c. n.; string together; file; thread; graduate; tabulate. {{result_of(series): @R60, organize, order, sort}}. {{result_of(series)}} serialize. Adj. {{has_subtype(linear)}} serial, successive; in a line, in a row, in series, lined up; consecutive. continuous, unbroken, continued, uninterrupted, unintermitting[obs3]. progressive, gradual; immediate, entire; @R604a, unremitting, unrelenting; perseverence, R604a; perennial, evergreen; constant. <-- "first" and "last" get a specialized meaning here --> {{has_property(first element)}} {{has_subtype(first, @R66)}} first. {{has_property(last element)}} {{has_subtype(last, @R67)}} last. Adv. in series, serially, seriatim; in a line &c. n.. continuously, uninterruptedly, without interruption, without a break. consecutively; in succession, in turn; running, gradually, step by step, gradatim[Lat], at a stretch; in file, in column, in single file, in Indian file. {{has_subtype: progressively, gradually}}. <-- the difference between a stage, here, and a state, at R7, is that a state describes an overall condition which can be part of a continuum, and is not necessarily well defined. A stage is a part of a sequence, often has a name, and is identifiably different from other parts in a sequence --> <-- ??? Break into 2 parts [[step]] --> A4.2.4.R1 STEP (R71) #71. Step. N. {{has_conceptual_part(series, R69/process, A7.7)}} step, stage. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(degree, R26)}} degree; grade, level. place, point, mark, pas, period, pitch. state, term. {{has_measure: @R44, interval, degree of separation, remove}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} scale. link, peg, notch, rung. stand, standing; footing, range. quantum level. {{has_property: state, R7}}. {{has_trait(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(step): @R873, rank, station, level, grade; class, form [Brit], round of the ladder, rung of the ladder, status, position}}. {{has_subtype(grade)}} black belt; brown belt. {{conceptual_part_of(rank): @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1, promotion, advancement[increase of grade], graduation}}. [decrease of grade] demotion, step down; drop back; regression, retrogression. V. hold a place, occupy a place, find a place, fall into a place &c. n.. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} hold a position, occupy a position, hold a rank. {{conceptual_part_of(hold a position): @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1, graduate, advance, progress[increase grade]}}. {{similar_to(rank): classify}}. [cause to advance] promote. [decrease grade] drop, drop down a notch, drop back, drop back a level; regress, retrogress. [decrease status] lose face. [cause to decrease grade] demote; bump; take down a notch. Adj. graded, graduated. ranked. stratified. Adv. stepwise, seriatim; by degrees. <-- This perhaps should be directly under quantity?? Is number a subtype of quantity? [[number]] --> A5 NUMBER (R84 TO R105) N. {{has_conceptual_part(quantity, A3)}} number. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(value, @R79a)}} numerical value. <-- 84. Number 85. Numeration 86. List Note that the headword "number" is considered as an abstract entity, but the text we use as a number is the representtaion of that abstract entity. Note that the written representations of numbers are found at "word", and many of the words designating type of numbers are duplicated there. --> A5.1 ABSTRACT NUMBER (R84 TO R86) #84. Number. N. number[1], abstract number. {{has_representation}} {{has_subtype(written word, @R562): @R562, number[2], figure}}. {{has_part(number[2]): @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R5, numeral}}. {{has_subtype(numeral): @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R5, Arabic numeral, digit, cipher}}. {{has_subtype(Arabic numeral)}} "1"; "2"; "3", "4"; "5"; "6"; "7"; "8"; "9"; "0". {{used_in: computation, R85a, M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{used_by: @R85a, operation, mathematical operation, operator}}. real number. {{alternative_to(real number)}} imaginary number. {{part_of(imaginary number)}} complex number. counter; round number; formula. <-- we need a recursive function to define an integer --> integer. {{has_subtype}} {{numerical_value_of(">0")}} positive number. {{has_subtype(integer)}} {{has_subtype(positive number)}} positive integer, natural number. {{has_subtype(negative number)}} {{has_subtype(integer)}} negative integer. {{has_property(natural number)}} cardinality. {{has_subtype(number)}} {{numerical_value_of("<0")}} negative number. {{result_of: function, @M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{member_of}} {{has_subtype(series)}} arithmetic series; geometric series. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(computation, R85a, M3.1.2.2.1): operand; result]}. fraction, rational number; surd, irrational number; transcendental number; mixed number, complex number; complex conjugate; decimal, circulating decimal, repetend. {[in_frame(computer)]} fixed-point number; floating-point number; double precision number; quadruple precision number. common measure, aliquot part; prime number, prime; relative prime; prime factor; reciprocal; totient[obs3]. {{has_subtype(prime)}} {{property_of(duality)}} prime pair. binary number, octal number, hexadecimal number[Comp]. {{&conceptual_part_of}} variation. {{has_subtype(comparison[of=numbers], R464): division, @M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{has_result(division, @M3.1.2.2.1)}} ratio, proportion. progression, numerical progression; arithmetical progression. {{has_subtype(progression)}} {{conceptual_part_of(ratio)}} geometrical progression, harmonical progression[obs3]. {{has_subtype(ratio)}} percent, parts per hundred, percentage; permilage, parts per thousand. figurate numbers[obs3], pyramidal numbers, polygonal numbers. power, root, exponent, index, logarithm, antilogarithm; modulus, base. differential, integral, fluxion[obs3], fluent. {{&result_of: numeration, R85}}. {{measure_of: quantity, R25}}. {{used_in: measuring, R466}}. Adj. numerical, numeral[obs2]; complementary, divisible, aliquot, reciprocal, prime, relatively prime, fractional, figurate[obs3]. incommensurable. proportional, exponential, logarithmic, logometric[obs3], differential, fluxional[obs3], integral, totitive[obs3]. positive, negative; rational, irrational; surd, radical, real; complex, imaginary; finite; infinite; impossible. digital; discrete. quantitative. {{conceptual_part_of: quantity, R25}}. {{used_in: measurement, R466}}. binary; octal; hexadecimal; decimal. {{has_property(number): @R474, specific, definite}}. {{antonym_of(numerical)}} non-numerical, symbolic. {{antonym_of(quantitative)}} qualitative. {[when_modifying(computer)]} {{antonym_of(digital)}} analog. Adv. numerically, in numbers. digitally. proportionally; finitely; modulo. quantitatively. {{has_property(number): @R474, specifically, definitely}}. {{has_extreme(numerically)}} infinitely. <-- numeration and computation -- two different operations? In any case, belong with mental operations! Enumeration = counting. Make computation = R85a, and further subdivide into formal mathematics. --> A5.1.R1 NUMERATION #85. Numeration. N. numeration, enumeration, counting, recension[obs3]; numbering &c. v.. {{has_result}} tally, count, tale. {{has_subtype(measurement[ptnt=people], R466)}} muster, poll, census, capitation, roll call, recapitulation. {{used_in: list, R86}}. score. pagination, paging. <-- different kind of "poll" -- of opinion. We can use "^" here, but if parser will accept nested brackets, perhaps: --> {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(counting[of=voter preference]): election}}. {{similar_to(poll): vote, election}}. {{&similar_to: measurement, R466}}. {{&uses: computation, R85a}}. V. number, count, tally, tell, enumerate. call over, run over; take an account of, muster, poll, recite, recapitulate. paginate, page; affix numbers to. Adj. numeral, numerical. numerable. commensurable, commensurate. {{antonym_of(numerable)}} innumerable, unfathomable, infinite. {{antonym_of(measurable)}} immeasurable. {{antonym_of(commensurable)}} incommensurable, incommensurate. Adv. measurably; in numbers. A5.2 DETERMINATE NUMBER R87 TO R99 N. determinate number. <-- 87. Unity 88. Accompaniment 89. Duality 90. Duplication 91. Bisection 92. Triality 93. Triplication 94. Trisection 95. Quaternity 96. Quadruplication 97. Quadrisection 98. Five, &c. 99. Quinquesection --> A5.2.1 UNITY (R87) #87. Unity. N. {{antonym_of(plurality, R100)}} unity, oneness, individuality, singularity. <-- note that an "individual" has the properties of being a single unit of something, and having "individuality" in the sense of particularity, uniqueness. --> {{property_of}} {{property_of(individuality, @R79)}} unit, individual, one, ace. only one, none else, no other, nothing else. {{&has_property(unit)}} indivisibility. {{property_of(indivisibility)}} atom, atomic unit, indivisible unit. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: solitude, @R893}}. {{&caused_by: isolation, @R44}}. {{&caused_by: unification &c. R48}}. V. be one, be alone &c. adj.; dine with Duke Humphrey[obs3]. isolate &c. (disjoin) R44. render one. {{&caused_by: unite &c. (join) R43}}. {{&caused_by: unite &c. (combine) R48}}. Adj. one, sole, single, solitary, only, unitary. individual, apart, alone; kithless[obs3]. unaccompanied, unattended; solus[Lat], single-handed; singular, odd, unique, unrepeated[obs3], azygous, first and last. {{&caused_by(alone): isolated &c. (disjoined) R44}}. insular. lone, lonely, lonesome; isolated; desolate, dreary. {{has_property(atomic unit)}} indivisible, atomic, compact, primitive, unanalyzable, irresolvable[obs3], insecable[obs1], inseverable[obs3], indiscerptible[obs3]. monospermous[obs3]; unific[obs3], uniflorous[obs3], unifoliate[obs3], unigenital[obs3], uniliteral[obs3], unijocular[obs3], unimodal [statistics], unimodular[obs3]. one and a half, sesqui-. Adv. {{has_mode(no other)}} singly, alone, individually, by itself, per se, solo. only, apart, in the singular number, in the abstract; one by one, one at a time; simply. Phr. natura il fece [It], e poi roppe la stampa[It]; du fort au faible [obs3]; "two souls with but a single thought, two hearts that beat as one". A5.2.2 DUALITY (R89) #89. Duality. N. duality, dualism; biformity[obs3]; polarity, bipolarity. {{property_of}} {{member_of(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} two objects. duplicity; biplicity[obs3]. two; deuce, couple, duet, brace, pair, cheeks, twins; fellows; yoke, conjugation; dispermy[obs3]; doublet, doublets; dyad, span. {{has_example(twins)}} Romulus and Remus. {{has_example(star)}} Castor and Pollux, Gemini. {{has_example(person, P2.3.2.3)}} Siamese twins. {{has_example(building)}} {{location_of(New York City)}} Twin Towers. {{has_example(city)}} Twin Cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul. twinning [crystallography]. {{&caused_by: duplication, R90}}. V. [unite in pairs] pair, couple, bracket, yoke; conduplicate[obs3]; mate, span [U.S.]. duplicate. {{similar_to(duplicate): copy, R19}}. Adj. two, twin; dual, dualistic, double; binary, binomial; twin, biparous[obs3]; dyadic[Math]; conduplicate[obs3]; duplex &c. R90; biduous[obs3], binate[obs3], diphyletic[obs3], dispermic[obs3], unijugate[obs3]; tete-a-tete. bi-, di-. polar, bipolar. double, duplicate; twinned. coupled &c. v.; conjugate. {{has_subtype(all, @R78)}} both, both the one and the other. Pron. {{has_subtype(all, @R78)}} both. A5.2.2.R1 DUPLICATION (R90) #90. Duplication. N. {{has_subtype(repetition, R104)}} {{&has_result(imitation, R19)}} duplication; doubling &c. v.; gemination, ingemination[obs3]; reduplication. {{&caused_by: replication, R19}}. V. double, redouble, duplicate, reduplicate; geminate; repeat &c. R104; renew &c. R660. Adj. {{has_consequence(duplication)}} double, duplex; doubled, duplicated; twofold; disomatous[obs3]. bicipital[obs3], bidental[obs3], bilabiate, bivalve, bivalvular[obs3], bifold[obs3], biform[obs3]; bifarious[obs3], bifacial[obs3]; double-faced. two-sided, bilateral. double-headed, two-headed, bicephalous[obs3]. twin, duplicate, ingeminate[obs3]; second. Adv. {{has_subtype(again, @R104)}} once more, once again. {{has_consequence}} as much again, twofold; secondly, in the second place; for the second time; in duplicate. {{has_consequence(once more)}} twice, two times. <-- [Division into two parts.] --> A5.2.2.R2 BISECTION (R91) #91. Bisection. N. bisection, bipartition; dichotomy, subdichotomy[obs3]; halving &c. v.; dimidiation[obs3]. bifurcation, forking, branching, ramification, divarication; fork, prong; fold. half, moiety. V. bisect, halve, divide, split, cut in two, cleave, dimidiate[obs3], dichotomize, cleave in twain[arch.]. go halves, divide with, split up; split down the middle. separate, fork, bifurcate; branch off, out; ramify. Adj. bisected &c. v.; cloven, cleft; bipartite, biconjugate[obs3], bicuspid, bifid; bifurcous[obs3], bifurcate, bifurcated; distichous, dichotomous, furcular[obs3]; semi-, demi-, hemi-. polarized. equipartite. A5.2.3 TRIALITY (R92) #92. Triality. N. Triality[obs3], trinity; triunity[obs3]. three, triad, triplet, trey, trio, troika, ternion[obs3], leash; shamrock, tierce[obs3], spike-team [U.S.], trefoil; triangle, trident, triennium[obs3], trigon[obs3], trinomial, trionym[obs3], triplopia[obs3], triseme[obs3], triskele[obs3], triskelion, trisula[obs3]. {{has_subtype(number)}} third power, cube; cube root. {{conceptual_part_of: tripod, @P2.3.1.3.20; trireme, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2.2; tricycle, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2.2.1}}. Adj. three ; triform[obs3], trinal[obs3], trinomial; tertiary; ternary; triune; triarch, triadie[obs3]; triple &c. R93. Pref. tri-, tris-, ter-. Phr. tria juncta in uno[Lat]. A5.2.3.R1 TRIPLICATION (R93) #93. Triplication. N. triplication, triplicity[obs3]; trebleness[obs3], trine. V. treble, triple; triplicate, cube. Adj. triple; tern, ternary. triplicate, treble, threefold. trilogistic[obs3]; third; trinal[obs3], trine. Adv. three times, three fold; thrice, in the third place, thirdly; trebly &c. adj.. <-- [Division into three parts.] --> A5.2.3.R2 TRISECTION (R94) #94. Trisection. N. trisection, tripartition[obs3], trichotomy; third, one third, a third, third part. V. trisect, divide into three parts. Adj. trifid; trisected &c. v.; tripartite, trichotomous[obs3], trisulcate[obs3]; trimodal. triangular, tricuspid, tridentate, tridentiferous[obs3], trifoliate, trifurcate, tripolar, tripodal, trigonal[obs3], tricapsular[obs3], Triadelphous[obs3], tridental[obs3], trigrammic[obs3], trigrammatic[obs3], tripetalous[obs3], tripodic[obs3], triquetral[obs3], triquetrous[obs3]. <-- ?? relocate objects. note that square in the mathematical sense is more related to two than to four. Subdivide? --> A5.2.4 FOUR (R95) #95. Four. N. quaternity[obs3], four, tetrad, quartet, quaternion, square, quarter. [planar form with four sides] tetract[obs3], tetragon, quadrangle, rectangle. [three dimensional object with four surfaces] {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} tetrahedron. {{cardinality_of}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} set of four, group of four. {{has_subtype(set of four)}} {{&has_part(beast, @R366)}} four legs, set of four legs. {{part_of(set of four legs)}} {{has_subtype(beast, @R366)}} quadruped. {{part_of(set of four legs)}} {{has_subtype(artifact, P2.3.1.3)}} tetrapod. quadrature, quadrifoil, quadriform, quadruplet; quatrefoil. [geographical area with four sides] quadrangle, quad[coll.]. [four fundamental studies] quadrivium. V. reduce to a square, square. Adj. four; quaternary, quaternal[obs3]; quadratic; quartile; tetract[obs3], tetractic[obs3], tetractinal[obs3]; tetrad, tetragonal; square, quadrate. A5.2.4.R1 QUADRUPLICATION (R96) #96. Quadruplication. N. quadruplication. V. multiply by four, quadruplicate, biquadrate[obs3]. Adj. fourfold, four times; quadrable[obs3], quadrumanous[obs3], quadruple, quadruplicate, quadrible[obs3]; fourth. quadrifoliate[obs3], quadrifoliolate[obs3], quadrigeminal[obs3], quadrigeminate[obs3], quadriplanar[obs3], quadriserial[obs3]. Adv. four times; in the fourth place, fourthly. <-- [Division into four parts.] --> A5.2.4.R2 QUADRISECTION (R97) #97. Quadrisection. N. quadrisection, quadripartition[obs3]; quartering &c. v.; fourth; quart; quarter, quartern[obs3]; farthing[obs3], fourthing[obs3]; quadrant. [electromagnetic object] quadrupole. V. quarter, divide into four parts. Adj. quartered &c. v.; quadrifid[obs3], quadripartite. rectangular. A5.2.5 MORE THAN FOUR (R98) #98. More than Four. N. {{has_subtype(number)}} more than four. five, cinque[Fr], quint, quincux[obs3]; six, half-a-dozen, half dozen; seven; eight; nine, three times three; dicker; ten, decade; eleven; twelve, dozen; thirteen, long dozen, baker's dozen; quintuplet; twenty, score; twenty-four, four and twenty, two dozen; twenty-five, five and twenty, quarter of a hundred; forty, two score; fifty, half a hundred; sixty, three score; seventy, three score and ten; eighty, four score; ninety, fourscore and ten; sestiad[obs3]. hundred, centenary, hecatomb, century; one hundred and forty-four, gross. thousand, chiliad; myriad; ten thousand, ban[Japanese], man[Japanese]; lac, one hundred thousand, plum; million; thousand million; milliard, thousand million, billion[1]; trillion, billion[2][Brit.]; gugol; gugol plex. <-- any other defined numbers should be entered here --> {{has_subtype(weight)}} hundredweight, "cwt.". {{has_subtype(time unit)}} decade; century; millennium, thousand years, grand[coll.]; ten thousand years, banzai[Japanese]. V. centuriate[obs3]; quintuplicate. enlarge to two-fold, double, udvoit'[Russ]. enlarge to three-fold, treble, triple, utroit'[Russ]. enlarge to four-fold, quadruple. enlarge to five-fold, pentuple. enlarge to ten-fold, udecyaterit'[Russ]. Adj. five, quinary[obs3], quintuple; fifth; senary[obs3], sextuple; sixth; seventh; septuple; octuple; eighth; ninefold, ninth; tenfold, decimal, denary[obs3], decuple[obs3], tenth; eleventh; duodenary[obs3], duodenal; twelfth; in one's 'teens, thirteenth. vicesimal[obs3], vigesimal; twentieth; twenty-fourth &c. n.; vicenary[obs3], vicennial[obs3]. centuple[obs3], centuplicate[obs3], centennial, centenary, centurial[obs3]; secular, hundredth; thousandth. <-- any fractions observed in written text should be entered here --> <-- ## in the next section five and higher numbers are all included. there should be some "variable" to represent these numbers, or possibly a recursive function?? --> A5.2.5.R1 DIVISION BY MORE THAN FOUR (R99) #99. Division by more than four. N. division by more than four, division by five &c. R98; quinquesection &c.. fifth; sixth; seventh; eighth; ninth. tenth; eleventh; twelfth; thirteenth; fourteenth; fifteenth; sixteenth; seveteenth; eighteenth; nineteenth. twentieth; thirtieth; fourtieth; fiftieth; sixtieth; seventieth; eighieth; ninetieth; hundredth. thousandth; millionth; billionth; trillionth; quadrillionth. decimation, reduction by one-tenth. V. quinquesect, divide into fifths. decimate. Adj. quinquefid, quinquelateral, quinquepartite; quinqevalent, pentavalent; quinquarticular[obs3]. octifid[obs3]. decimal, tenth, tithe; deci-. duodecimal, twelfth. sexagesimal[obs3], sexagenary[obs3]. hundredth, centesimal; centi-. thousandth, millesimal[obs3]; milli-. millionth, ten to the minus sixth, micro-. billionth, ten to the minus ninth, nano-. trillionth, ten to the minus twelfth, pico-. thousand trillionth, million billionth, ten to the minus fifteenth, femto-. million trillionth, billion billionth, ten to the minus eighteenth, atto-. A5.2.6 ZERO (R101) #101. Zero. N. zero, nothing; null, nul, naught, nought, void; cipher, goose egg; none; nichts[Ger.]; nada[Span.]; nixie[slang], nix[slang]; zilch[slang], zip[slang], zippo [slang]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} nobody, no one; not a soul; ame qui vive[Fr]. {{measure_of: absence &c. R2}}. insubstantiality &c. R4. Adj. not one, not a one, not any, nary a one [dial.]; not a, never a; not a whit of, not an iota of, not a drop of, not a speck of, not a jot; not a trace of, not a hint of, not a smidgen of, not a suspicion of, not a shadow of, neither hide nor hair of. <-- ?? what's this doing here? Opposite of alone-ness! Where else? Near addition, complement--> A5.2.7 ACCOMPANIMENT (R88) #88. Accompaniment. N. {{has_subtype(combination, R49)}} accompaniment. {{property_of}} appendage, appurtenance. {{property_of: adjunct &c. R39}}. {{property_of: context, @R8}}. {{property_of}} attribute. coexistence, concomitance, company, association, companionship; partnership, co-partnership; coefficiency[obs3]. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.3, concomitant, accessory[1], companion, buddy, attendant, fellow, associate, colleague, partner, co-partner, entourage, satellite, hanger on, fellow-traveller, shadow, escort, "cortSge"}}. {{property_of: friend, R890}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81, consort, spouse, mate}}. {{conceptual_part_of: complement, @R52 (completeness)}}. V. accompany, coexist, attend; hang on, wait on; go hand in hand with; synchronize &c. R120. bear company, keep company; row in the same boat; bring in its train; associate with, couple with. appurtenant to. {{has_subtype: part, R87}}. Adj. accompanying &c. v.; concomitant, fellow, twin, joint; associated with, coupled with; accessory, attendant, obbligato. Adv. with, withal; together with, along with, in company with; hand in hand, side by side; cheek by jowl, cheek by jole[obs3]; arm in arm; therewith, herewith; and &c. (addition) R37. together, in a body, collectively. Phr. noscitur a sociis[Lat]; virtutis fortuna comes[Lat]. A5.3 INDETERMINATE NUMBER (R100 TO R105) N. indeterminate number. <-- 100. Plurality 100a. Fraction 101. Zero 102. Multitude 103. Fewness 104. Repetition 105. Infinity --> <-- [More than one.] --> A5.3.1 MULTIPLICITY (R100) #100. Multiplicity. N. {{antonym_of(unity, R87)}} multiplicity, plurality, more than one; a number, a certain number. one or two, two or three &c.; a few, several. {{has_subtype: majority, A3.2.5.1.1}}. {{property_of: multitude &c. R102}}. Adj. plural, more than one, multiple, upwards of; some, several, a few; not a few; certain; not alone &c. R87. Adv. et cetera, "&c.", "etc.". among other things, inter alia[Lat]. Phr. non deficit alter [Lat]. A5.3.1.1 MULTITUDE (R102) #102. Multitude. N. {{has_subtype(quantity, R25, A3.1.1)}} {{has_property: greatness, R31}} large quantity, multitude, great number, large number. {{has_property}} numerousness &c. adj.; numerosity, numerality; multiplicity. legion, host; round number, enormous number; a quantity, numbers, array, sight, army, sea, galaxy; scores, peck, bushel, shoal, swarm, draught, bevy, cloud, flock, herd, drove, flight, covey, hive, brood, litter, farrow, fry, nest; lots; all in the world and his wife. {[of(people): crowd &c. (assemblage) R72]}. multiple. {{caused_by(multiple): multiplication, @M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: profusion &c. (plenty) R639}}. {{has_subtype(mulitude)}} {{&causes(increase)}} greater number. {{has_subtype: majority, A3.2.5.1.1}}. V. be numerous &c. adj.; swarm with, teem with, creep with; crowd, swarm, come thick upon; outnumber, multiply; people; swarm like locusts, swarm like bees. Adj. many, numerous; profuse; several, sundry, divers, various, not a few; Briarean; a hundred, a thousand, a myriad, a million, a quadrillion, a nonillion, a thousand and one; some ten or a dozen, some forty or fifty &c.; half a dozen, half a hundred &c.; very many, full many, ever so many; numerose[obs3]; manifold, multiplied, multitudinous, multiple, multinominal, teeming, populous, peopled, crowded, thick, studded; galore. thick coming, many more, more than one can tell, a world of; no end of, no end to; cum multis aliis[Lat]; thick as hops, thick as hail; plenty as blackberries; numerous as the stars in the firmament, numerous as the sands on the seashore, numerous as the hairs on the head; and what not, and heaven knows what; endless &c. (infinite) R105. Adv. multiply, in large quantity, in profusion, in great numbers. in hordes, in bushels, by the truckload, by the carload. Phr. "their name is legion"; acervatim[Lat]; en foule[Fr]; "many-headed multitude" [Sidney]; "numerous as glittering gems of morning dew" [Young]; vel prece vel pretio[Lat][obs3]. <-- fewness, here, refers to few in number; infrequency at R137 refers to few repetitions in time. But there is a lot of overlap in usage. some of these words would require count nouns for proper agreement, but these distinctions have not yet been marked. --> A5.3.1.2 FEWNESS (R103) #103. Fewness. N. fewness &c. adj.; paucity, small number; small quantity &c. R32; rarity; handful, maniple; minority; exiguity. {{similar_to: scarcity, infrequency &c. R137}}. [Diminution of number] {{caused_by}} reduction; weeding &c. v.; elimination, culling, sarculation[obs1], decimation; eradication; loss. {{&caused_by: removal; destruction}} . [of living things] {{&caused_by: departure; death, P2.2.3.2; killing}}. V. be few &c. adj.. {{&caused_by}} [reduce the number][transitive] render few &c. adj.; reduce, diminish the number. {{has_method(render few)}} eliminate; weed out. {{has_subtype(render few)}} cull, thin, decimate. {{has_subtype(be few)}} be less than six. {{has_subtype(bbe less than six)}} may be counted on one's fingers; can be counted on the fingers of one hand. Adj. few; scant, scanty. thin, rare, scattered, thinly scattered, spotty, few and far between, exiguous; rari nantes[Latin]. {{has_high_intensity}} [count or mass nouns] hardly any, scarcely any, precious little, almost none, almost none at all. {{has_high_intensity}} precious few [for count nouns]. reduced &c. v.; unrepeated[obs3]. {{similar_to: @R137, scarce, infrequent}}. {{has_superlative: @R83, unique, singular, one-of-a-kind}}. Adv. rarely, here and there. {[of(event, R151): occasionally, infrequently, R137]}. <-- This "iteration, repetition" is the general term, and can specify as few as one repetition. Many repetitions at regular intervals are under "periodicity", R138. This is very basic, being an action considered as one of a series of actions, in many cases implying a prior action. note related concepts of multitude, frequency, periodicity, repetition, and habit are listed as separate main entries. Continuity at R69 is listed by Roget as an uninterrupted series --> A5.3.1.R1 ITERATION (R104) #104. Iteration. N. {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} {{property_of(multiplicity, A5.3.1)}} iteration, repetition, reiteration, harping, recurrence. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} prior action. {{!!follows($repetition): $prior action}}. &&{{similar_to($repetition): $prior action}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(natural number[of=repetitions], R84)}} number of repetitions. <-- this interval is abstract, not necessarily time --> {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(interval, @R44)}} interval between repetitions. <-- to qualify as "periodicity", we need at least 4 examples of an iteration to be able to measure the intervals between. --> {{part_of(iteration[num=>3])}} {{property_of(regular, @R138): periodicity, R138}}. {{member_of}} {{has_subtype(series[of=action, @A7], R69)}} series, succession, run, series of actions. {{&conceptual_part_of: continuity, R69}}. battology, tautology; rhythm &c. R138; diffuseness, pleonasm, redundancy. {{&mcauses}} monotony, tautophony. {[in_frame(music)]} chimes, repetend, echo, ritornello[obs3], burden of a song, refrain. rehearsal; rechauffe[Fr], rifacimento[It], recapitulation. cuckoo &c. (imitation) R19; reverberation &c. R408; drumming &c. (roll) R407. {{has_subtype(repetition[of=appearance[2], @R448])}} reappearance. reproduction. {{has_subtype(repetition[of=operation, @R85a])}} recursion [Computer]. revival, renewal. twice-told tale; old story, old song; second edition, new edition. {{&has_property: periodicity, R138}}. {{has_subtype: restoration, R660}}. V. repeat, iterate, reiterate, reproduce, echo, reecho, drum, harp upon, battologize[obs3], hammer, redouble. recur, revert, return, reappear, recurse [Comp]; renew &c. (restore) R660. rehearse; do over again, say over again; ring the changes on; harp on the same string; din in the ear, drum in the ear; conjugate in all its moods tenses and inflexions[obs3], begin again, go over the same ground, go the same round, never hear the last of; resume, return to, recapitulate, reword. Adj. repeated &c. v.; repetitional[obs3], repetitionary[obs3]; recurrent, recurring; ever recurring, thick coming; frequent, incessant; redundant, pleonastic. {{has_high_quantity(repeated): recurrent, @R138}}. monotonous, harping, iterative, recursive [Math, Comp], unvaried; mocking, chiming; retold; aforesaid, aforenamed[obs3]; above-mentioned, above-said; habitual &c. R613; another. Adv. repeatedly, often, again, anew, over again, afresh, once more; ding-dong, ditto, encore, de novo, bis[obs3], da capo[It]. again and again; over and over, over and over again; recursively [Comp]; many times over. time and again, time after time; year after year; day by day; month after month; week after week; many times, several times, a number of times; many a time, full many a time; frequently &c. R136. Phr. ecce iterum Crispinus[Lat]; toujours perdrix[Fr]; "cut and come again" [Crabbe]; "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" [Macbeth]; cantilenam eandem canis [Lat][Terence]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum sit prius [Lat][Terence]. <-- [Less than one.] --> A5.3.2 FRACTION (R100A) #100a. Fraction. N. {{has_subtype(part, R51)}} fraction, fractional part. fractionation[Chem.]. {{has_subtype(number): ratio}}. {{result_of: division, P2.6.1.2.4.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(division, P2.6.1.2.4.4.1): quinquesection &c. R99}}. V. {{result_of(fraction)}} divide into fractions. fractionate[Chem.]. Adj. fractional, fragmentary. {{similar_to: incomplete, R53}}. inconsiderable, negligible, insignificant, undetectable. infinitesimal. {{has_subtype(infinitesimal): microscopic}}. A5.3.3 INFINITY (R105) #105. Infinity. N. infinity, infinitude, infiniteness; boundlessness, limitlessness; innumerability. immeasurability, incalculability; inexhaustibility, unfathomable, unapproachable; exhaustless, indefinite. interminability. unmeasurability. perpetuity &c. R112. {{has_subtype}} countable infinity; uncountable infinity. {{has_symbol(countable infinity)}} {[in_frame(mathematics)]} aleph null. V. be infinite &c. adj.; know no limits, have no limits, know no bounds, have no bounds; go on for ever. Adj. infinite; limitless, endless, boundless, termless[obs3]; numberless, countless, sumless[obs3], measureless. immense; innumerable, immeasurable, incalculable, illimitable, inexhaustible, interminable, unfathomable, unapproachable; exhaustless, indefinite; without number, without measure, without limit, without end; incomprehensible; untold, unnumbered, unmeasured, unbounded, unlimited; illimited[obs3]; perpetual &c. R112. Adv. infinitely &c. adj.; ad infinitum. Phr. "as boundless as the sea" [Romeo and Juliet]. <-- R106 to R139 Time moved to P1.1 --> <-- [[CHANGE]] --> A6 CHANGE (R140 TO R152) N. change. {{has_subtype}} simple change, A6.1. <-- 140. Change 141. Permanence 142. Cessation 143. Continuance 144. Conversion 145. Reversion 146. Revolution 147. Substitution 148. Interchange --> <-- the concepts in A6.1 do not necessarily imply a time difference, although they are often used in that context: a transformation, for example, could be a mathematical operation and the original and transformed objects may coexist. The differences implied by these words are in general differences after some transforming operation, which could but does not necessarily require time in the physical universe. The next section, changeability, does more intimately imply a time factor. Change is not itself a process, but is caused by a process --> <-- The headword is not a process, but is not an event either. It is more abstract than either. The process is called "changing". [Roget definition: "Difference at different times". But we do not consider time to be a necessary part of this abstract concept, although in the physical world all changes take time. Nevertheless we use the "precedes" and "follows" relations.] --> A6.1 SIMPLE CHANGE (R140) #140. Change. N. change, simple change, alteration, mutation, variation. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} state before change; state after change. {{follows: state before change}}. {{precedes: state after change}}. <-- the definition of change is the difference before and after --> {{{has_difference(state after change + state before change): change}}}. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} changing, change[2], alteration[2]. {{!causes(changing): difference, R15; dissimilarity, R18}}. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(agent)}} modification, modulation. inflexion, mood; qualification; innovation; deviation, turn; evolution; diversion; break. deoxidization[Chem]; transubstantiation; transanimation[obs3], transmigration, metempsychosis[obs1]. {{has_subtype: @R144, transformation, transfiguration, transmutation}}. {{has_subtype: @R148, interchange, permutation, rearrangement}}. {{has_subtype: revolution}}. {{&has_process(life)}} metamorphosis. {{&has_process(cell)}} metastasis; mutagenesis[Genet]; differentiation; transformation. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(remedy, R662)}} alterative. {{has_subtype: conversion &c. (gradual change) R144}}. {{has_subtype: Reversion, R145}}. {{has_subtype: revolution &c. (sudden or radical change) R146}}. {{has_subtype: Substitution, R147}}. {{has_subtype: Interchange, R148}}. {{has_subtype: displacement &c. R185}}. {{has_subtype: inversion &c. (reversal) R218}}. {{has_subtype: transference &c. R270}}. changeableness &c. R149; tergiversation &c. (change of mind) 607. {{has_high_level}} sea change. {{&forms: variant, @R21}}. V. [t+i] change, vary, alter, modulate, mutate. qualify, tamper with; turn, shift, veer, tack, chop, shuffle, swerve, warp, deviate, turn aside, evert, intervert[obs3]; wax and wane; pass to, take a turn, turn the corner, resume. work a change, modify, vamp, superinduce; transform, transfigure, transmute, transmogrify, transume[obs3]. metamorphose, ring the changes. innovate, introduce new blood, shuffle the cards; give a turn to, give a color to; influence, turn the scale; shift the scene, turn over a new leaf. {{has_subtype: recast &c. R146; reverse &c. R218; disturb &c. R61; convert into &c. R144}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(increase[obj=complexity])}} diversify. Adj. changed, altered, varied, modified; transformed, transmuted, transmogrified, transfigured; metamorphosed; mutated. newfangled; transitional; modifiable; alterative. {{has_requirement: changeable, R149}}. Adv. mutatis mutandis[Lat]. Int. "quantum mutatus!"[Lat]. Phr. "a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; nous avons change tout cela [Fr][Moliere]; tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis[Lat]; non sum qualis eram [Lat][Horace]; casaque tourner[Fr]; corpora lente augescent cito extinguuntur [Lat][Tacitus]; in statu quo ante bellum[Lat]; "still ending and beginning still" [Cowper]; vox audita perit littera scripta manet[Lat]. <-- Changes in Quantity [[increase]] --> A6.1.1 INCREASE (R35) #35. Increase. N. {{has_subtype(change, R140, A6.1)}} {{antonym_of(decrease, R36)}} {{has_result(addition, R37)}} increase, increment, gain, augmentation. enlargement, extension. {[of(intensity, A3.1.2)]} {{&caused_by}} amplification. accretion. development, growth; aggrandizement, aggravation; rise; exaggeration; exacerbation. <-- this "acceleration" is not a rate of change, but a change in rate --> {{has_subtype(increase[of=rate, @P2.4.1])}} acceleration. {{has_metaphor: flood tide, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4}}. {[of(distribution)]} {{has_subtype: @R73, spread, dispersion}}. {[of(altitude)]} {{caused_by: ascent, R305}}. produce, product, profit. {{has_subtype: expansion, R194}}. {{has_antonym}} {{has_subtype(stasis, P2.4.2.3.4.R1)}} nonincrease. V. [t+i] increase, become larger. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] augment, add to, enlarge, make larger, render larger. [intransitive] grow, wax. {{has_subtype(grow[in=size]): dilate &c. (expand) R194}}. gain strength; advance, get ahead; run up, shoot up; rise; sprout &c. R194. {{has_method(increase)}} {{has_subtype(add, @R37)}} accrete. {{has_subtype(increase[obj=altitude, @R206]): ascend &c. R305}}. {{has_subtype(increase[obj=rate, @P2.4])}} accelerate. {{&caused_by(increase)}} amplify. aggrandize; raise, exalt; deepen, heighten; strengthen; intensify, enhance, magnify, redouble; aggravate, exaggerate; exasperate, exacerbate; add fuel to the flame, oleum addere camino[Lat], superadd[obs3] &c. (add) R37; spread &c. (disperse) R73. Adj. increased &c. v.; on the increase, undiminished; additional &c. (added) R37. Adv. increasingly, crescendo. Phr. vires acquirit eundo [Lat][Vergil]. A6.1.2 DECREASE (R36) #36. Decrease. N. {{has_subtype(change, R140, A6.1)}} {{antonym_of(increase, R35)}} decrease[1], diminution, reduction. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} decreasing, lessening, reducing; abatement, declension; coarctation[obs1]. {{has_subtype(decreasing): shrinking &c. (contraction) R195}}. {{&result_of: subtraction &c. R38}}. {[of(length): shortening, R201]}. subsidence, wane, ebb, decline; ebbing, receding, recession; decrement, reflux, depreciation; anticlimax. {[of(height): descent &c. R306]}. {{has_subtype(decreasing[subj=quality, @R812a/utility, R644]): deterioration &c. R659}}. {{&caused_by: mitigation &c. (moderation) R174}}. V. {{result_of(decrease[1])}} [intransitive] decrease[2], diminish, lessen, fall, become smaller. drop off, fall off, tail off, taper off, peter out, dwindle, dwindle away; fall away; wane, ebb, recede, decline; subside; melt away, die away; retire into the shade, hide its diminished head, fall to a low ebb, run low, languish; shrink &c. (contract) R195. decay, waste, wear. crumble. {[of(height): descend &c. R306]}. {{caused_by}} [transitive] decrease[3], render smaller, bate, abate, dequantitate[obs1]; discount; depreciate; extenuate, lower, weaken, attenuate, cut back, cut down; mitigate &c. (moderate) R174; dwarf, throw into the shade. {{has_subtype(decrease[3]): reduce &c. R195; shorten &c. R201}}. {{&caused_by: subtract &c. R38}}. fritter away. Adj. decreased, diminished, lessened &c. v.. decreasing &c. v.; on the wane &c. n.. unincreased, undeveloped. Adv. decreasingly. Phr. " a gilded halo hovering round decay " [Byron]; " fine by degrees and beautifully less " [Prior]. <-- [Change from action to rest.] --> A6.1.3 CESSATION (R142) #142. Cessation. N. {{has_subtype(end, R67)}} cessation, discontinuance; stop; stopping &c. v.; closure, stoppage, halt; arrest. {[of(presence): departure]}. {{has_subtype(cessation[of=action, @A7]): desistance, M7.3.4.3.R1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} remission; suspense, suspension; interruption. postponement, delay, stay. {{has_temporal_location(postponement): before the start}}. {{causes(suspension)}} {{has_subtype(interval, @R108)}} {{property_of(transience, R111)}} pause, rest, lull. {{has_subtype(pause[of=action, @A7]): @M7.3.4.3.R1, respite, intermission, truce, drop, vacation, holiday, interregnum, abeyance, recess, break, coffee break, time out, timeout, down time, off time, time off, episode}}. dead stop, dead stand, dead lock; finis, cerrado[Sp]; blowout; burnout; meltdown; disintegration. {[in_frame(writing, R590)]} comma, colon, semicolon, period, full stop. {[of(life): death &c. R360, P2.2.3.2]}. V. [intransitive] cease, discontinue, halt, stop[1]. pause. stick, hang fire; burn out; blow out; melt down. {[with_object(work)]} knock off. time out. go out, die away; wear away, wear off; pass away &c. (be past) R122; be at an end. come to a stand, come to a standstill. {[of(computer)]} lock up, freeze, crash; come down. disintegrate, self-destruct. {[with_object(existence): die out, die, cease existence]}. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] stop[2], put an end to, put a stop to, put a period to; derail; turn off, switch off, power down, deactivate, disconnect, kill; bring to a stand, bring to a standstill; cut short, arrest, stem the tide, stem the torrent; pull the check-string, pull the plug on. {{has_subtype(stop[2])}} {[with_object(action, @R680): desist, stay; quit, break off, leave off; hold, stop, pull up, stop short; rest]}. {[with_object(equipment)]}{{has_subtype: disengage, @R44}}. [transitive] {[of(fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1)]} put out, extinguish. {{has_subtype(put out)}} blow out; stamp out; douse; smother. intromit, interrupt, suspend, interpel[obs3]; intermit, remit. {{has_subtype}} postpone, stay, delay. {{&caused_by(cease existence): destroy, R162}}. {{caused_by(departure): @R297, eject, remove, eliminate}}. {{caused_by(cease existence[ptnt=record, R551]): erase, obliterate, expunge, @R552}}. Adj. {{requires(interruption)}} interruptable, discontinuable, stoppable, suspendable. {{has_consequence(interrupt)}} interrupted, suspended, paused. discontinued. postponed, stayed, delayed. {{!has_consequence(postponed)}} in abeyance, abeyant. Adv. in abeyance, in suspension. Int. "hold!", "stop!", "hold it!"; "enough!"; "avast!"; "have done!"; "a truce to!"; "soft!"; "leave off!"; "tenez!"[Fr]. Phr. "I pause for a reply" [Julius Caesar]; "take five". <-- [[convert]] --> A6.1.4 CONVERSION (R144) #144. Conversion. N. {{has_subtype(change, R140)}} conversion, transformation. {{has_case: @R7, initial state, final state}}. {{has_patient: @R3a, object, entity}}. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} converting, transforming. {{has_subtype}} processing. transition. reduction, transmutation, resolution; assimilation. evolution, sea change; change of state; assumption, assuming; transportation. progress, growth, lapse, flux. <-- passage; transit, (why??) ; transmigration, shifting &c. v..--> {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(state, A7): phase, @A7.7}}. conjugation. {{has_obj_requirement}} convertibility. development [biol.], developing [photography]. {[of(citizenship[of=person])]} naturalization, change of citizenship. {[of(chemical substance, P2.3.1.3.4)]} {{studied_in: chemistry, P2.6.2; alchemy}}. {[in_frame(chemistry)]} {{uses}} crucible, alembic, caldron, retort. {[in_frame(chemistry)]} {{has_subtype}} derivatization [Chem.]. {{has_product(derivatization)}} derivative [Chem.]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_result(convert[obj=belief, R484])}} {{trait_of(converted)}} convert, pervert, renegade, apostate. {{&result_of: radioactivity}}. {{has_result(radioactivity): conversion, transmutation}}. V. become, turn into, be converted into, evolve into, develop into, turn to. come to, turn out, lapse, shift; run into, fall into, pass into, slide into, glide into, grow into, ripen into, open into, resolve itself into, settle into, merge into, emerge as; melt, grow, come round to, mature, mellow. be processed into. <-- "get" is "become" with an adjective as the object. Does anyone use "wax" in this sense except in the phrase "wax wroth"? --> {{has_subtype(become)}} get, wax. {{caused_by}} convert, transform, process; convert into, process into, resolve into, make, render; remodel, new model, refound[obs3], reform, reorganize; assimilate to, reduce to. {{has_subtype(convert): @R240, mold, form}}. assume the form of, assume the shape of, assume the state of, assume the nature of, assume the character of; illapse[obs1]. begin a new phase, start a new phase, assume a new phase, undergo a change. {{affected_by(belief, R484)}} bring to, persuade, move. Adj. converted, converted into &c. v.. {{has_obj_requirement}} convertible, resolvable into. transitional; naturalized. derivatized[Chem.]. Adv. gradually &c. (slowly) R275; in transitu[Lat] &c. (transference) R270. <-- Reversion = return to a former condition. Notice that a reversion can be either a deterioration or a restoration. This depends on what is considered the starting point, i.e. the perspective [[revert]] --> A6.1.5 REVERSION (R145) #145. Reversion. N. reversion, return. restoration, restoring. revulsion. {{has_beginning}} turning point. {{has_metaphor(turning point)}} turn of the tide, high water mark. {{has_subtype(turning point)}} {[in_frame(ballistics)]} {{property_of(high, @R206a)}} apogee. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} {{property_of(original, R20)}} original state, status quo ante[Lat]; status quo ante bellum. calm before a storm. {{has_subtype(restoration): restoration &c. R660}}. {{&caused_by}} atavism. {{&caused_by: @R283, retreat, regression, retrogression}}. {{&caused_by: relapse, recidivism &c. R661}}. {{conceptual_part_of: alternation &c. (periodicity) R138}}. {{has_subtype: inversion &c. R218}}. {{has_subtype: recoil &c. R277}}. {{has_requirement}} reversibility, restorability, revertability. {{has_subtype(restorability): elasticity, R325}}. {{has_subtype(reversion): deterioration &c. R659}}. <-- ; vicinism[obs3]??. --> V. revert, turn back, regress; relapse &c. R661; recoil &c. R277; retreat &c. R283; restore &c. R660; undo, unmake; turn the tide, roll back the tide, turn the scale, tip the scale. Adj. returning, reverting &c. v.. regressive, revulsive, reactionary; retrorse[obs3]. {{requires(reversion)}} reversible. Adv. reversibly. a rebours[Fr]. <-- [Sudden or violent change.] --> A6.1.6 REVOLUTION (R146) #146. Revolution. N. {{has_subtype(change, A6)}} {{property_of(sudden, @R113)}} revolution, sudden change. {{has_metaphor}} clean sweep. {{has_conceptual_part: destruction &c. R162}}. radical change, sweeping change, organic change; quantum leap, quantum jump. jump, leap, plunge; jerk, start, transilience[obs1]. bouleversement, break up. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(change of state, @R144)}} {{has_subtype(change[of=state, A7]): @P2.6.1, change of state, phase change}}. <-- are these also used abstractly? --> {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(violent, @R173)}} storm, earthquake, cataclysm; explosion; spasm, convulsion, throe, revulsion. {{conceptual_part_of: legerdemain &c. (trick) R545}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.40, revolutionary, radical}}. V. revolutionize, change suddenly. remodel, new model, recast; strike out something new, break with the past. change the face of, unsex. jump, leap. Adj. revolutionary. {{has_consequence}} unrecognizable. <-- this entry is an astract "transfer" which can be, for example, a tranfer of property rights or of information (ATRANS in Schank's primitive classification) as well as physical transfer (PTRANS=transportation, moving). Note that a physical transfer is a change of location, and this "location" is the physical concept of location in space. For an abstract "transfer," a property can be considered as moving between people. So for such concepts the "location" will be the person, and this seems adequate. Although no "time" is explicitly required, the states before and after transfer are ordered by the "follows" relation. This is essentially just a change of state, so the enabling actions of "giving" (or "sending") and "receiving" will be considered as subtypes of this type of change. [[transfer]] --> A6.1.7 TRANSFER N. transfer. {{&affects: location[of=object, @R3a], R183; abstract location[of=object, @R3a]}}. <-- abstract possesion is the state of owning, posessing, knowing, having a right or duty --> {{&affects}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} {{possesses(legal person)}} abstract possession. {{has_subtype}} abstract transfer; physical transfer. {{has_case(physical transfer)}} {{has_subtype(location, R183)}} location before transfer. {{has_case(physical transfer)}} {{has_subtype(location, R183)}} location after transfer. {{follows(location after transfer)}} location before transfer. {{not_identical_to(location after transfer)}} location before transfer. {{has_subtype(physical transfer[ptnt=physical object]): motion, R264}}. {{has_subtype(abstract transfer[ptnt=information]): communication, R527}}. {{has_subtype(abstract transfer[ptnt=right, R924]): permission, R760; delegation, R755}}. {{has_case(abstract transfer)}} abstract location. {{has_subtype(abstract location): person, P2.3.2.3; document, R590a}}. {{has_subtype(abstract location)}} {{has_subtype(legal person)}} possessor before transfer. {{possesses(possessor before transfer)}} {{has_subtype(abstract possession)}} possession before transfer. {{has_subtype(abstract location)}} {{has_subtype(legal person)}} possessor after transfer. {{possesses(possessor before transfer)}} {{has_subtype(abstract possession)}} possession after transfer. {{follows(possession after transfer): possession before transfer}}. {{has_subtype(abstract possession): right, R924; duty, R926; information, R527b; ownership, R780a}}. <-- After an abstract transfer the transferrer may still have the thing transferred (e.g. information, a disease. In the case of ownership, the transferrer no longer has it. --> V. {{caused_by(abstract transfer)}} give. impart. {{has_subtype(give[obj=information, R527b]): tell, @R527}}. <-- [Change of one thing for another. The headword represents the process] --> A6.1.7.1 SUBSTITUTION (R147) #147. Substitution. N. substitution, substituting, replacing, supplanting. <-- [Thing substituted] --> {{uses}} {{property_of(roleness, @R9)}} substitute, replacement, alternative, quid pro quo. {{has_subtype(substitute)}} makeshift, temporary expedient, stopgap, jury-rigging, shift, pis aller[Fr], succedaneum, jury mast, locum tenens[Lat], warming pan[obs2]. {{has_subtype(substitute): ersatz, @R19}}. <-- [of words or linguistic expressions] --> {[in_frame(speech): @R521, metaphor, metonymy]}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9)}} thing replaced. {{has_subtype(substitute)}} dummy; double; changeling. {{has_subtype(substitute): scapegoat, @R952}}. {{has_subtype: palimpsest}}. {{has_subtype(substitution, R147): recruiting, @R707}}. {{has_subtype(substitute)}} {[in_frame(politics, R737b): stalking horse, @R737b]}. {{has_subtype(substitute): representative &c. (deputy) R759}}. V. substitute, replace[1], put in the place of, change for; make way for, give place to. {{causes}} [intransitive] replace[2], supply the place of, take the place of, supplant, supersede, cut out, serve as a substitute; step into the shoes of, stand in the shoes of. jury-rig, make a shift with, put up with; borrow from Peter to pay Paul, take money out of one pocket and put it in another, cannibalize; commute, redeem, compound for. Adj. substituted &c. v.; phony; vicarious, subdititious[obs3]. makeshift, substitute, ersatz; jury-rigged. Adv. instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr]. <-- [Double or mutual substitution.] --> A6.1.7.1.1 INTERCHANGE (R148) #148. Interchange. N. {{conceptual_part_of(substitution[num=2])}} interchange, exchange, swapping, swap, switch. {{has_conceptual_part: reciprocity, R12a}}. {{has_patient_x}} replaced item; replacement item. commutation, intermutation; reciprocation, transposition, switching. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{changed_by(order, R58)}} rearrangement, reorganization. {{has_subtype(rearrangement)}} {{property_of(random, @R156)}} {{has_subtype(randomization, @R61)}} shuffling, mixing up. alternation, reciprocity. {{has_subtype(rearrangement)}} {{changed_by(sequence[1], @A4.2)}} permutation. {[of(currency)]} conversion of currency, exchange of currency; exchange rate; bureau de change. castling [at chess]; hocus-pocus. interchangeableness[obs3], interchangeability. recombination. cross fire, battledore and shuttlecock; quid pro quo. {{has_part}} {[in_frame(violence, M7.3.5.1.2.5): tit for tat &c. (retaliation) R718]}. {{has_part}} {[in_frame(communication): answer]}. {{has_conceptual_part: replacement[num=2], R147}}. {{has_subtype(interchange[ptnt=article of commerce]): @R794, barter, trade}}. {{has_subtype: purchase, R795; sale, R796}}. <-- ; combination, R48 --> V. interchange, exchange, counterchange[obs3]; bandy, transpose, shuffle, change hands, swap, switch, permute, commute; give and take, return the compliment; play at puss in the corner, play at battledore and shuttlecock. {{has_part}} {[in_frame(violence, M7.3.5.1.2.5): retaliate &c. R718]}. [of gifts, favors] reciprocate. {[with_object(love)]} requite. rearrange, recombine. Adj. interchanged, exchanged, transposed, permuted &c. v.; reciprocal, mutual, commutative, interchangeable, exchangeable, intercurrent[obs3]. [in commerce] returnable. combinatorial[Math, Statistics]. recombinant[Biology, Genetics]. substituted &c. v.; vicarious, subdititious[obs3]. Adv. interchangably; reciprocally; instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr]. in exchange, vice versa, mutatis mutandis[Lat], backwards and forwards, by turns, turn and turn about; each in his turn, everyone in his turn. Prep. {{has_marker(replaced item)}} for. {{has_marker(replacement item)}} of. A6.2 COMPLEX CHANGE R149 TO R152 N. complex change. multiple change. <-- [[cycle]] --> A6.2.1 CYCLIC CHANGE N. cyclic change, cycle. {{has_part_x}} forward change; reverse change, restoration. {{has_beginning}} {{has_ending}} starting point. {{has_beginning(forward change)}} starting point. {{has_ending(forward change)}} maximum change. {{has_beginning(restoration)}} maximum change. {{has_ending(restoration)}} starting point. {{precedes(forward change): reverse change}}. {{has_subtype: round trip}}. V. cycle. Adj. cyclic, cyclical. <-- [[persist]] [Absence of change.] --> A6.R1 PERSISTENCE (R141) #141. Persistence. N. {{conceptual_part_of(time interval, R108)}} {{has_large_quantity(continuation, R143)}} {{antonym_of(change, A6)}} persistence, endurance. {{has_extreme}} permanence. durability; standing, status quo; maintenance, preservation, conservation; standing dish. {{has_conceptual_part: longevity, R110}}. {{has_subtype(persistence[of=matter]): stability, R150}}. {{&caused_by: conservation, @R670}}. {{antonym_of: transience, R111; changeability, R149}}. {{conceptual_part_of: stability &c. R150; quiescence &c. R265; obstinacy &c. R606}}. {{has_metaphor}} law of the Medes and Persians. V. {{has_large_quantity(continue, R143)}} persist, last, go on. {{has_large_quantity(persist): endure, stand, stay, remain, abide, brave a thousand years}}. [of people] tarry, rest; bide, abide, aby[obs3]. [of people] dwell, maintain, keep; subsist, live, outlive; survive, hold out. [of people] stand, stand still, stand fast; hold one's ground, keep one's ground, hold one's footing, keep one's footing; hold, hold on; hold good. let alone, let be, let it be, stet [copy editing]. Adj. persisting, enduring &c. v.; established; renewed; intact, inviolate; persistent; monotonous, uncheckered[obs3]; unfailing. {{has_extreme(persistent)}} permanent. {{antonym_of(changed, @R140)}} unchanged, unaltered, unmodified. stable, durable &c. R150. undestroyed, unrepealed, unsuppressed[obs3]; conservative, qualis ab incepto[Lat]; prescriptive &c. (old) R124; stationary &c. R265. Adv. in statu quo[Lat]; for good, finally; at a stand, at a standstill; uti possidetis[Lat]; without a shadow of turning. Phr. esto perpetua[Lat]; nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat][obs3]; j'y suis et j'y ereste[Fr]. <-- [in action] --> A6.R2 CONTINUANCE (R132) #143. Continuance. N. {{antonym_of(change, R140)}} continuance, continuity, continuation; run; perpetuation, prolongation; constancy. sustentation, sustention. {{property_of}} continuum. {{has_extreme: permanence, @R141}}. {[in_frame(music)]} continuo [mus.]. {{has_subtype: persistence &c. (perseverance) R604a}}. {{has_subtype: repetition &c. R104}}. V. continue, persist; go on, jog on, keep on, run on, hold on; abide, keep, pursue, stick to its course, take its course, maintain its course; carry on, keep up. sustain, uphold, hold up, keep on foot; follow up, perpetuate; maintain. {{conceptual_part_of: preserve &c. R604a}}. {{has_subtype: repeat, R104}}. keep going, keep alive, keep the pot boiling, keep up the ball, keep up the good work; die in harness, die with one's boots on; hold on the even tenor of one's way, pursue the even tenor of one's way. let be; stare super antiquas vias[Lat][obs3]; quieta non movere[Lat]; let things take their course. {[of(law)]} stare decisis [Lat: let the decision stand][Jurisprudence]. Adj. continuous; continued, continuing &c. v.; uninterrupted, unintermitting[obs3], unvarying, unshifting[obs3], without letup; unreversed[obs3], unstopped, unrevoked, unvaried; sustained; undying &c. (perpetual) R112; inconvertible. unceasing, everlasting, unending, incessant. Int. "keep it up!", "go to it!", "right away!", "right on!", "attaboy!". Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat]; vestigia nulla retrorsum [Lat][Horace]; labitur et albetur [Lat][Horace]. <-- NOte R149. Changeableness and R150. Stability moved to P2.2.1, properties of matter generally. Note: Present and future events, R151. Eventuality and R152. Destiny are moved to P2.4.1 Event (@P2.4 simple actions of physobjs) -- note that time and events generally have been shifted to the physical universe, and the concepts here (R149 and R150) of changeability and stability also often imply changes with respect to time. (doubtless the primitive concept of change formed from observations of change over time). IN distinction with the abstract concept of change, these specific references to change over time are therefore placed in the physical universe, as properties of matter, generally? As mentioned above, change may not necessarily imply an associated time element, but in the case of stability time is closely related. See [matprop] at P2.2.1 --> <-- R151, Event, and R152, Destiny moved to physical universe (simple actions of PO's) P2.4.1 --> <-- The concept of causation is closely tied to physical events, and it is tempting to put it in the physical universe, since most of the things we talk about with repect to cause are physical events. However, there are causes within the mental universe, also. Here we try to include the most abstract causal concepts. Not that action is listed as intimately associated within cause concept, as a "whole" of which cause is a part. This action is more abstract than the W10 sense 2, "bringing about a change by force or through a natural agency". That action is at R170, "agency". In Roget, all actions were very closely tied to physical concepts. Here we put an abstract concept of action which is very small in itself, and so does not have its own entry. The action here merely has a component of cause and a result "change". It may be as abstract as a mathematical operation. The physical actions, which include time, are a subtype of this abstract action, and are contained under action, P2.4, in the physical universe. Whether this "action" is really worth distinguishing from the "action" at R170 is debatable. This "action" is a supertype of action at P2.4 which is a supertype of event, R151. This abstract action is not classed as the only type of "cause" (i.e. a cause is not a subtype of or synonymous with action) because in language, sometimes states or properties are referred to as causes. These might be more accurately considered as preconditions, and this question is best left as a subject for discussion among the different groups building ontologies. Most of the "actions" referred to in language are actions of agents, which is found at R170 (agency) and for living agents (mostly people) at R680, "action" at M7.3.4 --> A7 CAUSATION R153 TO R179 N. causation. {{conceptual_part_of}} action. {{has_result(action): change, A6}}. {{has_subtype(action): action, P2.4}}. {{has_subtype(action): mathematical transformation}}. {{!has_subtype: action, R170; action, R680}}. <-- (Except for to biology R163 reproduction, R166 paternity R167 posterity and to volition R170 agency --> <-- Constant Antecedent Constant Sequent 153. Cause. 154. Effect [[cause]] --> <-- here cause means prime cause, and also has the concept of "source" and "origin" mixed in. Combinations of causes are treated in R178 Concurrence and R179, Counteraction, and influence R175. We define this cause with the logical if-then relation, meaning that if the cause occurs, the effect necessarily occurs. Perhaps this should be a subtype of cause, since most causes have some contingency in the real worlsd --> <-- [Constant antecedent] --> A7.1 CAUSE (R153) #153. Cause. N. cause, origin, source, principle, element, reason; occasioner, prime mover, primum mobile[Lat]; vera causa[Lat]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} if-then relation. {{has_case(if-then relation)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): $cause}}. &&{{has_case(if-then relation)}} {{has_subtype(target, @R9): $effect, A7.1.R1}}. &&{{causes($cause): $effect, A7.1.R1}}. {{has_lexpression(if-then relation): conditional assertion, @R476}}. etiology, aetiology[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(cause): attribution, R155}}. <-- a trigger is the final impetus to something ready to happen --> {{has_subtype}} impetus. {{has_subtype(impetus)}} trigger, spark; leaven. mainspring; groundwork, foundation &c. (support) R215. {{has_subtype: agent, P2.3.2.3.6.5}}. {{has_subtype: producer, R164}}. {[in_frame(Law)]} proximate cause; contributory cause, contributory negligence. spring, fountain, well, font, wellspring; fountainhead, spring head, wellhead; fons et origo[Lat], genesis. {{has_subtype: R166, P2.6.4.1.1.2.1.R1, PArentage, paternity, ancestry}}. remote cause. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(partial)}} influence, partial cause. pivot, hinge, turning point, lever, crux, fulcrum; key; causa causans[Lat]; straw that breaks the camel's back. {{has_subtype(cause)}} {{conceptual_part_of(goal, R620)}} teleological cause. {{has_subtype(teleological cause)}} {{mcaused_by(action, R680)}} mental cause. {{has_subtype(teleological cause): biological evolution, P2.6.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(mental cause): @R615, motive, ground, reason, rationale, reason why, why and wherefore, occasion}}. {{has_subtype(reason): final cause &c. (intention) R620}}. les dessous des cartes [Fr]. radix, radical, rudiment. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(beginning, R66): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, egg, germ, embryo, bud, seed, semen, sperm}}. root, etymon, nucleus, trunk, tap-root. nest, cradle, nursery, womb, nidus, birthplace, hotbed. {{conceptual_part_of}} causality, causation. {{conceptual_part_of}} origination. {{conceptual_part_of: production &c. R161}}. V. cause, occasion. sow the seeds of, kindle, suscitate[obs3]; be the cause of, be the source of, be the origin of; originate; give origin to, give rise to, give occasion to; bring on, bring to bring pass, bring about; produce, yield; set up, set afloat, set on foot; found, broach, institute, lay the foundation of; lie at the root of. {{has_subtype(cause[obj=existence]): create &c. R161}}. induce, evoke, entail, elicit, provoke; draw down, procure, open the door to, superinduce, operate. conduce to &c. (tend to) R176; contribute; contribute to, have a hand in, participate in, have a hand in the pie, have a finger in the pie; determine, decide, turn the scale; have a common origin; derive its origin &c. (effect) R154. Adj. caused &c. v.; causal, original; primary, primitive, primordial; aboriginal; protogenal[obs3]; radical; embryonic, embryotic[obs3]; in embryo, in ovo[Lat]; seminal, germinal; at the bottom of; connate, having a common origin. {{has_property(mental cause): teleological, @R620}}. Adv. causally. behind the scenes. Prep. {{has_marker(cause)}} if. {{has_marker(effect)}} then. Conj. {{has_marker(cause): because &c. R155}}. Phr. causa latet vis est notissima [Lat][Ovid]; felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas [Lat][Vergil], happy is he who knows the causes of things. <-- [[chance]] Second entry for chance. --> <-- [Absence of assignable cause.] --> A7.1.1 CHANCE (R156) #156. Chance. N. {{antonym_of(necessity, R601)}} chance, indetermination, unknown cause, indeterminacy, indeterminateness. {{property_of}} luck, random luck; accident, fortuitousness; contingence, contingency. {{causes: @R61, disorganization}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(event, P2.4.1)}} happenstance, happenchance, fortune, fortuity, hazard, hap, haphazard, chance medley, raccroc[obs3], casualty, adventure, hit. {{has_manifestation: possibility, R470; probability, R472; improbability; R473, @M5.3, Degrees of Evidence}}. equal chance. {{conceptual_part_of: @R621, lottery}}. {{has_metaphor}} toss up &c. R621; turn of the table, turn of the cards; hazard of the die, chapter of accidents, fickle finger of fate; toss of the dice, cast of the dice, throw of the dice; heads or tails, flip of a coin, wheel of Fortune; sortes[obs3], sortes Virgilianae[obs3]; tombola[obs3]. odds; long odds, run of luck; accidentalness. {{has_high_level(probability, M5.3.3/likelihood)}} high probability, main chance, odds on, good odds, good chance, favorable odds. {{conceptual_part_of: contingency, dependence (uncertainty) R475}}. {{affected_by: situation (circumstance) R8; circumstance, R183a}}. {{studied_in}} statistics, probability theory, theory of probability, theory of probabilities, theory of chances. {{used_in(statistics)}} assurance; actuarial calculations, actuarial tables; bookmaking. {{used_in(statistics): scientific research, @R461; statistical mechanics}}. {{used_in(statistics): speculation, gaming &c. R621}}. {{performed_by(actuarial calculations): actuary}}. {{job_of(statistics): statistician}}. {{has_manifestation(probability)}} law of averages, law of large numbers. {{property_of(randomness)}} random sample, blind sample, spot check. {{used_in(statistics)}} statistical analysis; clinical study, blind study, double blind study; sampling. {{has_manifestation}} uncertainty principle, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. {{has_low_level(probability, R472): @R473, low probability, small chance, poor chance, one-in-a-million chance, one-in-a-million shot, outside chance, off chance, outside shot, long shot, long odds, poor bet, remote possibility, slim chance, slim possibility, fat chance [coll.]}}. {{has_metaphor(low probability, @R473): @R473, a snowball's chance in hell, Chinaman's chance, dark horse}}. V. chance, hap, turn up; fall to one's lot; be one's -fate &c. R601; stumble on light upon; take one's chance &c. R621. {{has_metaphor}} Monte Carlo, lottery, Russian roulette. Adj. chance, casual, fortuitous, accidental, adventitious, causeless, incidental, contingent, uncaused, undetermined, indeterminate; random, statistical. unpredictable, unforseeable; inexplicable. unpredicted, unforseen. haphazard, hit or miss. [technical] stochastic, probabilistic. possible &c. R470; unintentional &c. R621. {{has_high_level(possibility): probable, likely, (probability) R472}}. {{has_low_level(possibility): improbable, unlikely, not likely, @R472}}. Adv. by chance, accidentally, by accident, adventitiously; casually; perchance &c. (possibly) R470; randomly, probabilistically; for aught one knows; as good would have it, as bad would have it, as luck would have it, as ill-luck would have it, as chance would have it; as it may be, as it may chance, as it may turn up, as it may happen; as the case may be. Phr. " grasps the skirts of happy chance " [Tennyson]; " the accident of an accident " [Lord Thurlow]; "There but for the grace of God go I". "In the field of observation, chance favors only the mind that is prepared." [Louis Pasteur] (This quotation is usually found in the form "Chance favors the prepared mind.") <-- [Constant sequent.] [[effect]] --> A7.1.R1 EFFECT (R154) #154.Effect. N. {{causes(cause)}} effect, consequence, contingency. {{has_subtype(effect[of=action, @A7/process, A7.7])}} result, outcome, aftermath, product[1], yield, aftergrowth[obs3], aftercome[obs3], resultant, offshoot, resultance[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(result)}} fruit, crop, harvest, bud, handiwork. derivative, derivation. {{has_subtype(result)}} sequel, corollary, aftereffect, development, outgrowth, ramification. {{has_subtype(aftereffect): aftershock, @P2.7.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(result)}} {{property_of(final, @R67)}} {{has_subtype(end[of=action, @A7/process, A7.7], R67)}} upshot, issue, denouement, end product, end result, final result. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} reaction. {{!caused_by(reaction): action, @A7}}. {{has_subtype(reaction): chemical reaction, @P2.6.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unintended, @R621)}} unintended consequence, side reaction, side effect, unintended effect. {{has_subtype(side effect[of=medicating])}} adverse reaction[Med.]. {{has_subtype(transmission[of=attribute, R79a], R270)}} {{has_subtype(transfer[of=attribute, R79a], A6.1.7)}} inheritance. {{has_subtype(inheritance): heredity, @P2.6.4.2}}. {{has_subtype(result[of=creation, R161])}} creature, creation; production, produce, work; performance. {{has_product(production)}} product[2]. {{has_subtype(product[2])}} offspring; first fruits, firstlings, premices[obs3]. V. [transitive] affect, have an effect on. {{similar_to: influence, R175}}. be the effect of, be the consequence of; be the result of, be the outcome of, be the aftermath of, be the product of, be the offshoot of; be due to, be owing to; originate in, originate from; rise from, arise from, take its rise from, spring from, proceed from, emanate from, come from, grow from, bud from, sprout from, germinate from, issue from, flow from, result from, follow from, derive its origin from, accrue from; come to, come of, come out of; depend upon, be dependent on, hang upon, hinge upon, turn upon. take the consequences, sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. Adj. effective, effectual. owing to; resulting from &c. v.; derivable from; due to; caused by &c. R153; dependent upon; derived from, evolved from; derivative; hereditary; telegonous[obs3]. Adv. through, all along of, necessarily, eventually. Conj. {{has_marker(effect)}} as a consequence, consequently, in consequence, then, in that case, in which case, of course, it follows that, naturally, as a result. Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr], "thereby hangs a tale" [Taming of the Shrew]. <-- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1. Whewell History of the inductive Sciences, book xviii vol. iii. p. R397 (3d edit.). 2 The word Chance has two distinct meanings: the first, the absence of assignable cause, as above; and the second, the absence of design -- for the latter see R621 ?? must sort chance, here, and probability, R472, R473 at M5.3 DEGREES OF EVIDENCE (possibility) --> <-- agency here is general property of acting, not acting on someone else's behalf. For the latter see deputy, R759. Importantly, this is equivalent to the concept of function, which is the relation between cause and effect. What is considered a "cause" is typically a potential cause, and it only becomes and actual cause by virtue of its action, or agency. Many of the characteristics of "action" are also shared by "process", at R7.7. The main difference is that "process" can also be discussed as the agent of an action. This "action" is close to MW10 sense 2 " the bringing about of an alteration by force or through a natural agency." Agency is W10 sense 1 "the capacity, condition or state of acting or exerting power: operation". Except for the "capacity" part, this seems identical to "action" MW10 sense 2. [[agency]] [[action]] --> A7.2 AGENCY (R170) #170. Agency. N. {{caused_by(change, A6)}} {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} agency, action, acting, operation, function, working, force. <-- this abstract action, unlike the action of sentient agents, @R680, can occur in the absence of an identifiable agent, i.e., can be caused by a process ("natural agency", as W10 puts it). A process is considered as a series of actions, unified by a single name. --> {{&action_of}} agent. {{has_patient: patient, @R175}}. {{requires: time interval, R108}}. {{!!has_result: event, R151}}. {{member_of(action): process, A7.7}}. {{is_a: directed relation[from=$cause][to=$effect], @A2.1.1}}. &&{{has_subtype($cause): $agent}}. &&{{has_subtype($effect): $action}}. &&{{caused_by($action): $agent}}. <-- a process may have causes of causes at work --> {{has_case}} {{member_of(cause, R153)}} mechanism, causal chain. {{has_subtype(agent): $agent, R690}}. {{case_of: causation &c. R153; influence &c. R175}}. {{has_subtype: instrumentality &c. R631}}. {{has_subtype: action, R680}}. {{has_method: modus operandi &c. R627}}. quickening power, maintaining power, sustaining power; home stroke. strain, office, maintenance, exercise, work, swing, play; interworking[obs3], interaction; procurement. V. act, operate, work, be in action, be operative. act upon, have effect on; perform, take effect, play, play a role, support, sustain, strain, maintain, quicken, strike. come play, come into operation; bring into operation; have play, have free play; bring to bear upon. Adj. {{has_property(action)}} acting, operative, working, functioning, efficient, efficacious, practical, effectual. at work, on foot; in operation, in force, in action, in play, in exercise; acted upon, wrought upon. {{has_subtype(acting): @R680, acting, doing}}. Adv. by the agency of, by the working of, by the operation of, through the operation of; by the exercise of; due to the operation of; through the office of, through the offices of, through the good offices of; through &c. (instrumentality) R631; by means of &c. R632. Prep. by, by way of; through. Phr. "I myself must mix with action lest I wither by despair" [Tennyson]. A7.3 CONNECTION BETWEEN CAUSE AND EFFECT (R157 TO R160) N. connection between cause and effect. <-- 157. Power. 158. Impotence Degrees of Power 159. Strength 160. Weakness --> <-- The original "power" contained the concepts of both efficacy and efficiency, as well as human ability. Efficiency to R157b, Human ability moved to trait, P2.2.3.5.6. This entry "power" is just the abstract concept of the ability or capacity of an agent to accomplish an action. Words indicating the measure of such ability are in the next entry, "strength" [[power]] [[able]]--> A7.3.1 ABILITY (R157) #157. Ability. N. ability, effectiveness, efficaciousness, productiveness, efficacy, capability, capacity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} competence, competency. adequacy; validity, cogency; vantage ground. {{has_high_level}} power; potency, potentiality; jiva[obs3]; puissance, might, force, energy; dint. right hand, right arm; prepotency, prepollence[obs1]. {{required_for: influence &c. R175}}. {{has_high_level(power): @R175, ascendency[obs3], control}}. {{has_subtype: physical energy, R171, P2.6.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype: physical power, R157a, @P2.6.1}}. {{has_high_level(power)}} almightiness, omnipotence. pressure. {{causes(force)}} stress. {{&result_of}} empowerment, enablement[obs3]. {{has_subtype(capability): ability, faculty, quality, P2.2.3.5.2}}. {{conceptual_part_of: efficiency, R157b}}. V. be able, be capable. [transitive] {[with_object(action, R170)]} be capable of. {{has_high_level}} be powerful, have power, have influence. be efficient; be competent. {{required_for(be powerful)}} force; press. {{has_subtype(force): compel &c. R744}}. belong to, pertain to; lie in one's power, be in one's power. exercise power &c. n.. {{&result_of}} enable, empower; endow, indue[obs3], endue; arm. {{has_subtype(enable)}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=obstacle, @R706], R38)}} unblock. {{has_subtype(empower)}} {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} invest, give power, confer power. {{increased_by(be able)}} {{has_subtype(enable): strengthen &c. R159}}. ModalAux. {{synonym_of(be able)}} {{has_lexpression(ability)}} can, be able to. Adj. powerful, puissant; potential; capable, able, competent; equal to, up to; cogent, valid; efficient, productive; effective, effectual, efficacious, adequate. multipotent[obs3], plenipotent[obs3]. omnipotent; almighty. forcible &c. adj.; energetic &c. R171; influential &c. R175; productive &c. R168. Adv. powerfully &c. adj.; by virtue of, by dint of. Phr. a toute force[Fr]; dos moi pou sto kai kino ten gen[Grk]; eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis [Latin]; fortis cadere cedere non potest [Latin]. <-- Two concepts of strength are mixed up here: one is strength, power, the ability to do things; the other is strength, meaning resistance to action (such as force or breaking). Not yet distinguished.??? [Degree of power.] --> <-- [[strength]] --> A7.3.1.R1 STRENGTH (R159) #159. Strength. N. {{has_measure(power)}} strength. energy &c. R171; intensity, vigor, force; main force, physical force, brute force. soundness; spring, elasticity, tone, tension, tonicity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): strength, P2.2.3.5.3.6]}. {{has_metaphor}} adamant, steel, iron, oak, heart of oak; iron grip; grit, bone. strengthening, reinforcement &c. v.; invigoration, refreshment, refocillation[obs1]. [Science of forces] dynamics, statics. V. be strong &c. adj.; be stronger. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(enable, R157)}} [transitive] strengthen, fortify, reinforce, reenforce, beef up[coll]; render strong &c. adj.; give strength to &c. n.. {{has_subtype(strengthen)}} invigorate, energize. {{has_subtype(strengthen)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): strengthen, @P2.2.3.5.3.6]}. sustain, harden, case harden, steel, gird; screw up, wind up, set up. {{similar_to(reinforce)}} restore, R660. Adj. strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible, hard, adamantine, stout, robust, sturdy, hardy, powerful, potent, puissant, valid. irresistible; proof against, impregnable. inextinguishable, unquenchable. sovereign. strengthened, reinforced. unweakened[obs3], unallayed, unwithered[obs3], unshaken, unworn, unexhausted[obs3]; in full force, in full swing; in the plenitude of power. {{&has_consequence(strong)}} {[in_frame(contest, R720): @R604a, indomitable, indomitable]}. Adv. strongly &c. adj.; by force &c. n.; by main force &c. (by compulsion) R744. A7.3.1.R2 WEAKNESS (R160) #160. Weakness. N. {{has_low_intensity(strength, A7.3.1.R1)}} weakness &c. adj.; debility, atony[obs3], relaxation, languor, enervation; impotence &c. R158; fragility; inactivity &c. R683; flaccidity. {{has_subtype: weakness, P2.6.1.1.1.R2}}. {{has_metaphor}} reed, slim reed, thread, rope of sand; house of cards. V. be weak &c. adj.; drop, crumble, give way, totter, tremble, shake, halt, limp, fade, languish, decline, flag, fail, have one leg in the grave. render weak &c. adj.; weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, shake, deprive of strength, relax, enervate, eviscerate; cripple; cramp, reduce, sprain, strain, blunt the edge of; dilute, impoverish; decimate; extenuate; reduce in strength, reduce the strength of; mettre de l'eau dans son vin[Fr]. Adj. weak, feeble, debile[obs1]; impotent &c. R158; relaxed, unnerved &c. v.; sapless, strengthless[obs3], powerless; limp, flaccid. {{has_metaphor(weak)}} anemic. frail, fragile, shattery[obs3]; flimsy, unsubstantial, insubstantial, gimcrack, gingerbread; rickety, creaky, creaking, cranky; craichy[obs3]; drooping, tottering &c. v.. {{&caused_by: deterioration, R659}}. unreinforced, unstrengthened[obs3] &c. R159; unsupported, unaided, unassisted; aidless[obs3], defenseless &c. R158; cantilevered (support) R215. on its last legs. Phr. non sum qualis eram[Lat]. A7.3.2 EFFICIENCY (R157B) #157b. Efficiency. N. {{conceptual_part_of(power, R157)}} efficiency, productivity. {{has_subtype(efficiency): cost-effectiveness, @R644}}. {{&assessed_by(cost-effectiveness): cost-benefit analysis, @R644}}. sway, authority &c. R737; strength &c. R159. Adj. effective, efficient, productive. Adv. effectively, efficiently, productively. A7.3.3 IMPOTENCE (R158) #158. Impotence. N. impotence, inability, disability, incapacity, incapability, impuissance. {{has_consequence: inutility, R645; failure &c. R732}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} imbecility; inaptitude, ineptitude, incompetence. {{&caused_by}} disablement. lack of productivity, unproductivity[obs3]; invalidity, disqualification. {{has_low_level}} {{antonym_of(efficiency, R157b)}} inefficiency, wastefulness. {{has_metaphor}} blank, blank cartridge, flash in the pan, vox et proeterea nihil[Lat], dead letter, bit of waste paper, dummy; paper tiger; Quaker gun; telum imbelle[Lat], brutum fulmen[Lat]. {{has_high_level(incompetence)}} helplessness &c. adj.; prostration, paralysis, palsy, apoplexy, syncope, sideration[obs1], deliquium[obs1], collapse, exhaustion, softening of the brain, inanition. {{&caused_by: @P2.6.4.8.3.1, emasculation, orchiotomy [Med], orchotomy[Med]}}. {{trait_of: cripple, old woman, creampuff; eunuch; wimp, P2.3.2.3.6.4.23}}. V. be impotent, be powerless. be incapable &c. adj.; not have a leg to stand on. vouloir rompre l'anguille au genou [Fr], vouloir prendre la lune avec les dents [Fr]. {{&caused_by}} collapse, faint, swoon, fall into a swoon, drop. {{&causes: fail, R732}}. render powerless &c. adj.; deprive of power; disable, disenable[obs3]; disarm, incapacitate, disqualify, unfit, invalidate, deaden, cramp, tie the hands; double up, prostrate, paralyze, muzzle, cripple, becripple[obs3], maim, lame, hamstring, draw the teeth of; throttle, strangle, garrotte, garrote; ratten[obs3], silence, sprain, clip the wings of, put hors de combat[Fr], spike the guns; take the wind out of one's sails, scotch the snake, put a spoke in one's wheel; break the neck, break the back; unhinge, unfit; put out of gear. unman, unnerve, enervate. {{&caused_by(be impotent): @P2.6.4.8.3.1, emasculate, castrate, geld, alter, neuter, sterilize, spay, fix}}. shatter, exhaust, weaken &c. R160. Adj. powerless, impotent. unable, incapable, incompetent; inefficient; inept; unfit, unfitted; unqualified, disqualified; unendowed, mismatched; inapt, unapt. {{has_subtype: @R175a, ineffective, effete}}. harmless, unarmed, weaponless, defenseless, sine ictu[Lat], unfortified, indefensible, vincible, pregnable, untenable. null and void, nugatory, inoperative, good for nothing; inadequate &c. R640. {{has_consequence: @R645, useless}}. {{has_subtype: ineffectual, @R732}}. {{consequence_of}} crippled, disabled &c. v.; armless[obs3]. {{consequence_of}} paralytic, paralyzed, helpless; palsied, imbecile; nerveless, sinewless[obs3], marrowless[obs3], pithless[obs3], lustless[obs3]; emasculate, disjointed; out of joint, out of gear; unnerved, unhinged; water-logged, on one's beam ends, rudderless; laid on one's back; done up, dead beat, exhausted, shattered, demoralized; graveled &c. (in difficulty) R704; unfriended[obs3], fatherless; without a leg to stand on; out of action, hors de combat[Fr]; laid on the shelf. {{similar_to: weak, R160}}. Adv. powerlessly &c. adj.. not worth the paper it's written on. Phr. der kranke Mann[Ger]; "desirous still but impotent to rise" [Shenstone]; the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. <-- POWER IN OPERATION [[create, produce]]--> <--- 161. Production 162. Destruction Almost all "production" words refer to both process and result.--> A7.4 CREATION (R161 TO R162) #161. Creation. N. {{antonym_of(destruction, R162)}} {{caused_by(existence, R1)}} {{has_subtype(process, @R151)}} production[1], creation[1], formation, generation, making, producing, creating, forming, bringing forth. {{performed_by: producer, R164, P2.3.2.3.6.5.32}}. {[of(inanimate object, P2.3.1)]} {{has_metaphor: birth, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1}}. {[of(inanimate object, P2.3.1)]} fabrication, manufacture, manufacturing. {{has_product(fabrication)}} fabric, manufacture, manufactured item. {{has_result(creation, R161)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} creature, creation[2]; production[2], produce, work. {{has_result(creation, R161)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} performance. {{has_product(production[1])}} product[2]. {[of(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)]} building, construction, constructing, erection, erecting, edification. {{increased_by(production[1])}} stimulation. {{paction_of(stimulation)}} stimulant. {{has_subtype(stimulant): catalyst, @P2.3.1.3.4; stimulant, @P2.3.1.3.4.1}}. {{has_product(construction): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, edifice, building, structure, erection, pile, tower}}. {{studied_in(construction)}} architecture. coinage; mitosis, karyokinesis[obs3], diaster[obs3]. nisus formativus[Lat]. {[with_object(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5/religion, R983/institution, M9.5/philosophy, M3.1.2.3.1)]} founding, establishment, organization, organizing, putting together, setting up. {{has_requirement: work, workmanship, performance; effort, R686}}. {{is_a: achievement &c. (completion) R729}}. flowering, fructification; inflorescence. {{produces(flowering)}} flower. {{produces(fructification)}} fruit. {{has_metaphor(product/result): flower; fruit}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, birth, parturition, birth-throe, childbirth, delivery, confinement, accouchement, travail, labor]}. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} {{follows(birth): gestation &c. (maturation) R673}}. assimilation; evolution, development, growth; entelechy[Phil]; fertilization, gemination, germination, heterogamy[Biol], genesis, generation, epigenesis[obs3], procreation, progeneration[obs3], propagation; fecundation, impregnation. {{follows}} gestation period, incubation period. {[of(organism)]} spontaneous generation; archegenesis[obs3], archebiosis[obs3]; biogenesis, abiogenesis[obs3], digenesis[obs3], dysmerogenesis[obs3], eumerogenesis[obs3], heterogenesis[obs3], oogenesis, merogenesis[obs3], metogenesis[obs3], monogenesis[obs3], parthenogenesis, homogenesis[obs3], xenogenesis[obs3][1]; biogeny[obs3]. {[of(writing, R590)]} authorship, publication; works, opus, oeuvre. dissogeny[obs3], xenogeny[obs3]; tocogony[obs3], vacuolization. V. {{caused_by(exist)}} create, make, produce, generate; form, construct; bring into being, call into being, bring into existence, actualize, engender; hatch, develop, bring up. {[with_object(organism, R357): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, reproduce, propagate; procreate; breed, multiply]}. {[with_object(animal[1], R366): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, beget, bear, give birth to, lay, whelp, bring forth, lie in, be brought to bed of, evolve, pullulate, usher into the world; teem, farrow, drop, pup, kitten, kindle]}. perform, operate, do, gar[obs1]. frame, contrive; manufacture. {[with_object(fabric)]} weave. {[with_object(iron object)]} forge. {[with_object(coin)]} coin. {[with_object(sculpture)]} carve, chisel. {[with_object(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)]} build, raise, edify[obs1], rear, erect, put together, set up, put up, run up. {[with_object(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5/religion, R983/institution, M9.5/philosophy, M3.1.2.3.1)]} establish, found, constitute, organize, institute, setup, put together. compose. achieve, accomplish &c. (complete) R729. {{has_metaphor}} flower, bear fruit, fructify. make productive &c. R168. induce, superinduce; suscitate[obs1]; cause &c. R153; acquire &c. R775. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(partial): repair, M7.3.5.4.1.5}}. Adj. produced, made, created, formed, generated. {{has_subtype(produced)}} {[of(artifact)]} manufactured. {{has_subtype(manufactured)}} custom made; hand-made. {{antonym_of(custom made)}} off-the-shelf, stock. {{antonym_of(custom made)}} {{has_subtype(manufactured[mode=in large quantity, @R102])}} mass-produced. productive, creative; producing, making, creating, forming, formative, generating, productive of, generative, genetic, genial[obs2], genital[obs2]; fraught with, teeming. {{has_property(stimulant)}} stimulatory. {{has_subtype(stimulatory): catalytic, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{has_subtype(producing[while=incomplete])}} pregnant. {{has_subtype(pregnant)}} {[of(animal[1], R366)]} enceinte, big with, parturient, in the straw, brought to bed of, puerperal, puerperous[obs3]. {{has_high_level(productive): prolific &c. R168}}. digenetic[obs3], heterogenetic[obs3], oogenetic, xenogenetic[obs3]; ectogenous[obs3], gamic[obs3], haematobious[obs3], sporogenous[Biol], sporophorous[Biol]. {{has_subtype(manufactured[loc=home])}} homemade. {{has_subtype(homemade)}} {[of(plant, R367)]} homegrown. {{has_subtype(homemade)}} {[of(alcoholic beverage)]} homebrewed. {{has_subtype(homemade)}} {[of(cloth/clothing)]} homespun. architectonic. Phr. ex nihilo nihil[Lat]; fiat lux[Lat]; materiam superabat opus [Lat][Ovid]; nemo dat quod non habet [Latin: no one gives what he doesn't have]. <-- [Nonproduction.] [[destroy]] --> A7.4.R1 DESTRUCTION #162. Destruction. N. {{antonym_of(creation, R161)}} {{hperforms(destroyer, R165, P2.3.2.3.6.5.33)}} {{has_subtype(termination, R67)}} {{has_extreme(damage, A7.4.R1.1)}} destruction, destroying, waste. disruption, dissolution, breaking up, liquidation, diruption[obs3]. {{causes: nonexistence, R2}}. <-- can there be degress of destruction? --> {{has_high_degree}} extinction, annihilation, extinguishment, extirpation, obliteration, nullification. {{has_low_degeree}} disorganization. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} destruction[2]. {{has_subtype(destruction[2])}} fall, downfall, devastation, ruin[1], ruination, perdition, crash; eboulement[Fr], smash, havoc, delabrement[Fr], debacle; breakdown. prostration; knockout. {{has_subtype(destruction[2])}} desolation, bouleversement[Fr], cataclysm; washout. {[of(ship)]} wreck, wrack, shipwreck, sinking. doom, crack of doom. {{&caused_by}} knock-down blow. {{has_result(destroy[obj=building, P2.3.1.3.10.2])}} {{&has_developmental_stage(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{property_of(useless, @R645)}} ruin[2], ruins. {{has_subtype: destruction of life &c. R361}}. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(use, R677)}} consumption, depletion. demolition, demolishment; overthrow, subversion, suppression; biblioclasm[obs3]; sacrifice; ravage, razzia[obs3]; inactivation; incendiarism; extirpation &c. (extraction) R301; beginning of the end, commencement de la fin[Fr], road to ruin; sabotage. abolition &c. (abrogation) R756. revolution &c. R146. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(gradual, @R275/partial): @R659, dilapidation, deterioration}}. V. [intransitive] be destroyed, perish; fall to the ground; tumble, topple; go to pieces, fall to pieces, fall apart, break up, liquidate; crumble to dust; go to the dogs, go to the wall, go to smash, go to shivers, go to wreck, go to pot, go to wrack and ruin; go by the board, go all to smash; be all over, be all up, be all with; totter to its fall, be extinguished. {{has_high_level}} be annihilated, be obliterated. break down. {{caused_by}} [transitive] annihilate, extinguish, extirpate, obliterate. {{caused_by}} [transitive] destroy; do away with, make away with; nullify; sacrifice, demolish; tear up; overturn, overthrow, overwhelm; upset, subvert; do in, do for, dish[coll], undo; break up, cut up; break down, cut down, pull down, mow down, blow down, beat down; suppress, quash, put down, do a job on; cut short, take off, blot out. {{caused_by}} [transitive] dispel, dissipate, dissolve. {{has_subtype(destroy[by=use, R677]): consume, @R677}}. {{has_subtype(destroy[by=fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1]): consume, @R677}}. {{has_termination(destroy)}} finish off, put paid to [Brit.], seal the doom of, put an end to. {{has_subtype: annull &c. R756}}. [t & i] smash, crash, quell, squash, squelch, crumple up, shatter, shiver. {{has_subtype(smash[mode=completely])}} [transitive] batter to pieces, tear to pieces, crush to pieces, cut to pieces, shake to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces, tear to rags, tear to tatters, laniate[obs3]; crush to atoms, knock to atoms. ruin, wreck; nip; strike out; throw over, knock down over; fell, sink, swamp, scuttle, shipwreck, engulf, ingulf[obs3], submerge; lay in ashes, lay in ruins; sweep away, erase, wipe out, expunge, raze; level with the dust, level with the ground; waste; atomize, vaporize. deal destruction, desolate, devastate, lay waste, ravage; gut; disorganize; dismantle &c. (render useless) R645; devour, swallow up, sap, mine; blast, bomb, blow to smithereens, drop the big one on; confound; exterminate; quench; snuff out, put out, stamp out, trample out; lay in the dust, trample in the dust; prostrate; tread under foot; crush under foot, trample under foot; lay the ax to the root of; make short work of, make clean sweep of, make mincemeat of; cut up root and branch, chop into pieces, cut into ribbons; fling to the winds, scatter to the winds; throw overboard; strike at the root of, sap the foundations of, spring a mine, blow up, ravage with fire and sword; cast to the dogs; eradicate &c. R301. {[with_object(structure)]} flatten. Adj. destroyed. annihilated, extinguished, extirpated, obliterated. perishing &c. v.; trembling to its fall, nodding to its fall, tottering to its fall; in course of destruction &c. n.; extinct. all-destroying, all-devouring, all-engulfing. {[has_sub_requirement(destroy)]} destructive, subversive, ruinous, devastating; incendiary; deleterious, deletory[obs1]; destroying &c. n.; suicidal; deadly &c. (killing) R361. {{has_subtype(destroyed)}} {{property_of(partial): damaged, R659a}}. beyond repair; out of action, hors de combat[Fr]. [colloquial] smashed to smithereens. [vulgar] fucked up; FUBAR, fucked up beyond all repair. Adv. with crushing effect, with a sledge hammer. Phr. delenda est Carthago[Lat]; dum Roma deliberat Saguntum perit [Lat]; ecrasez l'infame [Fr][Voltaire]. <-- analogous to the relation of creation and repair, damage is a partial destruction. This may seem to be more appropriate under the section on goals, since damage is usually relative to some purpose (e.g. the intended function of an artifact), but we can speak of damage to a circle, by removing a part, which makes it less perfect a circle, which is relatively abstract. Thus this abstract "damage" is a loss or change of some part of an object which makes it less ideal from some viewpoint, not necessarily the viewpoint of utility. Other type of damage will be subtypes of this. Most words in the entry "damage", (M71.2.1.2.2.2), refer to physical objects. And the entry "deterioration", (P2.6.4.1.2.3), refers to health of a living organism. The headword is a process (nominalized verb) --> A7.4.R1.1 DAMAGE N. {{has_subtype(changing)}} {{has_subtype(destruction, A7.4.R1)}} {{property_of(partial)}} damage[1], partial destruction, impairment[1], mutilation[1], damaging, impairing, mutilating. {{causes}} damage[2], impairment[2], mutilation[2]. {{causes: imperfection}}. {{has_subtype: physical damage, M71.2.1.2.2.R1.2}}. {{has_subtype: deterioration, P2.6.4.1.2.3}}. V. {{has_subtype(change/alter)}} damage, impair, mutilate. Adj. damaged, impaired, mutilated. <-- (163,166,167 to P2.3.2.1 - vitality generally) Note: R164. Producerand R165. Destroyer to person 168. Productiveness 169. Unproductiveness 170. Agency 171. Energy 172. Inertness 173. Violence 174. Moderation --> A7.4.R2 PRODUCTIVENESS (R168) #168. Productiveness. N. {{has_measure(creation)}} productivity; productiveness &c. adj.. [of commercial activity] profitability. {{has_low_level}} low productivity. {{has_extreme(low productivity): unproductiveness, A7.4.R3}}. {[of(animal[1], R366): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, fecundity, fertility, luxuriance, uberty[obs1]]}. {[of(living organism)]} {{caused_by: reproduction, P2.6.4.1.1.2.1}}. {{has_metaphor}} milch cow, rabbit, hydra, warren, seed plot, land flowing with milk and honey; fertile ground. {{has_manifestation}} second crop, aftermath; aftercrop, aftergrowth[obs3]; arrish[obs3], eddish[obs3], rowen[obs3]. {{caused_by}} protoplasm; fertilization. V. make -productive &c. adj.; fructify. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} procreate, generate, fertilize, spermative[obs3], impregnate; fecundate, fecundify[obs3]; teem, multiply; produce &c. R161; conceive. Adj. productive; prolific. [of commercial activity] profitable. [of living things] prolific; teeming, teemful[obs3]; fertile, fruitful, frugiferous[obs3], fruit-bearing; fecund, luxuriant; pregnant, uberous[obs3]. [of soil] fertile. [of living things] procreant[obs3], procreative; generative, life-giving, spermatic; multiparous; omnific[obs3], propagable. parturient &c. (producing) R161; profitable &c. (useful) R644. A7.4.R3 UNPRODUCTIVENESS (R169) #169. Unproductiveness. N. {{has_extreme(low productivity, @A7.4.R2)}} {{antonym_of(productiveness, A7.4.R2)}} unproductiveness. sterility. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} infertility, infecundity[obs3]. {{&caused_by: impotence, R158, A7.3.3}}. {[in_frame(business): unprofitableness, @R645]}. {{has_metaphor}} masturbation. {{has_metaphor: @P2.1.2.R1, waste, wasteland, desert, Sahara, wild, wilderness, howling wilderness}}. V. be unproductive, be unfruitful, have no effectiveness. {{has_metaphor}} hang fire, flash in the pan, come to nothing. {{caused_by}} disable, inactivate; sterilize. {{has_subtype(sterilize)}} {[with_obj(egg)]} addle. {{has_metaphor}} masturbate. Adj. unproductive, acarpous[obs3]. barren. inoperative, infertile, unfertile, arid, sterile, unfruitful; sine prole; fallow. null and void, of no effect. {[of(egg)]} addled. {[of(living organism)]} teemless[obs3], issueless[obs3], fruitless, infecund[obs3], unprolific[obs3]. unprofitable &c. (useless) R645. <-- the concepts of violence, uncontrollability, and moderation were here under "relation between caue and effect" but they are primarily characteristics of action, involving time, and are not as abstract as other concepts in this section. Thus have been moved to the physical world, to P2.5, properties of action --> A7.5 INDIRECT POWER (R175 TO R177) [[CONTROL]] N. indirect power. <-- 175. Influence 175a. Absence of Influence 176. Tendency 177. Liability --> <-- ?? valve, spigot, faucet have_property = control --> <-- influence has to be distinguished between physical and mental [[patient]] --> A7.5.1 INFLUENCE (R175) #175. Influence. N. {{has_subtype(dependence, @A1.4.3)}} influence, pull[coll.], effect; weight, pressure. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a/event, R151)}} patient, object influenced. {{has_conceptual_part: importance[to=object influenced] &c. R642}}. {{has_high_level}} control, controlling influence, regulation, domination, dominion; governance, government, dominance, reign; preponderance, prevalence, sway; predominance, predominancy[obs3]; ascendency[obs3]. {{has_method(influence[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{has_subtype(communication, R527): suggestion, R695; inducement[1], R616b; persuasion, M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1; bribe, @R784; threat, R909; praise, R931a; criticism, R932a}}. {{applies_to}} {{has_subtype(abstract space)}} sphere of influence, range, domain, area under control, territory. {{property_of}} control point, choke point. {[in_frame(society): authority, prestige &c. R737]} protection, patronage, auspices. capability &c. (power) R157; effect &c. R154; interest. synergy (cooperation) R709. {{has_metaphor}} tower of strength, host in himself. {{has_method}} footing; purchase &c. (support) R215; play, leverage, vantage ground. {{has_metaphor}} wire-pulling, pulling strings; power behind the throne, grey eminence, eminence grise. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(legislation/government): lobbying, @M8.1.1.6.1.1]}. {{performed_by(lobbying, @M8.1.1.6.1.1): lobbyist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1}}. {{function_of}} regulator. {{has_subtype: tendency, R176}}. V. influence, affect, exert influence on; have influence, wield influence, have an effect, exert an effect, be influential, be effective; carry weight, weigh, tell. have a hold upon, magnetize, bear upon, gain a footing, work upon; take root, take hold; strike root in. {{has_high_level(influence)}} control, govern; regulate. {{has_high_level(influence)}} pervade, prevail, dominate, run through, predominate; outweigh, overweigh; override, overbear; gain head; rage; be -rife &c. adj.; spread like wildfire; have the upper hand, get the upper hand, gain the upper hand, have full play, get full play, gain full play. {{causes(affect)}} [intrans] be affected, be influenced. be recognized, be listened to; make one's voice heard, gain a hearing, weigh in; play a part, play a leading part, play a leading part in; take the lead, pull the strings; turn the scale, throw one's weight around, throw one's weight into the scale, tilt the balance; set the fashion, lead the dance; call the tune. {[in_frame(organization)]} {{has_commencement(control)}} seize control, take over. Adj. influential, effective; important &c. R642; weighty, telling. controlling, prevailing &c. v.; prevalent, rife, rampant. dominant, regnant, predominant, in the ascendant, hegemonical[obs3]. Adv. with telling effect. Phr. tel maure tel valet[Fr]. A7.5.1.R1 ABSENCE OF INFLUENCE #175a. Absence of Influence. N. {{conceptual_part_of(impossibility, A1.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(impotence &c. R158)}} lack of influence, powerlessness. {{&caused_by: inertness &c. R172}}. {{causes: irrelevancy &c. R10}}. {{!causes: uselessness, R645}}. ineffectiveness, ineffectuality. {{trait_of: wimp, P2.3.2.3.6.4.23}}. V. {{has_subtype(be powerless, @R158)}} have no influence, have no effect. be ineffectual, be ineffective, lack effect, not work. {{has_metaphor(be ineffective)}} shoot blanks. Adj. {{has_subtype(powerless, R158)}} uninfluential. ineffective, ineffectual, effete. inconsequential, nugatory; unconducing, unconducive, unconducting to[obs3]. {{has_consequence: irrelevant &c. R10}}. {{!has_consequence: useless, R645}}. <-- many of these words apply to people, and are also found under "affective propensity" at M4.2.1, but enough are of general meaning to be included here --> A7.5.2 TENDENCY (R176) #176. Tendency. N. {{has_subtype(influence)}} tendency, proneness, proclivity, inclination, propensity, bias, tendence[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of}} quality, nature. {{has_subtype: habit, R613; predisposition, M3.3.1}}. {{has_subtype: affective propensity, M4.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: predisposition, @R820}}. {{has_metaphor: drift, @R278}}. {{similar_to}} conatus[Lat], nisus[Lat]. {{caused_by}} conduciveness, conducement[obs3]. <-- Roget has "susceptibility" as almost identical to tendency, but there is a significant difference, as "susceptibility" means that soething will go in a certain direction only when given an impetus. But there is some element of "tendency" in "susceptibility" --> {{has_conceptual_part: susceptibility, R177}}. V. tend, dispose, incline, verge, bend to, trend, have an inclination, have a tendency. contribute, conduce, lead, affect, carry. lean toward, redound to, bid fair to, gravitate towards. promote &c. (aid) R707. Adj. tending, inclining, leaning, trending. conducing, conducive, working towards, in a fair way to, calculated to. {{has_conceptual_part: liable &c. R177}}. Adv. for, whither. <-- ability to be influenced by something --> A7.5.3 LIABILITY R177) #177. Liability. N. {{conceptual_part_of(possibility, A1.4.3)}} liability, susceptibility, sensitivity, sensitiveness, susceptivity[obs3], liableness[obs3]. {{has_subtype: exposure, risk}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.2.1.2, instability, physical susceptibility}}. {{has_conceptual_part: change, R140}}. {{conceptual_part_of: applicability, fitness, @R644; subservience, @R631}}. V. be liable, be susceptible, be subject. be sensitive to, be open to. {{caused_by}} incur, lay oneself open to; run the chance, stand a chance; lie under, expose oneself to, open a door to. Adj. liable, subject, susceptible, open, open to, exposed to, obnoxious to[obs2]; answerable; not exempt from, unexempt from[obs3]; apt to; dependent on; incident to. {{has_subtype: in danger &c. R665}}. at risk; at risk of. {{conceptual_part_of: subservient &c. (instrumental) R631; useful &c. R644; subsidiary &c. (helping) R707}}. A7.6 COMBINATIONS OF CAUSES (R178 TO R179) N. combination of causes. <--- R178. Concurrence 179. Counteraction This entry is for working together, but in an abstract sense. This can be for cooperativity of natuarla phenomena. The cooperation of agents is at R709, M8.2.2.2.1. --> A7.6.1 CONCURRENCE #178. Concurrence. N. {{has_subtype(combining, R48)}} concurrence, coincidence, conjunction. {[of(action, @R170)]} cooperativity, acting together, working together, coagency[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cooperativity): cooperation, R709}}. {{requires: agreement[of=action, R170], R23}}. {{&has_property(cooperativity)}} additivity [the sum of the individual actions]. {{&has_property(cooperativity)}} synergy [more than the sum of the individual actions]. {{has_manifestation(cooperativity)}} {{has_subtype(graph, @P2.3.1.3.6.8)}} s-shaped curve. {{property_of(synergy)}} synergist. {{has_subtype(synergist)}} adjuvant. {{has_subtype(concurrence[of=goal, R615]): @R109, common cause}}. {{has_subtype: cooperation, concert, R709}}. {{has_conceptual_part: joining &c. R43; combination &c. R48}}. consilience[obs3]. V. concur, conjoin, conduce, conspire, contribute. coact. {{requires: agree, R23}}. cooperate, join together, act together, unite, work together. keep pace with, run parallel; go with, go along with, go hand in hand with, coincide. {{has_subtype: cooperate, R709}}. Adj. concurring, conjoining, conducing, conspiring, concurrent, coinciding. cooperative, acting together. additive. {{has_property(synergist)}} synergistic, synergetic. Adv. in conjunction, together, as one. <-- we want the general concept of antagonism located here, but the specific human actions related to competition to be at M8.2.2.1.1.1, contest at R720 and opposition at R708 (M8.2.2.1.1). Roget refers to the R708 entry as "voluntary opposition ". The difference between contrariety R14, and antagonism is that contrariety is a property of the two things which are antagonistic, and therefore is listed here as a cause of antagonism. When antagonism is a visible result, it can also be said to be a manifestation of contrariety. --> A7.6.2 COUNTERACTION #179. Counteraction. N. {{has_subtype(contrariety[of=action, @R170], R14)}} counteraction, antagonism, opposition. {{!&caused_by: action, @R170}}. {{=!causes(reaction): @R30, compensation, neutralization}}. {{causes}} clashing, collision. {{causes}} interference, inhibition, resistance, renitency. {{has_subtype(resistence[to=motion]): friction, R331}}. <-- this "reaction" is more specific than that at R154, which is more abstractly like an effect, not necessarily countering the inducing action. This reaction counteracts the action. --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(reaction, @R154)}} {{&causes(action, @R170)}} reaction, retroaction. {{has_subtype(reaction): recoil, R277}}. {{&caused_by(reaction): @R172, inertia, vis inertiae[Lat]}}. {{has_subtype(reaction)}} counterblast. {{has_subtype(resistance): voluntary resistance &c. R719}}. {{&manifestation_of: contrariety, polarity, R14}}. {{exhibited_by: @R14, opposites, action and reaction, yang and yin, yang-yin}}. {[in_subject(chemistry/biochemistry/enzymology/molecular biology)]} inhibition, antagonism; competitive inhibition; non-competitive inhibition; uncompetitive inhibition. {[in_subject(biochemistry/enzymology)]} {{property_of(inhibition): inhibitor, antagonist}}. {{has_subtype: @R708, antagonism, opposition, voluntary opposition}}. {[in_subject(medicine)]} {{property_of}} antidote; remedy; antacid. {[in_subject(chemistry)]} {{property_of}} buffer, neutralizer. {{has_subtype: competition, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. {{&has_conceptual_part: check &c. (hindrance) R706}}. V. counteract. run counter, clash, cross; interfere with, conflict with; contravene; jostle; go against, run against, beat against, militate against; stultify; antagonize, block, oppose &c. R708; traverse. {{&causes(counteract): withstand &c. (resist) R719; hinder &c. R706; repress &c. (restrain) R751}}. {{has_subtype: react &c. (recoil) R277}}. undo, neutralize; overpoise[obs3]. {{has_subtype: counterpoise, @R30}}. {[in_subject(chemistry/biochemistry/enzymology/molecular biology)]} inhibit, antagonize. Adj. counteracting, counteractive. interfering, clashing, antagonistic, conflicting, retroactive[obs2]. reactionary, reacting, resisting, renitent. {{has_subtype(resisting): contrary &c. R14}}. Adv. counteractively, reactively. although &c. R30; in spite of &c. R708; against. Phr. "for every action there is a reaction, equal in force and opposite in direction" [Newton]. <-- "process" as used here is an abstract and very primitive concept. It is considered a set (or series) of "actions" (see above at R170, A7.2), also termed "steps". Thus the main difference between "action" and "process" is that we know that a "process" can be divided into subprocesses (or actions). The "mechanism" of this action is located at "action", A7.2. Thus both process and action can cause an event. Although a process is a series of events, its distinctive characteristic is that it is typically discussed as a unit. By inheriting from "action", process may (but may not) have an "agent" (or multiple agents) as a case. Process is not explicitly labeled as a series because the consitituent actions may be concurrent rather than consecutive. By considering "process" as a series of actions it is more natural to use "process" when describing gradual, stepwise, or continuing changes over time. (W10 definitions 2a and 2b respectively, of "process"). An "event" is simply a type of change which requires time. The usual concept of "process" is under "physical process" at R151. Most processive verbs in their physical senses are subsumed implicitly under this category, but that subsumption is in general not explicitly marked in this semantic network. We expect to add an explicit mark when verb case frames and alternation patterns are systematically added to the semantic network. Since it involves time, this concept might be better located in the "physical universe" section, but it also applies to mental actions, so it is placed here, where it appears most natural. For physical processes, affecting physical objects, use "process" at R151. In Lenat and Guha[7], they assert that any part of a process is still a subtype of that process. But this doesn't seem correct for intermittent processes. It's not clear how they handle that. [Process, "nonviolent and usually gradual change to something different".]. [[process]] This definition subsumes W10 definitions 2a and 2b. --> A7.7 PROCESS N. {{has_subtype(series[of=action, R170])}} {{member_of(action, R170)}} {{required_for(time interval, R108)}} process. {{causes: change, A6}}. {{!has_result: event, R151}}. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(action, R170)}} {{has_subtype(step, R71)}} step. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(step)}} {{property_of(state, A7)}} phase, period, stage. {{has_ending(process): @R154, result, outcome}}. {{has_subtype(process): physical process, @R151}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(continuous, @R46)}} continuous process. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(intermittent, @R70)}} intermittent process, interrupted process. {{has_temporal_part(intermittent process)}} {{has_subtype(pause, @R142)}} process interruption, process pause. <-- a compound process has parts (not necessarily temporal parts -- they may be simultaneous) which have different names from the parent process. Presumably, the subprocess itself is also different. --> {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(subprocess)}} compound process. &&{{has_property($process)}} {{has_subtype(name)}} process name. &&{{has_property($subprocess)}} {{has_subtype(name)}} subprocess name. &&{{not_identical_to(process name): subprocess name}}. <-- all processes are divisible into some parts which can be considered the same process. If continuous, all parts are labeled by the same process name. If intermittent or compound, there are distinguishable parts not labeled by the parent process name. --> {{!has_temporal_part($continuous process): $continuous process}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(processing, R144): @R677, manipulation}}. V. run, be in progress, be happening, be occurring, be afoot, be under way, be on foot. undergo change. {{has_result(undergo change)}} be processed. Adj. running, in progress, happening, under way, going on, progressing, afoot. processing, processive, stepwise. {{has_consequence(be processed)}} processed. Adv. {{has_property(be in progress)}} progressively. stepwise, in steps, in stages. {{has_subtype(progressively): gradually, @R275; suddenly, @R113; by fits and starts, @R70}}. <-- we want to keep the physical notion of space within the physical universe section, but for some purposes we need an abstract notion of space, so this is added. This is also useful for certain broad and vague concepts, such as "domain of discourse" or "field of activity" --> A8 ABSTRACT SPACE N. abstract space, domain. {{has_conceptual_part: entity}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(dimension, @R79a)}} dimension, abstract dimension. {{has_subtype(abstract dimension): unit of measure}}. {{has_conceptual_part(dimension)}} {{has_subtype(mathematical object): line, @A4.2.4}}. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(dimension[num=>1])}} multidimensional space. <-- "any space can be represented by dimensions that are uncorrelated" --> <-- this concept needs a recursive function!? --> {{has_conceptual_part(multidimensional space)}} {{has_subtype(dimension): "$dimension1"; "$dimension2"}}. &&{{not_identical_to("$dimension1"): "$dimension2"}}. &&{{{has_relation("$dimension1" + "$dimension2")}}} orthogonal, perpendicular, uncorrelated. <-- "surface" and "volume" are actually in the "physical world" but the words there are indistinguishable in meaning from the abstract terms, at the naive level, so we make no distinction --> {{has_subtype(mathematical object)}} {{has_conceptual_part(multidimensional space): surface, P1.2.4.2.2; solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1}}. <-- sometimes spaces are represented by dimensions with correlation --> {{&has_conceptual_part(multidimensional space)}} {{has_subtype(dimension): "$dimension1"; "$dimension2"}}. &&{{not_identical_to("$dimension1"): "$dimension2"}}. &&{{{has_relation("$dimension1" + "$dimension2")}}} correlated, oblique. parallel. {{has_symbol(domain)}} {{has_subtype(case marker, @M3.1.1.1): "over="}}. {{has_subtype(line, line, @A4.2.4)}} {{part_of(real number)}} real line. <-- ------------------------------------------ [End of Abstract Relations] =============== P = PHYSICAL UNIVERSE ============================= [[physical]] --> P. PHYSICAL UNIVERSE N. physical universe. P1 DIMENSIONS OF EXISTENCE OF MATTER N. dimensions of existence of matter. P1.1 TIME (R106 TO R139) N. time. <-- 106. Time 107. Neverness Definite Indefinite 108. Period 109. Course R108a. Contingent Duration 110. Diuturnity 111. Transientness 112. Perpetuity 113. Instantaneity 114. Chronometry 115. Anachronism [[time]] --> <-- time in the abstract, point in time and time interval are intertwined here --> P1.1.1 ABSOLUTE TIME (R106 TO R115) N. absolute time. <-- Some elements of interval were included in R106 by Roget, but these have been moved to R108 (period). R106 is now only a point in time --> P1.1.1.1 POINT IN TIME #106. Time. N. {{property_of(non-dimensionality, R180a)}} time, point of time, point in time, time point. {{temporal_part_of: period, R108; course &c. R109}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} space-time. {{has_subtype: moment &c. (instant) R113}}. {{has_measure(time): chronometry, P1.1.1.4.R1, R114}}. {{has_subtype(cessation, R142)}} {{has_subtype(interval): pause, respite &c. R142}}. {{has_metaphor}} snap; blink of an eye. V. {{exhibits(time): elapse &c. R109}}. Adv. while, whilst, during, pending; during the time, during the interval; in the course of. then, at that point, at that point in time. in the time of, when. meantime, meanwhile; in the meantime, in the interim; for the time being, between now and then; ad interim, pendente lite[Lat]; de die in diem[Lat]. from day to day, day by day; from hour to hour; minute to minute; hourly, always; for a time, for a season. till, until, up to, till then. yet, as far as, by that time, so far, hereunto, heretofore, prior to this, up to this point. for good &c. (diuturnity) R110. hereupon, thereupon, whereupon; then; Anno Domini, "A.D."[abbr]; ante Christum; "A.C."; before Christ, "B.C."[abbr]; anno urbis conditae[Lat]; "A.U.C."[abbr]; anno regni[Lat], "A.R."[abbr]; once upon a time, one fine morning, one fine day, one day, once. Phr. time flies, tempus fugit [Lat.]; time runs out, time runs against, race against time, racing the clock, time marches on, time is of the essence; "time and tide wait for no man". ad calendas Groecas[Lat]; "panting Time toileth after him in vain" [Johnson]; "'gainst the tooth of time and razure of oblivion "[Measure for Measure]; " rich with the spoils of time" [Gray]; tempus edax rerum [Lat][Horace]; "the long hours come and go" [C.G. Rossetti]; "the time is out of joint" [Hamlet]; "Time rolls his ceaseless course" [Scott]; "Time the foe of man's dominion" [Peacock]; "time wasted is existence, used is life" [Young]; truditur dies die [Lat][Horace]; volat hora per orbem [Lat][Lucretius]; carpe diem[Lat: seize the day]. <-- "time" can have many dictionary definitions, especially with particular uses in phrases. Here we have a general "time" which is a subtype of point in time. This can be used in phrases "a good time to do it", "the right time to do something", as well as the time of day, "what time is it?". Note that "right time" at R118 does not mean "a propitious time", but only "the correct (accurate) time". This "time" at 113a is the time used in the phrases "right time", propitious time" at R134. --> <-- the following words refer to a specific point of time, not necessarily the present. The present time is at R118. These terms are the ones usually used to answer the question "when?" Note that in this entry, the components of a date: year, day, hour, minute, are considered as points of time rather than as intervals. This is a manifestation of a shift of viewpoint, specifically granularity, which is often not reflected in a change of the actual terms used. --> P1.1.1.1.1 SPECIFIC TIME #113a. Specific Time. N. specific time, time, occasion, particular time. {{has_subtype(specific time): @R118, present time, right time, true time, exact time, correct time}}. {{has_subtype(specific time): different time, R119}}. date; time of day, time of night. {{has_part(date)}} year; month; day. {{has_part(time of day)}} hour; minute; second. very minute, very day, very time, very hour. <-- this sense of epoch corresponds to Webster's Tenth, def 1. Def 3 (astronomy) is a technical subtype of this "epoch" --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(significant, @R642)}} epoch. {{conceptual_part_of: R134, opportunity, opportune time, proper time}}. Phr. "at that point in time"; "What time is it?". <-- shift includes the concept R108a (Contingent Duration.-- Adv. during pleasure,) from the 1911 Roget [work period] --> P1.1.1.2 SHIFT (R106a) #106a. Shift. N. {{has_subtype(interval, @R106)}} {{has_temporal_part(employment/work)}} shift, duty. {{property_of(alternation)}} turn; round. tenure. {{has_subtype(shift)}} {{property_of(alternation)}} split shift; swing shift; night shift; day shift. {{has_subtype(duty)}} guard duty. {{has_temporal_part(guard duty)}} watch. {[in_frame(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)]} hitch, enlistment, period of enlistment; tour of duty. V. take one's turn, work a shift; be on duty. spell someone, relieve someone. Adj. on duty, on. {{antonym_of(on duty)}} off duty, off. Adv. during pleasure, during good behavior; quamdiu se bene gesserit[Latin]. <-- we distinguish "timeless" referring to phenomena that do not exist in time (or space-time), and "neverness" meaning something that never occurs. These were conflated in Roget. --> P1.1.1.3 TIMELESSNESS N. timelessness; absence of time, no time. Adj. timeless, outside of time. {{has_consequence: eternal}}. Adv. timelessly. {{has_consequence: eternally}}. P1.1.1.3.1 NEVERNESS (R107) #107. Neverness. N. neverness; dies non. {{has_metaphor}} Tib's eve; Greek Kalends, a blue moon. {{property_of}} {{property_of(fictional, @R515)}} {{has_metaphor(absurdity, R497)}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} neverneverland, never-never land. Adv. never, ne'er[contr.]; at no time, at no period. {{has_metaphor}} on the second Tuesday of the week, a cold day in Hell, when Hell freezes over. on no occasion, never in all one's born days, nevermore; in no degree. {[in_frame(parliamentary procedure)]} without date, sine die. {{has_consequence(never): nonexistent}}. {{has_subtype(never)}} {{property_of(emphatic)}} never in a million years. <-- [Definite duration, or portion of time.] here "interim" differs from abstract time interval in that it is a peroid between two events, rather than just between two time points [[period]] --> P1.1.1.4 PERIOD (R108) #108. Period. N. {{temporal_part_of(time, R106)}} {{has_subtype(interval)}} period, time period, time interval, time, interval of time, interval, space, space of time, unit of time, span, span of time. {{has_measure}} duration. {{has_large_quantity: @R110, long duration, long time, long period}}. {{has_small_quantity}} short duration, short time, short period. {{has_subtype(duration[of=existence, A1.2])}} {{property_of(entire, R52)}} the whole time, the whole period. {{has_subtype(the whole time[of=living being, R357])}} lifetime. {{has_subtype(the whole time[of=event, R151/action, R680/right, R924/circumstance, @R183a])}} term, spell. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(cycle, A6.2.1)}} cycle, time cycle, rota, routine. {{conceptual_part_of(time cycle): periodicity, R138}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_temporal_part(process, A7.7/event, R151)}} stage. {{has_subtype(stage)}} {{preceded_by(process, A7.7/event, R151)}} before the start. {{has_measure(period): chronometry, P1.1.1.4.R1, R114}}. interim, intermediate time, intervention, intervening time, while, pendency[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_measure(lifetime)}} life expectancy. {{has_part(lifetime)}} {{requires(reproduction, R163)}} generation, average reproductive period, average time between generations. {{has_part(lifetime)}} time of life. {{has_subtype(interim)}} {{has_subtype(short period)}} intermission, intermittence; interregnum; interlude; meantime, meanwhile; interruption. {{has_subtype(interruption[of=speech, @R572]): syncope, @R572}}. {{has_large_quantity(time)}}{{has_temporal_part(the past, R122)}} age, era, epoch. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} eon. {{measures(chronometer, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}}{{measures(clock, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}} {{has_small_quantity(time)}} second; millisecond; microsecond; nanosecond, picosecond, femtosecond. {{measures(chronometer, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}}{{measures(clock, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}} minute; hour. day; week; month, calendar month. {{has_temporal_part(day)}} {{property_of(brightly lighted, @P2.6.1.5)}} {{precedes(sunrise)}} {{follows(sunset)}} daytime. lunation[obs3], moon, lunar month. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} season; quarter; semester; trimester. {{has_subtype(season)}} winter; spring; summer; fall, autumn. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} year; fiscal year. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} decade, decenniumm; lustrum[obs3]; quinquennium; ghurry[obs3]. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} century, millennium; annus magnus[Lat]. {{has_instance(age)}} prehistory, prehistoric times. {{has_temporal_part(prehistory)}} stone age; iron age; bronze age. {{has_instance(age)}} Golden Age; middle ages, dark ages, medeival times; the rennaissance, the Italian renaissance; the enlightenment; the Age of Reason. {{{has_relative_value(year + month)}}} "12". {{{has_relative_value(week + day)}}} "7". {{{has_relative_value(decade + year)}}} "10". {{{has_relative_value(century + year)}}} "100". {{{has_relative_value(month + week): "4"; "<5"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(month + day)}}} "28"; "30"; "31"; "29". {{{has_relative_value(hour + minute)}}} "60". {{{has_relative_value(minute + second)}}} "60". {{{has_relative_value(day + hour)}}} "24". {{has_subtype(time cycle)}} indiction[medeival]. {{{has_relative_value(indiction + year)}}} "15". V. take time, take up time, fill time, occupy time. intervene. pass time, pass away time, spend time, while away time, consume time, talk against time; tide over; use time, employ time; seize an opportunity &c. R134. {{has_subtype(measure[obj=time interval], R466)}} [transitive] time. {{has_subtype(pass time): waste time, @R683}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R141, continue, last, endure, go on, remain, persist, hold out}}. Adj. continuing &c. v.; on foot; permanent &c. (durable) R110. Adj. horary[obs3]; hourly, annual &c. (periodical) R138. {{property_of(long duration)}} extended, lengthy. Adv. the whole time, all the time; all along; throughout &c. (completely) R52. <-- [Estimation, measurement, and record of time?? Why record?.] --> P1.1.1.4.R1 CHRONOMETRY (R114) #114. Chronometry. N. {{has_subtype(measuring[obj=time, R106/period, R108], @R466)}} chronometry, time measurement, horology, horometry[obs3]. {{measures: time, R106; date, @R113a; period, R108}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.12.3.4, chronometer, clock}}. <-- ; epoch, @R113a; era, @R108 ?? --> {{uses}} almanac, calendar, ephemeris; register, registry. {{used_in: @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1, history, chronicle, annals, journal}}. {{used_in: @R551, diary}}. {{used_in}} {{has_manifestation(time, R108/date, @R113a)}} {{has_subtype(text, @R590)}} chronogram. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.51, timekeeper, chronologer, annalist}}. {{used_in: chronology}}. {{measures}} {{has_subtype(year, @R108)}} calendar year; leap year. {{has_beginning(calendar year)}} {{has_subtype(day, @R108)}} "January 1". {{has_ending(calendar year)}} {{has_subtype(day, @R108)}} "December 31". {{alternative_to(calendar year)}} {{uses(bookkeeping, @R811): @R108, fiscal year}}. {{¬_has_beginning(fiscal year): "January 1"}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(calendar)}} Julian calendar; Gregorian calendar; Chinese calendar; Jewish calendar; perpetual calendar; Farmer's almanac. {{has_concern: accuracy, @R494}}. V. measure time. fix the time, mark the time; date. {{has_subtype(measure time[of=duration of event, @R108])}} {{used_in(chronometer@P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}} [transitive] clock. register, chronicle; beat time, mark time; bear date. {{helped_by(chronometry)}} {{has_subtype(synchronize[ptnt=watch, @P2.3.1.3.12.3.4], @R120)}} synchronize watches. Adj. {[referring_to(time measurement)]} chronometrical[obs3], chronogrammatical[obs3]. {{&has_consequence(chronometry)}} {{has_subtype(ordered[by=time, R106], @R60)}} chronological. <--; cinquecento[Fr], quattrocento[obs3], trecento[obs3]. --> Adv. o'clock. chronometrically. {{has_subtype(in order, @R58)}} chronologically. synchronically. <-- [Indefinite duration.] --> P1.1.1.5 COURSE OF TIME (R109) #109. Course of time. N. course of time, flow of time, passage of time, succession of time, lapse of time, progression of time, time progression, time flow, time lapse, progress of time, procession of time, flux of time, stream of time, tract of time, current of time, sweep of time, vesta of time[obs3], tide of time, march of time, step of time, flight of time. {{!causes: time interval, R108}}. {{has_metaphor}} glass of time, sands of time, march of time, corridors of time, Father Time, ravages of time; arrow of time; river of time, whirligig of time, noiseless foot of time. {{has_symbol(Father Time): scythe}}. {{has_symbol: hourglass}}. <-- ; duration &c. R106 --> [Indefinite time] aorist[gram.]. V. elapse, flow, run, proceed, advance, pass. roll on, wear on, press on; flit, slip, slide, glide; run its course. {{has_subtype(elapse[mode=quickly])}} fly, fly by. out; go by, pass by. {{has_termination: @R67, expire, lapse}}. {{has_result(expire, @R67): @R67, be past, be over, be terminated, have run its course}}. Adj. elapsing, flowing, passing, running. ongoing, in progress, progressing, advancing, proceeding. aoristic[gram], aorist[gram.]; progressive. Adv. in due time, in due season; in due course, in due process, in the fullness of time; in time. Phr. labitur et labetur [Lat][Horace]; truditur dies die [Lat][Horace]; fugaces labuntur anni [Lat][Horace]; "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day" [Macbeth]. <-- "Long time", as with many quantitaive modifiers, is relative to the normal time for any activity. No inferences of absolute time periods can be drawn without context. the properties of longevity and transience are mixed with the concepts long time and short time, and need to be distentangled!??? --> <-- [Long duration.] --> P1.1.1.6 LONG TIME (R110) #110. Long Time. N. {{has_large_quantity(time interval, R108)}} {{has_conceptual_part(persistence, R141)}} long time, a length of time, long duration, a long time, long period, diuturnity[obs3]. an age, a century, an eternity. {{has_property}} longevity. {{has_conceptual_part: slowness[of=change], R275}}. {{has_extreme: perpetuity &c. R112}}. durableness, durability; endlessness, lastingness &c. adj.. {{property_of(continuity, R69)}} continuance, standing. {{conceptual_part_of: permanence &c. (stability) R150}}. survival, survivance[obs3]; distance of time. {{has_subtype}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): longevity, @R128]}. protraction of time, prolongation of time, extension of time; delay &c. (lateness) R133. {{has_metaphor}} blue moon, coon's age [U.S.], dog's age. {{&caused_by}} steadfastness, stubbornness. {{has_high_intensity: perpetuity &c. R112}}. V. {{has_high_quantity(persist, R141)}} endure, stand, stay, remain, continue. drag on, drag its slow length along, drag a lengthening chain. abide, brave a thousand years. {[of(presence, R186)]} {{&caused_by: @R133, linger, tarry}}. {{&caused_by}} protract, prolong, extend; spin out, eke out, draw out, drag out, lengthen out, stretch out, stretch, make something last. {{&caused_by}} temporize; gain time, make time, talk against time. {{similar_to(exceed, R33)}} {{result_of(remainder, R40)}} outlast, outlive; survive; live to fight again. {{similar_to}} go the distance, complete the course. Adj. {{has_property(long time)}} long, lengthy, of long duration, intransient[obs3], intransitive[obs2]. of long-standing; chronic, long-standing, intransmutable[obs3], persistent. lasting, enduring, abiding, continuing. {{&consequence_of(lengthy)}} protracted, prolonged, sustained, lingering, lengthened, spun out, dragged out, extended, drawn out, stretched out. {{has_high_quantity(lengthy)}} interminable, endless, no end of. {[def(requiring[obj=long time])]} {{&consequence_of(protracted)}} long-term. {{has_subtype(lengthy)}} {[when_modifying(speech, R582)]} prolix, long-winded, windy, sesquipedalian, macrocolous[obs3]. long-pending, long-winded. {{&consequence_of: slow &c. R275}}. {{requires(endure)}} durable. {[when_modifying(living thing)]} lifelong, livelong. {[when_modifying(living thing)]} long-lived, diuturnal[obs3], longeval[obs3]. {{&consequence_of(long-lived)}} {{has_property(macrobiotic diet)}} macrobiotic. {[when_modifying(plant, R367)]} evergreen, perennial, sempervirent[obs3], sempervirid[obs3]. {{property_of(continuity, R69)}} unrelenting, unremitting, unintermitting[obs3]. {{property_of(excessive)}} too long, overlong. {{has_extreme(lengthy)}} permanent, endless. {{has_extreme(lengthy): perpetual &c. R112}}. Adv. long; for a long time, for an age, for ages, for ever so long, for many a long day; long ago &c. (in a past time) R122; longo intervallo [It]. all the day long, all the year round; the livelong day, as the day is long, morning noon and night; hour after hour, day after day; week after week; month after month; year after year; for good; permanently &c. adj.. <-- [Short duration.] --> P1.1.1.7 TRANSIENCE (R111) #111. Transience. N. {{has_property(instant, @R113/interval, R108)}} transience, impermanence, temporariness, transitoriness, evanescence, brevity, fugacity[Chem], caducity[obs3], transientness[obs3]. {{similar_to: suddenness &c. R113}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(interval, R108)}} short time, span, span of time. {{has_extreme(short time): instant, @R113}}. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor}} spurt, flash, burst. temporary arrangement, interregnum. {[of(living being, R357)]} mortality, eventual death, prospect of death. {{has_high_level(mortality)}} short life. {{has_metaphor}} nine days' wonder, bubble; flash in the pan. {{has_metaphor(short life)}} Mayfly. {{property_of}} ephemeron, ephemera[Pl]. {{&caused_by: velocity &c. R274}}. {{&caused_by: changeableness &c. R149}}. {{trait_of: nomad; transient, transient boarder, transient guest P2.3.2.3.6.4.26}}. {{caused_by: instability, R149, @P2.2.1}}. V. be transient, be transitory, be temporary, be passing, be impermanent; flit, pass away, fly, gallop, vanish, fade, evaporate; pass away like a cloud, pass away like a summer cloud, pass away like a shadow, pass away like a dream. Adj. transient, transitory, temporary, passing, impermanent, temporal, transitive. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(purposive, @R620)}} ad hoc. {{has_high_level(transient)}} evanescent, fleeting, cursory, short-lived, ephemeral. fading, flying, evaporating, vanishing; fugacious, fugitive; shifting, slippery; spasmodic. {{has_extreme(transient)}} instantaneous, momentary, momentaneous[obs3]. provisional, provisory. {{&conceptual_part_of(temporary): makeshift, @R147}}. {{&caused_by}} precarious, unstable, insecure. {[when_modifying(leaf)]} deciduous. {[when_modifying(food)]} perishable. {[when_modifying(animal[1], R366)]} mortal. brief, quick, brisk, extemporaneous, summary; pressed for time &c. (haste) R684; sudden, momentary &c. (instantaneous) R113. Adv. temporarily &c. adj.; pro tempore[Lat]; for the moment, for a time; awhile, en passant[Fr], in transitu[Lat]; in a short time; soon &c. (early) R132; briefly &c. adj.; at short notice; on the point of, on the eve of; in articulo; between cup and lip. Phr. one's days are numbered; the time is up; here today and gone tomorrow; non semper erit aestas[Lat][obs3]; "eheu!"; fugaces labuntur anni[Lat]; sic transit gloria mundi[Lat]; "a schoolboy's tale, the wonder of the hour!" [Byron]; dum loquimur fugerit invidia aetas[Lat][obs3]; fugit hora[Lat]; all that is transitory is but an illusion [Goethe]. a burst of speed; a flash of genius. <-- [Endless duration.] --> P1.1.1.8 PERPETUITY (R112) #112. Perpetuity. N. {{has_extreme(longevity, R110)}} perpetuity, eternity, everness[obs3], aye, sempiternity[obs3], immortality, athanasia[obs3]; interminability[obs3], agelessness, everlastingness &c. adj.; perpetuation; continued existence, uninterrupted existence, perennity[obs3]. V. last forever, endure forever, go on forever; have no end. eternize, perpetuate. Adj. perpetual, eternal; everduring[obs3], everlasting, ever-living, ever-flowing; continual, sempiternal[obs3]; coeternal. endless, unending; ceaseless, incessant, uninterrupted, unceasing, interminable, having no end, indesinent[obs3]. evergreen, amaranthine, unfading[obs3]; never-ending, neverending[obs3], never-dying, never-fading. deathless, immortal, undying, imperishable. Adv. perpetually &c. adj.; always, ever, evermore, aye; for ever, for aye, till the end of the universe, forevermore, forever and a day, for ever and ever; in all ages, from age to age; without end; world without end, time without end; in secula seculorum[Lat]; to the end of time, to the crack of doom, "to the last syllable of recorded time" [Macbeth]; till doomsday; constantly &c. (very frequently) R136. Phr. esto perpetuum[Lat]; labitur et labetur in omne volubilis oevum [Lat][Horace]; "but thou shall flourish in immortal youth" [Addison]; "Eternity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought" [Addison]; "her immortal part with angels lives" [Romeo & Juliet]; ohne Rast [Ger][Goethe's motto]; ora e sempre[It]. <-- [[instant]] two concepts were mingled here. [Point of time] is now at R113a, below --> P1.1.1.9 INSTANTANEITY (R113) #113. Instantaneity. N. {{similar_to(transience, R111)}} {{has_superlative(speed)}} instantaneity, instantaneousness, immediacy; suddenness, abruptness. {{property_of}} moment, instant; second, minute; twinkling, trice, flash, breath, crack, snap, jiffy, coup, burst, flash of lightning, stroke of time. V. be instantaneous &c. adj.; twinkle, flash. Adj. instantaneous, momentary, sudden, immediate, instant, abrupt, discontinuous, precipitous, precipitant, precipitate; subitaneous[obs3], hasty; quick as thought, quick as lightning, quick as a flash; rapid as electricity. {{is_extreme_of: @R274, speedy, quick, fast, fleet, swift, lively, blitz, rapid}}. Adv. instantaneously &c. adj.; in no time, in less than no time; presto, subito[obs3], instanter, suddenly, at a stroke, like a shot; in a moment &c. n.; in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a trice; in one's tracks; right away; toute a l'heure[Fr]; at one jump, in the same breath, per saltum[Lat], uno saltu[Lat]; at once, all at once; plump, slap; "at one fell swoop"; at the same instant &c. n.; immediately &c. (early) R132; extempore, on the moment, on the spot, on the spur of the moment; no sooner said than done; just then; slap-dash &c. (haste) R684. Phr. touch and go; no sooner said than done. P1.1.1.10 DUMMY N. Dummy. <-- [False estimate of time.] --> P1.1.1.11 ANACHRONISM (R115) #115. Anachronism. N. {{has_subtype(error)}} anachronism, metachronism, parachronism, prochronism; prolepsis, misdate; anticipation, antichronism. {{caused_by}} disregard of time, neglect of time, oblivion of time. intempestivity[obs3] &c. R135. V. misdate, antedate, postdate, backdate, overdate[obs3]; anticipate. take no note of time, lose track of time; anachronize[obs3]. Adj. misdated &c. v.; undated; anachronistic. {{similar_to(lateness)}} overdue, past due. out of date; behind the times. before one's time, ahead of one's time. P1.1.2 RELATIVE TIME (R116 TO R135) N. relative time. P1.1.2.1 TIME RELATIVE TO SUCCESSION R116 TO R122 N. time relative to succession. <-- 116. Priority 117. Posteriority 118. Present time 119. Different time 120. Synchronism 121. Futurity 122. Preterition --> P1.1.2.1.1 ANTECEDENCE #116. Antecedence. N. priority, antecedence, anteriority, precedence, pre-existence. precession &c. R280; precursor &c. R64; the past &c. R122; premises. {{property_of: precedent, prototype, original, R22}}. V. precede, come before; forerun; go before &c. (lead) R280; preexist; dawn; presage &c. R511; herald, usher in. be beforehand &c. (be early) R132; steal a march upon, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start. Adj. prior, previous; preceding, precedent; anterior, antecedent; pre-existing, pre-existent; former, foregoing; aforementioned, before-mentioned, above-mentioned; aforesaid, said; introductory &c. (precursory) R64. Adv. before, prior to; earlier; previously &c. adj.; afore[obs3], aforehand[obs3], ere, theretofore, erewhile[obs3]; ere then, ere now, before then, before now; already, yet, beforehand; on the eve of. Phr. prior tempore prior jure[Lat]. <-- [[after]] --> P1.1.2.1.2 POSTERIORITY #117. Posteriority. N. {{has_subtype(futurity, P1.1.2.1.6)}} posteriority; succession; following; subsequence, supervention. successor. {{conceptual_part_of: sequel &c. R65; succession, R63}}. remainder, reversion. {{property_of: copy, R22}}. V. follow after, come after, go after. succeed, supervene; ensue, occur; step into the shoes of. Adj. subsequent, posterior, following, after, later, succeeding, postliminious[obs3], postnate[obs3]; postdiluvial[obs3], postdiluvian[obs3]; puisne[obs2]; posthumous; future &c. R121; after-dinner, postprandial. Adv. subsequently, after, afterwards, later, at a subsequent time; at a later period, at a later date. since, since then, thereafter, from that time, from that moment; ever after, from then on. {{has_subtype(subsequently)}} {{property_of(immediacy)}} next, immediately afterward, in the sequel, close upon, thereupon, upon which, eftsoons[obs1]. eventually, after a while, after a time, in the process of time. <-- [[present]] --> P1.1.2.1.3 THE PRESENT TIME #118. The Present Time. N. {{property_of(instantaneity)}} the present, the present time, the present day, the present moment, the present juncture, the present occasion; the times, the existing time, the time being; today. these days, our times, modern times, the twentieth century; nonce, the nonce. this epoch; this day; this hour; this minute. age, time of life. right time, true time, exact time, correct time. Adj. present, actual, instant, current, existing, extant, that is; present-day, up-to-date, up-to-the-moment; recent, the latest, the nonce. Adv. now, at present, at this time, at this moment, at this very moment, right now, just now, at this minute, even now, even as we speak, but now; at the present time, at the present moment, at this juncture, at this point in time, at this moment &c. n.; at hand. these days, nowadays, lately, recently; up to now, until now; to this day, to the present day. today; this week; this month; this year. at this time of day; already; on the present occasion; pro hac vice[Lat]; on the nail, on the spot; on the spur of the moment. {{temporal_part_of}} {{has_subtype(temporarily, @R111)}} for now, for the time being, for the nonce, for the moment, for the interim. Phr. "the present hour alone is man's" [Johnson]; "What time is it now?", "do you know the right time?", "Do you have the correct time?". <-- [Time different from the present.] --> P1.1.2.1.4 DIFFERENCT TIME #119. Different time. N. different time, other time, another time. [Indefinite time] aorist. Adj. aoristic; indefinite. Adv. at that time, at which time, at that moment, at that instant; then, on that occasion, upon; not now, some other time. when; whenever, whensoever; upon which, on which occasion; at another, at a different, at some other, at any time; at various times; some one of these days, one of these days, one fine morning; eventually, some day, by and by, sooner or later; some time or other. once upon a time. P1.1.2.1.5 SIMULTANEITY #120. Simultaneity. N. synchrony, simultaneity, synchronism, simultaneousness, co-occurrence, coexistence, contemporaneousness, isochronism, unity of time. {{has_antonym}} {{has_subtype(difference[in=time, R106/time interval, R108])}} asynchrony, difference in time. {[of(action, R170/process, A7.7/time interval, R108/event, R151)]} concurrence, concomitance, unity of interim. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(action, R170/process, A7.7/time interval, R108/event, R151)}} {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} concurrent thing[num=>1]. &&{{co-occurs_with($concurrent thing[num=all]): $concurrent thing[num=all]}}. {{has_subtype(concurrence): accompaniment, R88}}. coexistence, coincidence. {{property_of(contemporaneousness)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} contemporary, coetanian[obs3]. {[of(action, R170)]} {{&caused_by}} synchronization. V. be synchronous, be simultaneous. coexist, co-occur, concur; accompany, go hand in hand; keep pace with. {{&caused_by(be synchronous)}} synchronize. Adj. simultaneous, coexisting, coexistent; synchronous, synchronal[obs3], synchronic, synchronical, synchronistical[obs3]. {[when_modifying(action, R170/process, A7.7/time interval, R108)]} concurrent, coincident, concomitant. {{has_subtype(concurrent): accompanying, @R88}}. {{alternative_to(concurrent): consecutive, @R69; alternating, @R70; asynchronous}}. coeval, coevous[obs3]; contemporary, contemporaneous; coetaneous[obs3]; coeternal; isochronous, isochronal. Adv. at the same time; simultaneously &c. adj.; together, in concert, during the same time; in the same breath; pari passu[Lat]; in the interim; as one. at the very moment &c. R113; just as, as soon as; meanwhile &c. (while) R106. <-- [Indefinite prospective time.] We moved the adverbs "soon, quickly" meaning "in the near future" here from R132 "early". [[future]] --> P1.1.2.1.6 FUTURITY #121. Futurity. N. future, the future, time to come; approaching time, coming time, subsequent time, after time; futurity, futurition. {{has_subtype: posteriority, P1.1.2.1.2}}. approaching age, coming age, subsequent age, after age; morrow, approaching days, coming days, subsequent days, after days; approaching hours, coming hours, subsequent hours, after hours; approaching ages, coming ages, subsequent ages, after ages; eventuality. approaching life, coming life, subsequent life, after life; approaching years, coming years, subsequent years, after years. millennium, doomsday, day of judgment, crack of doom, remote future. approach of time, advent, time drawing on, womb of time. {{has_subtype}}{{has_temporal_part}} {{property_of(near[dim=time])}} near future. [more definite prospective time]{{has_subtype: destiny &c. R152}}. {{co-occurs_with: @R167, @P2.3.2.1, heritage, heirs, posterity, descendant}}. prospect &c. (expectation) R507; foresight &c. R510. V. look forwards. anticipate &c. (expect) R507. foresee &c. R510; forestall &c. (be early) R132. be in the future, come on, draw on; draw near; approach, await, threaten. impend &c. (be destined) R152. Adj. future, to come; coming, upcoming, impending. {{has_property(near future)}} next, near; close at hand, just around the corner. eventual, ulterior; in prospect &c. (expectation) R507. {{has_property(near future)}} {{has_temporal_loc(event, P2.4.1)}} instant, at hand, near; near, close at hand; about to be, about to happen. {{has_property(near future)}} {{has_temporal_loc(event, P2.4.1)}} over hanging, hanging over one's head, imminent; brewing, preparing, forthcoming; in the wind, on the cards, in the cards, in reserve; that will, is to be; in prospect &c. (expected) R507; looming, looming in the distance, looming on the horizon; unborn, in embryo; in the womb of time, futurity; pregnant &c. (producing) R161. {{has_subtype: @R152, destined, fated}}. Adv. prospectively, hereafter, later, in the future; kal[obs3], tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. eventually, ultimately, sooner or later, in course of time, in process of time, in the fullness of time, some day; proximo[Lat]; paulo post futurum[Lat]; in after time; one of these days; after a time, after a while. {{has_subtype: @P1.1.2.1.2, afterwards, subsequently}}. from this time; henceforth, henceforwards[obs3]; thence; thenceforth, thenceforward; whereupon, upon which. {{has_property(near future)}} soon, shortly, right away, presently, anon, in the near future, betimes, rath[obs3]; in a minute, in a second; eft, eftsoons; ere long, before long; forthwith, incontinently, summarily, immediately, briefly, shortly, quickly, speedily, apace, before the ink is dry, almost immediately, presently at the first opportunity, in no long time, by and by, in a while, directly; "before one can say Jack Robinson", at short notice, extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion [Bacon]; at once; on the spot, on the instant; at sight; offhand, out of hand; a vue d'oeil[Fr]; straight, straightway, straightforth[obs3]. suddenly &c. (instantaneously) R113. {{has_subtype(soon): early, R132}}. on the eve of, on the point of, on the verge of, on the brink of; about to; close upon. Phr. quid sit futurum cras fuge quaerere [Latin][Horace]. <-- [Retrospective time.] --> P1.1.2.1.7 THE PAST #122. The Past. N. the past, past time; days of yore, times of yore, days of old, times of old, days past, times past, days gone by, times gone by; bygone days; old times, ancient times, former times; fore time; the good old days, the olden time, good old time; auld lang syne[obs3]; eld[obs1]. antiquity, antiqueness[obs3], status quo; time immemorial; distance of time; remote age, remote time; remote past; rust of antiquity. retrospect. {{topic_of: @M5.6.1.1, retrospection, looking back, memory}}. {{studied_in}} antiquarianism, archaism, medievalism, Pre-Raphaelitism; paleontology, paleography, paleology[obs3]; paleozoology; palaetiology[obs3], archaeology; paleogeography; paleoecology; paleobotany; paleoclimatology. <-- originally - preterition; priority &c. R116 --> {{performed_by(antiquarianism): antiquarian, P2.3.2.3.6.5.53}}. {{co-occurs_with}} ancestry &c. (paternity) R166. {{has_small_quantity(the past)}} recent past. V. be past &c. adj.; have expired &c. adj.; have run its course, have had its day; pass; pass by, go by , pass away, go away , pass off, go off; lapse, blow over. look back, trace back, cast the eyes back; exhume. Adj. past, gone, gone by, over, passed away, bygone, foregone. {{&caused_by(nonexistent)}} elapsed, lapsed, preterlapsed[obs3], expired, no more, run out, blown over, has-been, that has been, extinct, antediluvian, antebellum, never to return, gone with the wind, exploded, forgotten, irrecoverable; obsolete &c. (old) R124. former, erstwhile, previous, pristine, quondam, ci-devant[Fr], late; ancestral. foregoing; latter; over night; preterperfect[obs3], preterpluperfect[obs3]. {{has_small_quantity(past)}} recent. {{has_extreme(recent)}} last, latest, most recent. looking back &c. v.; retrospective, retroactive; archaeological &c. n.. Adv. hitherto, previously, heretofore, in the past, ere now, before now, a while back, a while ago, erstwhile[obs2]; once, at one time, once upon a time, time was when. ago. until now, up to now, till now, up to this time, up to the present. paleo-; archaeo-; formerly; of old, of yore; erst[Ger], whilom, erewhile[obs3], over; in the olden time &c. n.; anciently, long ago, long since; a long while, a long time ago; years ago, yesteryear, ages ago; some time ago, some time since, some time back. yesterday, the day before yesterday; last year, ultimo. retrospectively. no longer; from time immemorial, from prehistoric times; in the memory of man; time out of mind; already, yet; ex post facto. {{has_small_quantity(before now)}} recently, a short time ago, just now, just a while ago. {{has_small_quantity(before now): lately &c. (newly) R123}}. Conj. until, before. Phr. time was; the time has been, the time hath been; you can't go home again; fuimus Troes [Lat][Vergil]; fruit Ilium [Vergil]; hoc erat in more majorum[Lat]; "O call back yesterday, bid time return" [Richard II]; tempi passati[It]; "the eternal landscape of the past" [Tennyson]; ultimus Romanorum[Lat]; "what's past is prologue" [Tempest]; "whose yesterdays look backward with a smile" [Young]. P1.1.2.2 TIME RELATIVE TO A PERIOD (R123 TO R131) N. time relative to a period. <-- R123. Newness 124. Oldness 125. Morning 126. Evening 127. Youth 128. Age R129. Infant 130. Veteran 131. Adolescence [[ new]] --> P1.1.2.2.1 NEWNESS (R123) #123. Newness. N. newness, freshness, novelty, recency; gloss of novelty. {{causes}} immaturity. {{property_of: youth &c. R127}}. {{property_of}} modernism, modernity; latest fashion. {{caused_by}} innovation; renovation &c. (restoration) R660. {{has_metaphor}} mushroom. {{property_of: contemporaneousness}}. {{trait_of(modernity)}} modern, contempororary; parvenu, nouveau riche[Fr]. {{similar_to: originality, @R20}}. V. renew &c. (restore) R660; modernize. Adj. new, novel, recent, fresh, green; evergreen; raw, immature, unsettled, yeasty; virgin; untried, unhandseled[obs3], untrodden, untrod, unbeaten. {{has_subtype(new): young &c. R127}}. {{has_extreme(new)}} brand-new, fire-new, span-new, just out, latest. late, modern, modernistic, contemporary, neoteric, hypermodern, nouveau, non-classical; new-fashioned, new-fangled, newfangled. up to date, up to the minute, with it, fashionable, in fashion; in, hip [coll.]; of yesterday. vernal, sempervirent[obs3], sempervirid[obs3]. fresh as a rose, fresh as a daisy, fresh as paint. spick and span. renovated, updated, revamped; refreshed. {[when_modifying(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} revised. {[when_modifying(animal[1], R366)]} new-born, nascent, neonatal[med.], new-fledged. Adv. newly; afresh, anew, lately, just now, only yesterday, the other day; latterly, of late, these days. {{has_subtype: recently, @R122}}. not long ago, a short time ago. Phr. di novello tutto par bello[It]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum est prius[Lat]; una scopa nuova spazza bene[It]. <-- [[old]] --> P1.1.2.2.2 OLDNESS R124) #124. Oldness. N. oldness, age. {{has_high_quantity}} antiquity, ancientness. {{property_of(antiquity)}} ancient times. {{has_property(ancient times): oldness[val=>1500 years]}}. maturity; decline, decay. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{causes}} seniority, eldership; priority. {{factor_in}} primogeniture. thing of the past, relic of the past; megatherium[obs3]; Sanskrit. {{property_of: old custom}}. {{property_of: the past, R122}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&co-occurs_with: senility &c. R128}}. V. be old. {{has_high_quantity}} be antique. have had its day, have seen its day; become old &c. adj.; age, fade, senesce. Adj. old. antique; of long standing, time-honored, venerable. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} elder, eldest; firstborn. {{has_high_quantity(old)}} {{has_property(ancient times)}} ancient. prime; primitive, primeval, primigenous[obs3]. {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} prehistoric, protohistoric[obs3]. {{has_extreme(old)}} primordial, primordinate[obs3]; paleolontological, paleontologic, paleoanthropological, paleoanthropic[obs3]; antemundane[obs3]. {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} antediluvian, diluvian[obs3]; paleocrystic[obs3]. paleozoic, fossil, paleozoolical, preglacial[obs3]. {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} paleolithic, stone age, stone-age. {{has_subtype(old): aboriginal &c. (beginning) R66}}. {[in_frame(United States History)]} antebellum[<1860]; colonial[1620-1781]; federal[1782-1820]; Victorian[1821-1900]. {[in_frame(South America/Central America)]} precolumbian[<1500 A.D.]. ancestral, patriarchal, preadamite[obs3]. archaic; classic; medieval; Pre-Raphaelite; black-letter. immemorial, traditional, age-old, prescriptive, customary, whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary; inveterate, rooted. {[in_frame(custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1)]} antiquated, out of date, stale, old-fashioned, behind the age, behind the times, old hat, out of fashion, out of it, of other times, rococo, of the old school, after-age; old-world; exploded; gone out, gone by; passe, run out; time worn; crumbling &c. (deteriorated) R659; secondhand. {{has_subtype}} {{has_low_level(useless, @R645): obsolete, @R614}}. {[&of(person, P2.3.2.3): senile &c. R128]}. old as the hills, old as Methuselah, old as Adam, old as history. <-- [geological eras (list, starting at given number of years bp)] --> {[in_frame(geology, P2.3.1.1.1.R1)]} {[referring_to(era)]} {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} Archeozoic[5,000,000,000]; Proterozoic[1,500,000,000]; Paleozoic[600,000,000]; Mesozoic[220,000,000]; Cenozoic[70,000,000]. <-- [geological periods (list)] --> {[in_frame(geology, P2.3.1.1.1.R1)]} {[referring_to(era)]} {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} Precambrian[>600,000,000]; Cambrian[600,000,000]; Ordovician[500,000,000]; Silurian[440,000,000]; Devonian[400,000,000]; Mississippian[350,000,000]; Pennsylvanian[300,000,000]; Permian[270,000,000]; Triassic[220,000,000]; Jurassic[180,000,000]; Cretaceous[135,000,000]; Tertiary[70,000,000]; Paleogene[70,000,000]; Neocene[25,0000,000]; Quaternary[1,000,000]. {{has_subtype(geological epoch)}} {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} Paleocene; Eocene; Oligocene; Miocene; Pliocene; Pleistocene. {{has_subtype(geological epoch)}} {{not_property_of(old)}} Recent. Adv. in olden times, in olden days, anciently, a long time ago. since the world was made, since the year one, since the days of Methuselah. Phr. vetera extollimus recentium incuriosi [Lat][Tacitus]; according to Adam; cobwebs of antiquity. <-- [[morning]] --> P1.1.2.2.3 TIME OF DAY N. {{has_temporal_part(day, R108)}} time of day. P1.1.2.2.3.1 MORNING (R125) #125. Morning. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(midnight)}} {{follows(noon)}} morning, morn, forenoon, ante meridien[Lat], "A.M."[abbr], prime. {{has_beginning}} {{has_temporal_part(morning)}} early morning; the small hours, the wee hours of the morning. {{precedes(early morning)}} {{has_temporal_part(day)}} twilight, morning twilight, crepuscule. {{precedes(morning twilight)}} {{has_temporal_part(day)}} dawn, daybreak, break of day, sunup, sunrise, aurora, dayspring[obs3], foreday[obs3], peep of day; first blush of the morning, first flush of the morning, prime of the morning; cockcrow, cockcrowing[obs3]. {{metaphor_for}} spring; vernal equinox, first point of Aries. {{has_ending}} {{has_temporal_part(day): noon, R125a}}. {{metaphor_for}} summer, midsummer. Adj. morning, matin, matutinal[obs3]; vernal. Adv. at sunrise &c. n.; with the sun, with the lark, "when the morning dawns". Phr. "at shut of evening flowers" [Paradise Lost]; entre chien et loup[Fr]; "flames in the fore-head of the morning sky" [Milton]; "the breezy call of incense-breathing morn" [Gray]. <-- [[Noon]] --> P1.1.2.2.3.2 NOON (R125A) #125a. Noon. N. {{has_subtype(point of time)}} {{precedes(morning)}} {{follows(afternoon)}} noon; midday, noonday; noontide, meridian, prime; nooning[obs3], noontime. high noon. Adj. noonday. P1.1.2.2.3.3 AFTERNOON (R125B) #125b. Afternoon. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(noon)}} {{follows(evening)}} {{has_temoral_part(daytime, @P1.1.1.4)}} afternoon, "p.m."[abbr], "P.M."[abbr], postmeridian. <-- notice that twilight occurs at morning and evening. This may be a little confusing --> P1.1.2.2.3.4 EVENING (R126) #126. Evening. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(afternoon)}} {{follows(night)}} evening, eve; decline of day, fall of day, close of day; candlelight, candlelighting[obs3]; eventide, nightfall, curfew. {{has_temporal_part}} sunset, sundown; going down of the sun, cock- shut, dewy eve, gloaming. {{precedes(sunset)}} {{has_temporal_part(evening)}} twilight, crepuscule, shades of evening, cockshut time[obs1]. {{has_ending(twilight)}} {{has_temporal_part(twilight)}} dusk. {{precedes(dusk): night, R126a}}. {{has_metaphor}} eleventh hour. {{metaphor_for}} autumn; fall, fall of the leaf; autumnal equinox; Indian summer, "St. Luke's summer", "St. Martin's summer". Adj. vespertine, evening. autumnal. <-- [[night]] --> P1.1.2.2.3.5 NIGHT (R126A) #126a. Night. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(evening)}} {{follows(midnight)}} {{property_of(dark)}} night, nighttime; late night; bedtime. {{metaphor_for}} winter. {{has_metaphor}} killing time. {{has_ending}} {{has_temporal_part(day): midnight, R126b}}. {{has_temporal_part: midnight, R126b}}. Adj. nocturnal. Phr. "sable-vested Night" [Milton]; "this gorgeous arch with golden worlds inlay'd" [Young]. P1.1.2.2.3.6 MIDNIGHT (R126B) #126b. Midnight. N. {{has_subtype(point of time)}} {{precedes(night)}} {{follows(morning)}} midnight, "12 P.M.", "24:00", twenty-four hundred hours, dead of night, witching hour, witching hour of night, witching time of night. Phr. "midnight, the outpost of advancing day" [Longfellow]. <-- R127 Youth and R128 Age, R129 Adolescence to properties of humans (HPROP) P2.2.3.5.2 YOUTH P2.2.3.5.3 AGE, P2.2.3.5.4 ADOLESCENCE --> <-- R129, Infant and R130, veteran to character (person, P2.3.2.3 --> <-- "Time relative to a purpose" might have been palced in the "goals" section, but seems more closely related to physical time, than to the implied goals. --> P1.1.2.3 TIME RELATIVE TO AN EFFECT OR PURPOSE R132 TO R135 N. time relative to an effect or purpose. {{has_conceptual_part: purpose, R620}}. <-- R132. Earliness 133. Lateness 134. Occasion 135. Intempestivity This earliness refers to doing something early. Is the word so seldom use in other contexts? [[early]]--> P1.1.2.3.1 EARLINESS (R132) #132. Earliness. N. {{antonym_of(lateness, R133)}} earliness. {{property_of}} {{has_temporal_part(time interval)}} early part. {{property_of(very early): beginning}}. {[in_frame(day): morning, R125]}. {{required_for}} punctuality. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(activity, R682)}} promptness. {{&caused_by(promptness): haste, @R274}}. prematurity, precocity, precipitation; a stitch in time. {{conceptual_part_of: suddenness, @R113}}. {{has_subtype: near future, @R121}}. {{has_requirement(promptness): anticipation, M5.6.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(earliness)}} {{property_of(excessive)}} prematureness. V. be early &c. adj.; be beforehand, be ahead of time; keep time, take time by the forelock, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start; steal a march upon; gain time, draw on futurity; bespeak, secure, engage, preengage[obs3]. {{has_subtype(be beforehand)}} be too early, be premature. {{helped_by(be early): expedite &c. (quicken) R274}}. {{helped_by(be early): @R684, accelerate, make haste, hurry}}. Adj. early, prime, forward; prompt &c. (active) R682; summary. {{has_excess(early)}} premature, precipitate. precocious; prevenient[obs3], anticipatory; rath[obs3]. sudden &c. (instantaneous) R113; unexpected &c. R508; near, near at hand; immediate. Adv. early. beforehand; prematurely &c. adj.; precipitately &c. (hastily) R684; too soon; ahead of time, before its time, before one's time; in anticipation, in advance; unexpectedly &c. R508. {{has_subtype: @R121, in the near future, soon, shortly, right away, presently, anon, in a minute, in a second, ere long, before long, forthwith, summarily, immediately, briefly, shortly, quickly, speedily, apace, almost immediately, presently at the first opportunity, directly, on the spur of the moment, at once; on the spot, on the instant, at sight, straight, straightway}}. Phr. no sooner said than done, "immediately, if not sooner"; tout vient a temps pour qui sait attendre[Fr]. <-- lateness is a result of "inaction, M7.3.4.3", being related to volitional phenomena. But it is here because it is more of physical phenomen related to time. [[late]] [[delay]] --> P1.1.2.3.2 LATENESS (R133) #133. Lateness. N. {{antonym_of(punctuality, R132)}} {{&has_result(inaction, R681, M7.3.4.3)}} lateness, tardiness, unpunctuality, untimeliness. {{&caused_by: slowness, R275}}. {{&caused_by}} {{&has_result(inaction, R681, M7.3.4.3)}} delay, delation, delaying, cunctation, procrastination; deferring, deferral &c. v.; postponement, adjournment, suspension, prorogation, retardation, respite, pause, wait; protraction, prolongation; Fabian policy, medecine expectante[Fr], chancery suit, federal case; leeway; high time; moratorium, holdover. {{has_subtype(postponement)}} reprieve, stay of execution. {{performed_by(procrastination)}} procrastinator. V. be late, miss a deadline. miss an appointment, miss a meeting. table [parliamentary]. {{caused_by}} tarry, wait, stay, bide, take time; dawdle &c. (be inactive) R683; linger, loiter; bide one's time, take one's time; gain time; hang fire; stand over, lie over. {{caused_by}} defer, delay, put off, postpone, hold off; lay over, suspend, waive, retard, remand, adjourn, hold over. {{has_subtype(avoid[mode=temporarily])}} shift off, stave off, keep back, hold back, tide over. {{caused_by}} prolong, protract; spin out, draw out, lengthen out, stretch out; prorogue; let the matter stand over. {{caused_by}} procrastinate, dally, put things off, temporize; consult one's pillow, sleep on it, think things over, think it over, think about it. {{has_subtype(procrastinate)}} wait until the last minute, push to the last, drive to the last. {[in_frame(school)]} {{&causes(postpone[obj=studying, @R539]): cram, @R539}}. {{has_subtype(think it over)}} refer it to a committee. reserve &c. (store) R636. lose an opportunity &c. R135; be kept waiting, dance attendance; kick one's heels, cool one's heels; faire antichambre[Fr]; wait impatiently; await &c. (expect) R507; sit up, sit up at night. Adj. late, tardy, behindhand, behind, serotine[obs3], belated, slow, postliminious[obs3], backward, unpunctual, untimely. {{&consequence_of: @R142, delayed, postponed}}. {{&consequence_of: dilatory &c. (slow) R275}}. Adv. late; lateward[obs3], backward; late in the day; at sunset, at the eleventh hour, at length, at last; ultimately; after time, behind time, after the deadline; too late; too late for &c. R135. slowly, leisurely, deliberately, at one's leisure; ex post facto; sine die [parl.]. Phr. better late than never; "never put off until tomorrow what you can put off until the day after"; "too little and too late"; "he'd be late for his own funeral"; By the street of By and by one arrives at the house of Never[Spanish proverb]; nonum prematur in annum [Lat][Horace]; "against the sunbeams serotine and lucent" [Longfellow]; ie meglio tardi che mai[It]; deliberando saepe perit occasio [Lat][Syrus]. <-- ?? "timeliness" should be split off from the more abstract "occasion" [[opportunity]] --> P1.1.2.3.3 OPPORTUNITY #134. Opportunity. N. {{antonym_of(untimeliness, R135)}} {{affected_by(volition, M7)}} {{has_requirement(action, R680/complex action, M7.3.5)}} opportunity, occasion, timeliness, opening, room, good time, suitable time, proper time, right time, opportune time, propitious time, tempestivity[obs3]. high time; opportuneness &c. adj.; suitable season, proper season; event (eventuality) R151. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(favorable)}} nick of time; golden opportunity, well timed opportunity, fine opportunity, favorable opportunity, opening; clear stage, fair field; mollia tempora[Lat]; fata Morgana[Lat]; spare time &c. (leisure) R685. {{property_of}} crisis, turn, juncture, conjuncture; turning point, watershed, given time. {{has_metaphor(favorable opportunity)}} {{has_subtype(time interval, R108, P1.1.1.4)}} window, window of opportunity. {{has_ending(window of opportunity)}} {{has_subtype(time point)}} {{has_subtype(ending time, @P2.4)}} deadline. {{co-occurs_with(deadline): lapse, @R776; lapse, @R67}}. {{has_subtype(window of opportunity): option, @R777}}. V. seize an opportunity, take the opportunity, use an opportunity; use an occasion; improve the occasion. give an opportunity. suit the occasion &c. (be expedient) R646. seize the occasion, strike while the iron is hot, battre le fer sur l'enclume[Fr], make hay while the sun shines, seize the present hour, take time by the forelock, prendre la balle au bond[Fr]. Adj. opportune, timely, well-timed, timeful[obs3], seasonable. providential, lucky, fortunate, happy, favorable, propitious, ripe, convenient, auspicious; critical; suitable &c. R23; obiter dicta. Adv. opportunely &c. adj.; in proper course, in due course, in proper season, in due season, in proper time, in due time; for the nonce; in the nick of time, in the fullness of time; all in good time; just in time, at the eleventh hour, now or never. by the way, by the by; en passant[Fr], a propos[Fr]; pro re nata[Lat], pro hac vice[Lat]; par parenthese[Fr], parenthetically, by way of parenthesis, incidentally; while speaking of, while on the subject; extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion; on the spot &c. (early) R132. Phr. carpe diem[Lat] [Horace]; occasionem cognosce[Lat]; one's hour is come, the time is up; that reminds me, now that you mention it, come to think of it; bien perdu bien connu[Fr]; e sempre l'ora[It]; ex quovis ligno non fit Mercurius[Lat]; nosce tempus[Lat]; nunc aut nunquam[Lat]. "never put off until tomorrow what you can do today". {{manifestation_of(procrastination)}} "never put off until tomorrow what you can put off until the day after"[ironical]. P1.1.2.3.3.1 PUNCTUALITY (132A) #132a. Punctuality. N. punctuality, promptness, immediateness. V. be prompt, be on time, be in time; arrive on time; be in the nick of time. Adj. timely, on time, seasonable, in time, punctual, prompt. Adv. on time, punctually, at the deadline, precisely, exactly; right on time, to the minute; in time; in good time, in military time, in pudding time[obs1], in due time; time enough; with no time to spare, by a hair's breadth. Phr. touch and go, not a minute too soon, in the nick of time, just under the wire, get on board before the train leaves the station. P1.1.2.3.4 UNTIMELINESS #135. Untimeliness. N. {{antonym_of(timeliness, R134)}} untimeliness, intempestivity[obs3], unseasonableness, inexpedience. {{property_of}} bad time, wrong time, inappropriate time, not the right occasion, unsuitable time, inopportune time, inconvenient time, improper time; evil hour; contretemps; intrusion; anachronism &c. R115. unreasonableness &c. adj.. bad timing, poor timing. V. be ill timed, be untimely, be innopportune; mistime. intrude, come amiss, break in upon; have other fish to fry; be busy, be occupied. lose an opportunity, throw away an opportunity, squander an opportunity, waste an opportunity, neglect an opportunity; allow the opportunity to pass, suffer the opportunity to pass, allow the opportunity to slip, let the opportunity slip, cast aside the opportunity, suffer the opportunity to slip, allow the opportunity to go by, suffer the opportunity to go by, allow the opportunity to escape, suffer the opportunity to escape, allow the opportunity to lapse, suffer the opportunity to lapse, allow the occasion to pass, allow the occasion to slip by; waste time &c. (be inactive) R683; let slip through the fingers, lock the barn door after the horse is stolen; overlook an opportunity, disregard an opportunity. Adj. ill-timed, mistimed; ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred; untimely, unseasonable; out of date, out of season; inopportune, timeless, intrusive. untoward, mal a propos[Fr], unlucky, inauspicious, infelicitous, unbefitting, unpropitious, unfortunate, unfavorable; unsuited &c. R24; inexpedient &c. R647. unpunctual &c. (late) R133; too late for; premature &c. (early) R132; too soon for; wise after the event, monday morning quarterbacking, twenty-twenty hindsight. out of synch[coll.]. Adv. inopportunely &c. adj.; as ill luck would have it, in an evil hour, the time having gone by, a day after the fair. Phr. too little and too late; after death the doctor, after meat mustard. P1.1.3 RECURRENT TIME N. recurrent time. <-- (R136 to R139) [[frequency]] 136. Frequency 137. Infrequency 138. Periodicity 139. Irregularity --> <-- note related concepts of multitude(R102), frequency(here, R136), periodicity(R138), repetition, and habit are listed as separate main entries. The head concept here means "the quality of occurring frequently". The base definition of "frequency" as iterations per unit time is at R138 (periodicity). Thes two were intermingled by Roget. --> P1.1.3.1 FREQUENCY (R136) #136. Frequency. N. {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, R104)}} {{has_high_level(frequency, @R138)}} frequency, commonness, oftness[obs3], oftenness[obs3]. {{causes: normality &c. R80; example (conformity) R82}}. {{property_of: routine, custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. routine &c. (custom) M7.3.5.1.2.1; formula; rule &c. (form, regulation) R697; keynote, standard, model; precedent &c. (prototype) R22; conformity &c. R82. {[of(action, P2.4)]} regularity, constancy, routine, monotony, continuousness, steadiness. {{has_metaphor: drumbeat, @R407}}. {{case_of: repetition, R104}}. {[in_frame(communication)]} cliche. <-- Roget's "punctuality" here means accuracy. The accuracy with which the intervals between iterations may be considered identical is a factor in deciding if a series is periodic. This is too remote a relation, and we leave this line out for now. punctuality &c. (exactness) R494. --> V. be frequent, occur frequently, happen frequently. continue. {{has_conceptual_part: recur &c. R104}}. do nothing but; keep, keep on. Adj. frequent, many times, not rare, thickcoming[obs3], thick; uniform, regular; customary &c. M7.3.5.1.2.1; regular (normal) R80; according to rule &c. (conformable) R82. {{has_high_level(frequent)}} continual, continuous, incessant, perpetual, steady, constant, invariable, consistent, unfailing, routine, clockwork, unceasing, monotonous. {{has_conceptual_part: repeated, recurrent &c. R104}}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R102, profuse, numerous, many}}. common, everyday, usual, ordinary, familiar; commonplace, ubiquitous. {[when_modifying(phrase)]} overused. old-hat, boring, well-known, well-worn, trivial. Adv. often, oft; ofttimes[Poet.], oftentimes; frequently; repeatedly &c. R104; more often than not, unseldom[obs3], not infrequently; in quick succession, in rapid succession, one after another; many a time and oft. daily, every day; hourly, every hour; every minute; many times a day; many times an hour. {{has_high_level(frequently)}} continually, continuously, perpetually, incessantly, constantly, steadily, always, invariably, without exception, without fail, consistently, unfailingly, with regularity, routinely, never otherwise, without ceasing, monotonously, at all times, at all times and in all places, at every moment, daily and hourly, night and day, day and night, day after day, morning noon and night, ever anon; by clockwork, with great regularity. most often. {{similar_to: @M7.3.5.1.2.1, unfailingly, invariably, commonly}}. often enough, when the mood strikes, again and again, toties quoties[Lat]. P1.1.3.2 INFREQUENCY (R137) #137. Infrequency. N. {{&has_property(event, R151)}} infrequency, seldomness[obs3], uncommonness. {{has_high_degree}} rareness, rarity. {{similar_to: fewness &c. R103}}. {{similar_to: unconformity &c. R83}}. V. be rare &c. adj.. Adj. {{&has_property(event, R151)}} infrequent, unfrequent[obs3]; uncommon, scarce. {{has_high_quantity}} almost unheard of, unprecedented, which has not occurred within the memory of the oldest inhabitant, not within one's previous experience; not since Adam[obs3]. few &c. R103. {{has_high_degree}} rare, one in a million, few and far between. {{has_superlative: @R83, unique, singular}}. Adv. seldom, infrequently, scarcely, hardly; not often, not much, unfrequently[obs3], unoften[obs3]. {{has_high_degree}} rarely, hardly ever, scarcely ever; once in a blue moon; once in a million years. sometimes, occasionally, on occasion, at times, now and then, from time to time, every now and then, only occasionally, on passing occasions, not too often; I've heard of such a thing, it has happened, there being times when. {{has_superlative}} once, only once; once for all, once in a way. {{has_null: never, @R107}}. Phr. ein mal kein mal[German]; pro hac vice[Lat]. <-- This entry is for a type of recurrence (R104) which occurs sufficiently often and with sufficient regularity to allow specification of a measure of "frequency". ?? specific holidays should be moved elsewhere and referenced here [[periodicity]] --> P1.1.3.3 PERIODICITY (R138) #138. Periodicity. N. {{has_subtype(recurrence, R104)}} periodicity, intermittence, regular recurrence. {{has_subtype}} beat; pulse, pulsation. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{property_of(regular, @R16)}} rhythm. {{has_subtype: oscillation, R314; alternation, @R63}}. <-- the next paragraph may be closer to R138 (periodicity, regularity) than to frequency, but we leave it where Roget put it --> {{requires(periodicity, R138)}} regularity, regularity of recurrence, uniformity, constancy, steadiness, even tenor. {{has_high_level(regularity)}} clock-work precision, clock-work regularity. system. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(cycle, A6.2.1): @R108, cycle, time cycle, rota, period, stated time, routine}}. <-- here periodicity is in its specific sense of frequency, i.e. recurrences per unit time --> {{has_measure}} {{{has_ratio(cycles, @R108 + time)}}} frequency, rate of iteration. {{has_units(periodicity[of=electromagnetic radiation])}} {{has_units(frequency)}} hertz, Hz, cycles per second, reciprocal seconds; cycles per minute; cycles per hour; kilohertz, kHz; megahertz, mHz; gigahertz, gHz. {{{has_relative_value(kilohertz + hertz): "1000"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(megahertz + kilohertz): "1000"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(gigahertz + megahertz): "1000"}}}. {{has_property(regularity of recurrence)}} punctuality. {{property_of}} bout, round, revolution, rotation, turn, say. {{property_of}} catamenia[obs3]; courses, menses, menstrual flux. {{has_subtype(time cycle): @R108, week, month, year}}. {{has_subtype(time cycle)}} weekly cycle; monthly cycle; yearly cycle. {{has_beginning(weekly cycle)}} days of the week[pl], day of the week. {{has_instance(day of the week)}} Sunday, the Lord's day; Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; Thursday; Friday; Saturday, Sabbath, the sabbath. {{has_subtype(day of the week)}} weekday, working day. {{has_beginning(monthly cycle)}} month of the year. {{has_instance(month of the year)}} January; February; March; April; May; June; July; August; September; October; November; December. {{has_representation(year): calendar, @R114}}. {{property_of(recurring)}} anniversary, jubilee; centenary, centennial; sequicentennial; bicentennial; tercentennial; holiday. {{has_subtype(anniversary)}} {{property_of}} golden anniversary, "50 years"; diamond anniversary, "75 years"; silver anniversary, "25 years". {{has_subtype(holiday)}} {{property_of(recurring)}} state holiday; national holiday; feast day, feast. {{property_of(recurring)}} {{has_subtype(holiday)}} bicentennial; birthday; Dewali; groundhog day [U.S.]; Halloween, Hallowmas[obs3]; Lady day; Midsummer day; Muharram; woodchuck day [U.S.]; natal day; yearbook; New Year's day; new year's eve; Fourth of July. {{property_of(recurring)}} leap year day. <-- ; bissextile[obs3] --> {{has_subtype(feast day)}} Allhallows, Allhallowmas[obs3], All Saints' Day; All Souls', All Souls' Day; Ash Wednesday; Christmas, Christmas day; Easter, Easter day; "St. Swithin's day"; Candlemas day, Candlemas, the Presentation. {{has_temporal_location(Candlemas): "February 2", "February 2nd"}}. {{has_temporal_location(Christmas): "December 25"}}. {{has_temporal_location(All Saints' Day): "November 1"}}. {{has_temporal_location(Halloween): "October 30"}}. {{has_temporal_location(New Year's Day): "January 1"}}. {{has_temporal_location(new year's eve): "December 31"}}. {{has_temporal_location(Fourth of July): "July 4"}}. {{temporal_part_of(Christmas day)}} yuletide, Christmastime. V. recur in regular order, recur in regular succession; return, revolve; come again, come in its turn; come round, come round again; beat, pulsate; alternate; intermit. Adj. periodic, periodical; cyclical, cyclic. regular, uniform. <-- "recurrent" as an adjective means frequently recurring, so it is here, as a separate sense from the indeterminate number of recurrences at R104 --> {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_high_quantity(recurrent, @R104)}} recurrent, recurring. rhythmic, rhythmical; serial; intermittent, remittent. alternate, every other, every second; every third; every fourth; every fifth; every sixth; every nth. {{has_subtype(nth): ordinal number}}. regular, steady, punctual, regular as clockwork. {{has_conceptual_part: repeated &c. R104}}. {{has_subtype(rhythmic)}} beating, pulsating. {[of(time)]} hourly; diurnal, daily, quotidian; tertian; weekly; biweekly, fortnightly; bimonthly; catamenial[obs1]; monthly, menstrual[Med.]. {[of(time)]} {{has_property(anniversary)}} yearly, annual. <-- a recursive function is needed here --> {[of(time)]} biennial; triennial; quadrennial. {[of(time)]} centennial, secular; paschal, lenten. <-- ; hebdomadal[obs1], hebdomadary[obs1] --> Adv. periodically, regularly, recurrently, cyclically, at regular intervals. at stated times; at fixed times, at established times; at established periods. punctually &c. adj.; de die in diem[Lat]; from day to day, day by day. by turns; in turn, in rotation; alternately, every other day, off and on, ride and tie, round and round. P1.1.3.4 IRREGULARITY OF OCCURRENCE (R139) #139. Irregularity of recurrence. N. irregularity, uncertainty, unpunctuality; fitfulness &c. adj.; capriciousness, ecrhythmus[obs1]. Adj. irregular, uncertain, unpunctual, capricious, desultory, fitful, flickering; rambling, rhapsodical; spasmodic; immethodical[obs3], unmethodical, variable. Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits and starts &c. (discontinuously) R70. <-- *** P1.2 SPACE *** --> P1.2 SPACE N. space. P1.2.1 SPACE GENERALLY N. {{part_of(place, R182, P1.2.1.1.2)}} {{part_of(region, R181, P1.2.1.1.1)}} space, three-dimensional space. <-- ABSTRACT SPACE...... 180a. Inextension 180. Indefinite 181. Definite Space Region 182. Limited Place (183 to R191 at P1.2.3 Location) --> <-- dimensions must be broken down separately. Here we treat "space" as 2- or 3-dimensional space [[space]] --> <-- [Indefinite space.] --> P1.2.1.1 SPACE (R180) #180. Space. N. {{conceptual_part_of(dimension[num=>1])}} space, extension, extent, superficial extent, expanse, stretch; room, scope, range, field, way, expansion, compass, sweep, swing, spread. three-dimensional space, ordinary space. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(dimension[num=>3])}} hyperspace. {{has_conceptual_part: dimension, length &c. R200; distance &c. R196}}. {{has_conceptual_part(three-dimensional space): spatial dimension[num=3], P1.2.2}}. {{has_measure: size &c. R192}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(linear coordinate, @R466)}} spatial coordinate, coordinate. {{has_subtype(spatial coordinate)}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} geographic coordinate. {{has_subtype(geographic coordinate)}} latitude, Earth latitude; longitude, meridian, Earth longitude. {{has_subtype(latitude)}} {{has_difference(latitude + equator)}} North latitude; South latitude. {{has_subtype(longitude)}} {{has_difference(longitude + Greenwich meridian)}} East longitude; West longitude. {{has_instance(latitude)}} equator; tropic of Cancer; Tropic of Capricorn. {{has_instance(longitude)}} Greenwich longitude. {{has_measure}} volume; hypervolume. latitude, play, leeway, purchase, tolerance, room for maneuver, elbow room. {{has_subtype(leeway)}} {{has_subtype(margin, @R28)}} margin for error, room for error. {{has_subtype(leeway)}} spare room, house room; stowage, roomage[obs3], margin; opening. open space, free space; void &c. (absence) R187; waste; wildness, wilderness; moor, moorland; campagna[obs3]. unlimited space; world; ubiquity &c. (presence) R186; length and breadth of the land. {{has_subtype: interval, R198}}. {{has_large_quantity: universe; infinity &c. R105}}. proportions, acreage. {{has_units}} acres, acres and perches, roods and perches, hectares, square miles; square inches, square yards, square centimeters, square meters; square yards, yards[cloth]; ares, arpents[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} {[in_frame(computer)]} cyberspace. Adj. spacious, roomy, extensive, expansive, capacious, ample; widespread, vast, world-wide, uncircumscribed; boundless &c. (infinite) R105; shoreless[obs3], trackless, pathless; extended. Adv. extensively &c. adj.; wherever; everywhere; far and near, far and wide; right and left, all over, all the world over; throughout the world, throughout the length and breadth of the land; under the sun, in every quarter; in all quarters, in all lands; here there and everywhere; from pole to pole, from China to Peru [Johnson], from Indus to the pole [Pope], from Dan to Beersheba, from end to end; on the face of the earth, in the wide world, from all points of the compass; to the four winds, to the uttermost parts of the earth. <-- [[region]] --> <-- [Definite space.] --> P1.2.1.1.1 REGION (R181) #181. Region. N. {{has_part(space, R180)}} region. area, sphere, ground, soil, field, realm, province, domain, orb, circuit, circle. division, section. arena. {{has_part(woods/forest)}} clearing. compartment, department. {{has_subtype(region[of=Earth's surface]): @P2.3.1.1.6.2, geographical division, territory}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4, town, street}}. {{property_of(nearness)}} neighborhood, vicinity, locality, precincts, environs, precinct, locale, ward, stomping ground[coll.], block, corner, enceinte, barrio[Sp]. range, walk, march, beat[of police]. {[in_frame(geographical area, P2.3.1.1.6.2)]} plot, patch, parcel, lot, tract. {{property_of(circumscription)}} inclosure, close, court, arena. {{property_of(circumscription)}} enclave, reserve, preserve, ghetto; reservation, pale &c. (limit) R233. {{has_subtype: field, @R344}}. {{location_of: abode, R189}}. {[in_subject(geography)]} clime, climate, zone; latitude; meridian, longitude; hemisphere. {[in_subject(geography)]} biosphere; lithosphere. {{has_metaphor}} {[in_frame(journalism)]} {{has_subtype(subject matter[of=reporter, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.2])}} beat[2]. {{has_metaphor(distance, R196)}} boondocks, sticks; outback. Adj. territorial, local, parochial, provincial, regional. {{has_subtype(regional)}} urban; suburban; rural. {{antonym_of(urban): rural}}. <-- here At R182 "location" is an unspecified location(place). This is the place itself, a point in space. This "place" is not necessarily immobile; it may be located, e.g. on a ship. At R183(P1.2.3) (position) is a specific location for some object, its place. There will be many words in common between the two concepts! At R184(P1.2.3) "location" is the act of locating, a verb nominalization. "point" here has two meanings, a general sense, and a single point. Note that because has_part is not always transitive, place is explicitly noted as a part of space, and also a part of region. Some of these words refer to a more abstract meaning of "place", as in a forum of commnunication. We try to specify them as metaphorical, where they are recognized.--> <-- [Limited space.][[place]] --> P1.2.1.1.2 PLACE #182. Place. N. {{has_part(space)}} {{has_part(region, R181, P1.2.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(immobile, @R150)}} place, lieu, spot, location, position, point. <-- a place is usually on the surface of the earth, but sometimes it is on a movable object, like a ship. We may need this distinction --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(immobile[rel_to=Earth's surface], @R150)}} geographical location, geographical place. {{has_subtype(geographical location): geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(inextension, R180a)}} point, dot. {[in_frame(transportation/travel, P2.4.2.1): stop, station; origin, starting point, departure point; destination, terminus, arrival point; transfer point, junction]}. {{has_subtype(place)}} {{property_of(public)}} {{property_of(public access, @R760)}} public place. {{has_subtype(place)}} {{property_of(private)}} private place. {{has_property(public place): accessibility[for=public, @R372a], @R286}}. {{location_of(public place)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} public activity, action in public. locality. compartment; premises, precinct, station; area, courtyard, square. niche, nook; hole; pigeonhole. ins and outs; every hole and corner. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(distant, R196)}} distant place. {{has_subtype(distant place)}} remote region; outpost, outskirt; foreign parts, ultima Thule[Lat], antipodes. {{has_subtype(distant place)}} {{property_of(inaccessible, @R471)}} inaccessible place. {{has_subtype(distant place)}} {{has_part(solar orbit)}} {{property_of(distant[from=sun], R196)}} aphelion, aphelia[pl]. {{property_of(distant, R196)}} {{has_subtype(line of separation[between=Earth's surface + sky], @R231)}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} horizon. {{{has_orientation(horizon + Earth's surface): parallel}}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_metaphor(distance, R196)}} left field. {{has_subtype: corner, R244}}. {{has_subtype: receptacle, R191}}. {{has_subtype: abode, R189}}. {{has_subtype: situation, R183}}. Adj. {{has_property(place)}} located, placed, fixed. {{has_property(public access, @R760)}} {{has_property(public place)}} {{case_of(public, @R372a)}} public, open to the public, open. {{antonym_of(public)}} {{property_of(private place)}} private, closed to the public. {{has_property(public place): accessible[for=public, @R372a], @R286}}. Adv. somewhere, someplace, in some place; wherever it may be, here and there, in various places, passim. {{has_property(action in public)}} publicly, in public, openly, in the open, out in the open. {{metaphor_for(publicly)}} {{property_of(publication, R531)}} in a public forum, in an open forum, by public means of communication. P1.2.1.3 INEXTENSION #180a. Inextension. N. non-dimensionality, lack of dimensionality, inextension[obs3], nonextension[obs3]. {{property_of}} point; dot. {{property_of: atom &c. (smallness) R32}}. {{has_subtype(point)}} {{has_requirement(perspective)}} {[in_frame(drawing/art/painting)]} vanishing point. {{has_subtype(point)}} {[in_frame(mathematics)]} mathematical point. P1.2.2 SPATIAL DIMENSION N. spatial dimension, extension. {{has_subtype: linear dimension, @R200}}. {{conceptual_part_of: space, R180}}. P1.2.2.1 DIMENSIONS GENERALLY (R192 TO R199) N. {{has_subtype(dimension, @P8)}} dimension, spatial dimension. <-- 192. Size 193. Littleness 194. Expansion 195. Contraction 196. Distance 197. Nearness 198. Interval 199. Contiguity [[dimension]] --> <-- "Size" R192 mixes size generally and largeness of size. We break out size generally as a separate category, and make largeness and smallness as subtypes. Largeness and smallness of size, here, are distingushable from largeness and smallness of quantity, in the abstract section (R31 and R32), but are nevertheless used commonly to refer to mental phenomena. In this classification, we have to consider the use of dimensional adjectives in the mental world as a metaphorical usage. This is not entirely satisfactory, but probably valid. [[size]] --> P1.2.2.1.1 SIZE N. {{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} size, magnitude, dimension, bulk; largeness &c. adj.; amplitude; dimensions, proportion, proportions. mass. cordage; caliber, scantling. {{has_subtype: turgidity @R194}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} weight; height; corporation, flesh and blood, lustihood[obs3]. {{affected_by: change of shape, expansion, R194, @P2.4.2.4}}. {{affected_by: change of shape, contraction, R195, @P2.4.2.4}}. P1.2.2.1.1.1 LARGE SIZE (R192) #192. Large Size. N. {{has_subtype(greatness[of=size, P1.2.2.1.1], R31)}} {{has_large_quantity(size, P1.2.2.1.1)}} large size, largeness, hugeness, greatness, bigness. {{has_high_level}} enormity, immensity, monstrosity. {[of(physical object)]} massiveness. {[of(space)]} spaciousness. expanse &c. (space) R180. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} corpulence, obesity, embonpoint[Fr]; plumpness &c. adj.. {{property_of(hugeness): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.1, giant, colossus, monster, mammoth, whale, behemoth, leviathan, elephant, hippopotamus, Brobdingnagian, Antaeus, Goliath, Gog and Magog, Gargantua, Cyclops}}. {{property_of(hugeness)}} tun, ton, cord, lump, bulk, block, loaf, mass, swad, clod, nugget, bushel. {{property_of(hugeness)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} thumper, whopper, spanker, strapper. {{property_of(hugeness)}} mountain, mound; heap &c. (assemblage) R72. largest portion &c. R50; full size, life size. {{has_subtype: volume, R200b}}. V. be large &c. adj.; become large &c. (expand) R194. {{assessed_by}} size; measure &c. R466. Adj. large, big; great &c. (in quantity) R31; considerable, bulky, voluminous, ample, massive, massy; capacious, comprehensive; spacious &c. R180; mighty, towering, fine, magnificent. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} corpulent, stout, fat, obese, plump, squab, full, lusty, strapping, bouncing; portly, burly, well-fed, full-grown; corn fed, gram fed; stalwart, brawny, fleshy; goodly; in good case, in good condition; in condition; chopping, jolly; chub faced, chubby faced. whopping, walloping, thumping, lubberly, hulky, unwieldy, lumpish, gaunt, spanking, whacking, thundering, hulking; overgrown; puffy &c. (swollen) R194. {{property_of(excessive)}} too large, outsized, oversized, oversize. {{has_high_level(large)}} huge, immense, enormous, mighty; vast, vasty; amplitudinous, stupendous; monster, monstrous, humongous, monumental; mammoth, elephantine, jumbo; gigantic, colossal, gigantean, giant, giant-like, titanic; prodigious, Cyclopean, Brobdingnagian, Bunyanesque, Herculean, Gargantuan. {{has_extreme(large)}} astronomical. large as life; plump as a dumpling, plump as a partridge; fat as a pig, fat as a quail, fat as butter, fat as brawn, fat as bacon. {{has_large_quantity(hugeness)}} of cosmic proportions; of epic proportions, the mother of all, the granddaddy of all. {{has_extreme(hugeness): infinite &c. R105}}. {{has_extreme(hugeness)}} immeasurable, unfathomable, unplumbed; inconceivable, unimaginable, unheard-of. P1.2.2.1.1.2 SMALL SIZE (R193) #193. Littleness. N. littleness, smallness, compactness, small size, inferiority in size; parvitude[obs3], parvity[obs3]. duodecimo[obs3]; Elzevir edition, epitome, microcosm; rudiment; vanishing point; thinness &c. R203. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} small object. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.3, dwarf, pygmy, midget, Liliputian, elf, runt}}. {{has_high_intensity}} minuteness, insignificance; intangibility, imperceptibility, invisibility, inconsiderableness, inextension[obs3]; triviality. scantiness, exiguousness, inadequacy, exiguity. {{property_of: @R200, minute length, hair, hair's breadth}}. {{property_of}} {{property_of(microscopic)}} microscopic object. {{property_of: animalcule, microbe, bacterium, bacteria, microzoa}}. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor(small object): monad, mite, insect, emmet, fly, midge, gnat, shrimp, minnow, worm, maggot; grub; mouse, small fry; millet seed, mustard seed; barleycorn}}. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor(small object): pebble; grain, grain of sand; speck; molehill, button, bubble}}. {{property_of: point; atom &c. (small quantity) R32; fragment &c. (small part) R51; powder &c. R330; point of a pin, mathematical point; minutiae &c. (unimportance) R643}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(tree): @P2.3.2.1.2.3, bonsai, bonsai tree}}. {{measured_by(minute length): micrometer; vernier}}. {{measured_by(microscopic object): microscope, @R445}}. {{measured_by(microscopic object)}} microphotography, photomicrography, micrography[obs3]; microscopy. {{measured_by(microscopic object)}} photomicrograph, microphotograph. V. be little &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell. {{&caused_by: @R36, make small, decrease, reduce, contraction, R195}}. Adj. little; small &c. (in quantity) R32; minute, diminutive; microzoal; inconsiderable &c. (unimportant) R643; exiguous, puny, tiny, wee, petty, petit, petite, miniature. {{has_high_intensity}} microscopic. undersized; midget, pygmy, pigmy[obs3], elfin, minikin[obs3], dwarf, dwarfed, dwarfish, Liliputian. spare, stunted, limited; cramp, cramped; pollard[obs2], dapper[obs2], pocket; portative[obs3], portable; duodecimo[obs3]. dumpy, squat; short &c. R201. impalpable, intangible, evanescent; imperceptible, invisible, inappreciable, insignificant, inconsiderable, trivial; infinitesimal, homoeopathic[obs3]. {[of(powder)]} finely divided. {[of(suspension)]} colloidal. corpuscular, molecular; atomic, submolecular; subatomic. rudimentary, rudimental; embryonic, vestigial. scant, scraggy, scrubby, weazen[obs2]; thin &c. (narrow) R203; granular &c. (powdery) R330; shrunk &c. R195; brevipennate[obs3]. Adv. minutely, microscopically, imperceptibly, inappreciably, invisibly; on a small scale; infinitesimally; in a small compass, in a nutshell. P1.2.2.2 LINEAR PROPERTY (R200 TO R224) N. {{has_property(line)}} linear property, linearity. <-- 200. Length 201. Shortness 202. Breadth 203. Narrowness Thickness Thinness Note: 204. Layer 205. Filament to Form Relative length 206. Height 207. Lowness 208. Depth 209. Shallowness To: Orientation 212. Verticality 213. Horizontality 214. Pendency 215. Support 216. Parallelism 217. Obliquity 218. Inversion 219. Crossing Note: 210. Summit 211. Base to Location, NOTE: 220. Exteriority 221. Interiority 222. Centrality 223. Covering 224. Lining to P1.2.2.3 Centrical Dimensions --> <-- area, volume have separated listings, see R200a and R200b. [[length]]. These properties may refer to space or time, both of which are physical measures. hi? --> P1.2.2.2.1 LINEAR MEASURE N. linear measure. P1.2.2.2.1.1 ABSOLUTE LINEAR MEASURE (R200 - R203) N. abolute linear measure. <-- this "length" is the general concept of distance in a line . Longness is at R200d --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.1 LENGTH (R200) #200. Length. N. {{has_property(physical object)}} length, linear dimension, absolute linear measure. longness, longitude, span. {{measure_of: @R198, mileage, distance}}. {{has_large_quantity: lengthiness, R200d}}. {{has_property}} unidimensionality. {{measures}} spatial separation, spatial interval. {{property_of(smallness, R192)}} minute length, hair, hair's breadth. {{property_of: @R244, line, bar, rule, stripe, streak, spoke}}. {[of(circle)]} {{property_of: @R244, radius, diameter, circumference}}. {{affected_by: lengthening, expansion, @P2.4.2.4.1}}. {{has_units}} line, nail, inch, hand, palm, foot, cubit, yard, ell, fathom, rood, pole, furlong, mile, league; chain, link; arpent[obs3], handbreadth[obs3], jornada [obs3][U.S.], kos[obs3], vara[obs3]. {{has_units}} {[in_frame(astronomy)]} {{property_of(lengthiness)}} astronomical unit, AU; light-year; parsec. {{has_units}} {[in_frame(metric system)]} nanometer, nm, millimicron; micron, micrometer; millimeter, mm; centimeter, cm; decimeter, dm; meter, m; kilometer, km. {{{has_relative_val(kilometer + meter): "1000"}}}. {{measured_by: @P2.3.1.3.12.3.1, ruler, micrometer, caliper, calipers, vernier, vernier caliper, pedometer, perambulator[obs2], range finder}}. <-- isostichs are objects of similar type with the same length. Used in nucleic acid research. --> {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} {{has_subtype($physical object[num=>1])}} isostich, isostichs[pl]. &&{{has_property($physical object[num=all]): length[val=equal]}}. V. extend, be unidimensional, be one-dimensional, be linear. {[in_frame(perspective)]} enfilade, look along, view in perspective. Adj. linear, one-dimensional, unidimensional. lineal; longitudinal. as long as my arm, as long as today and tomorrow; unshortened. <-- expand unshortened; see. (shorten &c. R201) --> aligned. Adv. lengthwise, linearly, at length, longitudinally, endlong[obs3], along; in tandem; in a line &c. (continuously) R69; in perspective. from end to end, from stem to stern, from head to foot, from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot, from top to toe; fore and aft. P1.2.2.2.1.1.2 BIDIMENSIONALITY (R200A) #200a. Bidimensionality. N. bidimensionality, two-dimensionality. {{has_subtype: P1.2.4.3.1.2, planarity}}. {{property_of(planarity)}} plane. {{property_of: surface, R220}}. {{has_units: square centimeter; square inch; square foot; square yard; square mile, @R200e}}. {{has_units: acre; hectare, @R200e}}. {{has_units}} square centimeter; square inch; square foot; square yard; square mile. {{has_units}} acre; hectare. {{property_of: area, R200e}}. {{property_of}} polygon; circle; ellipse. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} triangle, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, undecagon, dodecagon. {{has_subtype(rectangele)}} square; oblong. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} regular polygon. {{has_subtype(regular polygon)}} equilateral triangle; square; regular pentagon, regular hexagon. {{has_subtype(triangle)}} isosceles triangle. V. be bidimensional, be two-dimensional. Adj. bidimensional, two-dimensional, planar; square; quadratic. P1.2.2.2.1.1.2.R1 AREA #200e. Area. N. {{property_of(bidimensionality)}} area. surface area. {{has_units}} square centimeter; square inch; square foot; square yard. {{has_units}} {[of(land, R342, P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)]} acre; hectare; square mile. Adj. square. P1.2.2.2.1.1.3 TRIDIMENSIONALITY1 #200b. Tridimensionality. N. tridimensionality. {{property_of: solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1}}. {{property_of: volume, R200f}}. {{studied_in: solid geometry}}. {{studied_in: stereochemistry}}. {[in_frame(painting/drawing)]} perspective. Adj. three-dimensional, "three-D", "3-D", solid, cubic. stereoscopic. steric. <-- [[volume]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.3.R1 VOLUME #200f. Volume. N. {{property_of(tridimensionality)}} volume, capacity, cubic measure. bulk, tonnage, tunnage. {[of(ship)]} displacement. {{property_of: solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1}}. {{property_of}} load, cargo. {{has_units}} cubic inch; cubic foot; cubic yard, yard. {{has_units}} cubic centimeter, milliliter; liter; microliter, lambda. {{has_units}} bushel, peck. {{has_units}} truckload; wagonload; shipload; cartload[obs3]; busload; armload; fistfull. {{has_units}} {[in_frame(cooking, P2.8.7)]} pinch; spoonful; teaspoon, teaspoonfull; tablespoon, tablespoonfull; heaping teaspoon; cup. {{has_units}} {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} pint, quart, gallon. P1.2.2.2.1.1.4 HYPERVOLUME (R200C) #200c. Hypervolume. N. hypervolume. {{property_of: hypersolid}}. {{has_property}} multidimensionality. {{units_of}} hyperspace. <-- [[lengthy]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.5 LENGTHINESS (R200D) #200d. Lengthiness. N. {{has_large_quantity(length, R200)}} {{antonym_of(shortness, R201)}} lengthiness, longness, great length. {[of(time)]} {{has_extreme}} endlessness. {[of(time)]} longevity. {[of(age)]} longevity. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(increase[of=length], R65)}} lengthening, stretching, elongation; prolongation, protraction; distension. {[of(width)]} great width. V. be long &c. adj.; stretch out, sprawl; extend to, reach to, stretch to; make a long arm, "drag its slow length along". {{&caused_by}} lengthen, extend, elongate; stretch; produce, protract; render long, render lengthy. {{&caused_by}} prolong, draw out, spin out[obs2], let out. {{&caused_by}} {[in_frame(speech)]} drawl. {{&caused_by: @R194, lengthen, distend, expand}}. Adj. long, lengthy; lengthened, elongated, extended, outstretched, wiredrawn[obs3], longsome[obs3]. {[of(period, R108): @R110, long, lengthy]}. P1.2.2.2.1.1.6 SHORTNESS #201. Shortness. N. {{antonym_of(lengthiness, R200d)}} shortness. a span. {[in_frame(speech)]} conciseness, compactness, brevity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): littleness &c. R193]}. {{&caused_by}} shortening, abbreviation, curtailment, decurtation[obs1], abbreviature[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} compacting, squeezing, abridgment, concision, retrenchment. {{&caused_by: reduction &c. (contraction) R195; epitome &c. (compendium) R596}}. {[of(communication, R527)]} {{&caused_by: @R572, elision, ellipsis, truncation, conciseness}}. {[in_frame(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{performed_by: abridger; summarizer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.79}}. {{property_of: summary, executive summary; outline}}. V. be short. {{&caused_by}} render short &c. adj.; shorten, curtail, abridge, abbreviate, take in, reduce; compress &c. (contract) R195; epitomize &c. R596. {{&caused_by}} retrench, cut short, obtruncate[obs3]; scrimp, cut, chop up, hack, hew; cut down, pare down; clip, dock, lop, prune, shear, shave, mow, reap, crop; snub; truncate, pollard. {{&caused_by}} stunt, nip, check the growth of, nip in the bud. {[in_frame(drawing)]} {{&caused_by}} foreshorten. Adj. short; compendious, compact; stubby, scrimp. short by. {[when_modifying(sphere)]} oblate. {{&caused_by}} shorn, stubbed; stunted. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} stumpy, thickset, pug; chunky [U.S.], decurtate[obs3]; retrousse[obs3]; stocky; squab, squabby[obs3]; squat, dumpy; little &c. R193. {{&caused_by}} truncated, shortened; cut, clipped, pruned. {{&caused_by}} reduced, compressed, squeezed, compacted. {[in_frame(time)]} brief. {[when_modifying(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/speech): @R572, concise, curt, summary]}. {[when_modifying(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/speech)]} {{&consequence_of: @R572, abridged, summarized, abbreviated, condensed, distilled, outlined}}. {{&caused_by}} curtailed, curtailed of its fair proportions. Adv. shortly &c. adj.; in short &c. (concisely) R572. <-- As with length, thickness as an abstract concept and the property of being thick are separated and distinguished here by a relation of magnitude. [[width]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.7 BREADTH #202. Breadth. N. {{has_property(geometric object, @P1.2.4)}} {{has_conceptual_part(size)}} breadth, width, thickness. latitude, amplitude; superficial extent &c. (space) R180. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(chord, @P1.2.4)}} {{traversed_by(center, @P1.2.4)}} diameter. {{has_part(diameter)}} radius. {{has_subtype(radius[of=polymer])}} {[in_frame(solution, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} radius of gyration. {{{has_relative_val(diameter + radius): "2"}}}. {{has_subtype(diameter[of=cylindrical opening])}} bore, caliber. {{has_property: unidimensionality, @R200}}. {{has_large_quantity: thickness, R202a}}. {{has_small_quantity: thinness, R203}}. <-- note that the thinness of a plane or sheet is not distinguished here from other types of thinness, as of a rope. Perhaps it should be. --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.7.1 Thickness #202a. Thickness. N. {{has_large_quantity(breadth, R200)}} {{antonym_of: thinness, R203}} {{has_conceptual_part(size)}} thickness, broadness, wideness, crassitude[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): obesity, fatness, corpulence &c. (size) R192]}. {{&caused_by: dilation &c. (expansion) R194}}. V. be broad &c. adj.; become broad, render broad &c. adj.; expand &c. R194; thicken, widen. Adj. thick, broad, wide, ample. fanlike, discous[obs3]; outspread, outstretched; "wide as a church-door" [Romeo and Juliet]; latifoliate[obs3], latifolous[obs3]. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} dumpy, squab, squat, thickset; thick as a rope. {[when_modifying(room)]} spacious, capacious, roomy, immense. {{caused_by}} distended, extended. <-- narrowness is not a linear measure, but exclusively a property, which is the antonym of thickness at R202a. Note that the thinness of a layer is not the same as the thinness of a rope. We may call a rope or thread slender, but in English there is no easy way to specify the thinness of a sheet or plane . The thinness of a plane is not usually referred to as narrowness, but a wall may be narrow. So we keep both together, as in Roget. [[thin, narrow]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.7.2 NARROWNESS (R203) #203. Narrowness. N. {{antonym_of(thickness, R202a)}} narrowness. fineness. thinness[1], narrow cross section, slenderness, slimness. thinness[2], planarity, tenuousness, tenuity[obs3], small thickness. <-- we try to define the "thinness" of a sheet here. It seems clumsy --> {{property_of(thinness[2])}} sheet form, planar form. {{has_property(sheet form): $width; $depth; $height}}. &&{{{has_relative_value($width + $height): ">50"}}}. &&{{{has_relative_value($depth + $height): ">50"}}}. &&{{has_orientation($width): horizontal}}. &&{{has_orientation($depth): horizontal}}. &&{{has_orientation($depth): vertical}}. {{&caused_by(slenderness): contraction, R195, P2.4.2.4.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{similar_to(translucence): diaphaneity}}. emaciation, macilency[obs3], marcor[obs1]. closeness, exility[obs3]; exiguity &c. (little) R193. {{property_of}} monolayer. {{caused_by: epitaxial deposition[Engin]}}. {{property_of}} monolayer. {{has_subtype(slenderness)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} emaciation, macilency[obs3], marcor[obs1]. {{property_of(slenderness)}} hair's breadth, finger's breadth; strip, streak, vein. {{property_of: line}}. {{property_of: @P1.2.4.2.3.1, R205, slip, filament, thread, fiber}}. {{property_of: @P1.2.4.2.3.1 , R204, layer, sheet, foil, film, shaving, slice}}. {{property_of: paper}}. {{has_subtype: constriction, narrowing, @P1.2.4.3.1.11 }}. {{property_of: skeleton, shadow, anatomy, lantern jaws, mere skin and bone}}. {{property_of: @R51, A3.4, slice, shaving}}. V. be narrow, be slim. become narrow, narrow, thin. {{has_subtype(become narrow): @P1.2.4.3.1.11, narrow, taper, constrict}}. contract &c. R195. render narrow &c. adj.; waste away. Adj. narrow, close; slender, thin, fine; gossamer; taper, slim, slight-made; scant, scanty; spare, delicate, incapacious[obs3]. contracted &c. R195. unexpanded, unenlarged, unincreased, undilated. {{has_high_level(thin)}} wafer-thin, razor-thin, thin as a hair, thinner than a hair; thin as a wafer; paper-thin. {[of(filament, R205)]} thread-like &c. (filament) R205. {[of(filament, R205)]} capillary, finespun[obs3]. {{has_high_level(slender)}} slender as a thread. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3/beast, @R366)]} lean, skinny; lank, lanky. {{has_high_level(skinny)}} meager, gaunt, weedy; scrawny, macilent[obs3]; slinky [U.S.]; emaciated, starved, bony, wasted, wasted away, starveling. {{has_metaphor}} herring gutted; worn to a shadow, lean as a rake [Chaucer]; thin as a rail, thin as a lath, thin as a whipping post; hatchet-faced; lantern-jawed. attenuated, shriveled, extenuated, tabid[obs3], marcid[obs1], barebone, rawboned. {{has_extreme}} {[of(layer)]} monomolecular. <-- linear measure relative to a surface. As with length, break away the abstract property from the property of being high. [[HEIGHT]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.2 RELATIVE LINEAR MEASURE (R206 - R209) N. linear measure relative to a surface. <-- we need to distinguish height as an interval of space, and as a property of a physical object. Thus we have a height which is a general term, and a height which is a property of a solid object(like length and width). This latter has its primary location at P1.2.4.2.3, "solid form". --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.1 HEIGHT (R206) #206. Height. N. {{has_subtype(spatial interval, R198)}} {{property_of(above[2][pobj=surface], @R206a)}} height[1], distance above a surface. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(length, R200)}} {{has_property(solid object)}} {{property_of(above[2][pobj=supporting surface, P1.2.2.3.1.1], R206a): height, @P1.2.4.2.3}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(above[2][pobj=sea level], R206a)}} altitude, elevation. eminence, pitch. altimetry &c. (angel) R244; batophobia[obs3]. <-- "high" may be something on the ground or in the air; "tall" is usually on the ground. This entry is actually for "tall" --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.2 HIGHNESS (R206A) #206a. Highness. N. {{antonym_of(lowness, R207)}} {{has_large_quantity(height, R106)}} highness, loftiness. tallness; sublimity. stature, procerity[obs3]; prominence &c. R250. {{property_of: mountain, @R342}}. {{has_metaphor(mountain)}} Everest. {{property_of: colossus, @R192; giant; giraffe}}. {{property_of: @R342, highland, mount, mountain, peak, hill, alto, butte, promontory; ridge, dune, uplands; heights; bluff, cliff}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.10.4, tower, pillar, column, monument, steeple, spire, minaret, campanile, turret, dome, cupola}}. {{property_of: skyscraper, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2}}. {{property_of: obelisk, @P2.3.1.3.14.1}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pole, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{orientation_of(vertical, R212)}} vertical pole, upright pole. {{has_subtype(vertical pole)}} pikestaff; maypole. {{has_subtype(vertical pole)}} {{function_of(display[obj=flag, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1], @R525)}} flagstaff, flagpole. {{has_subtype(vertical pole)}} {{has_part(sailing ship)}} mast. {{has_subtype(mast)}} top mast, topgallant mast. {{property_of: @R223, roof, ceiling, covering}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2, high water, high tide, flood tide, spring tide}}. {{has_extreme(highness): flying, @R267a}}. V. be high, be tall, be lofty; tower, soar, command. cap, culminate; overhang, hang over, impend, beetle, bestride, ride, mount; perch, surmount; cover &c. R223; overtop &c. (be superior) R33; stand on tiptoe. become high &c. adj.; grow higher, grow taller; upgrow[obs3]; rise &c. (ascend) R305. render high &c. adj.; heighten &c. (elevate) R307. Adj. high, elevated, eminent, exalted, lofty, tall; towering, beetling, soaring, hanging [gardens]. gigantic &c. (big) R192; Patagonian; upper; highest &c. (topmost) R210; high reaching, insessorial[obs3], perching. {[of(land, R342)]} upland, moorland; hilly, knobby [U.S.]; mountainous, alpine, subalpine, heaven kissing; cloudtopt[obs3], cloudcapt[obs3], cloudtouching[obs3]; aerial. overhanging &c. v.; incumbent, overlying, superincumbent[obs3], supernatant, superimposed; prominent &c. R250. tall as a maypole, tall as a poplar, tall as a steeple, lanky &c. (thin) R203. Adv. on high, high up, aloft, up, above[1], aloof, overhead; airwind[obs3]; upstairs, abovestairs[obs3]; in the clouds; on tiptoe, on stilts, on the shoulders of; over head and ears; breast high. over, upwards; from top to bottom &c. (completely) R52. Prep. above[2], over. on top of, on. Phr. high as a kite; e meglio cader dalle finistre che dal tetto[It: it's better to fall from the window than from the roof]. <-- [[low]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.3 LOWNESS (R207) #207. Lowness. N. {{antonym_of(highness, R206a)}} lowness &c. adj.; debasement, depression, prostration &c. (horizontal) R213; depression &c. (concave) R252. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1, molehill, lowlands}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.10.2, basement floor, ground floor, rez de chaussee[Fr], cellar, subbasement}}. {{has_part(ship, R273)}} {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.16.3, hold, bilge}}. {{has_part(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{property_of: feet, heels}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2, low water, low tide, ebb tide, neap tide, spring tide}}. V. be low; lie low, lie flat; underlie; crouch, slouch, wallow, grovel; lower &c. (depress) R308. Adj. low, neap, debased; nether, nether most. {{rel_loc_of(below[loc=ground surface, @R342])}} underground, below ground. flat, level with the ground; lying low &c. v.; crouched, subjacent, squat. prostrate &c. (horizontal) R213. Adv. under; beneath, underneath; below; downwards; adown[obs3]; under foot, under ground; down stairs, below stairs; at a low ebb; below par. Prep. at the foot of; at the bottom of. Phr. Lower than a snake's belly. <-- "depth" is a measure below any surface --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.4 DEPTH (R208) #208. Depth. N. {{has_subtype(spatial interval, R198)}} {{location_of(below[obj=surface, R220])}} depth, deepness; profundity. {{property_of: @R252, depression, concavity, pit}}. {{property_of: opening, R260}}. {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} {{location_of(land, R342)}} {{property_of}} hollow, pit, shaft, well, crater. {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} {{location_of(land, R342)}} {{property_of}} {{property_of(mythological)}} bowels of the earth, bottomless pit, hell. {{property_of: gulf &c. R198}}. {{property_of}} subterranean feature. {{measured_by(subterranean feature): seismology; seismograph, seismometer}}. {[of(water)]} {{measured_by}} soundings, depth of water, water, submersion. {[of(ship's hull)]} draft, draught. {[of(water)]} {{measured_by}} bathymetry. {[of(water)]} {{measured_by}} {{has_subtype(measuring instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.3)}} sonar, side-looking sonar; bathometer; plummet, sound, probe; sounding rod, sounding line; lead. V. be deep &c. adj.; render deep &c. adj.; deepen. plunge &c. R310; sound, fathom, plumb, cast the lead, heave the lead, take soundings, make soundings; dig &c. (excavate) R252. Adj. deep, deep seated; profound, sunk, buried. {{property_of: submerged &c. R310}}. {[of(water)]} subaqueous, submarine. {[of(land, R342)]} subterranean, subterraneous, subterrene[obs3]; underground. {{has_high_level}} bottomless, soundless, fathomless; unfathomed, unfathomable; abysmal; deep as a well; bathycolpian[obs3]; benthal[obs3], benthopelagic[obs3]; downreaching[obs3], yawning. knee deep, ankle deep. Adv. beyond one's depth, out of one's depth; over head and ears; mark twine, mark twain. P1.2.2.2.1.2.5 SHALLOWNESS (R209) #209. Shallowness. N. shallowness; superficiality. {{property_of}} shoals; mere scratch. Adj. shallow; slight, superficial. skin deep, ankle deep, knee deep; just enough to wet one's feet; shoal, shoaly[obs3]. <-- [[hiatus]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3 INTERVAL (R198) #198. Interval. N. {{has_subtype(discontinuity, R70)}} {{has_subtype(interval, @R44)}} {{measure_of(length, R200)}} {{has_subtype(void, @R187)}} interval, space, spatial interval, distance, gap, separation, spatial separation, physical separation, interspace[obs3]. {{&!caused_by: @P2.6.1.2.4.4, parting}}. {{&!caused_by: @P2.8.1, cutting, rending, sawing}}. incompleteness &c. R53. hiatus, caesura. {{has_subtype(separation)}} {{property_of(incomplete): crack, P1.2.2.2.1.3.1}}. {{metaphor_of}} {[of(time): interim (time) R106; period, interlude &c. R108]}. {{metaphor_of}} {[of(time): @R108, interruption, interregnum; syncope]}. V. be apart, be separate; be at a distance, lie at a distance. {{has_subtype: gape &c. (open) R260}}. {{&caused_by(break/fissure/fracture)}} break, fissure, fracture. Adj. {{entails(be apart)}} unconnected, discontinuous, separated, with an interval; breachy[obs3], rimose[obs3], rimulose[obs3]. separated, apart, nonadjacent, noncontiguous, non-touching. {{has_high_degree(separated)}} far between, far apart. Adv. at intervals &c. (discontinuously) R70. longo intervallo[It]. <-- [[crack]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.1 CRACK N. {{has_subtype(imperfection, R651)}} {{has_subtype(hole, R260)}} {{has_subtype(interval, R198)}} crack, gap, opening, discontinuity, solution of continuity. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(solid object[num=2])}} separated object. crevice, cleft, cranny, chap, rift. breach, rent, rupture. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(fracturing, @P2.8.1)}} fissure, break, fracture, split. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(cutting, P2.8.1)}} rip, gash, cut, slit, slice, incision. broken thread; episode. interstice, lacuna, caesura, mesh. chink, rime, scissure[obs3]. fault, flaw. creek, leak, dike, ha-ha. {{has_subtype}} {{case_of(land, R342)}} {{property_of(wide, @R202a)}} {{has_subtype(geographical feature): @P2.3.1.1.6.2.4, canyon, gorge, chasm, defile, ravine, canon, crevasse, abyss, abysm; pass, notch; gully, gulch}}. {{has_subtype(discontinuity[of=shoreline, @R342]): gulf, R343; inlet, @R343; strait, R342b}}. {{has_subtype: furrow &c. R259}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(wide, @R202a)}} gaping crevice, gaping crack. {{has_metaphor(gaping crack)}} yawning gulf. <-- ; hiatus maxime[Lat], hiatus valde deflendus[Lat]; parenthesis &c. (interjacence) R228. --> V. crack, fissure. Adj. cracked, fissured. gaping. <-- R194, expansion, and R195, contractions are moved to P2.4.2.4, change of shape under motion, P2.4.2 --> <-- distance here is the property of being distant --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.2 DISTANCE (R196) #196. Distance. N. {{has_large_quantity(@R198, spatial interval)}} distance; remoteness, farness[obs3], far-cry to; longinquity[obs3], elongation; offing, background; removedness[obs3]; parallax; reach, span, stride. {{part_of: space, R180}}. {{property_of: remote region; outpost, outskirt; horizon; aphelion; foreign parts, ultima Thule[Lat], ne plus ultra[Lat], antipodes}}. long range, giant's stride. {{measure_of: dispersion &c. R73}}. {{has_measure: length &c. R200}}. cosmic distance, light-years. V. be distant &c. adj.; extend to, stretch to, reach to, spread to, go to, get to, stretch away to; range. remain at a distance; keep away, keep off, keep aloof, keep clear of, stand away, stand off, stand aloof, stand clear of, stay away, keep one's distance. [transitive] distance; distance oneself from. Adj. {{has_property(distant place)}} distant, far, far off, far away, remote, distal, wide of. stretching to &c. v.; yon, yonder; ulterior; transmarine[obs3], transpontine[obs3], transatlantic, transalpine; far out, way out, way out in left field; inaccessible, out of the way. tramontane; ultramontane, ultramundane[obs3]; hyperborean, antipodean; incontiguous[obs3]. unapproached[obs3], unapproachable. telescopic. Adv. far, far off, far away; afar, afar off; off; away; a long way off, a great way off, a good way off; wide away, aloof; wide of, clear of; out of the way, out of reach; abroad, yonder, farther, further, beyond; outre mer[Fr], over the border; out of hearing. far and wide; from pole to pole &c. (over great space) R180; to the uttermost parts, to the ends of the earth; nobody knows where, a perte de vue[Fr], out of the sphere of, wide of the mark; a far cry to. apart, asunder; wide apart, wide asunder; longo intervallo[It]; at arm's length. Phr. "distance lends enchantment" [Campbell]; "it's a long long way to Tipperary"; "out of sight, out of mind"; "over the hills and far away " [Gay]. <-- [[near]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.3 NEARNESS (R197) #197. Nearness. N. {{has_small_quantity(spatial interval, R198)}} nearness &c. adj.; proximity, propinquity; vicinity, vicinage; neighborhood, adjacency; contiguity &c. R199. short distance, step, short step; earshot, close quarters, stone's throw; bow shot, gun shot, pistol shot; hair's breadth, span. purlieus, neighborhood, vicinage, environs, alentours[Fr], suburbs, confines, banlieue[obs3], borderland; whereabouts. {{property_of: short cut, @R628}}. bystander; neighbor, borderer[obs3]. perihelion. {{has_extreme: contiguity, R199}}. {{caused_by: approach &c. R286; convergence &c. R290}}. V. be near &c. adj.; adjoin, trench on; border upon, verge upon; stand by, approximate, tread on the heels of. cling to, clasp, hug; huddle; hang upon the skirts of. hover over; burn[obs2]. hang about, hang around, haunt. touch &c. R199. bring near, draw near &c. R286; converge &c. R290; crowd &c. R72; place side by side &c. adv.. Adj. near, nigh, nearby; by, close by, close at hand, near at hand; close, neighboring; proximate, proximal; at hand, handy; near the mark, near run; home, intimate. {{has_extreme: @R199, bordering upon, contiguous, adjacent, adjoining}}. {[when_modifying(time)]} at hand, approaching, soon, imminent, upcoming, around the corner, just around the corner, just around the bend; next; last, most recent. {[of(group members, @R72)]} dense. Adv. near, nigh, nearby; hard by, fast by; close to, close upon; hard upon; at the point of; next door to; at hand, close at hand, handy; within reach, within call. within hearing, within earshot; within an ace of; but a step, not far from, at no great distance; on the verge of, on the brink of, on the skirts of; in the environs &c. n.; at one's door, at one's feet, at one's elbow, at one's finger's end, at one's side; on the tip of one's tongue; under one's nose; within a stone's throw &c. n.; in sight of, in presence of; at close quarters; cheek by jole[obs3], cheek by jowl; beside, alongside, side by side, "t^te-...-t^te"; yardarm to yardarm, at the heels of; on the confines of, at the threshold, bordering upon, verging to; in the way. closely, densely, close together, in close approximation. {{has_high_degree(near)}} very near, very close, within an inch of, within a hair's breadth of; as good as, well-nigh. about, approximately, around, approximatively[obs3]; hereabouts, thereabouts. {{has_subtype(approximately)}} {[with_object(number, R84)]} roughly, in round numbers. {{has_extreme: in juxtaposition &c. (touching) R199}}. <-- the concept of interval below is a spatial interval, which is a subtype of the abstract "disjunction, separation" at R44. But in speaking of spatial intervals, we may mean the separation itself, and sometimes the actual segment of linear space between separated points. Here we emphasize the separation aspect. This concept is the same as distance, but the "distance" of R196 refers to large distances. [[interval]] [[distance]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.4 CONTIGUITY #199. Contiguity. N. {{has_extreme(nearness, P1.2.2.2.1.3.3, R197)}} contiguity, contiguousness, contact, proximity, apposition, juxtaposition, coincidence. {{caused_by}} {{&has_result(approaching, @R286)}} coming in contact, making contact, coming together, meeting, contacting, coming into contact, abutment, osculation, appulse[obs3], rencontre[obs3], rencounter[obs3], abuttal[obs3]. {[of(heavenly body)]} syzygy[Astron]. {{has_subtype(coming into contact)}} {{&has_result(approaching[mode=quickly], @R286): collision}}. {{conceptual_part_of: adhesion &c. R327b}}. {{property_of: touching, @R379}}. {{property_of: borderland; frontier &c. (limit) R233}}. tangent; abutter. V. be contiguous, be in touch, be in contact, be adjacent; adjoin, join, abut on, march with; graze, touch, meet, osculate, coincide; coexist; adhere &c. R327b. {{caused_by}} {{&has_result(approach, @R286)}} come in contact, make contact, contact. {{&caused_by}}[transitive] juxtapose; contact. [transitive] {{&caused_by: join, connect (unite) R43; link (vinculum) R45}}. Adj. contiguous; touching, abutting, adjoining, grazing, in contact, in touch, in contiguity; conterminous, end to end, osculatory; pertingent[obs1]; tangential; adjacent, juxtaposed. {{antonym_of: @R198, nonadjacent, noncontiguous, separated, apart, non-touching}}. hand to hand; close to &c. (near) R197; with no interval &c. R198. <-- Linear orientation is a relation between lines or between a line and a surface. We use the terms "subject line" and "reference orientation" to describe the two directions being compared. [[orientation]] --> P1.2.2.2.2 LINEAR ORIENTATION (R212, R213, R216, R217) N. {{has_subtype(spatial relation, @R9, @A2.1)}} {{has_subtype(orientation, @P1.2.3.1.1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(angle, P1.2.4.2.1.2)}} {{has_property(line/direction)}} linear orientation, direction. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(line/direction)}} subject line. {{has_case}} reference orientation. P1.2.2.2.2.1 VERTICALITY #212. Verticality. N. {{property_of(perpendicular to a surface, @R216a)}} {{conceptual_part_of(gravity)}} verticality; erectness, uprightness. {{has_case}}{{has_subtype(reference orientation, P1.2.2.2.2): earth's surface}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(subject line)}} {{property_of}} vertical line. {{{has_orientation(vertical line + earth's surface): perpendicular}}}. {{has_conceptual_part: right angle, normal; azimuth circle}}. elevation, erection; square. {{measured_by}} {{orientation_of(vertical)}} {{has_subtype(line, @R205)}} plumb line, plummet. {{property_of: wall, precipice, cliff}}. V. be vertical, be upright, be erect, be standing, be perpendicular, be plumb, be normal; stand up, stand on end, stand erect, stand upright; stick up, cock up, point upward. [transitivr] render vertical; set up, stick up, raise up, put up, stand up, cock up; erect, rear, raise on its legs. Adj. vertical, upright, erect, perpendicular, plumb, normal, straight, bolt upright; rampant; standing, standing up, pointing upward; rectangular, orthogonal &c. R216a. Adv. vertically, upright, in an upright position, in an upright orientation; up, on end; up on end, right on end; a plomb[Fr], endwise; one one's legs; at right angles. <-- horizontality and flatness are different, but were combined in Roget. Horizontality is a property of a line or a plane, flatness is a property of a plane. So we separate them --> P1.2.2.2.2.2 HORIZONTALITY (R213) #213. Horizontality. N. {{property_of(parallel to a surface, @R216)}} {{conceptual_part_of(gravity)}} horizontality, levelness. {{has_case}}{{has_subtype(reference orientation, P1.2.2.2.2): earth's surface}}. {{{has_orientation(subject line, @P1.2.2.2.2 + earth's surface): parallel}}}. level, dead level. {{conceptual_part_of: @P1.2.4.3.1.2, R251, flatness, plane, dead flat, level plane}}. {{conceptual_part_of: stratum &c. R204}}. recumbency, lying down &c. v.; reclination[obs3], decumbence[obs3]; decumbency[obs3], discumbency[obs1]; proneness &c. adj.; accubation[obs3], supination[obs3], resupination[obs3], prostration; azimuth. {{property_of: plain, R344; floor, platform; billiard table; terrace, estrade[obs3], esplanade, parterre}}. {{property_of: bowling green; cricket ground; croquet ground, croquet lawn}}. {{has_subtype(plain, R344, P2.3.1.1.6.2.2)}} {{property_of: table land, plateau, ledge; butte; mesa}}. {{measured_by: level, spirit level; transit}}. V. be horizontal &c. adj.; lie, recline, couch; lie down, lie flat, lie prostrate; sprawl, loll, sit down. render horizontal &c. adj.; lay down, lay out; level, flatten; prostrate, knock down, floor, fell. Adj. horizontal, level, even, plane. {{similar_to}} flat &c. R251; flat as a billiard table, flat as a bowling green; alluvial; calm, calm as a mill pond; smooth, smooth as glass. recumbent, decumbent, procumbent, accumbent[obs3]; lying &c. v.; prone, supine, couchant, jacent[obs3], prostrate, recubant[obs3]. Adv. horizontally &c. adj.; on one's back, on all fours, on its beam ends. <-- pendency and support include both orientation (vertical in a gravitational field) and position (below, above) and also contact, connection --> P1.2.2.2.2.3 SUSPENSION (R214) #214. Suspension. N. {{conceptual_part_of(force field, @P2.6.1.2.3)}} suspension, hanging, dangling, pendency[obs3], dependency[obs2]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(reference orientation): force field, @P2.6.1.2.3}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} suspending object. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} suspended object. {{property_of}} pedicel, pedicle, peduncle. {{property_of}} {{&has_part(clothing): tail, train, flap, skirt}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(hair style): pigtail, pony tail}}. {{property_of: pendulum}}. {{property_of}} hangnail. {{has_subtype(suspending object)}} {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1, fastener, hook, peg, knob, button, nail, stud, ring, staple, tenterhook; spar, horse}}. V. be pendent &c. adj.; hang, depend, swing, dangle, droop; swag; daggle[obs3], flap, trail, flow; beetle. suspend, hang, sling, hook up, hitch, fasten to, append. Adj. pendent, pendulous; pensile; hanging, dangling, drooping; beetling, jutting over, overhanging, projecting; dependent; suspended &c. v.; loose, flowing. having a peduncle &c. n.; pedunculate[obs3], tailed, caudate. P1.2.2.2.2.4 SUPPORT (R215) #215. Support. N. support, ground, foundation, base, basis; terra firma; bearing, fulcrum, bait [U.S.], caudex crib[obs3]; point d'appui[Fr], pou sto[Grk], purchase footing, hold, locus standi[Lat]; landing place, landing stage; stage, platform; block; rest, resting place. groundwork, substratum, riprap, sustentation, subvention. floor &c. (basement) R211. supporter; aid &c. R707; prop, stand, anvil, fulciment[obs1]; cue rest, jigger; monkey; stay, shore, skid, rib, truss, bandage; sleeper; stirrup, stilts, shoe, sole, heel, splint, lap, bar, rod, boom, sprit[obs3], outrigger; ratlings[obs3]. staff, stick, crutch, alpenstock, baton, staddle[obs3]; bourdon[obs3], cowlstaff[obs3], lathi[obs3], mahlstick[obs3]. {{function_of}} {{property_of(verticality)}} {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, post, pillar, shaft, column, pilaster, pediment, pedicle, plinth, buttress, jamb, mullion, abutment, baluster, banister, stanchion, balustrade, upright, door post, jamb, door jamb}}. {{function_of}} headstone. {{function_of}} pedestal. {{function_of}} shank, leg, socle[obs3], zocle[obs3]. {{function_of}} {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): frame, framework, skeleton; scaffold, scaffolding; beam, rafter, girder, lintel, joist, corner stone, summer, transom; rung, round, step, sill; angle rafter, hip rafter; cantilever; crown post, king post; mantel, mantle piece}}. {{function_of}} backbone, spine, vertebra, vertebrae, columella[obs3]; keystone; axle, axletree; axis; arch, mainstay. {{function_of}} trunnion, pivot, rowlock[obs3]; peg &c. (pendency) R214; tiebeam &c. (fastening) R45; thole pin[obs3]. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, board, ledge, shelf, hob, bracket, trevet[obs3], trivet, arbor, rack, slab, console}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, counter, dresser, flange, corbel, table, trestle, shoulder, perch, horse, easel, desk, clotheshorse, hatrack, retable, teapoy[obs3], mantel, mantle piece}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, seat, throne, dais, divan, musnud[obs3], chair, bench, form, stool, sofa, settee, love seat, stall, booth, pew, arm chair, easy chair, elbow chair, rocking chair, couch, fauteuil[Fr], woolsack[obs3], ottoman, settle, squab, aparejo[obs3], faldstool[obs3], horn, long chair, long sleeve chair, morris chair, wing chair, lamba chauki[obs3], lamba kursi[obs3]}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, saddle, pannel[obs3], pillion, side saddle, pack saddle, pommel}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, bed, berth, pallet, tester, crib, cot, hammock, shakedown, trucklebed[obs3], cradle, litter, stretcher, bedstead, four poster, French bed, bunk, kip, palang[obs3], bedding, bichhona, mattress, paillasse[obs3], pillow, bolster, mat, rug, cushion}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, footstool, hassock, tabouret[obs3], tripod, monopod}}. {{performed_by: Atlas, Persides, Caryatides, Hercules}}. <-- "lift" here is in the sense used in aviation --> {{has_subtype(support)}} {{location_of(atmosphere, @R338)}} {{has_subtype(force, P2.6.1.2.3)}} lift. {{has_subtype(lift)}} {{required_for(motion, R264)}} aerodynamic lift. {{has_subtype(lift)}} {{required_for(buoyancy, P2.6.1.6.R1.1)}} buoyant lift. <-- here we use an entailment between support and touch. For this puroose, we intend "support" to be direct support. As for "carrying" in a box, that is indirect support. --> V. support, bear, carry, hold, sustain, shoulder; hold up, back up, bolster up, shore up; uphold, upbear[obs3]; prop; under prop, under pin, under set; riprap; bandage &c. R43. {{has_subtype(support)}} {{entailed_by(touch)}} direct support. {{has_subtype(support)}} {{alternative_to(direct support)}} indirect support. [intransitive] {{reciprocal_of(support)}} be supported, be borne, be carried, be held, be sustained, be held up, be upheld[obs2]. {{has_subtype(be held up)}} be shouldered, be shorn up, be propped up. {{reciprocal_of(support)}} [transitive] be supported by, be borne by, rest upon, be held up by, be shored up by, be sustained up by. lie on, sit on, recline on, lean on, loll on, rest on, stand on, step on, repose on, abut on, bear on, be based on; have at one's back; bestride, bestraddle[obs3]. give support, furnish support, afford support, supply support, lend support, give foundations, furnish foundations, afford foundations, supply foundations, lend foundations; bottom, found, base, ground, imbed, embed. maintain, keep on foot. {{metaphor_of: aid &c. R707}}. Adj. supporting, supported &c. v.; fundamental; dorsigerous[obs3]. Adv. astride on, straddle. P1.2.2.2.2.5 PARALLELISM (R216) #216. Parallelism. N. {{antonym_of(perpendicularity, R216a)}} parallelism; coextension[obs3]; equidistance[obs3]. {[of(action, @A7/individuality, R79): similarity &c. R17]}. parallelism to a line. {{has_case(parallelism to a line)}} reference line. parallelism to a surface. {{has_case(parallelism to a surface)}} reference surface. Adj. parallel; coextensive. equidistant at all points, equidistant. parallel to a surface. parallel to a line. Adv. alongside &c. (laterally) R236. P1.2.2.2.2.6 PERPENDICULARITY (R216A) #216a. Perpendicularity. N. {{antonym_of(paralellism, R216)}} perpendicularity, orthogonality. {{has_conceptual_part: right angle}}. perpendicularity to a surface. {{has_subtype(perpendicularity to a surface): verticality, R212}}. V. be perpendicular, be orthogonal; intersect at right angles, be rectangular, be at right angles to, intersect at ninety degrees; have no correlation. Adj. orthogonal, perpendicular; rectangular; uncorrelated. P1.2.2.2.2.7 OBLIQUITY #217. Obliquity. N. {{has_subtype(relation, R9)}} obliquity. {{has_case: $line[num=2]}}. &&{{has_property($line[num=2]): intersecting, @R219}}. {{property_of}} inclination, slope, slant, inclining, sloping, slanting, slopeness[obs3]. {{property_of}} leaning. {{has_case(leaning): $vertical line}}. &&{{has_case(leaning)}} leaning line. &&{{{has_orientation($vertical line + leaning line): oblique}}}. {{member_of}} crookedness. {{property_of}} bevel, tilt; bias, twist, swag. {{has_subtype(leaning)}} list, cant, lurch. {{similar_to: distortion &c. R243; bend &c. (curve) R245}}. {{property_of(leaning): Leaning tower of Pisa}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(angle, @R244a)}} oblique angle. {{&has_part(land, R342)}} {[of(land, R342)]} acclivity, incline, slope, rise, ascent, gradient, khudd[obs3], rising ground. {{part_of(slope)}} hill, bank. {{&has_part(land, R342)}} {[of(land, R342)]} declivity, decline, declination, downhill, dip, fall, devexity[obs1]. {{has_subtype(slope)}} gentle slope, easy ascent, easy descent; steep slope, rapid slope. {{has_high_intensity(declination)}} steepness. {{has_high_intensity(steepness)}} precipitousness, near-verticality. {{property_of(steepness): @R342, bluff, escarpment, palisade}}. {{property_of(precipitousness)}} precipitous slope, precipitous decline. {{property_of(precipitousness): @R342, cliff, drop, dropoff}}. {{has_extreme(incline)}} sheer wall, cliff. shelving beach; talus; monagne Russe[Fr]; facilis descensus averni[Lat]. V. be oblique, lack parallelism. lean, slope, incline. {{&caused_by: intersect, @R219}}. Adj. oblique, glancing. inclining, sloping, slanting. {{&consequence_of: intersecting, @R219}}. Adv. obliquely, sidelong, sideways, at an oblique angle, at a glancing angle, sideling[obs2], like the move of the knight on a chessboard. P1.2.2.2.2.8 INVERSE [[REVERSAL]] [[INVERSE]] #218. Inverse. N. inverse, reverse, invert, reversal, retroversion. {{result_of}} reversion, inversion; eversion. subversion, introversion. {{similar_to: contraposition &c. R237; contrariety &c. R14}}. transposition, metastasis, transposal[obs3]; metathesis; hysteron proteron[Grk], parenthesis[obs2], anastrophy[obs3], hyperbaton[obs3], anastrophe[obs3], hypallage[obs3], synchysis[obs3], tmesis[obs3]. pronation and supination[Anat]. {{has_beginning(reversion)}} turn of the tide. {{property_of: palindrome, @R562}}. V. [intransitive] be inverted, be reversed. {{caused_by}} reverse, turn around, turn about. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(move, R264)}} turn to the right about, go round, go about, go to the right about, wheel round, wheel about, wheel to the right about. {{caused_by}} [transitive] reverse; invert, subvert, retrovert[obs3], introvert; culbuter[obs3]; transpose, put the cart before the horse; turn the tables. Adj. inverted, reversed, turned around. wrong side out; inside out; supine. inverse. {{has_consequence(reversed): reverse &c. (contrary) R14; opposite &c. R237}}. Adv. inversely &c. adj.; hirdy-girdy[obs3]; heels over head, head over heels. Phr. the tail wagging the dog. P1.2.2.2.2.9 CROSSING [[NETWORK]] #219. Crossing. N. {{conceptual_part_of(angle)}} crossing &c. v.; intersection, interdigitation; decussation[obs3], transversion[obs3]. convolution &c. R248. {{part_of(crossing[num=>2])}} network; lattice. {{has_subtype(network)}} {{part_of(crossing[num=>2])}} {{property_of(two-dimensional)}} grid, gridwork. {{has_subtype(network)}} two-dimensional network. {{has_subtype(grid)}} mesh, net, plexus, web, meshwork; plait, trellis, wattle, reticle. {{has_large_quantity(fiber)}} {{has_subtype(grid)}} weave, woven material. {{caused_by(network)}} reticulation; inosculation[obs3], anastomosis, intertexture[obs3], mortise. {{formed_by(weave)}} weaving, interweaving. {{has_subtype(weave)}} twill, skein, sleeve; mat, matting, tracery, fretwork, filigree; tissue, netting, mokes[obs3]. {{has_subtype(grid)}} grating, grille, gridiron. {{part_of(grid): graph, graph paper; coordinates}}. {{has_subtype(network)}} felt, lace; wicker. {{property_of}} cross, chain, wreath, braid, cat's cradle, knot; entangle &c. (disorder) R59. {{has_subtype(network)}} {{has_subtype(fiber material, P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} {{property_of(woven): cloth, fabric; linen, muslin, cambric}}. {{property_of: webfoot[web-footed animal] }}. {{&has_part(highway/road): level crossing}}. V. cross, decussate[obs3]; intersect, interlace, intertwine, intertwist[obs3], interweave, interdigitate, interlink. twine, entwine, weave, inweave[obs3], twist, wreathe; anastomose[Med], inosculate[obs3], dovetail, splice, link; lace, tat. mat, plait, plat, braid, felt, twill; tangle, entangle, ravel; net, knot; dishevel, raddle[obs3]. Adj. crossing, crossed, intersecting; entwining, intertwining; matted, twisted, interwoven; transverse. cross, cruciform, crucial; reticular, reticulated, retiform[obs3]; areolar[obs3], cancellated[obs3], grated, barred, streaked; textile; crossbarred[obs3], cruciate[obs3], palmiped[obs3], secant; web-footed. Adv. cross, thwart, athwart, transversely; at grade [U.S.]; crosswise. <-- Roget Name: CENTRICAL DIMENSIONS That is, dimensions having reference to a center --> P1.2.2.3 SOLID RELATIONS (R220 TO R224 AND R225 TO R239) N. solid relation. <-- Moved to here from linear dimensions: P1.2.2.3.1 EXTERIOR RELATIONS 220. Exteriority 223. Covering 1. General..... 225. Investment 227. Surroundings, Circumjacence 229. Circumscription 230. Outline 231. Edge 232. Enclosure 233. Limit 2. Special... 234. Front 235. Rear 236. Laterality 237. Contraposition 238. Dextrality 239. Sinistrality --> <-- to Interior: 221. Interiority 222. Centrality 224. Lining 228. Interjacence (exit?? ) 226. Divestment --> <-- the Roget "exteriority" had the concept of "surface, outside part" mixed with externality, which has the property of extraneousness (R57). We separate the two by making R220 be surface only, and adding R220a. A number of words (e.g. outside) have both senses. --> P1.2.2.3.1 EXTERIOR RELATION N. exterior relation. <-- this surface is the surface of a solid. THe plane is at "bidimensionality" --> P1.2.2.3.1.1 SURFACE (R220) [[SURFACE]] #220. Surface. N. {{antonym_of(interior, R221)}} {{has_part(solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1)}} {{location_of(edge, R231)}} surface, outside, exterior; superficies, superstratum[obs3]. {{location_of: skin &c. (covering) R223}}. face, facet; disk, disc; extrados[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(flat)}} flat surface. {{has_property}} superficiality, exteriority[obs3]; excentricity[obs3]; eccentricity. {{has_subtype(boundary line, @R233)}} {{property_of(interposition, R228)}} interface. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{has_subtype(interface)}} meniscus. {{has_property: circumjacence &c. R227}}. {{location_of: @P2.3.1.3.6.7.1, surface pattern, design}}. {[of(room)]} {{has_subtype: wall; ceiling}}. {{has_subtype}} {{exhibited_by(support[obj=physical object], P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} {{orientation_of(horizontal)}} supporting surface. {{has_subtype(supporting surface): Earth's surface; ground}}. {{has_subtype(supporting surface)}} {{location_of(building): floor}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(body of liquid, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{rel_location_of(top)}} liquid surface. V. lie on the surface, lie on the outside. place exteriorly, place outwardly, place outside; put out, turn out. Adj. superficial, exterior, external, surface, on the surface; outer most; outward, outlying, outside. interfacial. skin-deep; frontal, discoid. extraregarding[obs3]; excentric[obs3], eccentric; outstanding; ecdemic[Med], exomorphic[obs3]. Adv. superficially, externally; out, with out, over, outwards, ab extra, out of doors; extra muros[Lat]. P1.2.2.3.1.2 EXTERIOR (R220A) [[EXTERIOR]] #220a. Exterior. N. {{property_of(extraneousness, R57)}} exterior, outside. {{location_of}} {[in_frame(hospital therapy): outpatient]}. {{property_of}} outlier. V. be exterior, be outside, be external. be situated externally. lie around &c. R227. Adj. {{has_subtype(extraneous, R57)}} outside, external, exterior, extralimitary[obs3]; apart, outlying. {{similar_to}} foreign. ulterior. {{has_subtype(outside[of=building, P2.3.1.3.10.2])}} outdoor; extramural. round about &c. R227. extramundane. Adv. externally. extraneously, extrinsically. {{has_mode(outdoor)}} extramurally. {{has_mode(outdoor)}} outdoors, outside, out-of-doors, in the open air, al fresco, sub Jove[Lat], sub dio[Lat], a la belle etoile[Fr]. <-- [[envelopment]] --> <-- R225. Investment, Clothing. Clothing Moved to physical objects, artifacts P2.3.1.3 Investment in the abstract belongs here --> P1.2.2.3.1.3 ENVELOPMENT (R225) #225. Envelopment. Investment. N. {{antonym_of(divestment, R225)}} envelopment, investment; wrapping. {{has_subtype: covering, R223}}. {{property_of: envelope; clothing; wrapper, @P2.3.1.3}}. V. invest; envelope, lap, involve; inwrap[obs3], enwrap; wrap. {{has_subtype: cover &c. R223}}. fold up, wrap up, lap up, muffle up; overlap; sheath, swathe, swaddle, roll up in, circumvest. <-- The headword "covering" is a physical object. The function "covering" is related. [[covering]]. The "investment, wrapping" at 223 is closely related. Needs a better division!??? Should we distinguish a complete wrapping from a simple covering on the top? These concepts are intertwined here --> P1.2.2.3.1.3.1 COVERING (R233) #223. Covering. N. {{rel_loc_of(surface, R220)}} covering[1], cover; blanket. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} covered object. {{has_subtype}} {{connected_to(covered object)}} coating, shell, coat. {{has_subtype(coating)}} {{&has_part(protozoan)}} pellicle. cortex. {{has_subtype(coating[of=fruit])}} {{has_part(fruit)}} peel, rind. canopy. {{has_subtype(coating[of(ceramic, @P2.3.1.3.1)], P1.2.2.3.1.3.1): @R847, glaze, glazing}}. {{has_subtype(canopy)}} baldachin, baldachino[obs3], baldaquin[obs3]; tilt, awning, tent, marquee, tente d'abri[Fr], umbrella, parasol, sunshade. {{has_subtype: veil, @R424; shield &c. (defense) R717}}. {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): roof, ceiling, thatch, tile; pantile; tiling, slates, slating, leads}}. barrack [U.S.], plafond, planchment [obs3][U.S.]. {{has_subtype: shed &c. (abode) R189}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(closed container): @R191, top}}. {{has_subtype(cover)}} {{property_of(small, A32)}} {{has_subtype(top, @R191)}} lid, covercle[obs1]; cap. door, operculum; bulkhead [U.S.]. {{has_subtype}} wallpaper. {[of(skin/wound)]} bandage, plaster, lint, wrapping, dossil[obs3], finger stall. {[of(bed)]} coverlet, counterpane, sheet, bedsheet, quilt, tarpaulin, blanket, comforter. {[of(floor)]} rug, carpet, drugget[obs3], throw rug; linoleum. {[of(mechanism)]} housing, casing, case. {[of(chair, @P2.3.1.3.20.1)]} antimacassar. {[of(pillow, @P2.3.1.3.20.2)]} pillowcase, pillowslip[obs3]. {{has_subtype(pillowcase)}} {{property_of(ornamental)}} sham. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} saddle cloth, blanket cloth; tidy; tilpah [obs3][U.S.], apishamore [obs3][U.S.]. {{&contains(pillow)}} eiderdown, numdah[obs3]. capsule; sheath, sheathing; theca[obs3]; elytron[obs3]; elytrum[obs3]; involucrum[Lat]; wrapping, wrapper; envelope, vesicle. {{has_subtype(sheath[of=corn, @P2.3.1.3.2.6])}} corn husk, corn shuck [U.S.]. conchology; testaceology[obs3]. {{has_subtype(coating[of=animal[1], R366])}} {{&has_part(animal[1], R366): skin, @R1002}}. {{studied_in(skin[of=person, P2.3.2.3], @R1002): dermatology, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4}}. <-- pelt, hide, leather are considered processed materials --> {{processed_into(skin[of=animal[1], R366]): @P2.3.1.2.4.6, pelt, hide, peltry[obs3]}}. {{&consists_of}} {{has_subtype(hide, @P2.3.1.2.4.6): @P2.3.1.2.4.6, leather}}. {{has_part(hide, @P2.3.1.2.4.6)}} {{rel_loc_of(outside)}} {{constitutes(hair): @R1002, fur, coat}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(fur, @R1002)}} fleece, fell. integument, tegument; derm[obs3]. {{has_subtype: robe, @R225}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(hide, @P2.3.1.2.4.6)}} {{has_subtype(robe, @R225)}} buffalo robe [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(covering[of=body, R1001]): epidermis, @R1002}}. {{has_part(epidermis, @R1002)}} {{location_of(finger, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} cuticle; scarfskin. {{has_subtype: clothing &c. R225; mask &c. (concealment) R530}}. {{has_subtype(coating[of=tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3])}} {{has_part(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)}} bark. {[of(road)]} pavement. {[of(egg)]} eggshell, glume[obs3]. {[of(seed)]} pod, cod, husk. inunction[obs3]; incrustation, superimposition, superposition, obduction[obs1]; scale &c. (layer) R204. [specific coverings: list] veneer, facing. {{has_subtype(coating)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} overlay; plate, plating. {{has_subtype(plate)}} barrel plating; Sheffield plate. {{has_subtype(plate)}} zinc plate, zinc coating. {{part_of(zince coating)}} {{has_subtype(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)}} galvanized steel. {{has_subtype(coating)}} enamel. {{has_subtype(plate)}} silver plate, gold plate, copper plate; engobe[obs3]; ormolu; Sheffield plate; zinc coat. {{has_subtype(coating)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(applied)}} paint, whitewash; glaze, gloss, finish; primiming, prime coat, primer; varnish &c. (resin) R356a. {{has_subtype(coating)}} {{property_of(applied)}} {{has_subtype(semiliquid)}} ground, plaster, spackel, stucco, compo; cerement. {{function_of(covering)}} covering[2]. anointing &c. v.; ointment &c. (grease) R356. {{result_of: epitaxial deposition, vapor deposition, @P2.6.1.3.7}}. {{result_of}} {{&result_of(closure, @P1.2.4.3.1.10/impermeability, @P1.2.4.3.1.10)}} covering; taping; spackling, cementing, plastering; waxing, priming, painting, lacquering, shellacking. V. {{function_of(covering[1])}} cover; superpose, superimpose; overlay, overspread; encase, incase[obs3]; face, case; paper; tip, cap, bind; bulkhead, bulkhead in; clapboard [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(cover[obj=woodwork, @P2.3.1.3.1])}} veneer. {{has_subtype(cover[obj=path, R627])}} pave. {{has_subtype(cover[obj=wall, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1])}} wallpaper. {{conceptual_part_of: wrap &c. R225}}. {{used_in(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} coat. {{has_subtype(coat)}} paint; incrust; tar; besmear, bedaub, daub; dip; anoint, do over. {{has_subtype(coat)}} stucco; plaster {{has_subtype(coat)}} lacquer, japan, lacker[obs3]; varnish; enamel. {{similar_to(paint)}} whitewash; wash. gild, plate. {{has_mode(coat)}} lay it on thick. <-- pay, ; parget[obs3]; --> {{has_subtype(coat[obj=ceramic, @P2.3.1.3.1], P1.2.2.3.1.3.1)}} glaze. overlie, overarch[obs3]; endome[obs3]; conceal &c. R528. {{has_metaphor(cover)}} blanket. {[of(aluminum)]} anodize. {[of(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)]} galvanize. Adj. {{has_property(covering)}} covering, overlaying. {{has_result(cover)}} covered. superimposed, overlaid &c. v.; cutaneous, dermal, cortical, cuticular, tegumentary[obs3], skinny, scaly, squamous[Anat]; covered &c. v.; imbricated, loricated[obs3], armor plated, ironclad; under cover; cowled, cucullate[obs3], dermatoid[obs3], encuirassed[obs3], hooded, squamiferous[obs3], tectiform[obs3]; vaginate[obs3]. {{has_result(pave)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} paved. {{has_result(plate)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} plated. {{has_result(lacquer)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} lacquered. {{has_result(enamel)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} enameled. {{has_result(varnish)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} varnished. {{has_result(plaster)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} plastered. {{has_result(stucco)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} stuccoed. {{has_result(wallpaper)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} wallpapered. {{has_result(veneer)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} veneered. {{has_result(coat)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} coated. {{has_result(overlay)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} overlaid. {{has_result(galvanize)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} galvanized. {{has_result(anodize)}} {{has_subtype(covered)}} anodized. P1.2.2.3.1.4 DIVESTMENT (R226) #226. Divestment. N. {{antonym_of(investment, R224)}} {{has_subtype(removal)}} divestment, uncovering, taking off, removing, removal. {[of(clothing, R225)]} undressing, disrobing. {{has_result(undressing)}} nudity, nakedness, bareness. {{has_result(undressing)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} undress; the altogether, one's birthday suit [coll.]. denudation, nudation[obs3]; decortication, excoriation, desquamation. {[of(hair)]} depilation. molting; trichosis[Med]. {{has_subtype(removing[obj=leaf][from=plant, R367])}} defoliation. exfoliation. V. {{antonym_of(cover, R223)}} divest, devest, uncover, disfurnish[obs3], dismantle[obs2]. {{has_extreme}} denude, bare, strip. {{antonym_of(dress, R225)}} undress, disrobe; strip, strip down. put off, take off, cast off; doff; peel, pare, decorticate, excoriate, skin, scalp, flay; expose, lay open, uncoif[obs3]. defoliate, exfoliate, molt, mew; cast the skin. Adj. divested &c. v.; bare, naked, nude; undressed, undraped; denuded; exposed; in dishabille; bald, threadbare, ragged, callow, roofless. in a state of nature, in nature's garb, in the buff, in native buff, in one's birthday suit; in puris naturalibus[Lat]; with nothing on, stark naked, stark raving naked [joc.]; bald as a coot, bare as the back of one's hand; barefoot; bareback, barebacked; leafless, napless[obs3], hairless. out at elbows. <-- This is primarily for physical surroundings, but includes "milieu" in a social sense. [[environment]] - R227, surroundings, does not imply any limitation, whereas R229, circumscription, implies some sort of limitation. --> P1.2.2.3.1.5 SURROUNDINGS (R227) #227. Surroundings. N. {{has_conceptual_part(circumstance, R183a)}} {{property_of(nearness, R197)}} surroundings, environment[1], physical surroundings, element, entourage[obs2]. {{has_action}} encompassment, surrounding, encircling, circumjacence[obs3], circumambience[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(social situation, @P183)}} milieu, social setting, social environment, background, scene. {{has_subtype(social environment)}} {{conceptual_part_of(behavior[of=the public, @R372a], R692)}} {{has_subtype(era, R108)}} age, era, time, the times. {{has_conceptual_part(era)}} {{part_of(milieu)}} {{affected_by(behavior, R692)}} {{has_subtype(feeling[of=the public, @R372a], R821)}} zeitgeist[German], spirit of the times. {{conceptual_part_of(social situation)}} ambiance, atmosphere. medium. {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} neighborhood, environs, precinct, precincts, haunt, vicinage, vicinity. <-- this entry is for the environement that people live in --> {{has_subtype(environment[1][of=mankind, R372])}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} environment[2], human environment, natural environment. {{has_subtype(damage[2][to=environment], @R659a): @R659a, environmental pollution}}. {{has_subtype(environs)}} {[of(physical object)]} {{adjacent_to(physical object)}} immediate surroundings. {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} {[of(city)]} suburbs. {{has_extreme}} outpost. {{has_extreme: border &c. (edge) R231}}. {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} outskirts, boulebards[obs3], purlieus. <-- , faubourgs[obs3], banlieue[obs3].--> {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): entourage, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.3]}. {{has_subtype: girdle &c. (circumference) R230}}. V. {{has_action(surroundings)}} surround, inclose, enclose, encircle, embrace, bound, beset, compass, encompass, environ, circumvent, lap, gird, begird, engird[obs3]. skirt, twine round; belt. lie around, lie about, lie on all sides, be on all sides, lie round about. {{similar_to: hem in &c. (circumscribe) R229}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(near)}} surrounding, encircling, encompassing, girding, girdling, circumjacent, circumambient[obs3], circumfluent[obs3]; ambient; circumferential. {[of(city)]} suburban. Adv. around, about, in the vicinity, in the area, nearby; without; on every side; on all sides; right and left, all round, round about. <-- circumscribe = surround by or as if by a boundary (MW10 sense 2b) --> P1.2.2.3.1.6 CIRCUMSCRIPTION (R229) #229. Circumscription. N. {{has_subtype(action)}} circumscription, inclosure, enclosure, circumscribing. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(@R751, restraint)}} limitation. {{&has_purpose: restrain, @R751; limit}}. {{&forms: @R233, limit, boundary}}. {{action_of: surroundings, R227}}. circumvallation[obs3]; encincturing. {{function_of: envelope &c. R232}}. {{function_of: container (receptacle) R191}}. {{has_result}} confines. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(partial)}} embracement, partial circumscription. V. {{has_subtype(surround, R227)}} circumscribe, inclose, enclose, encincture; delimit. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(@R751, restrain)}} limit, bound, confine. encompass, compass about; hem in, hedge in, wall in, rail in; fence round, fence in, hedge round; picket; corral. encyst. {{has_subtype: imprison &c. (restrain) R751}}. enfold, bury, encase, incase[obs3], pack up, enshrine, inclasp[obs3]. {{has_subtype: wrap up &c. (invest) R225}}. embrace, partly enclose, embay[obs3], embosom[obs3]. containment (inclusion) R76. Adj. circumscribed, enclosed, encompassed, limited, bound, confined. fenced in, corraled; walled, walled in; hedged in, hedged about. {{has_subtype: invested, R225; imprisoned &c. R751}}. encased, packed, packed up. begirt[obs3], lapt[obs3]; buried in, immersed in; embosomed[obs3], in the bosom of, imbedded, encysted, mewed up; landlocked, in a ring fence. <-- limit here is basically an abstract conceptual item,. IT can be a line between two regions, or a numerical boundary. The latter is related to the more abstract "maximum" at the entry R31 for "greatness". The physical limit is under edge, R231 [[limit]] --> P1.2.2.3.1.7 LIMIT (R233) #233. Limit. N. {{has_subtype(maximum, R31)}} limit, boundary, bounds, perimeter, border. <-- define a boundary as the (point, line, surface) between two abstract regions. "Near" and "far" are for human comprehension, not defined here as yet. With definitions of "between" and "adhjacent to", the boundary must have zero dimension in the direction perpendicular to the boundary --> {{has_conceptual_part(boundary)}} {{has_subtype(region, @R51)}} near region; far region. {{{!!between(boundary): $near region + $far region}}}. &&{{!!adjacent_to($near region): $far region}}. termination, terminus; stint, frontier. {[of(number)]} maximum, upper limit; minimum, lower limit. {{has_subtype_x(maximum)}} local maximum; global maximum. {{has_subtype_x(minimum)}} local minimum; global minimum. {{has_subtype(global minimum)}} rock-bottom minimum. precinct, marches; backwoods. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(line, R244)}} {{exhibited_by(interposition, R228)}} boundary line, line of separation, borderline. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(surface, R220)}} {{exhibited_by(interposition, R228)}} boundary surface. {{&has_symbol(limit)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} demarcation. {{has_subtype(boundary line)}} {{has_subtype(demarcation)}} line of demarcation, line of circumvallation[obs3]. {{has_subtype(boundary line): border, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1}}. {{has_symbol(line of demarcation)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} landmark. turning point, point of no return, fail-safe point; ne plus ultra[Lat]. {{has_metaphor(point of no return)}} Rubicon; pillars of Hercules. confine, enclave, term, bourn, verge, curbstone[obs3], but[obs2], butt[obs2], pale, reservation. {[of(real estate)]} metes and bounds, property line. {[in_frame(gambling)]} maximum bet. Adj. definite; conterminate[obs1], conterminable[obs3]; terminal, frontier; bordering. Adv. thus far, thus far and no further. {{has_property(minimum)}} at least, at the minimum, at a minimum, no less than, upwards of, no fewer than. {{has_property(maximum)}} at most, at the most, at a maximum, no more than, at the upper limit. Phr. stick to the reservation; go beyond the pale. P1.2.2.3.1.7.1 OUTLINE (R230) #230. Outline. N. {{has_subtype(edge, R231)}} outline, circumference, perimeter, periphery; ambit, circuit, lines, tournure[obs3], contour. profile, silhouette; cartoon. bounds; coast line. {{location_of: @R181, zone, region, area}}. {{has_subtype}} belt, band, baldric, zodiac, girdle, cingle[obs3], clasp, girt. {[of(solid body)]} {{has_subtype: girth, P1.2.4.2.3.1}}. {{has_subtype: enclosure, R232; circlet &c. R247}}. <-- the difference between an edge, R231 and a limit, R233: an edge is a part of a physical object, but a limit may be only an imaginary line, such as a property line or a country's border --> P1.2.2.3.1.7.2 EDGE (R231) #231. Edge. N. {{has_subtype(limit, R233)}} {{has_part(inclosure, R221/enclosure, R232)}} edge, margin, border. brink, rim, brim. threshold, verge. brow, confine, skirt, flange, side. mouth; jaws, chops, chaps, fauces; lip, muzzle. {{has_subtype(threshhold)}} {{has_part(building): door, porch; portal &c. (opening) R260}}. {[of(ocean)]} coast, shore. {[of(river)]} bank. frame. {[of(cloth)]} fringe, flounce, frill, list, trimming, edging, skirting, hem, selvedge, welt, furbelow, valance, gimp. {[of(water)]} {{function_of(control)}} sluice, floodgate. Adj. border, marginal, skirting; labial, labiated[obs3], marginated[obs3]. P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1 SIDE (R234 TO R239) [[SIDE]] <-- 2. Special 2. Special... 234. Front 235. Rear 210. Summit 211. Base 236. Laterality 237. Contraposition 238. Dextrality 239. Sinistrality --> <-- For moving objects (in normal motion), the front is the side in direction of motion; this is not specified here yet. [[front]] --> P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1.1 FRONT (R234) #234. Front. N. {{antonym_of(rear, R235)}} front, front side; fore, forepart; face, frontage. facade, proscenium, facia[Lat], frontispiece. {{has_property}} anteriority[obs3]. {[of(medal/coin)]} obverse. foreground; disk, disc. {{location_of}} fore rank, front rank. {{location_of}} outpost; first line. {{location_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.16, scout, van, vanguard, advanced guard}}. {[of(head)]} brow, forehead, visage, physiognomy, phiz[obs3], countenance, mut[obs3]. {[of(beast, @R366)]} rostrum, beak. {[of(ship)]} stem, prow, bow, prore[obs3], jib. {{location_of: precursor, R64}}. {{property_of(frontmost): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.16, pioneer}}. {{studied_in(physiognomy)}} {{property_of(pseudoscientific, @R477a)}} metoposcopy[obs3]. V. be in front, stand in front, stand before, be ahead. front, face, confront; bend forwards. come foreward, step foreward, come to the front, come to the fore. Adj. fore, anterior, front, frontal; frontmost. metopic. Adv. before; in front, in the van, in advance; ahead, right ahead; forehead, foremost; in the foreground, in the lee of; before one's face, before one's eyes; face to face, vis-a-vis; front a front. Phr. formosa muta commendatio est [Lat][Syrus]; frons est animi janua [Lat][Cicero]; "Human face divine" [Milton]; imago animi vultus est indices oculi [Lat][Cicero]; "sea of upturned faces" [Scott]. P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1.2 REAR (R235) #235. Rear. N. {{antonym_of(front, R234)}} rear, back, back side, posterior. {{has_property}} posteriority. {{property_of}} rear rank, rear guard. {{property_of}} background, hinterland. {[of(body)]} nape; occiput[Anat]; heels; tail, rump, croup, buttock, posteriors, backside scut[obs3], breech, dorsum, loin; dorsal region, chine, lumbar region; hind quarters; aitchbone[obs3]; natch, natch bone. {[of(ship)]} stern, poop, afterpart[obs3], heelpiece[obs3], crupper. {{location_of: wake; train &c. (sequence) R281}}. back side, reverse side; other side of the shield. {{has_subtype(reverse side)}} {{has_part(coin, @R800/medal, @R557)}} {{alternative_to(obverse)}} reverse, tails. {{conceptual_part_of: retrogression, R283}}. V. be behind, be in the rear. go to the rear, go backward; fall astern. bend backwards. {{&caused_by(be behind): @R283, regression, retrogression}}. Adj. back, rear; hind, hinder, hindmost, hindermost[obs3]; postern, posterior; dorsal, after; caudal, lumbar; mizzen, tergal[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: @R283, backward, retrograde}}. Adv. behind; in the rear, in the background; behind one's back; at the heels of, at the tail of, at the back of; back to back. after, aft, abaft, astern, sternmost[obs3], aback, rearward. Phr. "heads or tails?". ogni medaglia ha il suo rovescio[It][obs3]; the other side of the coin. P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1.3 SIDE (R236) #236. Side. N. side, flank, quarter, lee; hand; cheek, jowl, jole[obs3], wing; profile; temple, parietes[Lat], loin, haunch, hip; beam. {{has_property}} laterality[obs3]. gable, gable end; broadside; lee side. points of the compass; East, Orient, Levant; West; orientation. {{location_of: side arm; side show; side car; sidelight}}. V. be on one side, be aside, be beside, be alongside. [become alongside] flank, outflank; sidle; skirt. orientate. {[of(motion)]} sideslip. Adj. lateral; parietal; collateral. {[of(motion)]} sideways, sidewise, sidelong, crabwise, crab-like, flanking, skirting; flanked; sideling. {{property_of(multiplicity)}} many sided; multilateral, bilateral, trilateral, quadrilateral. {[in_frame(geography)]} Eastern; orient, oriental; Levantine; Western, occidental, Hesperian. Adv. sideways, sidelong. broadside on; on one side, abreast, alongside, beside, aside; by the side of; side by side; cheek by jowl &c. (near) R197; to windward, to leeward, askance; laterally &c. adj.; right and left; on her beam ends. Phr. "his cheek the may of days outworn" [Shakespeare]. P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1.3.1 RIGHT (R238) #238. Right. N. right, right side; right hand. dexter, offside. {[of(ship)]} starboard. {{has_property}} dextrality[obs3]. Adj. dextral, right-handed; dexter, dextrorsal[obs3], dextrorse[obs3]. dextro-. ambidextral[obs3], ambidextrous. {[in_frame(chemistry)]} {[of(chemical)]} dextrorotary, D, R. Adv. to the right, rightwards, to starboard; on the right; dextrad[obs3], dextrally[obs3]. P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1.3.2 LEFT (R239) #239. Left. N. left, left side; left hand. sinister, nearside[obs3]. {[of(ship)]} larboard, port. {{has_property}} sinistrality[obs3]. Adj. left-handed; sinister; sinistral, sinistrorsal[obs3], sinistrorse[obs3], sinistrous[obs3]. Pref. laevo-. Adv. to the left, leftwards, to port; sinistrally, sinistrously[obs3]. a gauche[Fr]. P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1.4 TOP #210. Top. N. top, peak, vertex, apex, zenith, pinnacle; acme, culmination, meridian, utmost height; summit, summity[obs1]; ne plus utra, height, pitch, maximum, climax, culminating point, crowning point, turning point; turn of the tide, fountain head; water shed, water parting; sky, pole. tip, tip top; crest, crow's nest, cap, truck, nib; end &c. R67; crown, brow; head, nob[obs3], noddle[obs3], pate; capsheaf[obs3]. high places, heights. topgallant mast, sky scraper; quarter deck, hurricane deck. architrave, frieze, cornice, coping stone, zoophorus[obs3], capital, epistyle[obs3], sconce, pediment, entablature[obs3]; tympanum; ceiling &c. (covering) R223. attic, loft, garret, house top, upper story. [metaphorical use] summit conference, summit; peak of achievement, peak of performance; peaks and troughs, peaks and valleys [in graphs]. V. culminate, crown, top; overtop &c. (be superior to) R33. Adj. highest, most elevated, most lofty, tallest; top; top most, upper most; tiptop. culminating &c. v.; meridian, meridional[obs3]; capital, head, polar, supreme, supernal, topgallant. Adv. atop, at the top of the tree. Phr. en flute; fleur deau[Fr]. P1.2.2.3.1.7.2.1.5 BOTTOM #211. Bottom. N. bottom, base, nadir, foot. sole, toe, hoof, keel, root; centerboard. basement; plinth, dado, wainscot; baseboard, mopboard[obs3]; bedrock, hardpan [U.S.]; foundation &c. (support) R215; substructure, substratum, ground, earth, pavement, floor, paving, flag, carped, ground floor, deck; footing, ground work, basis; hold, bilge. Adj. bottom, undermost, nethermost; fundamental; founded on, based on, grounded on, built on. P1.2.2.3.1.7.3 ENCLOSURE (R232) #232. Enclosure. N. enclosure, inclosure, envelope; wrapper; girdle &c. R230. {{has_subtype: @R191, container, case, receptacle}}. {{location_of: inclosure, R221a}}. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(perimeter, @R233)}} perimeter, enclosure perimeter. pen, fold; pen fold, in fold, sheep fold; paddock, pound; corral; yard; net, seine net. {{has_subtype(enclosure perimeter)}} {{has_subtype(barrier, @M7.3.4.R4.1)}} wall, hedge, hedge row; espalier; fence &c. (defense) R717; pale, paling, balustrade, rail, railing, quickset hedge, park paling, circumvallation[obs3], enceinte, ring fence. {{&has_part(enclosure perimeter)}} barrier, barricade; gate, gateway; bent, dingle [U.S.]; door, hatch, cordon. {{has_subtype(enclosure perimeter)}} dike, dyke, ditch, fosse[obs3], moat. {{has_subtype: prison &c. R752}}. V. inclose, circumscribe &c. R229. <-- oppositon here is physically opposite. Conceptually opposite is under contrary, R14 --> P1.2.2.3.1.8 OPPOSITION (R237) #237. Opposition. N. {{has_subtype(contrariety, R14)}} opposition, contraposition[obs3]; polarity. {{property_of}} opposite side; reverse, inverse; counterpart; antipodes; opposite poles. {{property_of}} top and bottom; left and right; North and South; East and West; front and back. {{property_of: @R14, antonym, opposite}}. {{&caused_by: inversion &c. R218}}. V. be opposite, be opposed; be on opposite sides; subtend. Adj. opposite; reverse, inverse; converse, antipodal, subcontrary[obs3]. fronting, facing, diametrically opposite. Northern, septentrional, Boreal, arctic; Southern, Austral, antarctic. Adv. over, over the way, over against; against; face to face, vis-a-vis; as poles asunder. P1.2.2.3.2 INTERIOR RELATION N. interior relation. <-- Roget's "interior" means primarily the part of something not on the surace. The "interior" of a container, where the contents are located, we will designate as R221a. --> P1.2.2.3.2.1 INTERIOR #221. Interior. N. {{antonym_of(surface, R220)}} interior, inside; interspace[obs3], subsoil, substratum. {[of(arch)]} intrados. heart; bosom; bowels, guts. substance, pith, marrow. {{has_subtype: backbone &c. (center) R222}}. {{location_of(interior[of=body]): @P2.3.2.2.3.2, heart, bosom[PC1], breast, abdomen, vitals, viscera, entrails, bowels, belly, intestines, guts, womb}}. recesses, deep recesses, penetralia[Lat], innermost recesses. {{property_of: cave &c. (concavity) R252}}. {[in_frame(hospital therapy): inpatient]}. {[of(plant root)]} endodermis. V. be inside, be within. {{&caused_by_of(be within)}} place within, keep within. {{&caused_by_of(be within): inclose &c. (circumscribe) R229; imbed &c. (insert) R300; imprison, @R751}}. Adj. {[referring_to(interior)]} interior, internal; inner, inside, inward, intraregarding[obs3]. {{has_superlative}} inmost, innermost; deep inside, deep seated, gut. intestine, intestinal. inland. {{has_superlative(inland)}} far inland, deep in the interior. subcutaneous; abdominal, coeliac, endomorphic[obs2]. {{has_subtype: interstitial &c. (interposition) R228}}. inwrought &c. (intrinsic) R5. inclosed &c. v.. Adv. internally, inwardly, within. inwards, inly[obs3]. Prep. in, inside, inside of. <-- here, inclosure is the area of space enclosed by an "enclosure" (a physical object, as a building or fence, or a bottle. We use the variant spelling "inclosure" to distinguish it from an "enclosure" --> P1.2.2.3.2.2 INCLOSURE #221a. Inclosure. N. {{property_of(circumscribed, R229)}} {{has_part(enclosure, R232/container, P2.3.1.3.9/structure, P2.3.1.3.10)}} inclosure, enclosed area, interior, inside. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(region, R181)}} {{connects(partition, @R228)}} {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} {{property_of(enclosed, @R229)}} partition, compartment. {{formed_by(partition): partitioning, @R228}}. {{location_of: contents &c. R190}}. V. {{formed_by(compartment[num=>1])}} {{conceptual_part_of(interpose, R228)}} {{has_subtype(enclose, @R227) : @R228, compartmentalize, partition}}. Adj. interior, inside; home, domestic, indoor, intramural, vernacular; endemic. {{has_property(compartment): @R228, compartmentalized, partitioned}}. here in, there in, where in; ab intra, withinside[obs3]; in doors, within doors; at home, in the bosom of one's family. P1.2.2.3.2.3 CENTRALITY [[center]] #222. Centrality. N. centrality, centricalness[obs3]. {{property_of}} center. {{has_subtype(center): middle &c. R68; focus &c. R74}}. {{property_of}} core, kernel; nucleus, nucleolus. {{has_extreme(center)}} heart, pole axis, bull's eye; nave, navel. {{property_of}} umbilicus, backbone, marrow, pith; vertebra, vertebral column. {[of(activity)]} hotbed. {{caused_by: concentration &c. (convergence) R290}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} centering. {{&caused_by: centralization, @R72}}. {{conceptual_part_of: symmetry}}. {{has_subtype(center)}} {{property_of(solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1)}} center of gravity. {{has_subtype(center)}} center of pressure; center of percussion; center of oscillation; center of buoyancy; metacenter[obs3]. {{has_subtype(center)}} center of gravity; epicenter. V. be central, be in the middle. [become central] [intransitive] converge &c. R290. [render central] [transitive] render central, centralize, concentrate; bring to a focus. Adj. central, centrical[obs3]; middle &c. R68; azygous, axial, focal, umbilical, concentric; middlemost; rachidian[obs3]; spinal, vertebral. Adv. middle; midst; centrally &c. adj.. P1.2.2.3.2.4 LINING #224. Lining. N. lining, inner coating. wall. {{similar_to: coating &c. (covering) R223}}. {[of(ave)]} stalactite, stalagmite. filling, stuffing, wadding, padding. {[of(house wall)]} wainscot, parietes[Lat]. V. line, stuff, incrust, wad, pad, fill. Adj. lined &c. v.. P1.2.2.3.2.5 INTERPOSITION (R228) #228. Interposition. N. {{&caused_by(separation, R44)}} interposition, location between, interjacence[obs3]. {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype}} intercalation, interdigitation, interjection, interpolation, interposition, intercurrence[obs3], intervenience[obs3], interlocation[obs3], interlineation, interspersion. {[of(fluid)]} interpenetration; permeation, seeping in. infiltration. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} [interposition by one person in another's affairs, at the intervenor's initiative] intervention, interference; intrusion, insinuation, obtrusion. {{has_subtype: insertion &c. R300}}. dovetailing. {{has_subtype(intercalation): obstruction, M7.3.4.R4.1; embolism, @M7.3.4.R4.1}}. {{has_subtype(interposition[between=person, P2.3.2.3 + person, P2.3.2.3])}} intermediation. {{performed_by(intermediation): intermediary, intermedium[obs3]; go-between, intruder, interloper}}. {{has_subtype(intermediation): brokering; mediation, R724}}. episode, flyleaf. {[in_frame(document[1], R590a)]} {{function_of: parentheses, @R550}}. {{&causes(interposition[ptnt=partition])}} {{has_subtype(division, @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1)}} {{formed_by(partition, @R221a)}} partitioning. {{function_of(partitioning)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{shape_of(planar)}} partition. {{has_subtype(partition)}} septum, diaphragm; midriff; dissepiment[obs3]; drawer partition; movable partition. {{has_subtype(partition)}} {{has_subtype(wall, @P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} party wall; panel, room divider. {{has_subtype(partition)}} {{has_subtype(barrier[to=fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1], M7.3.4.R4.1)}} {{has_subtype(wall, @P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} firewall, fire wall. {{metaphor_for(firewall): absolute barrier, @M7.3.4.R4.1}}. {{connects(partition)}} {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} {{property_of(enclosed): @R221a, partition, compartment}}. <-- various room dividers, as in hospitals and offices, should be added here --> {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(institution)}} halfway house. V. lie between, be between. [intransitive] come between, get between; intervene, slide in, interpenetrate. {[of(fluid)]} permeate, penetrate, seep in. {{caused_by}} [transitive] interpose, interject, intercalate, interpolate, put between, introduce, import, throw in, wedge in, edge in, jam in, worm in, foist in, run in, plow in, work in; interline, interdigitate, sandwich in, fit in, squeeze in; let in. {{has_result(interpose)}} partition, compartmentalize, divide. {{property_of(multiplicity)}} merge; interleave, intersperse; interweave, interlard. {[of(playing cards)]} {{has_subtype(interleave)}} riffle. dovetail, splice, mortise; insinuate, smuggle; infiltrate, ingrain. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} interfere, put in an oar, thrust one's nose in; intrude, obtrude; have a finger in the pie. introduce the thin end of the wedge. {{has_subtype(put between): thrust in &c. (insert) R300}}. Adj. intermediate, intermediary, intercalary, interstitial, interjacent[obs3], intercurrent[obs3], intervenient[obs3], intervening, penetrating, permeating. interspersed, interleaved, intercalated; merged. {{has_consequence(partition)}} partitioned, divided, compartmented, compartmentalized. embolismal[obs3]. parenthetical; episodic. mediterranean; intrusive; embosomed[obs3]. Adv. between, betwixt; twixt; among, amongst; amid, amidst; mid, midst; in the thick of; betwixt and between; sandwich-wise; parenthetically, obiter dictum. <--- [[LOCATION]] --> P1.2.3 LOCATION N. location. P1.2.3.1 RELATIVE SPACE (R183 TO R185) N. relative space. <-- 183. Position 184. Location 185. Displacement --> <-- there is a subtle difference between this entry and Place, R182; Place, R182 is the place itself, a part of space. Position, here, is the location of a particular object in space. Note that situation, environment show up here. Note that location, R184, is the act of locating something. [[position]] --> P1.2.3.1.1 POSITION (R183) #183. Position. N. {{has_property(physical object, P2.3)}} {{has_result(location, R184)}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} position, place, location, locality, locale. site, station, seat, venue, whereabouts; ground; bearings &c. (direction) R278. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(land, R342)}} land point, geographical place, geographical location. footing, standing, standpoint, post; stage. {{has_conceptual_part}} orientation, aspect, attitude, posture, pose. {{factor_in}} {{has_subtype(circumstance, R8): @R183a, situation, status}}. {{has_location: @R227, surroundings, environment}}. {[of(geographical point)]} coordinates, latitude and longitude. {{location_of(land, P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}} land point, point on land. {{studied_in}} topography, geography, chorography[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(cold)}} cold place. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unknown, @R491)}} unknown location, unknown position. {{has_representation: map &c. R554}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{property_of(habitual): abode, R189}}. {{has_subtype(position)}} relative position, relative location. V. be situated, be located, be situate; lie, have its seat in. Adj. located, situate, situated. {[referring_to(position)]} positional. local, topical. {{has_subtype(positional): topographical, @R466}}. {[referring_to(geography)]} geographic, geographical. Adv. in place, in position. in situ, in loco; here and there, passim; hereabouts, thereabouts, whereabouts. here. {{contrast_to(here)}} there. everywhere, here there and everywhere. in such and such surroundings, in such and such environs, in such and such entourage, amidst such and such surroundings, amidst such and such environs, amidst such and such entourage. Prep. {{has_marker(relative position)}} above; below, under; ahead, in front of; behind, in back of; on a level with; even with, abreast of; to the right of; to the left of. {{has_subtype(above)}} directly above; on, on top of, resting on; at the top of. {{has_subtype(below)}} directly below, underneath; suspended from; at the bottom of, on the bottom of. {{has_marker(position)}} at. {{has_marker(relative position): @R221, in, inside}}. {{has_marker(relative position): outside, @R220a}}. Interrog. where. <-- this was included in Roget R183, but must be separate. Also, parts of R8 were moved here, so that R8 will be the general concept of circumstance, and this section applies to physical and mental circumstances. This is the general "circumstances" affecting humans and human action -- the "state of affairs" at a particular time. The headword "state" applies to a single object (although a system may also be considered as a single object!), for physical objects includes both the internal state and external circumstances (surroundings). Both are included here. "State" refers to the internal state of an object, which may be affected by the circumstances. The "situation" of a physical object is here considered part of the circumstances. Thus "circumstances" is defined only as a collection of situations of physical objects! Note that circumstances are both affected by and affect events! All of this needs additional, more careful consideration. For many purposes, state and circumstances may be used in identical senses. Note that "circumstances" is a subtype of "circumstance, R8", and also has situation as a conceptual part. Thus "circumstances" may be considered "the larger situation, the general circumstances". [[circumstances]] --> P1.2.3.1.2 SITUATION (R183A) #183a. Situation. N. {{has_subtype(circumstance, R8)}} {{factor_in(position, R183)}} {{has_property(physical object)}} {{temporal_loc_of(occasion, R113a)}} situation, status, state. {{has_subtype(circumstance, R8)}} {{conceptual_part_of(situation)}} circumstance, condition, circumstances[pl], conditions[pl], physical circumstances, context. {{has_conceptual_part: @R227, environment, surroundings}}. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(other people, M1.2)}} social situation. {{has_subtype(circumstances): terms, @R770}}. <-- occasion, WM10 sense 2b --> {{has_subtype(circumstances)}} {{mcaused_by(action, R680)}} occasion, occurrence. {{affected_by: contingency &c. (event) R151}}. {{affects: event, R151}}. {{has_subtype(juncture)}} turning point. {{has_subtype(circumstance)}} emergency, emergence. {{has_conceptual_part(emergency): danger, R665}}. {{&mcauses(emergency): $action, R680}}. &&{{has_property($action): immediate, R113; necessary, R601; desirable, @R646; urgent, @R642}}. {{has_high_intensity(emergency)}} {{has_subtype(turning point)}} crisis, critical situation. {{has_conceptual_part(crisis): great danger, @R665; opportunity, R134}}. {{has_subtype(circumstance)}} {{co-occurs_with(time of need)}} {{has_low_intensity(emergency)}} {{property_of(difficulty[1], R704)}} exigency, predicament, quandary, fix, juncture, pinch, strait, pass, push, conjunctive, pretty pass, mess, scrape, pickle, muddle, dilemma, nonplus, hitch, trial, scramble, entanglement. {{has_metaphor(exigency): @R704, net, meshes; maze; knot; hot water, hornet's nest; sea of troubles, peck of troubles; pretty kettle of fish; pickle, stew; bone to pick, crux, pons asinorum[Lat], where the shoe pinches}}. {{has_conceptual_part(exigency): need[for=action, R680/assistance, R707], @R630}}. status, footing, standing, regime. bearings, how the land lies. {{has_subtype: @R229a, surroundings, context, environment}}. {{has_subtype: location, R184}}. Adj. situational. conditional, contingent, dependent on the situation. {{has_subtype(conditional): contextual; environmental}}. adventitious &c. (extrinsic) R6; limitative[obs3]. {{has_property(emergency)}} emergency, emergent. Adv. accordingly; that being the case, such being the case, in view of the circumstances; that being so, sith[obs3], since, seeing that. as matters stand; as things go, as times go. according to circumstances, according to the occasion; as it may happen, as it may turn out, as it may be; as the case may be, as the wind blows; pro re nata[Lat]. depending on circumstances, in certain circumstances, under certain conditions; if it so happen, if it so turn out; in the event of; in such a contingency, in such a case, in such an event; provisionally, unless, without. {{has_property(exigency)}} when push comes to shove. Phr. " yet are my sins not those of circumstance " [Lytton]. <-- this is the act of locating something somewhere --> P1.2.3.1.3 LOCATING #184. Locating. N. {{result_of(position, R183)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} location, localization, locating, putting, placing, positioning. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} positioned object. deposition, reposition; collocation; establishment, settlement, installation; fixation. {{has_subtype(putting[obj=person, P2.3.2.3][in=dwelling, P1.2.3.2.4.1])}} lodgment, lodgement, lodging, housing. {{has_subtype(locating[into=container, R191], R184): inserting, R300}}. {{has_subtype(locating[into=depot, R636a]): @R636, stowage, stowing, storing}}. anchorage, anchoring, mooring. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(placing + forgetting, @R506)}} mislaying, misplacing}}. {{forms(packing, @R300): package}}. {{affected_by: @P1.2.2.3.1.5, @R227, surroundings, habitat, environment}}. {{has_activity(camp, @R189)}} camping, encampment. {{has_subtype(locating[obj=colonist])}} settlement, colonization. {{has_conceptual_part(colonization): housing[obj=colonist]}}. {{!not_has_location(colonization): native country[of=colonist]}}. domestication, situation. {{&has_result: habitation &c. (abode) R189; cohabitation endenization[obs3], naturalization}}. {{has_subtype(placing[obj=vehicle, R272]/storing[obj=vehicle, R272], @R636)}} parking. {{function_of(parking)}} {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} {{property_of(flat, @R342)}} parking lot. {{function_of(parking)}} {{has_subtype(building)}} parking garage. {{!&has_part(parking lot)}} parking space. {{has_subtype(parking space)}} {{-+uses(handicapped person)}} handicapped parking space. {{has_subtype(putting[obj=corpse][into=grave]): interment, R363}}. V. locate, situate, position, localize, put, place. lay, set. lay down, deposit, reposit[obs3]. {{has_subtype(prepare[obj=location, R183][for=placing[obj=positioned object]], R673)}} make a place for, prepare a place for. seat, station, post, install; establish, fix, pin, root. {{has_subtype: @R636, stow, store, hold}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(store, @R636)}} {{&has_function(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{purpose_of(protect[obj=positioned object], @R664)}} [transitive] house. {{has_subtype(house[obj=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{has_function(dwelling, P1.2.3.2.4.1)}} lodge, quarter, shelter. pitch, camp. graft; shelve; cradle; moor, tether, picket; pack, tuck in; embed, imbed; vest, invest in. billet on, quarter upon, saddle with; freight; pocket, put up, bag. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(place + forget, R506)}} mislay, misplace. {{has_subtype: plant &c. (insert) R300}}. inhabit &c. (be present) R186; domesticate, colonize. {{has_subtype: @R300, load, lade}}. anchor; cast anchor, come to an anchor. sit down, squat, perch, hive, se nicher[Fr], bivouac, burrow, get a footing; encamp, pitch one's tent; put up at, put up one's horses at; keep house. endenizen[obs3], naturalize, adopt. put back, replace &c. (restore) R660. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_commencement(dwell, @R188a)}} {{has_subtype(become stable, @R150)}} [intransitive] settle down, settle in, settle; strike root, strike roots, put down roots, take root; take up one's abode, take up permanent residence, take up residence, take up one's quarters; plant oneself, establish oneself, locate oneself. {{has_metaphor(settle down)}} build one's house on a rock. {{has_commencement(dwell, @R188a)}} move in. {{has_subtype(place[obj=vehicle, R272])}} park. Adj. {{has_property(positioned object)}} located, placed, localized. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} lodged, housed, quartered, billeted. established, settled; situate, posited, ensconced, imbedded, embosomed[obs3], rooted; domesticated; vested in, unremoved[obs3]. <-- Located object is not necessarily absolutely motionless. Perhaps should be refined --> {{has_consequence(locating/parking)}} {{has_property(positioned object[after=locating]): motionless, @R265}}. {{has_consequence(anchoring/mooring)}} {{has_subtype(motionless)}} moored, anchored; at anchor. Phr. "a local habitation and a name" [Midsummer Night's Dream]. P1.2.3.1.4 DISPLACEMENT (R185) #185. Displacement. N. {{has_subtype(change[of=position, R183])}} displacement, transposition, translocation, elocation[obs3]. {{has_subtype: ejection &c. R297; exile &c. (banishment) R893; removal &c. (transference) R270}}. {{has_subtype: misplacement, dislocation &c. R61}}. {{has_subtype(displacement)}} {{property_of(continuous, @R143): motion, R264}}. V. displace, dislodge, disestablish. misplace, mislay, displant[obs3]. ablegate[obs3], set aside, remove; take away, cart away; take off, draft off. {{has_subtype: @R73, dispel, dissipate}}. {{has_subtype: exile &c. (seclude) R893; lade &c. R184}}. {{has_subtype: unload, empty &c. (eject) R297; transfer &c. R270}}. {{has_subtype: vacate; depart &c. R293}}. Adj. displaced, dislodged, transposed, translocated. unplaced, unhoused[obs3], unharbored[obs3], unestablished[obs3], unsettled; houseless[obs3], homeless; out of place, out of a situation; in the wrong place. misplaced, mislaid, out of place, out of its element. Phr. fish out of water. <-- 186. Presence 187. Absence 188. Inhabitant moved to Person, P2.3.2.3.6.5.59 INHABITANT 189. Abode 190. Contents 191. Receptacle --> P1.2.3.2 EXISTENCE IN SPACE (R186 TO R191) N. existence in space, spacial existence. P1.2.3.2.1 PRESENCE (R186) #186. Presence. N. {{has_subtype(concrete existence, A1.2)}} {{location_of(place, @R183)}} {{antonym_of(absence, R187)}} presence, whereness[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {[in_frame(habitation, R188a)]} occupancy, occupation. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {[in_frame(meeting[2], @P2.3.2.3.5)]} attendance. permeation, pervasion; diffusion &c. (dispersion) R73. {{has_large_quantity}} ubiquity, ubiety[obs3], omnipresence, ubiquitariness[obs3]. {{property_of: inhabitant, R188}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): habitation, R188a]}. {{property_of: bystander &c. (spectator) R444}}. {{has_beginning: creation; birth}}. {{has_ending: destruction; death, P2.2.3.2}}. V. be present, be there, exist in space, be at a place. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {[in_frame(meeting[2], @P2.3.2.3.5)]} attend, look on, find oneself, be in attendance. {{consequence_of}} present oneself, show one's face, show up. {{consequence_of(attend): come[to=social gathering], @P2.3.2.3.5}}. assister[obs3]; make one of, make one at; remain; fall in the way of, occur in a place; lie, stand; occupy. {{hperforms(inhabitant, R188): @R188a, people, populate, inhabit, dwell, reside, stay, sojourn, live, abide, lodge, nestle, roost, perch, tenant}}. {{hperforms(inhabitant, R188): take up one's abode &c. (be located) R184}}. fill, pervade, permeate; be diffused, be disseminated, be through; over spread, overrun; run through; meet one at every turn. {{has_termination: cease to exist; die; be destroyed}}. {{required_for: witness, @R441a}}. Adj. present; occupying, inhabiting &c. v.; moored &c. R184; resiant[obs3], resident, residentiary[obs3]; domiciled. {{has_extreme(present)}} ubiquitous, ubiquitary[obs3], omnipresent, universally present, present everywhere. aboard, on board; at home, afield. Adv. in presence of, before; under the eyes of, under the nose of; in the face of; in propria persona[Lat]. on the spot; in person, in the flesh. Interj. "Here!", "Present!". Phr. nusquam est qui ubique est [Lat][Seneca]. <-- [Nullibiety.1] 1. Bishop Wilkins. [[absence]] --> P1.2.3.2.2 ABSENCE (R187) #187. Absence. N. {{has_subtype(nonexistence, R2)}} {{antonym_of(presence, R186)}} absence, lack. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(item, @R3a)}} absent item, missing item. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(location, R183/event, R151)}} place of absence. {{has_subtype(absence[of=person. P2.3.2.3][from=location, R183])}} nonresidence. {{has_subtype(absence[of=person. P2.3.2.3][from=event, R151])}} nonattendance, alibi, absenteeism. {{has_subtype(absenteeism[from=school, R542])}} truancy. {{has_null(absence)}} emptiness, vacancy, vacuum; void, vacuity; barenness, sterility; tabula rasa[Lat]; exemption; syncope; hiatus &c. (interval) R198; lipotype[obs2]. {[in_frame(mathematics)]} {{property_of(vacancy)}} the null set. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} nobody; nobody present, nobody on earth; not a soul; ame qui vive[Fr]. {{&caused_by: @R893, seclusion, depopulation}}. {{caused_by: @R185, taking away, removal, displacement}}. {{caused_by: extraction, @R301}}. {{performed_by(truancy): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.63, truant}}. {{performed_by(absenteeism): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.63, absentee}}. V. be absent, be missing. {[with_object(absent item)]} [transitive] lack, want, be void of, be empty of, have no. {{has_subtype(be absent)}} {[with_subject(person, P2.3.2.3)]} be truant, be away, be not at home, be gone. {{&caused_by(be absent)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} keep away, keep out of the way; absent oneself, stay away; keep aloof, hold aloof. {{has_subtype(be absent[from=school])}} play truant, be truant, play hooky[coll.]. {{&caused_by(be absent)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} withdraw, make oneself scarce, vacate; go away &c. R293. {{caused_by: @R185, take away, remove, displace}}. {{caused_by: extract, @R301}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(nonexistent R2)}} absent, not present. empty, void, unoccupied; vacant, vacuous. {{has_consequence(nonexistent)}} {{has_property(absent item)}} lacking, wanting, empty of, void of. barren, sterile; devoid. missing, nowhere to be found. {{consequence_of(missing): lost, R776; omitted, @R55}}. {{has_subtype(lacking[obj=person]): @R893a, unpopulated, unpeopled, untenanted, uninhabited, tenantless, deserted}}. {{&caused_by(uninhabited)}} uninhabitable. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} away, nonresident, gone, from home. {{&caused_by: @R893, depopulated}}. Adv. without, minus, nowhere; elsewhere; neither here nor there; in default of; sans; behind one's back. in the absence, in absentia[Law]. Prep. {{has_marker(location of absence)}} from. {{has_marker(absent item)}} of. Interj. {{&mcaused_by(absence)}} "begone!". Phr. the bird has flown, non est inventus[Lat]. "absence makes the heart grow fonder" [Bayley]; "absent in body but present in spirit" [1 Corinthians v, 3]; absento nemo ne nocuisse velit [Lat][Propertius]; "Achilles absent was Achilles still" [Homer]; aux absents les os; briller par son absence[Fr]; "conspicuous by his absence" [Russell]; "in the hope to meet shortly again and make our absence sweet" [B. Jonson]. <-- this is the action of habitation --> P1.2.3.2.3 HABITATION (R188A) #188a. Habitation. N. {{hperforms(inhabitant, R188)}} {{has_activity(abode, R189)}} {{has_subtype(presence, R186)}} habitation, dwelling, living; abiding; nesting, roosting. V. people, populate; inhabit, dwell, reside, stay, sojourn, live, abide, lodge, nestle, roost, perch, tenant. {{has_commencement: take up one's abode &c. (be located) R184}}. resort to, frequent, haunt; revisit. {{caused_by: endenizen &c. (locate oneself) R184}}. Adj. populated, peopled, populous, full of people, inhabited. indigenous; native, natal; autochthonal[obs3], autochthonous. domestic; domiciliated[obs3], domiciled; naturalized, vernacular, domesticated; domiciliary. in the occupation of; garrisoned by, occupied by. <-- R188 Inhabitant relocated to P2.3.2.3.6.5.59 INHABITANT (R188) --> <-- [Place of habitation, or resort.] [[abode]] --> P1.2.3.2.4 ABODE (R189) #189. Abode. N. {{has_location(inhabitant, R188, P2.3.2.3.6.5.59)}} {{performed_at(habitation, R188a, P1.2.3.2.3)}} abode. {[of(nation)]} {{has_subtype: geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} residence, legal residence, permanent residence, address. {{has_subtype(residence)}} living unit. {{has_subtype(residence)}} place, digs, pad, habitation, where one's lot is cast, local habitation, berth, diggings. seat, lap, sojourn, quarters, headquarters. {{has_subtype(geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1): country; homeland, fatherland, mother country, paternal domicile, native soil, native land}}. plantation, colony, settlement, cantonment. homestead, homestall[obs3]. close, yard, passage, rents, buildings, mews. peristyle, cloister; gardens, grove, residences. {[of(life)]} biosphere. {{has_part(biosphere)}} environment, ecological niche. {[of(species)]} habitat, range. stamping ground, stomping ground[coll], turf[coll]; haunt, hangout. nest, nidus, snuggery[obs3]. {[of(beast, @R366)]} {{has_subtype: arbor, bower &c. R191}}. {[of(beast, @R366)]} lair, den, cave. hole, hiding place, cell, sanctum sanctorum[Lat]; covert, resort, retreat. perch, roost; nidification; kala jagah[obs3]. bivouac, camp, encampment, cantonment, castrametation[obs3]; barrack, casemate[obs3], casern[obs3]. garden, park, pleasure ground, plaisance[obs3], demesne. {[of(beast, @R366)]} cage, terrarium; pen; barn, stall. {[of(dog)]} doghouse. {[of(bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2)]} bird's nest, aerie, eyrie, eyry[obs3], rookery. {[of(beast, @R366): @R370, zoo, zoological garden]}. {[of(bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2): @R370, aviary]}. {[of(bee, @P2.3.2.1.1.2.1): @R370, hive, beehive]}. Phr. ubi libertas ibi patria[Lat]. <-- [[home]] --> P1.2.3.2.4.1 DWELLING (R189A) N. {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{has_subtype(abode, P1.2.3.2.4)}} home, abode, dwelling, domicile, residence, lodging, lodgment, lodgement, housing, resiance[obs1]. house, private residence. {{origin_of(Asia)}} yurt. {{has_subtype(house)}} {{property_of(large)}} mansion. {{has_subtype(house)}} {{property_of(very large)}} {[of(royalty)]} palace. villa. frame house, wood frame house, shingle house; flat house. {{has_subtype(house)}} {{property_of(small)}} {{property_of(height[2][val=one storey], @P1.2.2.2.1.2.1)}} bungalow. {{has_subtype(house)}} {{property_of(small)}} {{location_of(countryside)}} cottage, cabin, lodge, box, hermitage, rus in urbe[Lat]. folly, rotunda, tower, chateau, castle, pavilion, court, manor-house, capital messuage, hall; kiosk; casa[Sp], country seat. {{has_subtype(private residence)}} single-family house; duplex; two-family residence, legal two-family; row house, town house; detached house; semi-detached house. summerhouse, vacation house, dacha[Russ.]; hermitage. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary)}} temporary residence. home away from home, second home. {{alternative_to(private residence)}} multiple dwelling. {{has_subtype(multiple dwelling)}} apartment house, tenement house, tenement; condominium, condo. rooming house. {{has_subtype(multiple dwelling)}} public housing; hotel; motel; hostel, youth hostel; boarding house. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(hotel)}} {{property_of(temporary)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} hotel room. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(motel)}} {{property_of(temporary)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} motel room. {{member_of(hotel room)}} suite. {{has_member(apartment house/condominium)}} apartment, unit; flat. tabernacle, throne, ark. {{&has_part}} fireside; hearth, hearth stone; chimney corner, inglenook, ingle side. harem, seraglio, zenana[obs3]. household gods, lares et penates[Lat]. roof, household. tent &c. (covering) R223; chamber &c. (receptacle) R191; xenodochium[obs3]. messuage, farm. {{location_of(farm)}} farmhouse, hacienda[Sp.]. {{has_subtype(farmhouse)}} grange. {{has_part(grange)}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} outbuilding. cot, cabin, hut, chalet, croft, shed, booth, stall, hovel, bothy[obs3], shanty, dugout [U.S.]. {[of(beast, @R366)]} pen &c. (inclosure) R232; barn, bawn[obs3]; kennel, sty, doghold[obs3], cote, coop, hutch, byre; cow house, cow shed; stable, dovecote, columbary[obs3], columbarium; shippen[obs3]. {[of(Eskimo)]} igloo, iglu[obs3], jacal[obs3]. lacustrine dwelling[obs3], lacuslake dwelling[obs3], lacuspile dwelling[obs3]; log cabin, log house; shack, shebang[coll]. {[of(American Indian)]} wigwam, tepee, topek[obs3]; long house; cliff dwelling. anchorage, roadstead, roads; dock, basin, wharf, quay, port, harbor. quarter, parish &c. (region) R181. spa, watering place; inn; hostel, hostelry; caravansary, dak; bungalow[obs3], khan, hospice. meetinghouse. tavern, public house, pub, pot house, mug house, gin mill, gin palace, bar, bar room; barrel house [U.S.], cabaret, chophouse; club, clubhouse; cookshop[obs3], dive [U.S.], exchange [euphemism, U.S.], grill room, saloon [U.S.], shebeen[obs3]. {{has_subtype(tavern)}} beer hall. {{has_part(meetinghouse)}} assembly room. {{has_part(tavern/meetinghouse/inn)}} pump room, taproom, barroom. coffee house, eating house; canteen, restaurant, buffet, cafe, estaminet[obs3], posada[obs3]. poorhouse, almshouse[obs3], shelter. townhouse [U.S.]. V. take up one's abode &c. (locate oneself) R184; inhabit &c. (be present) R186. Adj. {[referring_to(residence)]} residential, domestic. home-owning. Phr. Be it ever so humble there's no place like home[John H. Payne]; home is where the heart is; eigner Hert ist goldes Werth[Ger]; "even cities have their graves" [Longfellow]; home sweet home; a man's home is his castle. <-- [Things contained.] --> P1.2.3.2.5 CONTENTS (R190) #190. Contents. N. {{location_of(container, P2.3.1.3.9)}} contents. {{has_subtype(physical object, P2.3)}} {{patient_of(shipping, @R270)}} {{has_subtype(object transmitted, @R270)}} cargo, lading, freight, shipment, load, bale, burden, jag, burthen[obs3]. {{has_measure}} shipload; wagonload, cartload[obs3]. <-- ??? container of is a good candidate for a variable $(receptacle, R191) of --> {{has_measure}} box of, cup of, basket of; can of; tin of; glass of; receptacle of[replaceable=R191]. {{has_property: inside &c. R221}}. {{has_part(container): dead space, ullage, unused capacity}}. {{location_of(ullage)}} {{has_subtype(cushion[for=cargo, @R190], P2.3.1.3.8)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{property_of(soft, R324)}} {{&uses(packing, @R300)}} packing material, packing, stuffing, wadding. <-- this "form is a very general concept for objects with extension. The usual meaning if "shape" is in the nect entry R240 --> P1.2.4 FORM (R240 TO R263) N. {{conceptual_part_of(spatial dimension, P1.2.2)}} form. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} geometric object. {{has_part(geometric object)}} {{has_subtype(straight line, @R244)}} {{traversed_by(geometric object)}} chord. {{has_part(geometric object)}} {{has_subtype(point, @R180a)}} {{has_subtype(center, @P1.2.2.3.2.3)}} center, geometric center. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(geometric object): shape, R240}}. {{has_subtype(geometric object): point, @R180a; line, R244}}. <-- (R240 TO R243) 240. Form 241. Amorphism 242. Symmetry 243. Distortion [[form]] --> P1.2.4.1 FORM GENERALLY #240. Form. N. form, figure, shape. {{has_subtype: planar form, P1.2.4.2.2; solid form, P1.2.4.2.3; linear form, P1.2.4.2.1}}. {{has_subtype}} elongated form. {{has_property(elongated form): elongated, @R200d}}. <-- we define "elongated" as having a length/width raio >1.2, which we estimate as the minimum distortion necessary to cause a perception of "elongation" --> {{has_property(elongated form): $length, @P1.2.4.2.3; $width, @P1.2.4.2.3}}. &&{{{has_relative_val($length + $width): ">1.2"}}}. {{has_part(elongated form)}} {{has_subtype(end, R67)}} end[num=2]. {{has_subtype(end)}} front end. {{has_subtype(front end): front, R234}}. {{has_subtype(end)}} back end, rear end. {{has_subtype(rear end): rear, R235}}. <-- "precedes" is usually used in a time context, but we allow it to be used where it is metaphorically similar to the time context. For objects which have a "front" and "back", typically the "front" is encountered before the "back", so the time meaning is preserved for contexts where such objects are encountered in a process. For vehicles, the "front" reaches a point before the "back" (in normal forward motion) --> {{precedes(front end)}} back end. <-- for elongated forms, the "tip" usually refers to only one of the ends --> {{has_subtype(end)}} tip[num=1], far end[num=1]. {{has_subtype(elongated form): rod, @P2.3.1.3.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(elongated form)}} branching form, tree shape, tree. {{has_subtype(tree)}} two-dimensional tree; three-dimensional tree. {{shape_of(two-dimensional tree): river delta, @R348}}. {{shape_of(three-dimensional tree): tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3}}. conformation, configuration; make, formation, construction, cut, set. <-- this "frameworK" is primarily the internal structural support element for physical objects. A more abstract "framework" as part of a form might be defined, but is not here. The abstract "framework" at A2.5.5.2.3 will serve for that purpose. For a document, a "framework" would be an "outline" --> {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(framework, @A2.5.5.2.3)}} {{function_of(support)}} framework, frame[1]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} build, physique, trim, cut of one's jib. {{has_subtype(physique)}} endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph. feature, lineament, turn. {{formed_by}} forming, formation, fashioning. {{has_subtype(forming)}} casting; stamping, molding; chiseling, sculpting. {{function_of(forming)}} {{has_subtype(physical object, P2.3)}} stamp, type, cast, plasmature[obs3]. {{uses(casting)}} {{has_subtype(container, P2.3.1.3.9)}} mold, frame[2]. {{concern_in: fashion, R852}}. {[in_frame(sewing/tailoring)]} pattern. {{has_part: contour &c. (outline) R230}}. {{has_subtype: structure &c. R329}}. phase &c. (aspect) R448. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): posture, attitude, pose]}. {{studied_in}} morphism. forming &c. v.; formation, figuration, efformation[obs3]; sculpture; plasmation[obs3]. {{&has_property: amorphism, R241}}. {{&has_property: symmetry, R242}}. {{has_subtype: @R243, distortion, deformity}}. {{has_subtype(forming): @R243, malformation, disfigurement, defacement, mutilation, deforming}}. {{required_for_obj(forming): @P1.2.4.1.3, malleability, ductility, plasticity, workability, formability, fluidity}}. V. form, shape, figure, fashion, efform[obs3]. sculpture, sculpt. {{has_subtype(sculpture)}} carve, cut, chisel, hew. hammer out, lick into shape, put into shape; knead, work up into; set, mold; cast, stamp. {{has_beginning}} frame, frame out, model, rough hew, rough cast; sketch; block out. {{has_ending}} trim; polish. {{has_subtype: build &c. (construct) R161}}. Adj. formed, shaped, figured, fashioned. sculpted; cast, molded. carved, chiseled, hewn. {{required_for_obj(forming): @P1.2.4.1.3, malleable, ductile, plastic, workable, shapable, shapeable, formable, fictile[obs3], fluid}}. formative. [Give form] forming, shaping, molding, plasmic[obs3]. {{has_subtype(similar[in=form], R17)}} isomorphous. {[in_frame(geometry)]} {{has_subtype(isomorphous)}} congruent. [taking several forms] pleomorphic; protean; changeable &c. R149. {{has_property(branching form)}} branching, tree-shaped. <-- "palindrome" is now a general term for any series that can be inverted without changing the order. Used also of sequences in nucleic acids --> <-- [Regularity of form.] --> P1.2.4.1.1 SYMMETRY (R242) #242. Symmetry. N. {{&has_property(form, R240)}} {{antonym_of(asymmetry, P1.2.4.1.2)}} symmetry, balance; regularity. {{&factor_in: @R845, beauty, shapeliness, finish, proportion, eurythmy[obs3]}}. uniformity. parallelism. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_property(series, R69)}} {{property_of(linearly symmetrical)}} linear symmetry. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(linear symmetry)}} palindrome. {{not_changed_by(palindrome^sequence): reversal}}. {{has_subtype(palindrome): palindrome, @R562}}. bilateral symmetry, trilateral symmetry, multilateral symmetry. {{has_conceptial_part: center, @R222}}. {{property_of}} branching, arborescence[obs3], ramification. arbor vitae. Adj. {{has_subtype(equal, R27)}} symmetrical, balanced; regular. {{has_property(palindrome)}} palindromic, linearly symmetrical. shapely, well set, finished. regular, uniform, balanced, even, well-proportioned, suant[obs3]. {[of(style)]} classic, chaste, severe. {{factor_in: beautiful &c. R845}}. parallel, coextensive. {{property_of}} branched, branching, ramose, tree-like, dendriform, dendritic, ramous[obs3], arborescent[obs3], arboriform[obs3], dendroid[obs3]. {{property_of(dendriform)}} dendrogram. fern-like, filiciform[obs3], filicoid[obs3]. butterfly-shaped, papilionaceous[obs3]. Fuji-shaped, fujigata[Jap.]. P1.2.4.1.2 ASYMMETRY N. {{antonym_of(symmetry, P1.2.4.1.1)}} asymmetry, imbalance. Adj. asymmetric, unbalanced, asymmertical, unsymmetric[obs3]; irregular. {[of(triangle)]} scalene. <-- [Irregularity of form.] --> P1.2.4.1.3 DISTORTION (R243) #243. Distortion. N. {{&has_property(form, R240)}} distortion, deformity, deformation, contortion, detortion[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} {{has_subtype(change, A6)}} distortion[2], distorting, deformation[2], deforming, contortion[2], contorting. {{has_subtype(formation, R161)}} {{property_of(incorrect, @R495)}} malformation, malconformation[obs3]. harelip; monstrosity. malproportion, misproportion[obs3], want of symmetry, anamorphosis[obs3]. {{&causes: ugliness &c. R846}}. {[of(foot)]} clubfoot, talipes[obs3]. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} {{studied_in(malformation)}} teratology. twist, crookedness. {{has_subtype(distortion[of=face, @R1002])}} grimace. {{&has_result(distorting): @P1.2.4.1.2, asymmetry, irregularity}}. <-- &c. (obliquity) R217 --> V. {{caused_by(distortion)}} distort, contort, warp. twist, knot. deform, misshape. {{has_subtype(form[mode=incorrectly, @R495], R161)}} malform. [intransitive] sag, slump; buckle. wrest. {{has_subtype(contort[ptnt=face, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} make faces; grimace. {{has_subtype(contort[ptnt=body, P2.3.2.2.3.1])}} writhe. {[with_obj(communication, R527)]} garble. Adj. distorted. out of shape, awry, wry, askew, crooked; not true, not straight; on one side, crump[obs3]. <-- something may be "deformed" after the formation process --> {{has_property(deformation)}} deformed. {{has_subtype(deformed[while=forming, @R161])}} {{has_property(malformation)}} malformed, misbegotten, misshapen, ill-made. ill proportioned, malproportioned, misproportioned[obs3]. grotesque, monstrous. crooked, crooked as a ram's horn. camel backed, hump backed, hunch backed, bunch backed, crook backed. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} bandy; bandy legged, bow legged; bow kneed, knock kneed. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} splay footed, club footed, taliped[obs3], talipedic[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} round shouldered. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} snub-nosed, flat-nosed, simous[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} harelipped. curtailed of one's fair proportions. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): stumpy &c. (short) R201; gaunt &c. (thin) R203; bloated &c. R194]}. {[of(communication, R527)]} garbled. Adv. all manner of ways. Phr. crooked as a Virginia fence [U.S.]. <-- for the hierarchy, amorphism will be a property --> <-- [Absence of form.] --> P1.2.4.1.4 AMORPHISM #241. Amorphism. N. {{&has_property(form, R240)}} {{has_subtype(disorder, R59)}} amorphism, lack of form, informity[obs3]. unlicked cub[obs3]; rudis indigestaque moles[Lat]. {{required_for_obj(forming)}} malleability, ductility; plasticity; workability, formability; fluidity. [taking form from surroundings] fluid &c. R333. V. deface[Destroy form], disfigure, deform, mutilate, truncate; derange &c. R61; blemish, mar. Adj. shapeless, amorphous, formless; unformed, unhewn[obs3], unfashioned[obs3], unshaped, unshapen. rough, rude, Gothic, barbarous, rugged. {{required_for_obj(forming)}} malleable, ductile, plastic, workable, shapable, shapeable, formable, fictile[obs3]; fluid. P1.2.4.2 SPECIAL FORM (R204, R205, R244 TO R249) [[LINE]] <-- 244. Angularity 245. Curvature 246. Straightness 247. Circularity 248. Convolution 249. Rotundity Moved here from linear dimensions To Solid Form 204. Layer 205. Filament --> P1.2.4.2.1 LINEAR FORM (R204, R205, R244 TO R249) N. linear form. <-- angular coordinates are not subtypes. Must change! --> P1.2.4.2.1.1 LINE (R244, R246) #244. Line. N. {{property_of(length, R200)}} {{has_conceptual_part(measurement, R466)}} line; bar, rule, stripe, streak, ray, spoke, radius. {{property_of(straightness, R246): straight line, R246}}. {{conceptual_part_of: linear coordinate, @R466}}. {{property_of(curvature)}} curve, curved line. {{has_subtype(coordinate)}} Cartesian coordinate; ordinate; abscissa. {{has_subtype(coordinate)}} polar coordinates. {{has_subtype(polar coordinate)}} {{property_of(length, R200)}} radius. {{has_subtype(polar coordinate)}} {{property_of(angularity, R244a)}} angle. {{has_subtype(coordinate)}} spherical coordinate. {{has_subtype(spherical coordinate)}} latitude; longitude; altitude, azimuth. {{has_subtype(spherical coordinate)}} {[in_frame(astronomy)]} declination, right ascension. Adj. linear, lineal. P1.2.4.2.1.1.1 STRAIGHT LINE #246. Straight Line. N. {{has_subtype(line, R244)}} straight line, right line, direct line. {{has_subtype}} imaginary line. short cut. {{has_property}} straightness, rectilinearity, directness. <-- ; inflexibility &c. (stiffness) R323.??? --> {{has_subtype(imaginary line)}} {{has_conceptual_part(seeing, @R441)}} line of sight. V. be straight, be linear, be rectilinear. go straight, not turn, not deviate, have no turning, not incline to either side, not bend to either side, not turn to either side, not deviate to either side; steer for &c. (directions) R278. {{&caused_by}} render straight, straighten, rectify; set straight, put straight; unbend, unfold, unwrap, uncurl &c. R248; unravel &c. R219. Adj. straight, linear; rectilinear, rectilineal[obs3]; direct, even, right, true, in a line; unbent, virgate[obs3] &c. v.; undeviating, unturned, undistorted, unswerving; straight as an arrow &c. (direct) R278; inflexible &c. R323. laser-straight; ramrod-straight. <-- [[angle]] --> P1.2.4.2.1.2 ANGLE (R244A) #244a. Angle. N. angle, cusp; fork, bifurcation. fold &c. R258; notch &c. R257. {{has_units}} degree; radian. {{has_property}} angularity, angularness[obs3]; aduncity[obs3]. {{property_of(tridimensionality)}} solid angle. dihedral angle. {{property_of(angularity)}} elbow, knee, knuckle, ankle, groin, crotch. {{property_of(angularity)}} bend. {{property_of(angularity)}} crutch, crane, fluke, scythe, sickle, zigzag, kimbo[obs3], akimbo. {{conceptual_part_of: angular coordinate, @R466}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} angular measurement, angular elevation, angular distance, angular velocity; trigonometry, goniometry; altimetry[obs3]; clinometer, graphometer[obs3], goniometer; theodolite; sextant, quadrant; dichotomy. {{property_of(angularity)}} corner, nook, recess, niche, oriel[Arch], coign[obs3]. {{has_subtype(angle)}} right angle; obliquity &c. R217; "angle of 45 degrees", miter; acute angle, obtuse angle, salient angle, reentering angle, spherical angle. {{conceptual_part_of(right angle): perpendicularity, R216a}}. {{part_of(angle)}} {{has_subtype(form, R240/shape, R240)}} {{property_of(bidimensionality): @P1.2.4.2.2, triangle, trigon[obs3], wedge; rectangle, square, lozenge, diamond; rhomb, rhombus; quadrangle, quadrilateral; parallelogram; quadrature; polygon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, oxygon[obs3], decagon}}. {{part_of: @P1.2.4.2.3.1, pyramid, cone}}. {{part_of(angle)}} {{has_subtype(form, R240/shape, R240)}} {{has_subtype(solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1)}} {{property_of(tridimensionality): Platonic bodies; cube, rhomboid; tetrahedron, pentahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron, eicosahedron; prism, pyramid; parallelopiped; curb roof, gambrel roof, mansard roof}}. V. bend, fork, bifurcate, crinkle. Adj. angular, bent, crooked, aquiline, jagged, serrated. falciform[obs3], falcated[obs3]; furcated[obs3], forked, bifurcate, zigzag; furcular[obs3]; hooked; dovetailed; knock kneed, crinkled, akimbo, kimbo[obs3], geniculated[obs3]; oblique &c. R217. fusiform[Microb], wedge-shaped, cuneiform; cuneate[obs3], multangular[obs3], oxygonal[obs3]; triangular, trigonal[obs3], trilateral; quadrangular, quadrilateral; foursquare; rectangular, square, multilateral; polygonal &c. n.; cubical, rhomboid, rhomboidal, pyramidal. <-- [[curve]] --> P1.2.4.2.1.3 CURVE (R245) #245. Curve. N. {{has_subtype(line, R244)}} curve, arc. {{shape_of}} {{&has_part(solid object)}} bend. parabola; hyperbola. helix, spiral. {{result_of(helix): translation, @R264 + orbiting, @R312}}. {{has_conceptual_part(helix)}} {{similar_to(circle, R247)}} {{similar_to(revolution, R312)}} turn, helical turn, complete helical turn. {{has_units(helical turn)}} {{has_subtype(real number, @R84)}} number of helical turns. {{has_conceptual_part(helix)}} {{has_subtype(distance, R198)}} linear advance. {{has_property(helix)}} {{{has_ratio(number of helical turns + linear advance)}}} pitch. {{has_units(pitch)}} turns per inch. catenary, festoon. {{property_of(cyclic/closed)}} {{not_has_part(end)}} cycle, cyclic structure. {{has_subtype(cycle)}} ring. {{has_subtype(cycle): circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1}}. conchoid[obs3], cardioid. {{property_of(curvature)}} arch, vault, concameration[obs3]; arcade, bow, crescent, half-moon, lunule[obs3], horseshoe, loop, crane neck. {{property_of(curvature)}} caustic; tracery; arched ceiling, arched roof; bay window, bow window. {{has_property}} curvature, roundness, roundedness, curvity[obs3], curvation[obs3], incurvature[obs3], incurvity[obs1], incurvation[obs3], recurvity[obs3], recurvation[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} flexing, flexure, flexion, flection[obs3]; conflexure[obs1]. {{&formed_by(bend)}} bending, curving, arcuation[obs3]; deflection, deflexion[obs3]. {{part_of(curvature): sinuosity &c. R248}}. crook, hook, bought; inflection, inflexion[obs3]. downward curve, devexity[obs1]. turn, deviation, detour, sweep; bough. {{has_subtype(bend[of=hair, @R1002/filament, R205])}} curl. {{formed_by(curl)}} curling. {{has_subtype(curl)}} {{property_of(kinky)}} kink. sine curve; spline, spline curve, spline function. obliquity &c. R217. {{property_of(s-shaped)}} ogee. {{has_measure}} degree of curvature, angle of curvature, radius of curvature. {{conceptual_part_of: rotundity &c. R249}}. {{property_of(curvature): serpent, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.4; eel, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(roundness)}} {[of(solid body)]} convexity. {{property_of(convexity): sphere; hemisphere; dome; bubble}}. V. [intrans] be curved &c. adj.; curve, sweep, sway, swag, sag, arc; curl[1], turn. {{conceptual_part_of: deviate &c. R279}}. reenter. {{caused_by}} [trans] render curved; bend, flex, curve, incurvate[obs3]; inflect. {{cuased_by(be curved)}} turn; round; bow, arch, arcuate, arch over, concamerate[obs3]; recurve, frizzle; curl; crook. Adj. curved, curvilinear, curviform[obs3], curvilineal[obs3]. bent, crooked, crump[obs1]. hooked, sickle shaped, falciform[obs3], falcated[obs3], beaked, unciform[obs3], uncate[obs3], aduncous[obs3], uncinated[obs3]. bowed, arched, aduncated[obs3], arclike, arc-like, arcuate, vaulted. devex[obs1], devious. recurved, recurvous[obs3]. s-shaped. [Geom] sinusoid; parabolic; paraboloid; hyperbolic; hyperboloid. moon shaped, luniform[obs3], lunular[obs3]; semicircular, half-moon-shaped, semilunar. crescent, crescent shaped, lunate, crescentic. serrated, conchoidal[obs3]. shell-shaped, conchiform[obs3]. helical, spiral. {{has_subtype(helical)}} {{has_shape(DNA)}} double helical. {[of(hair, @R1002/filament, R205)]} curly. {{has_high_intensity(curly)}} kinky. cardioid, heart shaped, cordiform[obs3], cordated[obs3]. L-shaped, ell shaped. boat shaped. oar shaped, shield shaped, tongue shaped, pear shaped, fig shaped. kidney-shaped, reniform. lens shaped, lentiform[obs3], lenticular. {{similar_to(lens shaped): bow-legged &c. (distorted) R243}}. {{has_subtype: circular &c. R247}}. {{conceptual_part_of: oblique &c. R217}}. <-- bicorn[obs3], bicornuous[obs3], bicornute[obs3]; clypeate[obs3], clypeiform[obs3]; cymbiform[obs3], embowed[obs3], galeiform[obs3]; hamate[obs3], hamiform[obs3], hamous[obs3]; linguiform[obs3], lingulate[obs3]; lobiform[obs3], navicular[obs3], peltate[obs3], remiform[obs3], rhamphoid[obs3]; rostrate[obs3], rostriferous[obs3], rostroid[obs3]; scutate[obs3], scaphoid[obs3]; unguiculate[obs3], unguiform[obs3]. --> <-- [[circle]] --> <-- [Simple circularity.] --> P1.2.4.2.1.3.1 CIRCLE #247. Circle. N. {{has_subtype(planar object, P1.2.4.2.2)}} {{&creates(rotation, R312)}} circle, circlet, ring, areola, hoop, roundlet[obs3], annulus, annulet[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: @P1.2.4.2.1.3, arc, curve}}. {{has_part}} {{has_part(wheel)}} {{location_of(center)}} hub, nave, axis. cycle, orb, orbit, rundle, zone, belt, cordon, band. {{shape_of}} bracelet, armlet; ringlet; eye, loop. {{shape_of: @P2.3.1.3.12.10, wheel}}. {{shape_of: sash, girdle, cestus[obs3], cincture, baldric, fillet, fascia, wreath, garland}}. {{shape_of: crown, corona, coronet, chaplet, snood; necklace, collar}}. {{has_property}} circularity, roundness; rotundity &c. R249. {{&shape_of: noose, lasso, lassoo[obs3]}}. {{similar_to}} {{property_of(elongated)}} ellipse, oval, ovule; ellipsoid, cycloid; epicycloid[Geom], epicycle. {{has_part}} semicircle, half-circle; quadrant; sextant; sector. {{conceptual_part_of: sphere, @R249}}. V. be circular. {{&result_of}} make circular; round, round up. {{&result_of}} go round. {{&result_of: encircle &c. R227}}. {{&result_of: describe a circle &c. R311}}. Adj. circular, annular, orbicular. {{similar_to: @R249, round, rounded}}. {{similar_to}} {{has_property(elongated)}} oval, ovate; elliptic, elliptical. {{has_subtype}}{{has_property(disc)}} discoid. {{similar_to}} {{has_property(elongated)}} egg-shaped. {{similar_to}} {{has_property(elongated)}} pear-shaped &c. R245. {{conceptual_part_of}} spherical &c. R249. Phr. "I watched the little circles die" [Tennyson]. <-- [[coil]] --> <-- [Complex curvature.] --> P1.2.4.2.1.3.2 TORTUOSITY #248. Tortuosity. N. {{property_of(complexity)}} {{part_of(curve, R245, P1.2.4.2.1.3)}} {{causes(convolution, P2.4.2.4.4)}} tortuosity, convolution, windiness; sinuosity, twistedness, sinuation[obs3]. rivulation[obs3]. {{has_subtype: roughness &c. R256}}. wave, undulation, anfractuosity[obs3]. {{property_of}} meandering, circuit, circumbendibus[obs3], twist, twirl, windings and turnings, ambages[obs3]; torsion; inosculation[obs3]. {{similar_to: reticulation &c. (crossing) R219}}. {{property_of}} coil, roll, curl; buckle, spiral, helix, corkscrew, worm, volute, rundle; tendril; scollop[obs3], scallop, escalop[obs3]; kink; ammonite, snakestone[obs3]. maze, labyrinth. knot. {{has_instance(knot)}} Gordian knot. Adj. convoluted; winding, twisted &c. v.; wavy; undated, undulatory; circling, snaky, snake-like, serpentine; serpent, anguill[obs3], vermiform; vermicular. tortuous, sinuous, flexuous, tortile[obs3], tortive[obs1], anfractuous[obs3], reclivate[obs3], rivulose[obs3], scolecoid[obs3]. sigmoid, sigmoidal[Geom]. spiral, coiled, helical, spiriferous[obs3], spiroid[obs3]; cochleate, cochleous; screw-shaped; turbinated, turbiniform[obs3]. involved, intricate, complicated, perplexed, daedalian[obs3]. labyrinthine, mazy, labyrinthian, labyrinth, labyrinthic[obs3]. peristaltic; kinky, knotted. wreathy[obs3], frizzly, crepe, buckled; raveled &c. (in disorder) R59. Adv. in and out, round and round; a can of worms; Gordian knot. <-- R249, Rotundity is moved to solid form --> <-- surface here is in a geometrical sense, distinguishable from the surface of a solid physical object --> P1.2.4.2.2 PLANAR OBJECT N. {{property_of(bidimensionality, P1.2.2.2.1.1.2)}} {{has_conceptual_part(surface)}} {{property_of(planarity, @P1.2.2.2.1.1.2)}} surface, planar form, two-dimensional object, planar object, plane geometrical figure. {{part_of(angle)}} {{has_subtype(form, R240/shape, R240)}} {{property_of(bidimensionality)}} {{has_subtype(enclosure)}} polygon. {{has_part(polygon): side [num=>2]}}. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{part_of(side[num=3])}} triangle, trigon[obs3], wedge. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{part_of(side[num=4])}} lozenge, diamond; quadrangle, quadrilateral; quadrature; parallelogram. {{has_subtype(parallelogram)}} rhomboid, rhomb. {{has_subtype(parallelogram)}} {{part_of($angle[num=4][val=90 degrees])}} rectangle. {{has_subtype(rectangle)}} {{part_of($side[num=4])}} square. &&{{has_property($side): $length}}. &&{{has_relative_val($length[num=all]): equal}}. {{has_subtype(rhomboid)}} rhombus. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{part_of(side[num=5])}} pentagon. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{part_of(side[num=6])}} hexagon. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{part_of(side[num=7])}} heptagon. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{part_of(side[num=8])}} octagon, oxygon[obs3]. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{part_of(side[num=10])}} decagon. {{has_subtype: @P1.2.4.2.1.3.1, circle, ellipse}}. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{has_part($side)}} regular polygon. &&{{has_property($side[num=all]): length[val=equal]}}. <-- here at "solid form" we defined the three dimensions used to describe the shape of objects. This is just for very simple objects. We will need the object conceptss of a CAD system to do a proper job of describing form. [[solidform]] --> P1.2.4.2.3 SOLID FORM N. solid form, solidity. <-- in using these terms, Unless describing an object with a fixed orientation relative to a surface, we will standardize the orientation as such: We visualize an object laid out with the longest dimension extending away from the observer, and the next longest dimension arranged left to right. The shortest dimension will be the vertical, in this image. : Flexible objects are stretched to their fullest extension. The measurements are "Feret" diameters, as would be measured with a calipers, being the longest projection in each direction onto the appropriate perpendicular dimension. Connection within objects cannot be broken; thus the circumference of a torus will never be viewed as a length. For that concept, use "girth". In cases where the "length" is not discussed relative to to other objects, the "length" at R200 can be used. In cases where we are describing an object with a fixed orientation on a surface from the perspective of an observer, the "length" will be the the orientation extending away from the observer; "width" will be measured from left to right, and the "height" will be as usual the height above the surface. For objects below a surface, length, width and depth are used. --> {{!has_property}} {{has_subtype(linear measure, P1.2.2.2.1)}} length; width, breadth; thickness, height; girth. {{has_relative_orientation(length + height): perpendicular}}. {{has_relative_orientation(length + width): perpendicular}}. {{has_relative_orientation(width + height): perpendicular}}. {{has_sum(width + height)}} girth. depth. <-- Solid is not really a subtype. The relations between parts of a solid body are difficult to express linguistically, and will probably require graphics procedures for full understanding --> P1.2.4.2.3.1 SOLID [[solid]] N. {{property_of(solidity, P1.2.4.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} solid, three-dimensional object, solid body. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{property_of(planar)}} {{has_subtype(slice, @P1.2.4.2.3.3)}} cross-section. {{has_property}} {{property_of(planar)}} profile, projection. {{has_subtype(projection)}} {[in_frame(architecture)]} elevation. {{has_subtype: physical solid, P2.2.1.2}}. convex solid. {{&has_property(convex solid): rotundity, R249}}. {{has_conceptual_part(solid body)}} {{has_subtype(plane)}} cross section. {{has_conceptual_part(solid body)}} {{has_subtype(surface, P1.2.2.3.1.1)}} solid surface. {{has_part(solid surface)}} face. {{has_conceptual_part(face)}} {{location_of(angle)}} edge. {{{between(edge): face + face}}}. {{has_subtype(cross section)}} horizontal cross section. {{has_part(horizontal cross section)}} {{has_subtype(circumference, P1.2.2.3.1.7.1)}} girth. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(smallness, R32)}} particle; grain. <-- Some special solid shapes (like rod and wire) are found at P2.3.1.3.1.1, shapes for materials . Words for form in general are found at FORM, P1.2.4.1. We should put most shapes here to describe the shapes people use in mentally picturing objects, including "x-like" terms [[shape]] --> P1.2.4.2.3.1.1 SOLID SHAPE N. {{has_subtype(form, R240/shape, R240)}} solid shape, shape, form. {{has_subtype: roundness, P1.2.4.2.3.2}}. {{has_subtype: shape of materials, P2.3.1.3.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(shape): @P2.3.1.3.1.1, rod, wire, torus}}. {{part_of(angle)}} {{property_of(tridimensionality)}} polyhedron. {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} {{property_of(symmetry)}} regular polyhedron, Platonic body. {{has_part(polyhedron)}} {{property_of(flat, R251)}} facet, face. {{part_of(angle)}} pyramid. {{&has_part(solid shape)}} {{has_subtype(point)}} {{part_of(angle)}} vertex. {{part_of(angle): cone, @P1.2.4.2.3.2}}. <-- the "vertex" for a cone or pyramid is at the top, for this sense, even for pyramids with angular bases --> {{has_part(cone/pyramid)}} {{rel_loc_of(top): vertex[num=1]}}. {{has_part(cone/pyramid)}} {{has_subtype(face)}} {{has_subtype(base, R211)}} {{rel_loc_of(bottom)}} base[num=1]. {{has_part(polyhedron): vertex[num=>0]}}. {{has_part(polyhedron): face[num=>3]}}. {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} {{part_of(face[num=4])}} tetrahedron. {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} {{part_of(face[num=5])}} pentahedron. {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} {{part_of(face[num=6])}} hexahedron. {{has_subtype(hexahedron)}} parallelepiped. {{has_part_x(parallelepiped)}} {{has_subtype(face)}} top face; bottom face; front face; back face; left face; right face. {{has_orientation(top face/bottom face): horizontal}}. {{has_orientation(front face/back face/left face/right face): vertical; inclined}}. <-- note the three brackets in the next relations, meaning relative orientation --> {{{has_orientation(top face + bottom face): parallel}}}. {{{has_orientation(front face + back face): parallel}}}. {{{has_orientation(left face + right face): parallel}}}. {{has_subtype(parallelepiped)}} rhombohedron. <-- what do we need to define a cube? --> {{has_subtype(rhombohedron)}} cube. {{has_part(cube)}} {{has_subtype(line): $edge[num=12]}}. &&{{has_property($edge): $length, R200}}. &&{{has_relative_val($length[num=all]): equal}}. {{has_part($cube)}} {{has_subtype(square): $side[num=6]}}. &&{{has_property($side): $area}}. &&{{has_relative_val($area[num=all]): equal}}. &&{{has_part($cube): $angle[num=24]}}. &&{{has_property($angle[num=all]): size[val=90 degrees]}}. <-- doubtless there is an easier way --> {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} {{part_of(face[num=8])}} octahedron. {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} {{part_of(face[num=10])}} dodecahedron. {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} {{part_of(face[num=12])}} icosahedron, eicosahedron. prism. {{part_of(angle)}} curb roof, gambrel roof, mansard roof. <-- [[sphere]] [[round]] --> P1.2.4.2.3.2 ROUNDNESS (R249) #249. Rotundity. N. {{has_subtype(curvature[of=solid body], @R245)}} rotundity, roundness, convexity. cylindricality, cylindricalness, cylindricity[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_property(cone)}} conicity. {{has_high_intensity}} ellipticity. {{has_extreme}} sphericity, spheroidity[obs3], globosity[obs3]. {{property_of(sphericity)}} sphere, globe, ball; spheroid. {{has_subtype(sphere)}} {{has_subtype(shell, @P1.2.4.2.3.3)}} spherical shell. {{property_of(cross-section[val=circular])}} {{property_of(cylindricality)}} {{part_of(face[num=3])}} cylinder, cylindroid[obs3]. {{has_part(cylinder)}} {{has_subtype(face)}} {{property_of(planar)}} {{location_of(end)}} end face[num=2]. {{property_of(cylindricality): rod, @P2.3.1.3.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(cylinder)}} barrel, drum; roll, roller; rouleau[obs3], column, rolling-pin, rundle. {{property_of(planar)}} {{property_of(cross-section[val=circular])}} disc. <-- this "Cone" is a solid, not a surface --> {{property_of(conicity/conical/cone-shaped)}} {{property_of(cross-section[val=circular])}}{{part_of(face[num=2])}} cone, conoid. {{&has_part(cone)}} {{has_subtype(point)}} {{has_subtype(tip, @R240)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} tip. {{has_subtype(cone)}} {{!not_part_of(tip)}} truncated cone. {{has_part(truncated cone)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} {{property_of(flat, @R251)}} {{shape_of(disc, @R220)}} flat cone top. {{shape_of(cone-shaped)}} funnel. {{property_of}} pear shape, egg shape, bell shape. {{property_of(ellipticity)}} {{not_part_of(flat surface, @P1.2.2.3.1.1)}} ellipsoid; oblong spheroid; oblate spheroid, prolate spheroid. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(rock): boulder, bowlder[obs3]}}. {{property_of: knot (convolution) R248}}. {{property_of(sphericity)}} drop, spherule, globule, vesicle, bulb, bullet, pellet, pelote[obs3], clew, pill, marble, pea, knob, pommel, horn. {{property_of}} curved surface, hypersphere; hyperdimensional surface. V. render spherical &c. adj.; form into a sphere, sphere, roll into a ball; give rotundity &c. n.; round. Adj. round, rotund, convex, rounded. {{has_subtype: circular, R247}}. bulging, distended, bulbous, swollen, gibbous. lens-shaped, lentiform[obs3], lenticular. hemispheric; bowed, arched. globular, globated[obs3], globous[obs3], globose. cylindric, cylindrical, cylindroid[obs3]; columnar, lumbriciform[obs3]. conic, conical, coniform. spherical, spheroidal. egg-shaped, ovoid, oviform. pear-shaped, pyriform[obs3]. bell-shaped, campaniform[obs3], campanulate[obs3], campaniliform[obs3]. mushroom-shaped, fungiform[obs3]. breast-shaped, mammiform, mammiliform[obs3]. beaded, moniliform[obs3]. club shaped, hubby [obs3][U.S.], hubbly [obs3][U.S.]. saddle-shaped, selliform[obs3]. doughnut-shaped, toroid, toroidal, torose[obs3]. hummocky[obs3], moutonne[obs3]. {{similar_to(breast-shaped)}} {{property_of(multiplicity)}} mammilary, mammilated. bellied, pot-bellied. tuberous, tuberculous; tumous[obs3]; cornute[obs3], odontoid[obs3]. tres atque rotundus[Lat]; round as an orange, round as an apple, round as a ball, round as a billiard ball, round as a cannon ball. <-- [[layer]] --> P1.2.4.2.3.3 LAYER (R204) #204. Layer. N. {{&has_part(solid)}} layer. stratum, strata, substratum, substrata; course, bed, band, zone. {[of(building): floor, story]}. flag, stage, tier, slab, escarpment. table, tablet; dess[obs3]. flagstone; board, plank; trencher, platter. plate; lamina, lamella; ply; panel. sheet, foil; wafer. scale, flake, peel. {{location_of(surface)}} {{adjacent_to(immediate surroundings, @P1.2.2.3.1.5)}} outer layer, surface layer. {{has_subtype(surface layer)}} shell. {{has_subtype(outer layer): @R223, coat, pellicle, integument, covering, peel}}. membrane, film. leaf; slice, shive[obs3], cut, rasher, shaving; eschar[obs3]. {{&formed_by}} stratification. {{has_property}} scaliness. {{part_of}} nest of boxes. coat of an onion. monolayer; bilayer; trilayer[Biochem]. {{part_of: layer cake}}. V. layer; layer on, lay on, layer over. {{&formed_by(layer)}} slice, shave, pare, peel; delaminate. {{&formed_by(layer)}} laminate; plate, coat, veneer. {{similar_to: cover &c. R223}}. Adj. layered. lamellar, lamellated[obs3], lamelliform[obs3]; laminated, laminiferous[obs3]; stratified, stratiform. schistose, schistous[obs3]; scaly, filmy, membranous, pellicular, flaky, squamous[Anat]. foliated, foliaceous[obs3]. tabular, discoid; spathic[obs3], spathose[obs3]. mica-like, micaceous[obs3]. three-layered, trilamellar[obs3]. graphite-like, graphitic[obs3]. Phr. layered like an onion. <-- [[filament]] --> P1.2.4.2.3.4 FILAMENT (R205) #205. Filament. N. {{property_of(flexible, @R324)}} filament. {{has_shape: rod, @P2.3.1.3.1.1}}. {{has_property: @P1.2.4.2.3, length, width, thickness}}. <-- "filaments" with width/thickness ratios greater than 3 are considered as "bands", next entry --> {{{has_relative_value(width + thickness): "<3"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(length + width): ">10"}}}. {{has_unit}} strand. fiber, fibril, funicle[obs3]. {{has_subtype(fiber): fiber, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6}}. branch, offshoot, ramification. splinter, sliver, shred. {{part_of}} bundle, fascia. vein. roll, lath. {{property_of(thinness)}} capillary, capillament[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(strong, R327a)}} line. {{has_subtype(vein)}} {{property_of(smallness)}} venule, veinlet[obs3], venula[obs3]. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} wire. <-- can a string be a single filament? --> {{part_of}} string, thread, packthread; yarn. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(line)}} twine, twist; cord, whipcord. {{part_of}} {{property_of(strong, @R327a)}} {{property_of(thick, @R202a)}} {{function_of(tow, @R285/tie down, @R751): rope, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1}}. cable. {{property_of(flatness): @R847, tape, ribbon, gimp}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(natural): @P2.3.2.2.3.2, hair, cilium, cilia, pilus, pili}}. tendril, gossamer; hair stroke. {{&formed_by}} drawing, fibrillation[obs2]. Adj. filamentous, filamentary, filamentiferous[obs3], filaceous[obs3], filiform[obs3]; fibrous, fibrillar, fibrillose, fibrillous[obs3]; thread-like, wiry, stringy, ropy. {{property_of(thinness)}} capillary, capilliform[obs3]. funicular, wire-drawn, cable-drawn. anguilliform[obs3]; flagelliform[obs3]. taeniate[obs3], taeniform[obs3], taenioid[obs3]; venose[obs3], venous. {{affects: texture, P1.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(texture): @R256, rough, hairy, ciliated, hirsute}}. P1.2.4.2.3.5 BAND N. band, strip, tape, ribbon, riband, fillet, slip, spill, list. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(linear measure, P1.2.2.2.1): @P1.2.4.2.3, length; width; thickness}}. {{{has_relative_value(width + thickness): ">3"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(length + width): ">10"}}}. P1.2.4.3 SUPERFICIAL FORM (R250 TO R263) N. {{has_property(surface)}} superficial form, surface apearance. <-- P1.2.4.3.1 GROSS SUPERFICIAL FORM 250. Convexity 252. Concavity 251. Flatness 253. Sharpness 254. Bluntness 257. Notch 258. Fold 259. Furrow 260. Opening 261. Closure 262. Perforator 263. Stopper P1.2.4.3.2 TEXTURE 255. Smoothness 256. Roughness --> P1.2.4.3.1 GROSS SUPERFICIAL FORM N. gross superficial form, general surface appearance. <-- R250 was originally "convexity", but it was primarily the concept of "protuberance" conflated with "roundness" we separate out roundness, and put it at "curve". This entry is now only for a protuberance. [[bulge]] --> P1.2.4.3.1.1 PROTUBERANCE #250. Protuberance. N. {{&has_part(form, R240)}} prominence, projection, protuberance, protrusion. {{has_property}} protuberance[2], protrusion[2]. {{has_part: @R240, end, tip}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(rotundity, R249)}} swelling, bulge, bilge, gibbosity[obs3]. bump, hump, hunch, bunch. camber, cahot [obs3], thank-ye-ma'am [U.S.], swell. intumescence; tubercle, tuberosity[Anat]; excrescence. boss, embossment, hub, hubble. lip, flange. peg, button, stud; jutty; trunnion; snag. {{has_subtype}} {{shape_of(line, R244)}} ridge; rib. {{has_property}} relief, relievo[It]. {{has_subtype(relief): @R557, bassorilievo[It], mezzorilevo[It], altorivievo[It], low relief, bas relief, high relief}}. {{property_of(relief): cameo, @R557}}. {{has_subtype(protuberance[of=land, R342]): hill &c. (height) R206; cape, promontory, mull; forehead, foreland[obs3]; point of land, mole, jetty, hummock, ledge, spur; naze[obs3], ness}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): cupola, dome, arch, balcony, eaves; pilaster; gable}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2): tooth, knob, elbow, process, condyle, node, nodule, tongue, dorsum; molar; belly, pot belly, gut[coll]; withers, shoulder}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(skin, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{has_subtype(blemish, M3.3.2.1.2.1.3): pimple, zit [slang]; wen, wheel, papula[Med], pustule, pock, proud flesh, growth, corn, wart, pappiloma, furuncle, bleb, blister; blob, papule, verruca}}. {{&property_of(protuberant)}} {{&location_of(skin, @P2.3.2.2.3.2): tumour[Brit], tumor, sarcoma}}. {{synonym_of(breast)}} {{location_of(chest)}} {{has_subtype(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2): papilla, nipple, teat, tit [vulgar], titty [vulgar], boob [vulgar], knocker[vulgar], pap, breast, mammae}}. {{synonym_of(nose)}} {{location_of(face)}} {{has_subtype(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2): nose, proboscis, neb, beak, snout, nozzle, schnozzle[coll], schnoz[coll]}}. V. [intransitive] project, bulge, protrude, stick out, be prominent, be protuberant, pout, jut out, stand out, poke out. stick up, bristle up, start up, cock up, shoot up; swell over, hang over, bend over; beetle, bouge[obs1], bunch. {{caused_by}} render prominent &c. adj.; emboss, chase. {{caused_by: raise R307}}. {{caused_by}} belly out. Adj. protuberant, sticking out, sticking up, in relief, raised, repousse, projecting, protruding, sticking out, standing out, jutting, jutting out. prominent, salient, bold. {{has_consequence(swell, @R194)}} bulging, distended, swollen, gibbous. {{similar_to(distended): bloated &c. (expanded) R194}}. bossed, embossed, bossy, nodular, bunchy. clavate, clavated[obs3], claviform. knobbed, knobby, nipple-like, papillary, papillose, papulous[obs3], papilose[obs3]. ventricular, ventricous[obs3], ventricose, verrucose[obs3]. <-- [[planarity]] --> P1.2.4.3.1.2 FLATNESS #251. Flatness. N. {{conceptual_part_of(horizontality, R213, P1.2.2.2.2.2)}} flatness, planarity, planeness. {{property_of}} plane. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.1, plate, platter, table, tablet, slab}}. {{similar_to: smoothness &c. R255}}. {{property_of: stratum &c. R204}}. {{has_superlative}} dead flat; level plane. {{has_subtype: @R213, levelness, horizontalality}}. {{&formed_by(plane)}} flattening, planing, leveling; grading. {{&formed_by(plane): pouring, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. {{function_of(planing): plane, power plane}}. {{function_of(leveling, grading): grader; steam roller}}. V. render flat, flatten; plane; level &c. R213. Adj. flat, plane, even, flush, scutiform[obs3], discoid; flat as a pancake, flat as a fluke, flat as a flounder, flat as a board, flat as my hand. {{has_conceptual_part: @R213, level, horizontal}}. <-- A "pit" usually has a steeper wall than a "depression", so it is distnguished here by that propertry. [[concave]] --> P1.2.4.3.1.3 CONCAVITY #252. Concavity. N. {{location_of(surface, R220)}} {{has_subtype(discontinuity[of=plane, @R251], R70)}} concavity, depression, dip. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(side, R236)}} side, wall, slope. {{has_part}} {{rel_loc_of(below[obj=surface]): bottom}}. hollow, hollowness. indentation, dent, dint, dimple, follicle, sinus, alveolus[obs3], lacuna. {{has_subtype}} pit, cavity. {{has_part(pit)}} {{property_of(steep): wall, side}}. <-- pits are deeper than concavities, and openings are deeper than pits --> {{has_subtype(pit)}} {{property_of(deep, R208): opening, P1.2.2.2.1.2.3}}. {[of(land, R342)]} excavation, pit, strip mine. {{part_of(concavity, R252)}} intaglio. {{part_of(concavity[num=>10])}} honeycomb. {{part_of(concavity[num=>20]): sponge, R252a}}. {{part_of}} cup, basin, crater, punch bowl; socket. {{part_of: cell &c. (receptacle) R191}}. {{part_of: trough &c. (furrow) R259}}. {[of(land, R342)]} valley, vale, dale, dell, dingle, combe[obs3], bottom, slade[obs3], strath[obs3], glade, grove, glen. {{has_subtype(opening, P1.2.2.2.1.2.3)}} {{location_of(underground, @P1.2.2.2.1.2.3)}} cave, cavern, cove; grot[obs3], grotto. alcove, cul-de-sac. {{similar_to: gully &c. R198}}. {{has_conceptual_part: arch &c. (curve) R245}}. {[of(seacoast, @R342, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1): bay, R343, P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.2]}. {{created_by(excavation): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.6, excavator, sapper, miner, driller}}. {[in_frame(anatomy)]} infundibulum. V. be concave, be depressed. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(descend, @R305)}} retire, cave in, collapse. {[of(land, R342)]} {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype(descend, @R305)}} settle. {{result_of}} render concave &c. adj.; depress, hollow. {{result_of}} scoop, scoop out; dig, delve, excavate. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(cut, P2.8.1)}} gouge, gouge out. {{result_of}} mine, sap, undermine, burrow, tunnel, stave in. {{formed_by(concavity)}} dent, dint, impress, stamp. Adj. concave, depressed. cup-shaped, scyphiform[obs3], scyphose[obs3]. dished, dishing, calathiform[obs3]. bowl-shaped. {{property_of(multiplicity)}} pitted, honeycombed, alveolar, alveolate, favaginous[obs3], faveolate[obs3], favose[obs3]. hollow, stove in. retiring; retreating. cavernous, gaping, wide open. {{similar_to(honeycombed): porous, R260}}. funnel-shaped, infundibular, infundibuliform, infundibul[obs3]. bell-shaped, campaniform[obs3]. capsular. {{similar_to: vaulted, arched}}. <-- R252a, Sponge, moved to texture, P1.2.4.3.2 [[sharp]] --> <-- ?? not finished relocation of objects here --> P1.2.4.3.1.4 SHARPNESS #253. Sharpness. N. sharpness. keenness; acuity, acumination[obs3]; spinosity[obs3]. nib, tooth, tusk; spoke, cog, ratchet. crag, crest, arete[Fr], cone peak, sugar loaf, pike, aiguille[obs3]; spire, pyramid, steeple. {{property_of: cutting instrument, R253a, P2.3.1.3.12.4}}. {{function_of(render sharp)}} sharpener, hone, strop; grindstone, whetstone, grinding wheel; novaculite[obs3]. {{uses(render sharp): steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1; emery, @P2.3.1.1.4.2}}. V. be sharp &c. adj.. render sharp &c. adj.; sharpen, point, aculeate, whet, barb, spiculate[obs3], set, strop, grind; chip [flint]. {{required_for: cut &c. (sunder) R44}}. Adj. sharp, keen, pointed. acute; acicular, aciform[obs3]; aculeated[obs3], acuminated[obs3]. tapering; conical, pyramidal; mucronate[obs3], mucronated[obs3]. spindle shaped, needle shaped. peaked, salient. cusped, cuspidate, cuspidated[obs3]. horned, cornute[obs3], cornuted[obs3], cornicultate[obs3]. {{similar_to: craggy &c. (rough) R256}}. finger-like, fingered, digitated[obs3]. two-edged, double-edged, doubly tapering, fusiform[Microb]. toothlike, tooth-shaped, dentiform[obs3], odontoid[obs3]; toothed, toothy, denticulated. starlike, stellated[obs3], stelliform[obs3]. acinaciform; apiculate[obs3], apiculated[obs3]; aristate[obs3], awned, awny[obs3], bearded, calamiform[obs3]. cone-shaped, coniform[obs3], crestate[obs3]. lance-shaped, lanceolate[obs3], lanciform. scimitar-shaped, sword-shaped. tetrahedral, xiphoid[obs3]. cutting; sharp edged, knife edged; sharp as a razor, keen as a razor; sharp as a needle, sharp as a tack; sharpened &c. v.; set. P1.2.4.3.1.4.1 POINTINESS N. {{has_property(point)}} pointiness, spikiness. {{property_of: point, spike, spine, needle, R253b}}. {{property_of(sharpness): prickly plant, R367a, @P2.3.2.1.2.2}}. {{property_of: prickly animal, porcupine, hedgehog}}. V. be sharp, be pointed, taper to a point; bristle with. Adj. pointed, spiked, spiky, spikey, pointy, ensiform[obs3]. spiny, spicate, spinous[obs3], spicular, bristling, bristled, setaceous, setarious[obs3], spiniferous, spiniform[obs3], spinuliferous[obs3], echinate[obs3], gladiate[obs3]. {{property_of(spiny): porcupine, hedgehog; sea urchin}}. prickly, thorny, bristling, studded, thistly, snaggy, muricated[obs3], pectinated[obs3], briary[obs3]. {{property_of(thorny): rose; briar}}. arrow-shaped, sagittate[obs3], sagittiform[obs3]. barbed, spurred, arrowheaded[obs3]; arrowy[obs3]. {{property_of(barbed): barbed wire}}. awl, awl-shaped, subulate[obs3]. P1.2.4.3.1.5 BLUNTNESS #254. Bluntness. N. {{antonym_of(sharpness)}} bluntness, dullness, hebetude[obs3]. {{caused_by}} blunting, hebetation[obs3]. {{&caused_by: filing; sanding; scraping}}. V. be blunt, be dull. {{caused_by}} render blunt, blunt, dull, obtund[obs3], hebetate[obs3]; take off the point, take off the edge, take the edge off; turn. Adj. blunt, obtuse, dull, bluff. pointless, unpointed; edentate, toothless. P1.2.4.3.1.6 NOTCH #257. Notch. N. notch, dent, nick, cut; indent, indentation; dimple. {[of(battlement)]} crenel. {{part_of(renel)}} embrasure, battlement, machicolation[obs3]. {[of(saw)]} tooth, crenelle[obs3]. scallop, scollop[obs3], vandyke. depression; jag. {{part_of}} crenation. {{conceptual_part_of: @R259, groove, furrow}}. V. notch, nick, cut, dent, indent. jag; scarify, scotch, crimp. scallop, scollop[obs3], crenulate[obs3], vandyke. Adj. notched, nicked, dented, indented, jagged. crenate, crenellated, crenated[obs3]. dentate, dentated, denticulate, denticulated, toothed, palmated[obs3], toothy. serrated, serrate, crenulate. <-- [[fold]] --> P1.2.4.3.1.7 FOLD #258. Fold. N. {{has_result(folding, P2.4.2.4.4.1)}} fold, plait, pleat, ply, crease, plication, plicature[obs3]. flexion, flexure, joint, elbow. double, doubling, duplicature[obs3]. {[of(cloth)]} tuck, gather, ruffle. wrinkle, crinkle, crankle[obs3], rivel[obs3], ruck[obs3], rimple[obs3]. {{property_of(irregular)}} crumple, rumple. dog's ear. {{property_of(multiplicity)}} corrugation. frounce[obs3], flounce, lapel. pucker, crow's feet; plication[obs3]. Adj. folded, fluted, pleated, plicate. {[of(paper/page)]} dog-eared. P1.2.4.3.1.8 FURROW #259. Furrow. N. furrow, groove, rut. scratch, crack, score, incision, slit; streak, striae, striation; chamfer, fluting. {{part_of}} corduroy road, cradle hole. sulcus[Anat]. gutter, trench, ditch, dike, dyke; trench, fosse[obs3], trough, kennel. gully; tajo [obs3][U.S.], thank-ye-ma'am [U.S.]. {{&has_location(water)}} {{function_of(defense)}} moat. {{function_of(conduct[obj=water, R337], @R270)}} {{&has_location(water, R337)}} channel; canal. {{similar_to: @R198, ravine, fault, flaw, fissure, breach, rent, crevice, cleft, cranny, crack, split, rift, slit, interval }}. V. [transitive] furrow, trench, groove. flute, plow. incise, engrave, etch, bite in; scratch, crack, score, streak. Adj. furrowed, grooved, rutted. fluted, striated, sulcated[Anat], canaliferous[obs3], canaliculated[obs3]. doubly grooved, two-grooved, bisulcous[obs3], bisulcate[obs3], bisulcated[obs3]. singly grooved, one-grooved, unisulcate[obs3]. ribbed, corduroy, costate[obs3], costated[obs3], rimose[obs3], rimiform[obs3]. triply grooved, three-grooved, trisulcate[obs3]. <-- the verbs and nouns referring to the action of perforating, creating an opening, has been moved to P2.6.1.2.4.3 at physical phenomena. The distinction between the action of opening, here, and that at P2.6.1.2.4.3, is that the action here does not require a penetration of one object by another. [[opening]] [[hole]] --> P1.2.4.3.1.9 OPENING #260. Opening. N. opening[1], hole, aperture, apertness[obs3]. {{&result_of}} opening[2], opening up. {{has_subtype(opening up): @P2.6.1.2.4.3, puncture, perforation, penetration}}. inlet; vomitory; embouchure; orifice. {{has_subtype: @R295, outlet, vent}}. {{property_of(small)}} pore; pinhole. {{has_subtype}} {{shape_of(cylindrical)}} cylindrical opening. loophole, peephole, mousehole, pigeonhole; eyelet; slot. {{has_subtype: crack, P1.2.2.2.1.3.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(door, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} keyhole. {{has_subtype(window, @P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{location_of(ship)}} porthole. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(needle)}} eye, eye of a needle. funnel, gully, main. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(ground, R342)}} mine, pit, adit[obs3], shaft. {{has_subtype}}{{&has_part(mine)}} gallery. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(underground)}} {{has_subtype: tunnel, @R627}}. channel. {{has_subtype(way, R627)}} passage, passageway. vessel, tubule, canal, gut. adjutage[obs3], ajutage[obs3]. alley, aisle, glade, vista. {[of(gun/rifle)]} bore, caliber. blind orifice; fulgurite[obs3], thundertube[obs3]. {[of(body organ, @P2.3.2.2.1.1.1.1)]} fontanel, fontanelle. {[of(body organ, @P2.3.2.2.1.1.1.1)]} foramen; fistula, ostium. {[of(land, R342)]} {{property_of(deep)}} boring, borehole. {{has_subtype(borehole)}} well. {{has_large_quantity(pore)}} multiple pores. {{conceptual_part_of(pore[num=>2])}} {{has_subtype(pysical object)}} porous object. {{has_property(porous object)}} porousness, porosity. {{has_subtype(porous object)}} sieve, colander, screen, riddle, cullender[obs3], cribble[obs3]; honeycomb. {{&result_of}} yawning, splitting, dehiscence, oscitancy[obs3], patefaction[obs1], hiation[obs3], pandiculation[obs3]. {{similar_to: chasm &c. (interval) R198}}. {{has_subtype(orifice)}} {{has_part(body, P2.3.2.2.1.1.1.1): mouth, sucker, muzzle, throat, gullet; nose, nozzle}}. {{&has_part(garment)}} placket; buttonhole. {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{has_subtype: embrasure, window, casement; abatjour[obs3]; lattice; bay window, bow window; oriel[Arch]; dormer, lantern}}. {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{has_subtype: portal, porch, gate, ostiary[obs1], postern, wicket, trapdoor, hatch, door; cellarway[obs3], gateway, doorway, hatchway, gangway; lich gate[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype: way, path, thoroughfare &c. R627}}. {{has_subtype(channel): @R350, tube, pipe}}. {{has_subtype(pipe): water pipe &c. R350; air pipe &c. R351}}. {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} smokestack; chimney, flue. {{has_subtype(outlet)}} {{has_part(container)}} tap. key &c. R631; opener, master key, password, combination, passe-partout. V. [intransitive] open, ope[obs3], gape, yawn, bilge; fly open. [transitive] open, pull open, throw open, pop open, uncover, unclose, unrip[obs3], lay open. {{has_subtype(open)}} {{has_subtype(perforate, P2.6.1.2.4.3)}} cut open, rip open, blow open, pry open, tear open. Adj. open, opened; wide open, unclosed, unstopped; gaping, yawning, opening, oscitant[obs3]. {[of(door)]} ajar. perforated, pierced, perforate. patent. tubular, cannular[obs3], fistulous. {{has_property(porous object)}} pervious, permeable, porous. {{has_subtype(porous)}} spongy, honeycombed, infundibular[obs3]. vesicular, vascular, vasicular[obs3]. follicular, cribriform[obs3], riddled; tubulous[obs3], tubulated[obs3], foraminous[obs3]; piped, tubate[obs3]. Int. "open sesame!". P1.2.4.3.1.10 CLOSURE #261. Closure. N. {{has_subtype(hindrance, R706)}} closure, occlusion, blockage, block, blockade; seal. lock, bolt; bar. embolus, embolism, infarction; constipation, obstipation[obs3]. {{&formed_by: contraction, R195, P2.4.2.4.2}}. blind alley, blind corner; keddah[obs3]; cul-de-sac, caecum. impermeability, impenetrability, imperforation[obs3], imperviousness. {{function_of: @R263, stopper, plug, bung, cork}}. {{function_of: @R223, cover, cap, lid}}. {{&formed_by}} closure, closing, blocking; shutting up; locking, bolting; stoppering, corking, capping; sealing, caulking, plugging. {{&result_of(impermeability): @P1.2.2.3.1.3.1, @R233, covering, taping, spackling, cementing, plastering, waxing, priming, painting, lacquering, shellacking}}. V. {{has_subtype(hinder, R706)}} close, occlude, plug. stop, seal, seal off. block up, stop up, fill up. {[with_object(container, R191)]} bung up, cork up, stopper, cap. button up, stuff up, shut up, dam, dam up; blockade, obstruct. plumb; lock, bar, bolt. choke, throttle; ram down, cram. trap, clinch; put to the door. {{has_method(close[obj=doorway, @P2.3.1.3.10.2])}} shut the door, close the door. Adj. closed, sealed, occluded, plugged, stopped up; shut, operculated[obs3]; unopened. impenetrable; impassable, unpassable[obs1]; invious[obs1]; pathless, wayless[obs3]. {{has_consequence(impassable)}} {{has_subtype(unused, @R678)}} untrodden, untrod. {{has_high_degree(sealed)}} impermeable, impervious, unpierced[obs3]. {{consequence_of(impermeable)}} {{has_consequence(absence[of=pore, @R260], R187)}} nonporous, imperforate, solid, imporous[obs3]. caecal[Med]; closable. unventilated. {{has_subtype(impermeable)}} {{has_high_quality(sealed)}} air tight, gas tight; water tight, water proof; hermetically sealed; tight, snug. P1.2.4.3.1.11 TAPERING N. {{has_subtype(narrowness, R203)}} tapering, taper, narrowing, coarctation[obs3], angustation[obs3]; wedge, wedge-shape. cone, cone-shape; funnel, funnel-shape. constriction, stricture, neck, bottleneck. waist, waistline, midriff, middle. isthmus. {{has_metaphor(constriction)}} {{part_of(constriction): wasp, hourglass}}. {{property_of(constriction): ridge, ghaut[obs3], ghat[obs3], pass; ravine &c. R198}}. {{&caused_by: contraction &c. R195}}. V. {{has_subtype(become narrow, @R203)}} narrow, taper, constrict. Adj. narrowed, narrowing, tapering, tapered, constricted. cone-shaped, funnel-shaped; wedge-shaped. <-- R262, Perforator is moved to P2.3.1 --> <-- R263, Stopper is moved to P2.3.1.3.9.1 Container parts. --> P1.2.4.3.2 TEXTURE [[texture]] N. {{has_property(surface, R220, P1.2.2.3.1.1)}} texture, feel, surface texture, fine surface appearance, detailed surface appearance. Adj. textural, textile. P1.2.4.3.2.1 SMOOTHNESS #255. Smoothness. N. smoothness &c. adj.; polish, gloss; lubricity, lubrication. {{result_of}} smoothing; finishing, glossing. {{has_subtype(smoothing)}} polishing. {{uses(smoothing)}} roller, lawn roller, rolling pin, rolling mill; sand paper, emery paper, emery cloth, sander; flat iron, sad iron; burnisher, turpentine and beeswax; polish, shoe polish. {[of(road pavement)]} {{carried_out_by(rolling)}} steam roller. {[of(road pavement)]} {{has_subtype(smoothing)}} leveling, rolling. {[of(cloth)]} {{has_subtype(smoothing)}} ironing, pressing. {[of(gemstones)]} {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(polishing)}} gemstone polishing. {{studied_in(gemstone polishing)}} lapidary. {{has_method(smoothing)}} {{has_subtype(abrasion, @P2.4.2.4.3)}} planing; filing; sanding. {{performed_by(gemstone polishing): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.8, lapidary, lapidarian, gemcutter}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(material[2], @P2.1.1): down, velvet, velure, silk, satin; velveteen, velour, velours, velumen[obs3]; glass, ice}}. {{property_of: slide; asphalt, wood pavement, flagstone, flags}}. {{property_of: bowling green &c. (level) R213}}. V. smooth, smoothen[obs3]. [render smooth] {{has_subtype(smoothing)}} {{has_method(abrade, @P2.4.2.4.3)}} file; sand; polish, burnish. {{has_subtype(smoothing)}} {{has_method(cutting, R44)}} plane; mow; shave. level, roll; macadamize. calender[obs3], glaze. iron, hot-press, mangle. lubricate &c. (oil) R332. Adj. smooth. smoothed; oiled; leveled; ironed; polished, burnished. slick, sleek, glossy, leiodermatous[obs3], velutinous[obs3]. even. {{has_subtype: level &c. R213; plane &c. (flat) R251}}. silken, silky, satiny. lanate[obs3], downy, velvety. glabrous, slippery , glassy, lubricous, oily. soft, unwrinkled[obs3]. smooth as glass, smooth as ice, smooth as monumental alabaster, smooth as velvet. smooth as oil. woolly &c. (feathery) R256. Phr. smooth as silk. P1.2.4.3.2.2 ROUGHNESS #256. Roughness. N. roughness, unevenness. grain, texture, tooth. ripple; asperity, rugosity[obs3], salebrosity[obs1]. corrugation, nodosity[obs3]. coarseness, scale, irregularity. fuzziness. {{property_of(fuzziness)}} fuzz. {{has_member(fuzz): $fiber, @R205}}. &&{{has_property(fiber): fine, @R203 + dense, @R72}}. {{has_subtype: branching, R242}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.2.1.1.1.2, brush, hair, beard, shag, mane, whisker, moustache, imperial, tress, lock, curl, ringlet, fimbriae, pili, cilia, villi, lovelock, goatee, papillote, scalp lock}}. {{property_of}} plumage, plumosity[obs3]; plume, panache, crest; feather, tuft, fringe, toupee. {{property_of: wool, velvet, fur, down; plush, nap, pile, floss; byssus[obs3], moss, bur; fluff}}. {{property_of: knot (convolution) R248}}. V. be rough, be coarse, be uneven. go against the grain. render rough, render coarse, render uneven; roughen, ruffle, crisp, crumple, corrugate, set on edge, stroke the wrong way, rumple. knot, gnarl, snarl. fuzzy. Adj. rough. coarse, uneven, irregular, scabrous, scaly. {[of(filament)]} knotted, gnarled, snarled. rugged, rugose[obs3], rugous[obs3]; knurly[obs3]. asperous[obs3], crisp, salebrous[obs1]. unpolished, unsmoothed, unfinished, unsmooth[obs3], roughhewn. craggy, cragged; crankling[obs3], scraggy. <-- add more refs below --> {{similar_to: prickly, R253}}. leafy, well-wooded. {{has_subtype: branched, R242}}. feathery; plumose, plumigerous[obs3]; laciniate[obs3], laciniform[obs3], laciniose[obs3]; pappose[obs3]. pileous[obs3], pilose[obs3]; trichogenous[obs3], trichoid[Med]. tufted, fimbriated, hairy, ciliated, filamentous, hirsute; crinose[obs3], crinite[obs3]; bushy, hispid, villous, bearded, pilous[obs3], shaggy, shagged, pappous[obs3]. fringed, befringed[obs3]; setous[obs1], setose[obs3], setaceous. downy, velvety, flocculent, woolly, fluffy; lanate[obs3], lanated[obs3]; lanuginous[obs3], lanuginose[obs3]; tomentose[obs3]. Adv. against the grain. Phr. cabello luengo y corto el seso[Sp]; "like quills upon the fretful porcupine" [Hamlet]; rough as a nutmeg grater, rough as a bear. P1.2.4.3.2.3 POROSITY #252a. Porosity. N. porosity, sponginess; permeability. {{has_low_level(permeabilility)}} semipermeability. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.12.9, sponge, honeycomb}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.12.9, sieve, net, screen, strainer, frit[Chem], filter}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.12.9, cloth}}. Adj. porous, permeable. {{has_low_level(permeabile)}} semipermeable. cellular, spongy, spongiform, spongious[obs3]; honeycombed, alveolar; sintered. <-- (R264 to R315 to P2.4.1 Motion ) =================== MATTER P2 =========================== For the purpose of inheritance, "material phenomenon" has virtually no semantic content. The real meanings come at lower levels.--> P2 MATERIAL PHENOMENA [[MATTER]] N. material phenomenon. {{has_property: substantiality, R3}}. <-- 316. Materiality 317. Immateriality 318. World 319. Gravity 320. Levity --> <-- note that reality has two different definitions in this entry --> P2.1 MATTER GENERALLY (R316 TO R320) #316. MATTER. N. {{consists_of(physical object, P2.3)}} matter, brute matter, material[1]. {{constitutes}} the real world, the physical universe, reality, objective reality, material reality. {{antonym_of(objective reality): subjective reality, @R317, @P2.11}}. parenchyma[Biol]. {{has_property}} materiality, materialness; corporeity[obs3], corporality[obs3]; substantiality, substantialness, flesh and blood, plenum; reality, physical reality. {{has_subtype: @P2.3, object, physical object, article, thing, something, item}}. {{has_property: state, @P2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(state): @P2.2.1, solid, fluid, plasma}}. {{has_subtype(fluid): liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1; gas, @R334; supercritical fluid}}. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1): @P2.2.1, pure liquid, solution, suspension, aerosol, sol}}. {{has_subtype}} superdense matter, condensed states of matter; dwarf star, neutron star. {{has_subtype(chemical substance): materials, R635, P2.1.3}}. {{studied_in: physics; science, natural philosophy, experimental science}}. {{issue_in}} materialism; somatism[obs3]. {{property_of(materialism): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.31, materialist, somatist[obs3]}}. {{job_of(physics): physicist}}. {{has_subtype}} radiation. {{has_subtype(radiation)}} {{caused_by(ionization)}} {{property_of(penetrating/ionizing): @P2.6.1.7, ionizing radiation, radiation}}. {{has_subtype(radiation): electromagnetic radiation}}. {{has_subtype(ionizing radiation): @P2.6.1.7, Roentgen-ray, X-ray, gamma ray}}. {{has_subtype(ionizing radiation)}} {{constitutes(helium nucleus): @P2.6.1.7, alpha ray, alpha particle}}. {{has_subtype(ionizing radiation)}} {{constitutes(electron): @P2.6.1.7, beta ray}}. {{has_subtype(ionizing radiation): @P2.6.1.7, cosmic ray}}. Adj. {{has_property(matter): @R3, material, real, physical, corporeal, substantial}}. Adv. in reality, really, in this world; in this life. <-- although "matter" in our classification includes anything with mass or energy, such as elementaryparticles, waves, or plasma, we can use a more common type of matter, the "stuff" of many ontologies. We define it as being either solid, liquid, or gase, and nothing else. Note that "solid stuff" is here, and the entry "solid" at P2.2.1.2 is a discrete solid object. [[stuff]] --> P2.1.1 SUBSTANCE N. substance, stuff, material, physical substance. {{has_component}} element. {{has_subtype(element)}} {[in_frame(ancient times, @R122): earth; air; fire; water]}. {{has_subtype(element): chemical element}}. principle, substratum, body, corpus, hyle[obs3]. {{constitutes}} {{property_of(solid)}} solid matter, stuff[2], material[2]. {{constitutes(solid matter): solid, P2.2.1.2}}. {{constitutes_x: liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1; gas, @R334; solid matter}}. {{constitutes: @P2.6.2, chemical, chemical substance, substance, compound}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(hazardous): @P2.3.1.3.4, hazardous material}}. {{constitutes: physical object, P2.3}}. <-- A material can be composed of other materials, so we assert that any material is a constituent of itself --> {{constitutes($stuff): $stuff}}. <-- CYC dictum: any "part" of a stuff is the same stuff. They recognize and ignore the sorites ("heap") problem of ultimate division into non-stuff. But this problem is avoided by using "component" rather than "part" as the proper relation. IF we follow CYC, then: {{has_part($stuff): $stuff}}. --> <-- Originally this was "world". Most of below is related to cosmos. Note that this is not classified as a "physical object" although it sort of fits the idea that anything made of matter(including collections of objects) is a physical object. But the universe includes space and time, which are not physical objects. So we classify the universe as a place where physical objects are located. See also P2.3.1.1.3 Astronomical formations (much duplication), needs to be differentiated. [[universe]] --> P2.1.2 UNIVERSE (R318) #318. Universe. N. {{has_subtype(place)}} {{has_location(physical object, P2.3)}} {{property_of(size[val=astronomical, @R192])}} universe, cosmos, creation, nature, all of nature, the known universe, kosmos[obs3], macrocosm, megacosm[obs3]. {{causes}} music of the spheres. {{has_part: astronomical formation, P2.3.1.1.3}}. {{has_part}}{{not_location_of(Earth, @P2.3.1.1.3.2)}} {{alternative_to(Earth, @P2.3.1.1.3.2)}} outer space. {{has_beginning(universe)}} {{has_subtype(event): origin of the universe, @P2.6.1.8}}. {{studied_in: @P2.6.1.8, astronomy, cosmology}}. Adj. cosmic, cosmical[obs3]. galactic. celestial, heavenly, sphery[obs3]. stellar, astral, starry, sidereal, sideral[obs3]. nebular; uranic. Adv. in all creation, in the universe. <-- [[nature]] --> P2.1.2.R1 NATURE N. {{has_part(universe, P2.1.2)}} nature, the natural world. {{has_part(universe, P2.1.2)}} {{alternative_to(nature): the man-made world, @P2.3.1.3}}. {{consists_of(the man-made world): artifacts, @P2.3.1.3}}. {{has_property}} naturalness, unartificiality, absence of art, lack of artifice. {{property_of(naturalness)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} state of nature. {{property_of(natural)}} {{has_subtype(forest, P2.3.1.1.6.2.6)}} virgin forest, the forest primeval, first-growth forest, old-growth forest. {{property_of(natural)}} {{has_subtype(soil, P2.3.1.1.4)}} virgin soil, unbroken soil. {{property_of(naturalness)}} {{has_subtype(land, R342)}} wilderness, wild, the wild, howling wilderness. {{property_of(naturalness)}} waste, wasteland. {{has_subtype(wasteland)}} desert; badland, badlands. {{has_instance(desert)}} {{location_of(Africa)}} Sahara; Nubian desert; Kalahari. {{has_instance(desert)}} {{location_of(Egypt)}} western desert. {{property_of(naturalness)}} {{has_subtype(garden)}} unweeded garden. Adj. {{has_property(cosmos, R318)}} {{antonym_of(man-made)}} natural, unartificial. artless. {{has_contrast(natural): @P2.3.1.3, artificial, artifactual, man-made}}. Adv. naturally. <-- R319, gravity, and R320, levity are moved to P2.6.1.6 GRAVITY (R319, R320) at Physics --> <-- the Roget entry R635, "materials" is primarily for supplies. Component materials, must be listed separately: here a general concept of component material, and under P2.3 the natural processed materials and synthetic artifacts are listed. --> P2.1.3 MATERIALS GENERALLY #635. Raw Materials. N. {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} raw material, material, stuff, stock, staple. materials; supplies; feedstock. starting material. {{has_subtype(starting material): mineral, P2.3.1.1.4.2}}. {{has_subtype: solid, P2.2.1.2; fluid, R333}}. {{has_subtype(fluid): liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1; gas, @R334; supercritical fluid}}. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1): @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1, pure liquid, solution, suspension, aerosol, sol}}. <-- note that Wordnet has a lot of detail under liquid. Useful types. should be under sense under "matter"? --> $$. {{has_subtype: P2.3.1.3.21, household supply, household stuff}}. {{has_subtype: @R298, pabulum, food}}. {{has_subtype: @R727, munition, ammunition, arms}}. {{has_subtype: baggage &c. (personal property) R780}}. {{similar_to: means &c. R632}}. {{has_subtype: fuel, R388}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.64, reinforcement, reenforcement[obs3]; contingents; relay, relief]}. Adj. raw, unprocessed. {{similar_to: raw &c. (unprepared) R674}}. <-- here the meaning of "material" is specifically as a component material in some object. One of these entries will normally be the second argument of a "consists_of" predicate relation. ?? put most of these under P2.3.1.2 Processed Natural Materials. The "composition" here is a broad concept, including as subtype chemical composition. --> P2.1.4 COMPONENT MATERIALS N. {{has_subtype(component, @R56)}} {{uses(manufacture[obj=artifact])}} {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} component, constituent, component material, material. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(composition, R54)}} composition, substance, constitution, physical composition. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(material[2], @P2.1.1)}} {{property_of(solid, @R321)}} solid material. {{studied_in}} materials science. {{&has_part}} {[in_frame(metallurgy/gemology)]} {[of(solid)]} inclusion. {[in_frame(metallurgy)]} {{has_property}} grain. {{&has_part(solid material)}} reinforcement. {{&has_part(solid material): layer, lamination}}. {{&has_part}} ingredient, subcomponent. Phr. "the stuff dreams are made of"; "remember man that thou art dust and unto dust thou shalt return". <-- specific types of materials will be found under processed natural materials, P2.3.1.2, or artifacts, P2.3.1.3. Materials classified by function, which might be in either category, will be rpimarily under artifacts, but should be crossed-referenced to natural substances where appropriate. Natural materials will be classified by physical composition, or origin, and artifacts which are predominantly used in a particular function may be found under the individual usage headings --> P2.1.R1 IMMATERIALITY. (R317) #317. Immateriality. N. immateriality, nonmateriality, immaterialness, incorporeity. the spirit world, spirituality; astral plane. {{property_of}} {{believes(agent, R690)}} subjective reality. {{has_instance(subjective reality)}} {{believes("Patrick J. Cassidy"): FACTOTUM SemNet, @R562}}. {{has_part(subjective reality): belief, R484}}. {{has_subtype(subjective reality): imagination, R515}}. {{has_subtype(subjective reality): fiction, @R515}}. {{has_subtype(subjective reality): myth, @R515}}. {{has_subtype(subjective reality): error, R495}}. {{has_subtype(subjective reality): @R944, ethics, morals}}. {{has_subtype(subjective reality): @M1, personality, individuality, self, I, myself, me, ego, other, you}}. {{has_part(spirit world): @R450, spirit, soul}}. {{has_part(spirit world)}} astral body. {{studied_in(spirit world)}} spiritualism. {{studied_in(spirit world): religion, R987; theology, R983}}. spiritualist. V. be immaterial, be incorporeal. be unreal, not exist in the physical universe. disembody, spiritualize. Adj. immaterial, nonmaterial, non-physical, immateriate[obs3]; unreal, incorporeal, incorporal[obs3]. incorporeal, disembodied, noncorporeal, incorporate[obs2], unfleshly[obs3], asomatous[obs3], unextended[obs3]; unembodied[obs3]. extramundane, unearthly; pneumatoscopic[obs3]. spiritual &c. (psychic) R450. subjective, personal, nonobjective. <-- [[MATPROP]] (NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES) --> P2.2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER N. {{has_property(matter, P2.1)}} property of matter. {{has_subtype: naturalness, @P2.1.2.R1}}. {{antonym_of(naturalness): @P2.3.1.3, artificiality}}. Adj. {{property_of(nature, P2.1.2.R1): natural, @P2.1.2.R1}}. {{antonym_of(natural, @P2.1.2.R1): @P2.3.1.3, artificial, artifactual, man-made}}. <-- are there any general properties of matter other than position? --> P2.2.1 PROPERTY OF MATTER (R149 TO R150) N. {{has_property(matter, P2.1)}} {{has_subtype(characteristic, R79a)}} physical property, physical attribute, physical characteristic, property of matter. {{has_subtype: position, R183}}. <-- we here classify "electromagnetic radiation" as a "state" of matter, but is probably should be classified as a type of matter [[STATE]] --> P2.2.1.1 STATE OF MATTER N. {{has_property(matter, P2.1)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} state, state of matter. {{has_subtype(state of matter): @R321, solid state, solidity}}. {{has_subtype(state of matter): @R333, liquidity, liquid state}}. {{has_subtype(state of matter): @R334, gaseousness, gaseous state}}. {{has_subtype(state of matter)}} supercriticality, supercritical state. {{property_of(supercriticality)}} supercritical fluid. {{has_subtype(matter, P2.1)}} subatomic particle; plasma; superdense matter, neutron star; black hole. {{has_subtype(matter, P2.1): ion, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{has_subtype(matter, P2.1)}} {{property_of(liquid state): liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. {{Has_conceptual_part(state of matter)}} {{has_subtype(tensor)}} pressure. {{has_units(pressure)}} force per unit area. {{has_subtype(force per unit area)}} pounds per square inch; dynes per square centimeter. {{causes(pressure): force, P2.6.1.2.3}}. <-- [[radiation]] --> P2.2.1.1.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION N. {{has_subtype(transverse wave, @P2.4.2.3.17)}} electromagnetic radiation, radiation, electromagnetic wave. {{has_conceptual_part: electromagnetic field}}. {{has_property}} frequency, periodicity. {{has_inverse(frequency)}} {{has_subtype(distance)}} {{has_subtype(cycle)}} wavelength. {{has_units(frequency)}} cycles per second, hertz. radio wave. {{has_subtype(radio wave)}} microwave. {{part_of(radio wave)}} {{has_subtype(transmission, R270): @P2.3.1.3.19.1, radio transmission, radio wave transmission}}. {{has_subtype(radio wave transmission): @P2.3.1.3.19.1, television transmission}}. {{property_of(television transmission)}} {{has_subtype(frequency)}} very high frequency, VHF[acron.]; ultra high frequency, UHF[acron.]. {{has_subtype: light, P2.6.1.5}}. Roentgen-ray, X-ray. gamma ray. {{has_subtype(X-ray)}} bremsstrahlung. {{has_property(electromagnetic radiation)}} quantization; polarization. {{has_property(electromagnetic radiation): velocity[val=velocity of light]}}. <-- ?? is ability to be reflected a property? Do we need a behavioral property? --> {{has_property(electromagnetic radiation)}} collimation; refraction; reflection; absorption. {{consists_of(electromagnetic radiation)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} photon, quantum, wavicle. <-- This "solid object" is for bodies with a defined shape, (even if plastic or deformable), as opposed to powders or granulated materials. Those should be classed under "solid material" at P2.1.4. the term "incohabitability" was coined here to express the notion that two solid bodies cannot occupy the same place at the same time. This is not necessarily true of liquids, gases, or radiation. Just a device to simplify the inheritance of this property. --> <-- [[SOLIDBODY]] --> P2.2.1.2 PHYSICAL SOLID N. {{has_subtype(matter, P2.1)}} {{property_of(solid state)}} {{property_of(solidity, R321)}} solid, physical solid, solid body, solid object. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(rigid, @R323)}} rigid object. {{has_subtype}} deposit, precipitate. {{has_subtype}} mass, block, knot, lump; concretion, concrete, conglomerate; cake, clot, stone, curd, coagulum; casein, crassamentum[obs1], legumin[obs3]. {{has_property: @P2.2.2, specific gravity, density, solid density}}. {{formed_by: @R321, become solid, render solid, solidify}}. {{formed_by: @R321, solidification, concretion, coagulation, setting}}. {{formed_by: petrification &c. (hardening) R323}}. {{&formed_by: @P2.6.1.3.5, drying, evaporation}}. {{formed_by: @P2.6.1.3.8, crystallization, precipitation, crystal growth, gelling, gelation, thickening}}. {{has_property(physical solid)}} {{conceptual_part_of(position, R183)}} {{has_subtype(exclusion)}} incohabitability. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(surface)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} top surface. {{has_subtype(top surface)}} {[in_frame(gravitational field)]} {{has_subtype(support, R215)}} {{property_of(flat, @R251 + horizontal, @R213)}} supporting surface. {{has_part}} {[in_frame(gravitational field)]} {{has_subtype(bottom)}} {{adjacent_to(supporting surface)}} base. {{&has_property}} {{has_subtype(stability, R150)}} {{has_subtype(inertia, @P2.2.1.5)}} positional stability, stability, resistance to motion. <-- "except on an indented surface, solid objects need a flat base for stability" ??? We need specific conditionals. ??? --> {{has_property($solid object): $center of gravity, @R222}}. &&{{has_part($solid object): $base}}. &&{{requires($solid object^positional stability)}}{[when($situation2): $situation]}. &&{{asserts($situation)}} {{{has_rel_loc($center of gravity + $base): directly above, @R183}}}. &&{{asserts($situation)}} {{has_property($solid object^$base): flat}}. &&{{asserts($situation2)}} {{adjacent_to($solid object): $support}}. &&{{asserts($situation2)}} {{has_property($support): flat; inclined}}. <-- kinetic energy definition --> {{has_property($solid body): $mass, P2.2.1.5; $velocity, R274}}. &&{{has_arith_product($velocity + $velocity): $velocity squared}}. &&{{has_arith_product($mass + $velocity squared)}} {{has_subtype(energy)}} kinetic energy. <-- we could also use: &&{{has_arith_product($mass + $velocity + $velocity): kinetic energy}}. --> Adj. {{has_property(positional stability)}} stable. {{has_high_level(stable)}} balanced. {{has_extreme(stable)}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical)}} perfectly balanced. {{not_has_property(positional stability)}} {{antonym_of(stable)}} unstable. {{&consequence_of(unstable)}} {{antonym_of(balanced)}} unbalanced. <-- (from Roget, COMPLEX CHANGE R149 to R150) --> P2.2.1.3 INSTABILITY #149. Changeableness. Instability. N. {{&has_property(matter, P2.1)}} {{required_for_subj(change, R140)}} {{required_for_obj(change, R140)}} {{has_subtype(susceptibility, @R177)}} {{antonym_of(stability, R150)}} changeableness, instability, physical susceptibility; mutability, variability, inconstancy. versatility, mobility; unstable equilibrium; fluctuation, vicissitude. {{has_subtype: alternation &c. (oscillation) R314}}. {{causes: transience &c. R111}}. {{&caused_by: chemical reaction}}. {{&caused_by: P2.6, interactions}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R605, vacillation, irresolution, restlessness; inconstancy, fickleness; fidgets, disquiet; disquietude, inquietude; unrest]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_manifestation(irresolution, R605): agitation &c. R315}}. {{property_of: chameleon, quicksilver, moon, Proteus, shifting sands, weathercock; harlequin, Cynthia of the minute, April showers[obs3]}}. {{property_of}} wheel of Fortune; the fickle finger of fate. V. [intransitive] change, fluctuate, vary, waver, shift, flounder, flicker. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): waffle, blow with the wind (irresolute) R605]}. flitter, flit, flutter, shuffle, shake, totter, tremble, vacillate, wamble[obs3]; sway to and fro, shift to and fro. turn and turn about, ring the changes; change and change about; oscillate &c. R314; vibrate between two extremes, oscillate between two extremes; alternate; have as many phases as the moon. Adj. changeable, changeful; mutable, variable, checkered, ever changing. {{similar_to: changing &c. R140}}. unsteady, unstable, unstaid[obs3], inconstant. protean, proteiform[obs1]; versatile. unfixed, unsettled; fluctuating, varying, changing, vacillating, trembling, flittering, fluttering; restless. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): agitated &c. R315; erratic, fickle; irresolute &c. R605; capricious &c. R608]}. touch and go; vibratory; vagrant, wayward; desultory; afloat; alternating; alterable, plastic, mobile; wavering. {{causes: transient &c. R111}}. inconsonant, fitful, spasmodic. Adv. variably, varyingly, inconstantly; changeably, restlessly, vacillatingly; seesaw &c. (oscillation) R314; off and on. Phr. "a rolling stone gathers no moss"; pictra mossa non fa muschis[It]; honores mutant mores[Lat]; varium et mutabile semper femina [Lat][Vergil]; "all that is transitory is but an illusion" [Goethe]. <-- stability, as applied to matter, is a relative term. No matter is totally and permanently stable. This was an abstract concept in Roget.--> P2.2.1.4 STABILITY #150. Stability. N. {{&has_property(matter)}} {{has_subtype(persistence, R141)}} stability. immutability, unchangeability, unalterability; unchangeableness[obs2]; constancy; stable equilibrium, soundness, vitality, stabiliment[obs3]. {[of(artifact)]} durability; reliability. stiffness, ankylosis[Med.]. solidity. {{has_subtype(stability[of=location, R182])}} immobility. {{&caused_by(immobility): anchor, mooring}}. {{&caused_by(immobility): fastener, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1}}. {{property_of}} establishment, fixture. {{property_of: rock; pillar, tower; foundation}}. {{has_metaphor}} leopard's spots; Ethiopia's skin. {{has_high_intensity: permanence &c. R141}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R826, inexcitability, coolness, composure, coolth[coll.], aplomb]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R606, obstinacy, stubbornness]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R604, determination, resolution]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R604a, perseverance]}. {{has_metaphor}} the rock of Gibraltar. V. be stable. resist change. {[in_frame(chemistry)]} be unreactive. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R604a, persevere, stick fast; stand firm, keep firm, remain firm; weather the storm, stay the course, stick to the course, keep the faith, don't give in, don't buckle under]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R604a, be firm, be steady, be unrelenting, be persistent]}. {[of(topic, R454)]} settle, establish, stablish[obs3], ascertain, fix, set, stabilitate[obs3]; retain, keep hold; make good, make sure. {{caused_by(immobility): fasten &c. (join) R43}}. {{has_commencement(be stable)}} [intransitive] become stable. {{caused_by(be stable)}} [transitive] render stable. set on its legs, float; perpetuate. {{caused_by(stability)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(locate, @R184): @R184, settle down, settle in, strike roots, put down roots, take root, take up one's abode, take up permanent residence, take up residence, build one's house on a rock}}. Adj. stable, constant. inextinguishable, irreducible; indissoluble, indissolvable[obs3]. indestructible, undying, imperishable, incorruptible. {[of(physical object)]} durable. {{has_high_level(stable)}} unchangeable, immutable, unalterable; not to be changed; invariable, undeviating. {{has_consquence(unchangeable): permanent &c. R141}}. {{!has_consequence: @R141, unaltered, unchanged}}. steadfast, firm, fast; steady, balanced. confirmed, valid; fiducial[obs3]. {{has_subtype(stable[in=location, R182])}} fixed, immobile, immovable, irremovable. {{consequence_of(immobile)}} riveted, rooted. {{&consequence_of(immobile)}} tethered, anchored, moored, at anchor, on a rock, rock solid, firm as a rock; firmly seated, firmly established, firmly rooted, solidly rooted; deep-rooted, ineradicable; inveterate. {{has_subtype(unchangeable)}} {[of(opinion): obstinate &c. R606]}. {{&consequence_of(immobile)}} [movable object rendered unmovable] stuck, jammed; transfixed, unmovable, unremovable. {{has_subtype(stuck)}} {{&consequence_of(immobile)}} {[when_modifying(ship, R273)]} stuck fast, aground, high and dry, stranded. indefeasible, irretrievable, intransmutable[obs3], incommutable[obs3], irresoluble[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(reversible, @R145)}} irreversible. {{has_subtype(irreversible)}} {[of(decision, R480)]} irrevocable, reverseless[obs3]. vested; incontrovertible, stereotyped. {[of(topic)]} settled, established, res judicata[Law]. {[of(morphological form, @R562)]} indeclinable. {[of(plant, R367): perennial &c. (diuturnal) R110]}. {[of(mark/effect)]} indelible, indeciduous[obs3]. {{&consequence_of}} insusceptible, insusceptible of change. {{conceptual_part_of: quiescent &c. R265}}. <--; deterioration &c. R659. ? relation? --> Int. stet, let it be, leave it. Phr. stable as a rock; littera scripta manet[Lat]. <-- the units of mass are found at R319 (gravity), because they in most cases use the same words as units of weight. . [[MASS]] --> P2.2.1.5 MASS N. {{affects(gravity, R319)}} {{has_property(physical object)}} mass. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(solid/liquid/gas)}} rest mass. {{causes(rest mass)}} {{has_subtype(inertia, @R172)}} inertia; vis inertiae[Lat.]. {{conceptual_part_of(rest mass)}} {{has_arith_product(mass + velocity, R274): momentum, @R276}}. {{not_has_property(electromagnetic radiation): rest mass}}. {{has_measure}} tun; cord[of wood]; lump, clod; bulk; block; loaf; mass, swad; nugget[of ore]. {{has_units(mass): @R319, gram, milligram, kilogram}}. {{has_manifestation}} {[in_frame(graviational field)]} weight. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} massive body. P2.2.2 PROPERTY OF MATTER N. property of matter. {{{has_relative_value(mass + volume)}}} density, specific gravity. {{has_subtype(density)}} {{has_property(solid)}} solid density. {{has_subtype(density)}} {{has_property(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} liquid density, specific gravity. {{has_measure(liquid density)}} Baume scale. {{measured_by(liquid density)}} densitometer; hydrometer. V. materialize. {{&result_of(density)}} {{has_subtype(contract, P2.4.2.5.2)}} compress, squeeze, pack, cram, ram down, constipate[obs2]. Adj. material. dense, heavy. {{antonym_of(dense)}} thin, light; rarefied. P2.2.2.1 PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS..(R321 TO R330) N. property of solids. <-- 321. Solidity (was Density) 322. Rarity 323. Hardness 324. Softness 325. Elasticity 326. Inelasticity 327. Tenacity 328. Brittleness 329. Texture 330. Pulverulence --> <-- R331. Friction & R332. Lubrication to Physics P2.6.1 --> <-- note density here refers to solid-type density, more porperly called soidity. The general concept of material density belongs above. This entry holds the general concept f solidification. A subtype, solidification due to cold, is at "freezing", P2.6.1.3.8 [[solidity]] --> P2.2.2.1.1 SOLIDITY (R321) #321. Solidity. N. {{has_property(physical solid, @P2.2.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(state of matter, P2.2.1.1)}} solidity, solid state, firmness, solidness. {{result_of}} solidification, hardening. {{has_subtype(solidification)}} concretion, setting; coagulation, curdling; clotting; caking; candying; deposition. {{has_subtype(solidification): @P2.6.1.3.8, freezing, congealing}}. density, compactness. impenetrability, impermeability, imporosity[obs3]. incompressibility. {{similar_to: cohesiveness, cohesion &c. R46}}. consistency, spissitude[obs1]. indivisibility, indiscerptibility[obs3]. insolubility, indissolvableness. {{similar_to: hardness, R323}}. {{has_subtype(solidification[of=vapor])}} sublimation; deposition, vapor deposition, epitaxial deposition. {{has_subtype(solidification)}} crystallization, precipitation, crystal growth; inspissation[obs3]. {{has_subtype(crystallization)}} fractional crystallization. {{similar_to: petrification &c. (hardening) R323}}. V. be dense, be solid. {{result_of}} solidify, become solid, render solid, solidate[obs3]. {{has_subtype(solidify)}} concrete, set, take a set, cure, consolidate, congeal, coagulate; curd, curdle; lopper; fix, clot, cake, candy; deposit, cohere. {{has_subtype(solidify)}} precipitate. {{has_subtype(precipitate)}} crystallize. {{has_subtype(solidify): @P2.6.1.3.8, freeze, condense, thicken, gel}}. {{similar_to(solidify): @R323, petrify, harden}}. Adj. dense, solid. solidified. {{has_subtype(solidified)}} condensed, congealed; precipitated, deposited, coagulated. {{has_subtype(solidified)}} caseous; pukka[obs3]; coherent, cohesive &c. R46; compact, close, serried, thickset. substantial, massive, lumpish[obs3]. crystallized, crystallized. impenetrable, impermeable, nonporous, imporous[obs3]. incompressible; constipated[obs2]. {{requires(crystallize)}} crystallizable. concrete &c. (hard) R323; knotted, knotty; gnarled; thick, grumous[obs1], stuffy. undissolved, unmelted[obs3], unliquefied[obs3], unthawed[obs3]. indivisible, indiscerptible[obs3], infrangible[obs3]. indissolvable[obs3], indissoluble, insoluble, infusible. <-- Roget had some aspects of gaseousness here. Those were removed to the entry Gas, R334 --> P2.2.2.1.2 RARITY (R322) #322. Rarity. N. {{has_property(network)}} rarity, tenuousness, tenuity; absence of solidity, absence of hardness, lack of hardness; subtlety, subtility[obs3], subtilty[obs3]. sponginess, compressibility. rarefaction, expansion, dilatation, inflation, subtilization[obs3]. {{property_of}} sponge; foam. {{has_subtype(sponge)}} natural sponge; synthetic sponge. {{has_subtype(foam)}} polyurethane foam; polystyrene foam. V. {{antonym_of(compress, R195)}} rarefy, decompress, expand, dilate, subtilize[obs3]. Adj. rare, subtle, subtile, thin, fine, tenuous, compressible, flimsy, slight. light &c. R320; cavernous, spongy &c. (hollow) R252. rarefied &c. v.; insubstantial, unsubstantial. uncompressed, uncompact[obs3], incompressed[obs3]. expandable, rarefiable[obs3]. <-- "rigidity" does not mean that something can't be bent, it just means that after deforming pressure is applied, the body returns to its original shape (unless, of course, the deforming pressure exceeds its yield strength) --> P2.2.2.1.3 HARDNESS (R323) #323. Hardness. N. {{has_subtype(resistance[to=penetration, P2.6.1.2.4.3], @R179)}} hardness, durity [obs1]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(resistance[to=bending, @R324], @R179)}} stiffness, rigidity, renitency, renitence[obs3]. {{has_measure(rigidity)}} Young's modulus; coefficient of restoration. {{has_high_level(rigidity)}} inflexibility. {{has_measure}} temper. {{has_subtype}} callousness, callosity. {{caused_by}} induration, petrifaction; lapidification[obs3], lapidescence[obs3]; vitrification, ossification; crystallization. {{has_measure}} Moh's scale. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.4, natural Solid, stone, pebble, rock, flint, marble, crag, crystal, quartz, granite, adamant}}. {{property_of: bone, P2.3.2.2.3.2.1; fossil; cartilage, @R1002}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.3, hardware, heart of oak, block, board, deal board, cast iron, decarbonized iron, wrought iron, nail, brick, concrete, cement}}. {{property_of: iron, P2.3.1.2.2.26; steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1}}. V. render hard, harden, stiffen, indurate. petrify. {[with_object(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)]} temper; case-harden. ossify; vitrify; crust over, accrust[obs3]. Adj. hard. rigid, stiff, firm; starch, starched; stubborn; stark, unbending, unlimber, unyielding; tense; indurate, indurated. {{has_high_level(rigid)}} inflexible. {{has_high_level(hard)}} very hard, adamant, adamantine, adamantean[obs3]. gritty, proof. concrete, stony, rocky, calculous, lithic[obs3]; granite, granitic. glassy, vitreous. horny, corneous[obs3]; bony, osseous, ossific[obs3]; cartilaginous. rock-hard, hard as a rock; stiff as buckram, stiff as a poker; stiff as starch, stiff as as board; hard as nails. {{consequence_of}} hardened. {{has_subtype(hardened)}} petrified; vitrified. {{has_subtype(hardened)}} {[when_modifying(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)]} tempered; case-hardened. <-- note that although "rigid" bodies can also bend, that action is more characteristic and pronounced in soft bodies, thus it is located here --> P2.2.2.1.4 SOFTNESS (R324) #324. Softness. N. softness, pliableness, pliancy, pliability; flexibility; sequacity[obs3], malleability. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} soft object. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(solid material)}} plastic material, soft material. {{has_action(soft object/soft material)}} {{!causes(force, P2.6.1.2.3)}} bending, yielding. {{has_subtype(bending)}} {{has_subtype(twisting, @P2.4.2.4.4)}} torsion. {{has_conceptual_part}} penetrability. tenderness, suppleness, litheness. ductility, tractility[obs3], extendibility, extensibility; formability. plasticity; inelasticity, flaccidity, limpness, laxity. {{property_of: clay, @P2.3.1.1.4.4}}. {{property_of: wax, R356c; butter, @P2.3.1.3.2.11}}. {{property_of: dough, @P2.3.1.3.2.4; pudding, @P2.3.1.3.2.2}}. {{property_of}} alumina, argil. {{property_of}} cushion, pillow; mattress. {{property_of}} down, padding, wadding;foam. {{&caused_by}} mollification, softening, mollifying, relaxing, mellowing. {{has_subtype(mattress)}} feather bed, feather mattress. {{constitutes(down)}} down comforter; feather pillow. V. render soft, soften; mollify, mellow, relax, temper. [transitive] mash, knead, squash, work. [intransitive] bend, yield, relax, give. {{has_metaphor}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R762, yield, relent, give in]}. plasticize. Adj. soft, tender, supple; pliant, pliable; flexible, flexile; lithe, lithesome. lissom, limber, plastic. {[of(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)]} ductile; malleable, extensile, formable. inelastic. tractable, tractile[obs3]. {[of(carpet)]} deep piled. yielding, bending, sagging; flabby, limp, flimsy. doughy, spongy; penetrable. foamy, plush, cushy[coll.], cushiony[obs3]. flaccid, flocculent, downy; edematous, oedematous[obs3], medullary[Anat], argillaceous, mellow. soft as butter, soft as down, soft as silk; yielding as wax, tender as chicken. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} pliant, agreeable, sequacious[obs3]. P2.2.2.1.5 ELASTICITY (R325) #325. Elasticity. N. {{has_subtype(restorability, R145)}} elasticity, springiness, spring, resilience, renitency; buoyancy. {{property_of: rubber, Indian rubber, India rubber, latex, caoutchouc gum elastic, natural rubber; neoprene, synthetic rubber, Buna-S; plastic; Spandex; whalebone, baleen}}. flexibility. {{property_of: spring, R633, P2.3.1.3.12}}. {{has_measure: Young's modulus, @R327a}}. V. stretch, flex, extend, distend, be elastic &c. adj.; bounce, spring back &c. (recoil) R277. Adj. elastic, flexible, tensile, spring, springy, resilient, renitent, buoyant; ductile, stretchable, extendable. Phr. Hooke's law, the stress is proportional to the strain. P2.2.2.1.6 INELASTICITY (R326) #326. Inelasticity. N. want of elasticity, absence of elasticity, absence of resilience. {{has_subtype: brittleness, R328}}. {{has_subtype: softness, R324}}. Adj. inelastic. {{has_subtype: @R323, unyielding, rigid}}. {{has_subtype: @R324, inflexible, soft}}. not resilitent, not elastic, irresilient[obs3]. <-- This entry still contains elements of sticking together, arguably a property of objects composed of parts, and of stickiness. They should be separated!??? In Roget, strength was included in this entry, but we need separate categories for gooeyness and tensile strength, which are quite different. So strength is in R327a. [[adhesive]] --> P2.2.2.1.7 ADHESIVENESS (R327) #327. Adhesiveness. N. {{conceptual_part_of(cohesion, R46)}} tenacity, adhesiveness. grip, grasp, stickiness, gooeyness; sequacity[obs3]. gumminess, glutinousness[obs3], sequaciousness[obs3]. {{is_high_level_of: @R352, viscosity, viscidity, semiliquidity}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R606, stubbornness, tenacity]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): perseverence, @R604a]}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, glue, mucilage, cement}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, adhesive tape, gummed paper, fly paper}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, Velcro}}. {{property_of(toughness)}} {{&has_part(meat)}} gristle, cartilage. {{property_of: saran wrap, plastic wrap}}. V. {{has_subtype(cohere, R46)}} be tenacious &c. adj.. Adj. tenacious. sticking, sticking fast. adhesive; tenacious, tough; sticky &c. R352. gluey, sticky, tacky, gooey, adhesive, sequacious[obs3]; gummy; pasty. {{is_high_level_of: @R352, thick, syrupy, viscous}}. stringy, gristly, cartilaginous. leathery, coriaceous[obs3], tough as whitleather[obs3]; stubborn &c. (obstinate) R606. Phr. cling like sin. <-- this is a "sticking together" of two or more objects because of adhesiveness, including welding and soldering--> P2.2.2.1.7.R1 ADHESION #327b. Adhesion. N. {{has_subtype(cohesion, R46)}} {{has_consequence(adhesiveness, @R327)}} {{conceptual_part_of(connection)}} {{conceptual_part_of(contact)}} {{has_method(fastening, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1/joining, R43)}} adhesion, adherence, set, sticking, sticking together. {{&caused_by}} {{used_in(glue, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7)}} gluing. {{&caused_by}} {{used_in(cement, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7)}} cementation, cementing. {{&caused_by}} {{used_in(solder + soldering iron)}} soldering. {{&caused_by}} {{used_in(welding torch)}} welding. {{causes(welding/soldering): adhesion[of=metal, P2.3.1.2.3]}}. {{has_result(welding)}} {{has_subtype(joint, @R43)}} weld. {{has_result(soldering)}} {{has_subtype(joint, @R43)}} soldering joint. V. {{has_method(fasten, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1/join, R43)}} adhere, stick, cling, cleave, hold, hold fast, hang together, stick together[1]. {{causes_by}} stick together[2]. {{has_commencement(hold)}} take hold of, close with, clasp, hug; grow together. grip, grasp, stick. twine round &c. (join) R43. stick like a leech, stick like wax; stick close; cling like ivy, cling like a bur; cling like sin; adhere like a remora, adhere like Dejanira's shirt. glue; agglutinate, conglutinate[obs3]; cement, lute, paste, gum; solder; weld; cake, consolidate &c. (solidify) R321; agglomerate. Adj. adhering, sticking, clinging, holding, sticking together. <-- this entry for strength of materials. This is considered a property of a solid material, and the headword is the measure. The high-intensity meaning of the words are subtypes. Several types of material strength are included. --> P2.2.2.1.8 STRENGTH (R327A) #327a. Strength. N. {{has_property(rigid object, @P2.2.1.2)}} strength[1]. {{has_high_intensity}} strength[2], strongness, unbreakability. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(rigidity, @R323)}} resistance to bending. tensile strength, resistance to breaking, resistance to tearing, toughness. {{has_measure(resistance to bending)}} Young's modulus. {{property_of(resistance to tearing)}} leather; white leather, whitleather[obs3]. {{property_of(resistance to bending): steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1; reinforced concrete}}. {{&caused_by}} reinforcement. {{has_subtype}} {[of(solid)]} thermal shock resistance. V. be strong. resist fracture, resist breaking. resist tear, resist tearing. Adj. strong, resisting, resistant. {{has_high_intensity}} unbreakable. shock resistant; heat resistant; water resistant; wear resistance, abrasion resistant; corrosion resistant. {{has_high_intensity}} unbending, unyielding, of high tensile strength. {{&consequence_of: indivisible; atomic}}. <-- this entry should be for "breakability" generally, but most words imply easily breakable. Greater discrimination is needed.??? --> P2.2.2.1.9 BRITTLENESS (R328) #328. Brittleness. N. {{antonym_of(strength, R327a)}} {{has_subtype(weakness, R160)}} brittleness, breakability, frangibility. {{has_high_level}} fragility, friability, fissibility[obs3]. {{property_of}} brittle object. {{property_of: glass}}. {{exhibits(brittle object)}} {{has_subtype(separating, @R44)}} breaking. {{has_subtype(breaking)}} cracking; snapping. {{has_metaphor(brittle object)}} house of cards, house of glass. {{property_of}} {{&caused_by}} weak point. {{has_subtype(weak point)}} weak link, weak link in the chain. {{has_subtype(weak point): weld, @R327b; joint; seam}}. {{forms(break): piece[num=>1], @R51}}. {{forms(shatter): piece[num=>3], @R51}}. {{forms(crumble): powder, @R330}}. V. be brittle. {{exhibits(brittle object)}} be breakable, be fragile, be weak, be frail. {{has_action(brittle object)}} [tr. & intr.] {{has_subtype(separate, @R44)}} crack. {{has_action(brittle object)}} [tr. & intr.] {{has_subtype(separate, @R44)}} break, snap, split, shiver, sunder. {{has_subtype(break)}} {[of(container, R191)]} crack open. {{has_action(brittle object)}} {{has_subtype(separate, @R44)}} [tr. & intr.] shatter, splinter. {{similar_to(shatter)}} [intransitive] fall to pieces. break short, burst, fly, give way. [intrans.] crumble, crumble to dust, crumble into dust. [transitive] smash; smash to pieces. {{has_metaphor}} live in a glass house. Adj. {{has_property(brittle object)}} brittle, breakable, frangible. {{has_high_intensity}} {{has_subtype(weak, R160)}} fragile, frail, delicate, sensitive, weak, brash [U.S.]. gimcrack[obs1], shivery, fissile. splitting. lacerable[obs3], splintery, crisp, crimp, short, brittle as glass. shock sensitive; heat sensitive. Phr. break into smithereens. <-- This is the general concept of internal structure of a physical object [[structuring]] --> P2.2.2.1.10 STRUCTURE (R329) #329. Structure. N. {{has_subtype(form, R240)}} {{part_of(component, @P2.1.2)}} structure, structuring, organization, internal organization; fabric, construction; architecture. {{part_of(constituent, @P2.1.4)}} constitution. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} anatomy. {{has_part}} foundation; carcass. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(framework, @A2.5.5.2.3)}} frame, framework, skeleton. {{has_subtype}} stratification, layering, cleavage. substance, stuff, compages[obs3]. {[of(living cell)]} parenchyma[Biol]. staple, organism. {{studied_in}} {[of(bone)]} osteology. {{studied_in}} {[of(muscle)]} myology. {{studied_in}} {[of(nervous system/nerve)]} neurology. {{studied_in}} {[of(blood vessel/vascular system)]} angiography. internal texture, intertexture[obs3], contexture[obs3]. tissue, grain, web; warp and woof, warp and weft. {{has_property(surface): tooth, nap &c. (roughness) R256; flatness (smoothness) R255}}. {{has_property}} fineness of grain; coarseness of grain. {{has_part: surface, P1.2.2.3.1.1}}. {[of(chemical substance)]} structure, molecular structure. {{has_representation(molecular structure)}} {{property_of(bidimensionality)}} structure, structural diagram. {{has_representation(molecular structure)}} {{property_of(tridimensionality)}} molecular model. {[of(living cell)]} cell structure. {{studied_in(cell structure)}} histology. <-- organography[obs3], splanchnology[obs3], adeology[obs3], adenography[obs3]. --> Adj. structural, organizational; anatomic, anatomical. internal, organic. fine grained, coarse grained; fine, delicate, subtile, gossamery, filmy, silky, satiny; coarse; homespun. rough, gritty; smooth. smooth as silk, smooth as satin. P2.2.2.1.11 GRANULARITY (R330) #330. Granularity. N. {{has_subtype(granularity, A2.5.4)}} granularity, graininess, sandiness, grittiness. {{has_high_level}} {{property_of(finely divided)}} powderiness, pulverulence[obs3], fine division. {{property_of(powderiness)}} {{has_subtype(solid, P2.2.1.2)}}powder, dust, shingle. {{property_of(granularity)}} sawdust; grit; shred, shreds[pl]. {{property_of(granularity): seed, grain}}. {{has_subtype(powder)}} meal, bran, flour, farina. {{has_subtype(grain)}} rice. spore, sporule[obs3]; crumb; limature[obs1], filings. {{property_of(granularity)}} debris, detritus, tailings, talus slope, scobs[obs3], magistery[obs3], fine powder; flocculi[Lat]. {{has_member(powder): @P1.2.4.2.3.1, particle}}. {{has_subtype(rice)}} paddy, padi. {{property_of(sandiness): sand, @P2.3.1.1.4}}. {{property_of}} filings; sawdust. {{property_of}} smoke; cloud of dust, cloud of sand, cloud of smoke; puff of smoke, volume of smoke; sand storm, dust storm. {{property_of(granularity)}} {{forms(filing, @P2.4.2.4.3)}} filings. {{result_of(powderiness)}} pulverization, comminution. {{result_of(fine division)}} shredding; grinding. {{result_of}} granulation, disintegration, subaction[obs3], contusion, trituration[Chem], levigation[obs3], multure[obs3]; limitation; tripsis[obs3]. {{formed_by(powder): @P2.4.2.4.3, filing, abrasion, detrition}}. {{has_requirement(pulverization)}} pulverizability. {{has_high_intensity(pulverizability)}} friability. {{formed_by(powder)}} efflorescence. {{uses(pulverization)}} grinder; shredder; mortar and pestle; nutmeg grater; teeth. {{uses(pulverization)}} {{has_subtype(mill)}} churn, butter churn, hand mill, kern[obs3], quern[obs3], koniology[obs3]. {{has_subtype(grinder): mill, arrastra[obs3], gristmill; meat grinder}}. {{has_part(gristmill): grindstone}}. V. come to dust; be disintegrated, be reduced to powder, be reduced to dust. [transitive] pulverize, comminute, granulate, triturate, levigate[obs3]; reduce to powder, grind to powder. {{result_of(fine division)}} grind; shred. [transitive] scrape, file, abrade, rub down, grate, rasp. [transitive] crush, cranch[obs3], craunch[obs3], crunch. [intransitive] scranch[obs3], crumble, disintegrate. {{has_method(crush): pound, bray, bruise; contuse, contund[obs3]; beat}}. attenuate &c. R195. Adj. powdery, pulverulent; finely divided. granular, granulated. sandy, gritty, arenose[obs3], arenarious[obs3], arenaceous[obs3], sabulous[obs3], psammous[obs3]. mealy, floury, farinaceous, branny[obs3], furfuraceous[obs3]. flocculent, dusty. pulverized, powdered. ground; shredded. filed, abraded, debrided, attrited[obs3]; in pieces. {{required_for(pulverization)}} pulverizable, crushable; friable, crumbly, shivery. {{has_high_intensity(pulverizable)}} {{emitted_by(water vapor)}} efflorescent. <-- lepidote[obs3], sabuline[obs3]; sporaceous[obs3], sporous[obs3]. --> P2.2.2.2 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS N. property of fluids. <-- 333. Fluidity 334. Gaseity [[fluid] --> P2.2.2.2.1 FLUIDITY (R333 TO R334) #333. Fluidity. N. fluidity, fluid state. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(state of matter, P2.2.1.1)}} liquidity, liquid state. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(state of matter, P2.2.1.1): gaseousness, R334}}. {{property_of}} fluid. {{has_subtype(fluid)}} {{property_of(liquidity): liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(fluid)}} suspending fluid. {{required_for: @R348, flow, flowing action}}. V. be fluid &c. adj.. flow &c. (water in motion) R348; liquefy, melt, condense &c. R335. Adj. fluid. liquid, serous, juicy, succulent, sappy; ichorous[obs3]. {{required_for: @R348, fluent, flowing}}. liquefied &c. R335; uncongealed; soluble. P2.2.2.2.1.1 GASEOUSNESS #334. Gaseousness. N. gaseousness, gaseous state, gaseity[obs3], vaporousness. volatility; aeration, aerification. {{property_of}} {{property_of(compressible)}} gas, vapor, elastic fluid. {{has_subtype(gas)}} {{property_of(unreactive, @P2.6.2)}} noble gas. {{has_subtype(noble gas): helium; neon; argon; xenon; krypton; radon}}. {{has_subtype(gas)}} air; steam; essence, fume, reek, effluvium, flatus. {{property_of: cloud &c. R353a}}. ammonia, ammoniacal gas[obs3], volatile alkali. vacuum, partial vacuum. ether. {{studied_in}} pneumatics, aerodynamics, fluid dynamics, pneumatostatics[obs3]; aerostatics[obs3]. {{has_location(air)}} {[of(fish)]} air bladder, swimming bladder, sound. {{measured_by: flowmeter, gasmeter[obs3], gasometer[obs3]}}. {{formed_by}} vaporization, evaporation; sublimation; boiling; diffusion, gassification[obs3]. {{has_subtype(gas)}} {{consists_of(air): nitrogen; oxygen; argon; carbon dioxide; water vapor}}. {{conceptual_part_of(gas)}} {{has_subtype(physiological function, P2.6.4.1.1)}} {{affected_by(intestine, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2): @P2.6.4.1.1, flatulence, flatulency}}. V. be gaseous, be vaporous. gasify. {{synonym_of(gasify): @R336, vaporize, evaporate, evanesce, boil, emit vapor, diffuse}}. Adj. gaseous, vaporous; aeriform[obs3], ethereal, aerial, airy. {{requires(vaporization)}} volatile, vaporizable, evaporable[obs3]. flatulent. <-- R335 & R336 to Physics P2.6.1 335. Liquefaction 336. Vaporization (337 to R351 to P2.3.1.1 Natural Objects) --> P2.2.2.2.2 PROPERTIES OF IMPERFECT FLUIDS..(R352 TO R355) <-- 352. Semiliquidity 353. Bubble 354. Pulpiness 355. Unctuousness [[gel]] We divide the Roget Semiliquidity into viscous liquids and gels, R352a. --> N. semifluidity. <-- semiliquidity applies to a liquid which is viscous, but can still flow. This includes foods like soup and sauces. Semiliquids which do not flow readily are under the next section, gelatinousness . [[semiliquid]]--> P2.2.2.2.2.1 SEMILIQUIDITY #352. Semiliquidity. N. semiliquidity; viscosity, viscidity; mucosity[obs3]; spissitude[obs3], crassitude[obs3]; lentor[obs3]. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, glue, mucilage, adhesive}}. {{has_subtype: @R327a, tenacity, adhesiveness}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, fish glue, carlock[obs3]}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.2.3.2, mucus, phlegm}}. {{property_of}} goo; lava. {{property_of}} emulsion. {{property_of: soup; @P2.3.1.3.2.17, sauce, gravy}}. {{property_of}} squash, mud, slush, slime, ooze. {{property_of: moisture &c. R339}}. {{property_of: pus, @P2.3.2.2.3.2}}. {{property_of: cream; treacle, molasses}}. {{has_high_intensity: R352a, gelatinousness, waxiness}}. V. inspissate[obs3], incrassate[obs3]; thicken, mash, squash, churn, beat up. sinter. suppurate. Adj. semifluid, semiliquid, tremellose[obs3]; thick, viscous, viscid. half melted, half frozen. muddy; soupy. pussy, purulent; suppurating, suppurative. milky, lacteal, lactean[obs3], lacteous[obs3], lactescent[obs3], lactiferous[obs3]; emulsive, curdled, succulent, uliginous[obs3]. slab, slabby[obs3]; lentous[obs1], pituitous[obs3]. mucoid, phlegmy, mucid[obs3], muculent[obs3], mucous. {{has_subtype: resinous, R356a}}. Phr. thick as pea soup; thick as molasses. <-- gelatinous includes gumminess and waxiness, i.e. not-quite-solid and in some ways liquid, but solid enough to not flow under gravity, or at least under weak gravity (as when a cup is inclined slightly). Douginess is in the next section. --> P2.2.2.2.2.2 SEMISOLIDITY #352a. Semisolidity. N. {{has_high_intensity(semiliquidity, R352)}} gelatinousness, semisolidity, gumminess, glutinousness, glutinosity[obs3], gummosity[obs3]. {{result_of}} thickening, setting, gelation, congelation, inspissation, incrassation[obs3]. {{property_of}} semisolid, gel, jell, gelatin, gluten; paste. {{property_of}} extract. isinglass. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.2.16, jelly, jam, preserve}}. {{part_of(semisolid): marsh &c. R345}}. {{property_of}} starch, gluten, glair[obs3]; gum, size. {{property_of: agar gel, agar}}. V. gel, congeal. clot. Adj. gelatinous, albuminous, gelatin, mucilaginous, glutinous, glutenous, mastic, amylaceous[obs3], ropy, clammy, clotted. semisolid. P2.2.2.2.2.3 PULPINESS #354. Pulpiness. N. pulpiness, mushiness; doughiness. {{property_of}} pulp, dough, curd, pap, pudding. {{property_of}} poultice, rob[obs2], grume[obs3]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(food)}} mush; oatmeal; baby food; pabulum. {{has_subtype(pulp)}} {{derived_from(pulp paper)}} wood pulp. Adj. pulpy, mushy; doughy. <-- pultaceous[obs3], grumous[obs3]; baccate[obs3]. --> P2.2.2.2.2.4 BUBBLE #353. Bubble. N. bubble. {{member_of}} {{has_large_quantity}} foam, froth, head, spume, lather, suds. effervescence, fermentation; bubbling &c. v.. V. bubble. boil; foam, froth. mantle, sparkle, guggle[obs3], gurgle. effervesce, ferment, fizzle. cavitate. Adj. bubbling &c. v.; frothy, nappy[obs3], effervescent, sparkling, mousseux[French: frothy], up. <-- This entry is for a cloud, generally (a finely divided liquid suspended in a gas). The weather cloud is at P2.7.2.1.1 [[cloud]] --> P2.2.2.2.2.5 CLOUD #353a. Cloud. N. {{constitutes(fluid)}} {{location_of(gas)}} {{property_of(finely divided, @R330)}} cloud, vapor, fog, mist, haze; billow. steam. nebula. {[in_frame(astronomy)]} {{has_subtype(nebula): @P2.3.1.1.3, celestial nebula, astral nebula, galaxy, star cluster}}. {[in_frame(weather/atmosphere)]} {{has_subtype(cloud): @P2.7.2.1.1, scud, nimbus, cumulus, cirrus, stratus, cirrostratus, cumulostratus, cirrocumulus, curl cloud, thunderhead}}. {{studied_in(cloud)}} nephanalysis, cloud science, nephelognosy[obs3], nephology[obs3]. {{&caused_by: @P2.7.2.4, geyser}}. {{has_property: translucence, @R427}}. {{has_property: cloudiness &c. (opacity) R426; nebulosity &c. (dimness) R422; turbidity, R426a}}. {{measured_by(turbidity): nephelometer, turbidimeter}}. {{has_measure(cloudiness)}} light scattering, scattering; degree of scattering. {{similar_to}} spray, sea spray, surf, spindrift. {{function_of(create[obj=mist])}} mister, vaporizer. V. cloud up, become cloudy. become overcast. Adj. cloudy, hazy, misty, foggy, vaporous; nebulous, overcast, thunderheaded[obs3]. {{caused_by}} cloud-forming, cloud-making, nubiferous[obs3]. Phr. "the lowring element scowls o'er the darkened landscip" [Paradise Lost]. <-- divide R355 into oily (liquid) and greasy, soapy (slippery solids) --> P2.2.2.2.2.6 OILINESS #355. Oiliness. N. oiliness, unctuousness, unctuosity[obs3]; slipperiness. lubricity. {{property_of: @R356, ointment, oil}}. {{property_of: lubricant, R332}}. {{has_function}} anointment. {{has_function(oil, R356): lubrication &c. R332}}. V. oil &c. (lubricate) R332. Adj. unctuous, oily, oleaginous, unguinous[obs3]; slippery. Phr. smooth as silk; slippery as an eel; slippery as coonshit on a pump handle[vulg]; slippery as a greased pig. P2.2.2.2.2.7 GREASINESS #355a. Greasiness. N. {{similar_to(unctuousness, R355)}} greasiness, fattiness. soapiness. {{property_of: grease, @R356b}}. {{has_function(grease): lubrication &c. R332}}. {{property_of: @R356b, fat, lard, soap, butter}}. Adj. fat, fatty, greasy, adipose, sebaceous; buttery, butyraceous; soapy, saponaceous[obs3]; pinguid, lardaceous[obs3]; slippery, slick. V. grease. saponify. <-- oil & resin to physical objects P2.3.2 356. Oil 356a. Resin --> <-- [[lifeprop]] --> P2.2.3 PROPERTY OF LIVING THINGS N. {{has_property(living organic object, P2.3.2)}} property of living thing. <-- [[life]] --> P2.2.3.1 LIFE #359. Life. N. {{has_property(living organic object, P2.3.2.1)}} life, vitality, viability, living; animation; vital spark, vital flame, soul, spirit. {{has_subtype(living[mode=with difficulty])}} {{has_low_quality(living)}} {{conceptual_part_of(bare sufficiency)}} subsistence, subsisting. {{has_subtype(living)}} {[after(event, @R680)]} {{has_subtype(surviving, @R40)}} {{has_subtype(persistence, @R141)}} surviving. {{has_subtype}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} animal life. {{exhibits}} {{has_subtype(growth, @R161)}} growth, growing. {{has_subtype(growth[of=plant, R367])}} plant growth. {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} respiration, wind; breath of life, breath of one's nostrils. {{has_requirement(respiration): oxygen, P2.3.1.2.2.8; air, R338}}. {{function_of(assist[obj=respiration])}} {{has_subtype(therapeutic device, @P2.6.4.8)}} respirator, artificial respirator, heart and lung machine, iron lung. lifeblood; Archeus[obs3]. {{causes: existence[of=individual, @R87], R1}}. vivification; vital force; vitalization; revivification &c. R163; Prometheus; life to come &c. (destiny) R152. {{studied_in: biology, @P2.6.4}}. {{requires: @R298, nourishment, food}}. {{has_property: @P2.6.4.2, genetics, heredity, inheritance}}. {{has_property: @P2.6.4.3, evolution, natural selection}}. {{has_property: reproduction, R163}}. {{property_of: animal[1], R366; vegetable &c. R367}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(artificial, @P2.3.1.3)}} artificial life, robot, robotics, artificial intelligence. [vital signs] breathing, breathing rate, heartbeat, pulse, temperature. preservation of life, healing (medicine) R662. {{&caused_by}} {{&followed_by(clinical death, @P2.2.3.2)}} resuscitation, rebirth, revival, reanimation, revivification. {{similar_to(resuscitation): restoration &c. R660}}. {{has_subtype(rebirth)}} resurrection, reappearance, palingenesis[obs3]. {{has_subtype(rebirth)}} {{has_subtype(incarnation, @R21)}} reincarnation. {{has_subtype(resurrection)}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} apotheosis, deification. {{has_instance(resurrection)}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Phoenix. {{has_instance(resurrection)}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} resurrection of Christ; reincarnation of Buddha; atavism. <-- see ref 1 about existence --> V. {{has_subtype(exist, R1)}} live, breathe, be alive &c. adj.. respire. {{has_low_quality}} {{conceptual_part_of(bare sufficiency)}} {{contrast_to(thrive)}} {{has_subtype(live[mode=with difficulty])}} subsist. {{has_subtype(live)}} {[after(event, @R680)]} {{has_subtype(survive, @R40)}} {{has_subtype(persist, @R141)}} {{&exhibits(living thing)}} survive. walk the earth; "strut and fret one's hour upon the stage" [Macbeth]; be spared. see the light, be born, come into the world, fetch breath, draw breath, fetch the breath of life, draw the breath of life; quicken; revive; come to life. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(produce, R161): @R163, give birth to, bear; reproduce}}. {{caused_by}} bring to life, put into life, vitalize; vivify, vivificate[obs3]. {{helped_by}} {{has_subtype(be maintained, @R670)}} keep alive, keep body and soul together, keep the wolf from the door; support life. {{caused_by(rebirth)}} {{has_subtype(restore, R660)}} revive, regenerate, revivify, resuscitate, reanimate. {{has_process(live)}} {{has_subtype(grow, @R194)}} grow. {{has_process(grow)}} {{has_subtype(accrete[ptnt=mass, P2.2.1.5], @R35)}} put on weight. {{has_process(grow)}} {{has_subtype(accrete, @R35)}} {[with_obj(mass, P2.2.1.5/weight, @P2.2.1.5)]} put on. {{has_excess(put on weight)}} {{has_subtype(become[obj=obese, @R192], R144)}} [intransitive] get fat, get heavy, get obese, become fat, become overweight. have nine lives like a cat. Adj. {{has_property(living organic object, P2.3.2.1)}} living, alive. in life, in the flesh, in the land of the living; on this side of the grave, above ground, breathing, quick, animated; animative[obs3]; all alive and kicking; tenacious of life; full of life, yeasty. {{entailed_by: lively &c. (active) R682}}. {{has_subtype(living[mode=with difficulty])}} subsisting. {{has_subtype(living)}} {{property_of(uncontrolled, @R748)}} wild. {{antonym_of(wild)}} {{property_of(controlled, @R751)}} domesticated; captive. vital, vitalic[obs3]; vivifying, vivified &c. v.; viable, zoetic[obs3]; Promethean. Adv. vivendi causa[Lat]. Phr. atqui vivere militare est [Lat][Seneca]; non est vivere sed valere vita [Lat][Martial]. <-- this "death" is an event. [[death]]--> P2.2.3.2 DEATH #360. Death. N. {{!!causes(killing, P2.2.3.3)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} death[1], decease, demise, departure from this life, dying. stroke of death. dissolution, departure, obit, release, rest, quietus, fall. {{mcauses}} loss, bereavement. {{manifestation_of}} mortality, morbidity. end of life, close of life, termination of life; conclusion of one's existence; cessation of life; loss of life, extinction of life, ebb of life. {{has_subtype(clinical death)}} cardiac arrest, heart failure, heart stoppage; brain death, lack of brain waves, lack of brain function. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(command, R741)}} death warrant. {{&!follows}} death watch. {{has_metaphor(imminent danger[of=death])}} jaws of death, hand of death. <-- is the valley of death a place of peril, or simply literally a place where people have died? We consider it as peril, but any corrections are welcome --> {{has_metaphor(danger[1][of=death], R665)}} shades of death, valley of death. {{ifollows}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} last act, swan song[metaph.], chant du cygne[Fr][metaph.]. {{causes}} {{precedes}} {{has_subtype(physiological condition, @R7b)}} {{&has_property(corpse, @R362)}} rigor mortis[Lat]. {{has_metaphor}} Stygian shore. {{has_location}} {{has_subtype(bed, P2.3.1.3.20.2)}} death bed. {{has_temporal_loc}} {{has_subtype(day, @R108)}} dying day. {{follows}} {{temporal_location_of(dying day)}} agonies of death, dying breath, dying agonies, last breath, last gasp, last agonies, death rattle. {{has_metaphor}} King of terrors, King Death; Death; doom &c. (necessity) R601; "Hell's grim Tyrant" [Pope]. natural death. {{&causes}} near-death experience. {{&caused_by}} euthanasia; break up of the system; drowining, watery grave; suffocation, asphyxia; cause of death. {{&caused_by(natural death): fatal disease &c. (disease) R655}}. {{&caused_by(natural death)}} death from old age, natural decay, debt of nature. {{&caused_by}} {{alternative_to(natural death): death blow &c. (killing) R361}}. sudden death, violent death; untimely end. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(condition/state)}} lifelessness, death[2], eternal rest, eternal sleep. {{has_subtype(death[2])}} clinical death. necrology, bills of mortality, obituary; death song &c. (lamentation) R839. V. [intransitive] die, expire, pass away, perish, succumb, meet one's death, meet one's end, be taken; yield one's breath, resign one's breath; resign one's being, resign one's life; end one's days, end one's life, end one's earthly career, breathe one's last, cease to live, cease to breathe; depart this life, go off, drop off, pop off, lose one's life, lay down one's life, relinquish one's life, surrender one's life, drop into the grave, sink into the grave, close one's eyes. {{has_result(die)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} be dead, be gone, be no more. {[with_object(cause of death)]} succumb to, die of, die from. fall dead, drop dead, fall down dead, drop down dead, bite the dust; break one's neck; give up the ghost, yield up the ghost; be all over with one; shuffle off this mortal coil[poetic][Hamlet]. {{has_synonym}} {{property_of(colloquial)}} kick the bucket, buy the farm, check out, pay the debt to nature, take one's last sleep; go the way of all flesh; hand in one's checks, pass in one's checks, hand in one's chips, pass in one's chips [U.S.]; join the greater number, join the majority; come to dust, turn to dust; cross the Stygian ferry, cross the bar; go to one's long account, go to one's last home, go to Davy Jones's locker, go to the wall; receive one's death warrant, make one's will, step out, go out like the snuff of a candle; come to an untimely end; catch one's death; go off the hooks, hop the twig, turn up one's toes. {{antonym_of(be killed, @R361)}} die a natural death. {{alternative_to(die a natural death): die a violent death (be killed) R361}}. Adj. dead, lifeless. deceased, demised, departed, defunct, extinct; late, gone, no more; exanimate[obs3], inanimate; in the grave, lying in the grave; out of the world, taken off, released; departed this life &c. v.; dead and gone; dead as a doornail, dead as a doorpost[obs3], dead as a mutton, dead as a herring, dead as nits[obs2]; launched into eternity, gone to one's eternal reward, gone to meet one's maker, pushing up daisies, gathered to one's fathers, numbered with the dead. dying &c. v.; moribund, morient[obs1]; hippocratic; in articulo, in extremis; in the jaws of death, in the agony of death; going off; aux abois[Fr]; one one's last legs, on one's death bed; at the point of death, at death's door, at the last gasp; near one's end, given over, booked; with one foot in the grave, tottering on the brink of the grave. stillborn; mortuary. {[causing(death): @R361, deadly, fatal, mortal]}. Adv. post obit, post mortem[Lat]. Phr. "Rage, rage against the passing of the light! do not go gently into that good night." [Dylan Thomas]. nothing is certain but death and taxes; life ebbs, life fails, life hangs by a thread; one's days are numbered, one's hour is come, one's race is run, one's doom is sealed; Death knocks at the door, Death stares one in the face; the breath is out of the body; the grave closes over one; sic itur ad astra [Lat][Vergil]; de mortuis nil nisi bonum[Lat]; dulce et decorum est pro patria mori [Lat][Horace]; honesta mors turpi vita potior [Lat][Tacitus]; "in adamantine chains shall death be bound" [Pope]; mors ultima linea rerum est [Lat][Girace]; ominia mors aequat [Lat][Claudianus]; "Spake the grisly Terror" [Paradise Lost]; "the lone couch of this everlasting sleep" [Shelley]; "Now he belongs to the ages."[Seward, about Lincoln]; "Now comes the mystery."[last words, Henry Ward Beecher, 1887]. <-- belongs elsewhere? Actions of people. --> <-- [Destruction of live; violent death.] [[kill]] --> P2.2.3.3 KILLING #361. Killing. N. killing, slaying, putting to death. {{!!causes: death, P2.2.3.2}}. massacre; fusillade, noyade[obs3]. suffocation, strangulation, garrote; hanging &c. v.; lapidation[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} homicide, manslaughter, murder, assassination, trucidation[obs1], iccusion[obs1]. {{has_metaphor(homicide)}} blood, bloodshed, blood shed, gore. {{has_high_quantity}} slaughter, carnage, butchery, battue[obs3]. {{has_subtype(homicide)}} {{hperforms(intermediary, @R758)}} contract killing. {{has_subtype(homicide)}} {{hperforms(hit man)}} hit. {[with_obj(group)]} extermination, extirpation. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} thuggery, Thuggism[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} deathblow, finishing stroke, coup de grace, quietus. {{has_subtype: judicial murder, execution}}. {{property_of(ideological/religious)}} martyrdom. {[with_obj(self)]} suicide, felo de se[obs3], hara-kiri[Jap]. suttee, Juggernath[obs3]. {{used_in(fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1)}} immolation, auto da fe, holocaust. {{uses: deadly weapon &c. (arms) R727}}. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} slaughtering, phthisozoics[obs3]. {{has_subtype(killing[ptnt=beast, @R366]): @M7.1.2.1.2.3, sport, sporting, the chase, venery, hunting, coursing, shooting, fishing, pig-sticking, trapping, bull fighting}}. {{has_subtype(fishing)}} fly fishing. {{&caused_by}} fatal accident, violent death. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]}{{produces}} {{has_subtype(dead person)}} casualty, victim. {[of(fetus)]} abortion. {{performed_by(abortion)}} abortionist. {[of(animal[2], R366)]} {{performed_by}} sportsman; hunter, huntsman; fisherman; Nimrod; butcher. {{has_location(slaughtering)}} slaughterhouse, meat packing plant, shambles, abattoir. {{&has_method}} decapitation. {{has_subtype: execution &c. (capital punishment) R972}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(punishment)}} {{property_of(legal)}} {{hperforms(government)}} capital punishment. <-- Aceldama[obs3]. ?? --> V. [transitive] kill, put to death, slay, shed blood; take away life, deprive of life. [transitive] murder, assassinate, butcher, slaughter, victimize, immolate; massacre; make away with, put an end to; despatch, dispatch; burke, settle, do for. {{has_method}} [transitive] strangle, garrote, throttle, choke, stifle, suffocate, stop the breath, smother, asphyxiate; drown. {{has_subtype(garotte)}} {{used_in(rope, @R205/cord, @R205/noose, @R975)}} {{has_subtype(hang, @R214): @R972, hang}}. {{has_method}} [transitive] saber; cut down, cut to pieces, cut the throat; jugulate[obs3]; stab, run through the body, bayonet, eviscerate; put to the sword, put to the edge of the sword. shoot dead; blow one's brains out; brain, knock on the head; stone, lapidate[obs3]; give a deathblow; deal a deathblow; give a quietus, give a coupe de grace. behead, bowstring, electrocute, gas &c. (execute) R972. hunt, shoot &c. n.. cut off, nip in the bud, launch into eternity, send to one's last account, sign one's death warrant, strike the death knell of. give no quarter, pour out blood like water; decimate; run amuck; wade knee deep in blood, imbrue one's hands in blood. die a violent death, welter in one's blood; dash out one's brains, blow out one's brains; commit suicide; kill oneself, make away with oneself, put an end to oneself, put an end to it all. Adj. killing &c. v.; murderous, slaughterous; sanguinary, sanguinolent[obs3]; blood stained, blood thirsty; homicidal, red handed; bloody, bloody minded; ensanguined[obs3], gory; thuggish. mortal, fatal, lethal; dead, deadly; mortiferousa[Lang?], lethiferous[obs3]; unhealthy &c. R657; internecine; suicidal. sporting; piscatorial, piscatory[obs3]. Adv. in at the death. P2.2.3.4 INTERMENT #363. Interment. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{purpose_of(disposal[ptnt=corpse, R362], @R782)}} {{has_subtype(locating[ptnt=corpse, R362], R184)}} interment, burial, sepulture[obs3], inhumation[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(tomb)}} entombment. {{has_patient: corpse, R362}}. obsequies, exequies[obs3]; wake. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(burning[ptnt=corpse, R362])}} {{has_purpose(crematory)}} {{!+has_activity(crematory)}} cremation. {{&uses(cremation)}} {{has_subtype(open fire)}} pyre, funeral pile. {{&!follows}} {{has_subtype(ceremony, @M7.3.5.1.2.1/rite, R998)}} funeral, funeral rite, funeral solemnity, funeral service. {{!follow(funeral): death[of=corpse], R360}}. {{follows}} {{has_method(preservation[ptnt=corpse, R362], R670)}} embalming. {{has_subtype(embalming)}} mummification[ancient Egypt]. {{forms(mummification): mummy}}. kneel. passing bell, tolling; cypress; orbit, dead march, muffled drum; mortuary, undertaker, mute; elegy; epitaph. {{has_process(funeral)}} {{has_subtype(oration, R586)}} funeral oration, funeral sermon. {{&uses(funeral)}} {{has_subtype(music): dirge &c. (lamentation) R839}}. {{&uses}} {{may_wear(corpse)}} graveclothes[obs3], shroud, winding sheet, cerecloth. cerement. {{+!uses}} {{has_subtype(container)}} coffin, shell, sarcophagus. {{+!uses}} {{has_subtype(container)}} urn, funerary urn. pall, bier, hearse, catafalque, cinerary urn[obs3]. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(container)}} {{has_subtype(pit, @R260)}} grave, pit, sepulcher, tomb, final resting place. {{has_subtype(tomb)}} {{rel_loc_of(above[loc=ground], @R183)}} {{has_subtype(building)}} vault, crypt; catacomb; mausoleum, Golgotha, house of death, narrow house. {{performed_at}} {{+!location_of(tomb/grave/mausoleum/crypt)}} cemetery, necropolis; burial place, burial ground; grave yard, church yard; God's acre. tope, cromlech, barrow, tumulus, cairn; ossuary; bone house, charnel house, dead house; lich gate[obs3]; burning ghat[obs3]. crematorium, crematory. dokhma[obs3], mastaba[obs3], stupa[obs3], Tower of Silence. {{has_subtype(cemetary)}} {{performed_at(inter[obj=pauper])}} potter's field. morgue. {{job_of(dig out[obj=grave], @P2.6.1.2.4.3.1)}} gravedigger. {{&performed_by(dig out[obj=grave], @P2.6.1.2.4.3.1)}} {{has_worker(church, @R1000)}} sexton. {{++has_part(grave)}} {{has_subtype(memorial, @P2.3.1.3.10)}} monument, cenotaph, shrine; grave stone, head stone, tomb stone; memento mori[Lat]; hatchment[obs3], stone; obelisk, pyramid. {{has_inverse}} {{has_subtype(removal[ptnt=corpse][from=grave])}} exhumation, disinterment. necropsy, autopsy, post mortem examination[Lat]; zoothapsis[obs3]. V. inter, bury; lay in the grave, consign to the grave, lay in the tomb, entomb, in tomb; inhume; lay out, perform a funeral, embalm, mummify; toll the knell; put to bed with a shovel; inurn[obs3]. exhume, disinter, unearth. Adj. burried &c. v.; burial; mortuary, sepulchral, cinerary[obs3]; elegiac; necroscopic[obs3]. {{referring_to(funeral)}} funerary, funereal, funebrial[obs3]. Adv. in memoriam; post obit, post mortem[Lat]; beneath the sod. Phr. hic jacet[Lat], ci-git[Fr]; RIP[acron], requiescat in pace[Lat]; "the lone couch of his everlasting sleep" [Shelley]; "without a grave-unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown" [Byron]; "in the dark union of insensate dust" [Byron]; "the deep cold shadow of the tomb" [Moore]. <-- renumbered P2.2.5, properties of living things to P2.2.3. Then renumbered P2.2.4, Properties of humans, to P2.2.3.5 --> <-- [OTHER THAN P2.2.3 AND P2.2.5] --> P2.2.3.5 PROPERTIES OF HUMANS N. property of humans. <-- HUman condition, R7b, P2.2.3.5.1 although the general concept of state applies to humans in the general sense, the nuance expressed in "what shape is he in now?" warrants a separate sense. This entry concerns mental state, physical state, and also external circumstances. Question: does a mood or frame of mind form a type of human condition, or is it a factor affecting the human condition? We classify it as a part("internal"), but we need more info on usage. ??? One problem in describing certain nominalized qualities such as "fitness" is that the word used to mean the "degree or measure of fitness" is also used to mean the high degree of that measure. (also see "goodness", "strength"). In language understanding, this ambiguity must be part of the general understanding mechanism. --> P2.2.3.5.1 HUMAN CONDITION #7b. Human Condition. N. {{has_state(human)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7, @A1.1.4)}} human condition, state, condition, shape, status. {{property_of(internal)}} {{has_part(human condition): @M3.3.2, @R821, mood, frame of mind}}. {{affected_by}} {{has_property(body, R1001)}} {{has_subtype(state[of=body, R1001], R7)}} {{affected_by(inherited characteristic/environment[2], @R227)}} constitution, bodily constitution, state of health, complexion[obs2]. {{has_part(state of health)}} {{has_subtype(state[of=body, R1001], R7)}} physiological condition, physiological state. {{has_subtype(physiological state): unconsciousness, @R376; drunkenness, @R959; anaesthesia}}. <-- this sense of "trim, shape, condition" is mostly used in the phrase "in shape", "in condition", "in trim" --> {{has_high_quality(constitution)}} fitness[1], physical fitness, trim[1], shape[1], condition[2], good shape, good trim, good condition. {{property_of(physical fitness)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} physically fit person. {{has_measure(constitution)}} fitness[2], trim[2], shape[2], physical condition, condition[3]. {{facilitates(physical fitness): good health, R654}}. {{has_low_quality(constitution)}} {{has_subtype(tendency[to=disease, R655], R176)}} poor constitution, diathesis, sickly constitution, frailness. {{facilitates(diathesis): sickness, @P2.6.4.1.2.1}}. {{affected_by}} {{has_property(human)}} {{property_of(external, @R220a)}} {{has_subtype(circumstances, @R183a)}} {{conceptual_part_of(surroundings, R227)}} situation, lot, circumstances, estate. {{has_conceptual_part: mortality, @R111}}. {{affected_by: human trait, M4.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(situation)}} {{has_high_quality}} comfort, ease. {{has_subtype(situation)}} {{has_low_quality}} discomfort, unease. {{has_high_intensity(discomfort)}} {{conceptual_part_of(difficulty, R704)}} predicament, pickle, plight, pass, bad situation, nasty situation. {{has_high_intensity(nasty situation)}} horrendous situation. {{has_subtype(situation)}} {{has_subtype(predicament)}} {{conceptual_part_of($choice[num=2], M7.R1)}} dilemma. &&{{property_of($choice[num=2]): harmful, R649}}. Adj. {{has_property(state)}} in a state, in a condition. Adv. in a state, in a condition. {{has_high_quality}} in good condition, fine, doing well, doing OK. {{has_property(physically fit person)}} physically fit, in good condition, in trim, in shape, in condition. {{has_low_quality}} in bad condition, in a bad situation, in poor condition. {{has_subtype(in a bad situation)}} {{has_subtype(in danger, @R665)}} in a predicament, in a pickle, at a sorry pass, in a plight, in a perplexing situation, in a trying situation. {{has_subtype(in a predicament)}} {{conceptual_part_of($choice[num=2], M7.R1)}} in a dilemma. &&{{property_of($choice[num=both]): harmful, R649}}. {{has_metaphor(in a dilemma)}} on the horns of a dilemma, between the devil and the deep blue sea, between a rock and a hard place. Phr. "How are you?", "How are you doing?", "How are things?". P2.2.3.5.2 ABILITY N. {{has_subtype(power, R157)}} {{has_property(animal, R366)}} ability, faculty, quality, attribute, endowment, property, qualification, virtue. {{has_high_quality}} gift, talent. {{has_high_quality(talent)}} genius. quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent [Latin]. {{conceptual_part_of: expertise (skill) R698}}. {{&caused_by: training; experience}}. {{&caused_by}} {{property_of(inherited)}} innate talent. {{has_subtype(ability[for=physical activity, P2.8])}} physical ability, physical capacity. {{has_subtype(physical ability): sense}}. <-- [PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF HUMANS] [[TRAIT]] --> <-- Note that entries for specific types of individuals with particular traits are found at Character, P2.3.2.3.6.4. --> <-- Physical characteristics here, in the "physical universe" section, refers to the physically observable behavior which is a manifestation of the underlying personality. The personality qualities are listed separately as a mental phenomenon under Affections, R820, at M3.3.1, and BEHAVIORAL characteristics of humans are found under "trait", in the section M4.2, properties of the affective faculty . The concept of Habit, R613, at M7.1.1, is also retained as a general mental property under "Volition". --> <-- This list of physical traits are characteristic of some people, but not all! Note the "&" in the first paragraph. --> P2.2.3.5.3 HUMAN PHYSICAL TRAITS <-- P2.2.3.2.1.1 giant and P2.2.3.2.1.2 stranger moved to character (people with certain properties) P2.3.2.3.6.4.3 should add size, strength, color, attractiveness, disability, etc. --> N. {{&has_property(person, P2.3.2.3)}} physical trait, physical characteristic. P2.2.3.5.3.1 YOUTH (R127) #127. Youth. N. {{has_trait(youngster, R129, P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.4)}} youth; juvenility, juvenescence[obs3]; juniority[obs3]. childhood, boyhood, girlhood, youthhood[obs3]; incunabula; minority, nonage, tender age, bloom. {{has_beginning}} birth. {{has_temporal_part}} {{has_extreme}} infancy, babyhood. {{has_temporal_part}} teens. {{has_temporal_part}} puberty, pucelage[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(infancy)}} cradle, nursery. {{has_temporal_part}} school days, pupilage. prime of life, flower of life, springtime of life, springtide of life[obs3], seed-time of life, golden season of life, heyday of youth. next generation, rising generation, the future of the world, the future of our country. {{developmental_form_of: person}}. {{precedes: adolescence}}. Adj. young, youthful, juvenile, green, callow, budding, sappy, puisne, beardless, under age, in one's teens; in statu pupillari[Lat]; younger, junior; hebetic[obs3], unfledged. teen; pubescent. Phr. "youth on the prow and pleasure at the helm" [Gray]; " youth . . . the glad season of life" [Carlyle]. <-- in Roget, the entry "AGE" refers to human old age. WE leave it that way. Here "primogeniture appears twice, as the tradition, and as a property of the firstborn. Two different senses. --> P2.2.3.5.3.2 AGE (R128) #128. Age. N. {{has_subtype(oldness, R124)}} {{antonym_of(youth, P2.2.3.5.3.1)}} age, oldness, old age, advanced age. golden years. years, gray hairs, anility[obs3]. climacteric, grand climacteric, declining years, decrepitude, hoary age, caducity[obs3], superannuation; dotage. vale of years, decline of life, "sear and yellow leaf" [Macbeth]; three-score years and ten; green old age, ripe age, ripe old age; time of life. {{&co-occurs_with}} second childhood, second childishness. {{has_extreme}} superannuation. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(lifetime, @R108)}} {{property_of(long, @R110)}} longevity, long life. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(comparison)}} {{property_of(older)}} seniority, eldership. {{property_of(seniority): @P2.3.2.3.6.2.1, firstling, firstborn, eldest}}. doyen, father. {{has_property(firstborn)}} {{has_subtype(state[of=firstborn], R7)}} primogeniture[1]. {{has_subtype(tradition)}} {{has_subtype(right, @R924)}} primogeniture[2]. {{studied_in}} geriatrics, nostology[obs1]. {{developmental_form_of: human}}. {{antonym_of(P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.5, adult): P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.4, infant}}. {{trait_of: old person, R130, P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.5.1}}. {{follows: adulthood, maturity}}. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(disease): @R499, senility, senile dementia; senescence}}. {{has_instance(senile dementia): Alzheimer's disease}}. V. be aged &c. adj.; grow old, get old &c. adj.; age; decline, wane, dodder; senesce. Adj. {{has_subtype(old, R124)}} aged; elderly, geriatric. matronly, anile[obs1]. ripe, mellow; gray, gray-headed; hoar, hoary; venerable, time-worn, antiquated. passe, effete. decrepit, superannuated, run to seed, declining, waning, past one's prime; advanced in life; stricken in years. on in years, getting on in years, advanced in years. long in the tooth, marked with the crow's foot, wrinkled; having one foot in the grave; like the last of pea time. {{&causes(old age)}} senile, addled. doting &c. (imbecile) R499. older, elder, oldest, eldest; senior; firstborn; ichiban[Jap]. turned of, years old; of a certain age, no spring chicken, old as Methuselah; ancestral; patriarchal &c. (ancient) R124; gerontic[obs3]. Adv. pro tempore[Lat], pro tem[Lat]. Phr. "give me a staff of honor for my age" [Titus Andronicus]; bis pueri senes[Lat][obs3]; peu de gens savent elre vieux[Fr]; plenus annis abiit plenus honoribus [Lat][Pliny the Younger]; "old age is creeping on apace" [Byron]; "slow-consuming age" [Gray]; "the hoary head is a crown of glory" [Proverbs xvi, 31]; "the silver livery of advised age" [II Henry VI]; to grow old gracefully; "to vanish in the chinks that Time has made" [Rogers]. P2.2.3.5.3.3 ADOLESCENCE (R131) #131. Adolescence. N. adolescence, pubescence. spring of life. {{developmental_form_of: human}}. {{precedes: adulthood, maturity}}. {{follows: youth}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.4, adolescent, young adult, teenager}}. V. grow up, mature. Adj. adolescent, pubescent. P2.2.3.5.3.4 ADULTHOOD (R131A) #131a. Adulthood. N. {{property_of(ADULT, P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.5)}} adulthood, majority; adultism; adultness; maturity full age, ripe age; flower of age; prime of life, meridian of life. {{property_of(male, @R366)}} manhood, virility. {{property_of: man &c. R373; woman &c. R374}}. {{property_of}} adult, no chicken. {{developmental_form_of: human}}. {{follows: adolescence}}. {{precedes: age}}. V. come of age, come to man's estate, come to years of discretion; attain majority, assume the toga virilis[Lat]; have cut one's eyeteeth, have sown one's wild oats. Adj. adult, grown up, mature, full grown, in one's majority; in one's prime, of age; middle-aged; of full age, of ripe age; out of one's teens; sexually mature. {{has_property(male, @R366)}} manly, virile. {{has_property(female)}} womanly, matronly; marriageable, nubile. {{&has_property(female)}} {{&has_part(beautiful)}} buxom, big-breasted, well built[coll], stacked[coll.]. P2.2.3.5.3.5 SPASTICITY N. spasticity, lack of coordination. {{has_symptom}} staggers, megrims, fit; carphology[obs3], chorea, floccillation[obs3]. epilepsy. the jerks, "St. Vitus's dance", tilmus[obs3]. {{has_symptom}} throb, palpitation. {{has_symptom}} spasm, throe, convulsion. Adj. spastic. convulsive, convulsing, epileptic; jerky, jerking, uncoordinated. P2.2.3.5.3.6 STRENGTH N. {{has_subtype(strength, A7.3.1.R1)}} {{has_high_level(physical ability, @P2.2.3.5.2)}} strength, physical strength, vitality, physical ability. {{has_high_level}} stoutness, brawniness, strong build, athletic build, muscularity. nerve, brawn, muscle, sinew, thews and sinews, physique, lustihood[obs3], athleticism[obs3]; pith, pithiness. {[of(man, R373)]} virility. {{required_for}} athletics; gymnastics; feat of strength. {{trait_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.24, athlete, gymnast, acrobat, superman, strong man}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(persistence[of=strength])}} endurance, stamina. {{facilitates(brawniness): feat of strength}}. {{has_subtype(feat of strength): lift[obj=heavy weight, @P2.3.1.3.1.3.2], @R781}}. V. be physically fit, be able-bodied. {{has_high_level}} be strong. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(strengthen, @A7.3.1.R1)}} strengthen, invigorate, brace, nerve, energize. gird up one's loins, brace up one's loins; recruit, set on one's legs; vivify; refresh &c. R689; refect[obs3]. {{facilitates(strength/brawniness)}} {{has_subtype(defeat, @R731)}} {[in_frame(hand-to-hand combat/combat sport)]} overmatch. Adj. {{property_of(strength)}} strong, able-bodied; athletic; Herculean, Cyclopean. Atlantean[obs3]; muscular, brawny, wiry, well-built, well-knit, broad-shouldered, sinewy, strapping, stalwart, gigantic. manly, man-like, manful; masculine, male, virile. stubborn, thick-ribbed, made of iron, deep-rooted; strong as a lion, strong as a horse, strong as an ox, strong as brandy; sound as a roach; in fine feather, in high feather; built like a brick shithouse; like a giant refreshed. invincible, unconquerable, indomitable, dominating, resistless; incontestable; more than a match for; overpowering, overwhelming; all powerful, all sufficient. Phr. "our withers are unwrung" [Hamlet]. Blut und Eisen[Ger]; coelitus mihi vires[Lat]; du fort au diable[Fr]; en habiles gens[Lat]; ex vi termini; flecti non frangi[Lat]; "he that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill" [Burke]; "inflexible in faith invincible in arms" [Beattie]. P2.2.3.5.3.7 DISABILITY N. {{contrast_to(strength, P2.2.3.5.3.6)}} {{has_low_level(physical ability, @P2.2.3.5.2)}} physical disability, handicap. <-- "inability" at R158 is an absence of ability, not just a low level --> {{has_extreme}} {{has_subtype(inability, R158)}} disability, incapacity. {{has_subtype(disability[to=see]): blindness, R442a}}. {{has_subtype(disability[to=hear]): deafness, R419}}. {{has_subtype(disability[to=move the body]): paralysis, @R655}}. lameness. {{property_of}} handicapped person, disabled person, "the lame, the halt, and the blind" [collective]. {{has_subtype(handicapped person)}} physically handicapped person. {{has_subtype(handicapped person)}} {{has_subtype(veteran)}} hanicapped veteran. {{has_subtype(handicapped person)}} {{property_of(mentally handicapped): mental defective, P2.3.2.3.6.4.10.2}}. {{has_subtype(physically handicapped person): cripple, @R655; blind person, @R442}}. {{has_subtype(physically handicapped person)}} {{property_of(deaf, @R419)}} deaf person. {{has_subtype(physically handicapped person)}} {{property_of($absence[of=limb, P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], @R2)}} amputee. &&{{caused_by($absence[of=limb, P2.3.2.2.3.2.3]): amputation, @P2.6.4.8.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(paralysis)}} {{affected_by(leg[num=2], @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} paraplegia. {{has_subtype(paralysis)}} {{affected_by(arm[num=2], @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3 + leg[num=2], @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} quadriplegia. {{has_subtype(physically handicapped person)}} paraplegic; quadriplegic. V. be handicapped, be disabled. Adj. handicapped. physically handicapped, physically challenged; mentally handicapped, mentally challenged. {{has_high_intensity}} disabled. <-- WAS P2.2.3.3 --> P2.2.3.5.4 TRAITS OF HUMAN GROUPS N. {{&!has_property_of(human group, P2.3.2.3.5)}} group phenomenon. <-- This "commotion" is a property: the action is at M7.3.5.1.2.2.3, civil disorder [[commotion] was P2.2.3.3.1--> P2.2.3.5.4.1 COMMOTION N. {{has_subtype(disturbance, chaos, disorder, R59)}} {{&has_property(human group)}} commotion, turmoil, agitation. {{property_of: civil disorder, M7.3.5.1.2.2.3}}. {{has_high_level: discord, M8.2.2.1.2}}. Adj. tumultuous, riotous, chaotic, agitated; disordered, disorderly. {{has_low_level}} perturbed, restless. [predicate adj] in tumult, in ferment, in chaos. Adv. riotously, tumultuously, chaotically. <-- [[MATERIALITY]] --> P2.2.4 SUBSTANTIALITY #3. Substantiality. N. materiality, substantiality, substance, hypostasis, substantialness; concrete reality, concrete existence. {[in_frame(mysticism)]} ectoplasm. Adj. {{has_property(matter, R316)}} material, substantial, real, physical, substantive, corporeal. sensible, tangible, ponderable, palpable. objective, impersonal, nonsubjective[obs3]. neuter, unspiritual, materialistic. somatic, bodily, corporal, somatoscopic[obs3]. hypostatic. Adv. substantially &c. adj.; bodily, essentially. <-- ------------------------------------------------------------ "Physical Objects" applies to anything with mass or energy, hence to anything observable by physical phenomena. The objects normally considered as "physical objects" here are defined as "palpable objects". The definiton of something as a "physical object" will default to "palpable object", which is the usual sense. Only palpable objects will inherit the usual characteristics of shape, color, etc. [[gas]] [[po]] [[PHYSOBJ]] (SYMBOL: PO) --> P2.3 PHYSICAL OBJECT N. {{property_of(materiality, R316, @P2.1)}} physical object, object, material object, item, thing, sucker[coll]. {{has_subtype: artifact, P2.3.1.3}}. {{alternative_to(artifact, P2.3.1.3)}} {{not_property_of(man-made)}} natural object. {{property_of(solidity): @P1.2.4.2.3.1, solid, solid body}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(fluidity, @P2.2.2.2.1): liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. {{constitutes(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(volume)}} body of liquid. {{property_of(gaseousness, R334): gas, @R334}}. plasma; radiation. {{property_of(indefinite)}} something, anything. {{has_property: mass; weight}}. {{has_property: $size}}. &&{{has_conceptual_part($size): @P1.2.4.2.3, $length, $width}}. &&{{has_orientation($length/$width): horizontal}}. {{has_property(solid body)}} {{has_subtype(length, P1.2.2.2.1.1): girth, P1.2.2.3.1.7.1}}. {{has_property(solid body)}} {{has_subtype(length, P1.2.2.2.1.1): $height, @P1.2.4.2.3}}. {{has_property(body of liquid)}} {{has_subtype(length, P1.2.2.2.1.1): $depth, @P1.2.4.2.3}}. &&{{has_orientation($depth): vertical}}. <-- For feret diameters, this is not correct unless the cross-section is rectangular??? --> {{has_sum(length + width): girth}}. {{has_property}} {{similar_to(girth): circumference}}. {{has_property: location}}. {{has_subtype}} tall object; short object. {{{has_relative_val(tall object^height + tall object^width): ">1"}}}. {{{has_relative_val(short object^height + short object^width): "<1"}}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(length[val <0.1nm], P1.2.2.2.1.1)}} subatomic particle. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(length[val <= 10 nm, >0.1nm], P1.2.2.2.1.1)}} molecular object. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(length[val >10 nm], P1.2.2.2.1.1)}} palpable object. {{has_property(palpable object): shape}}. {{has_property(palpable object): color}}. {{has_part(palpable object): surface}}. {{has_property(surface): texture, surface texture}}. {{has_part(palpable object)}} end; gable end, butt end, fag-end. {{has_subtype(end)}} {{has_subtype(tip, @R240)}} tip, nib, point. {{has_part(palpable object)}} front; tail &c. (rear) R235; top; bottom; verge &c. (edge) R231. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(moving)}} stream. <-- a "complex object" is one with distinguishable parts that can be separated from each other --> {{has_subtype}} complex object. {{has_part(complex object)}} component part, part, component, piece. {{property_of(hotness)}} hot object. {{property_of(coldness)}} cold object. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{has_part(plant, R367)}} juice; sap. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} gravy, sanies[obs3]. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{has_part(body): body fluid}}. {{has_property(solute)}} solubility, solubleness[obs3]. [Science of liquids at rest] {{studied_in(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} hydrology, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics. {{has_property(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} liquid volume. {{has_property(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(density): @P2.2.2, liquid density, specific gravity}}. {{measured_by(liquid density): hydrometer, areometer[obs3], @P2.3.1.3.12.3.1}}. {{part_of(physical object[num>1])}} physical system. {{has_conceptual_part(physical system): interaction[of=physical objects]}}. {{has_subtype(physical system)}} chemical system; biological system. {{studied_in(physical system): physical science; scientific research}}. Adj. physical. {{has_property(natural object)}} natural. {{antonym_of(natural): artifactual, @P2.3.1.3}}. <-- leave this entry as a comment R347. [Fluid in motion.] Stream. N. stream &c. (of water) R348, (of air) R349. flowmeter. V. flow &c. R348; blow &c. R349. --> <-- (SYM: POIN) [[INANIMATE]] --> P2.3.1 INANIMATE OBJECTS (R321 TO R356) N. inanimate object. P2.3.1.1 NATURAL INANIMATE OBJECTS (R337 TO R349) N. natural object. {{part_of}} nature, the natural world; the great outdoors. <-- note that earth is listed as consisting of inanimate matter. One may quibble, but we usually think of it that way, no? Also note that minerals are by definition not alive. They may be a part of something living, but the living object itself is not usually thought of as a mineral, and is not usefully classified as such, now matter how much mineral is included in the living form. [[NATURAL]] --> P2.3.1.1.1 NATURAL INANIMATE OBJECTS GENERALLY #358. Mineral world. N. {{consists_of(Earth, @P2.3.1.1.3.2)}} mineral world, mineral kingdom; unorganized matter, inorganic matter, brute matter, inanimate matter. <-- the "mineral" here is generally any natural thing not alive. The "mineral" (ores) from which useful substances are extracted is at P2.3.1.1.4.2. --> {{!!has_member}} {{property_of(inanimate)}} mineral. {{!!not_has_property(mineral): living, R359}}. sticks and stones. {{location_of(ground, @R342)}} ore. {{has_member: natural solid, P2.3.1.1.4}}. {{studied_in(mineral world/mineral)}} minerology. metallurgy, metallography[obs3]. {{studied_in(mineral world/Earth, @P2.3.1.1.3.2): @P2.3.1.1.1.R1, geology, geognosy[obs3], geoscopy[obs3]}}. <-- ; oryctology[obs1], oryctography[obs1] --> V. be mineral, have mineral character. {{&caused_by(be mineral)}} mineralize, fossilize; turn to dust. Adj. {{antonym_of(alive, R359)}} inorganic, inanimate, inorganized[obs3]; nonliving, abiotic, abiological, azoic. mineral; stone, lithic, lithoidal[obs3]. {{has_consequence(fossilize)}} fossilized. P2.3.1.1.1.R1 GEOLOGY N. {{studied_in(mineral world/Earth, @P2.3.1.1.3.2): geology, geognosy[obs3], geoscopy[obs3]}}. {{studies}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} geological process. {{has_subtype(geological process)}} {{!!formed_by(mountain, @R342)}} orogeny, mountain-building, orogenesis. {{++caused_by(orogeny)}} {{&causes(plate tectonics/subduction, @P2.7.2.2): folding[ptnt=Earth's crust], P2.4.2.4.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(geological process)}} {{formed_by(volcanic mountain)}} {{has_action(volcano)}} volcanism, vulcanism. {{has_subtype(geological process)}} {{has_process(volcanism): volcanic eruption, P2.7.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(geological process): @P2.7.2.2, earthquake, continental drift, subduction, seafloor spreading, rifting}}. <-- [[particle]] --> P2.3.1.1.2 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES AND WAVES N. {{property_of(subatomic, @R32)}} subatomic particle. {{studied_in}} {{has_subtype(physics, @P2.6.1)}} nuclear physics; particle physics. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(indivisible, @R50)}} fundamental particle. {{&has_property}} electric charge, electrical charge. {{causes(electric charge)}} {{has_subtype(force field, @P2.6.1.2.3)}} electric field, electrical field. {{has_subtype(force field, @P2.6.1.2.3)}} {{affected_by(atomic nucleus)}} strong force, strong attraction. {{has_subtype(force field, @P2.6.1.2.3)}} {{affected_by(radioactivity)}} weak force, weak attraction. {{has_subtype(electric charge)}} positive charge; negative charge; neutral charge. {{part_of(electrical charge)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} electrically charged object. {{has_subtype(electrically charged object)}} {{property_of(moving)}} moving charged object. {{has_subtype(electrically charged object)}} {{part_of(positive charge[num=>0])}} positively charged object. {{has_subtype(electrically charged object)}} {{part_of(negative charge[num=>0])}} negatively charged object. {{part_of(positive charge[num=>1])}} multiply positively charged object. {{part_of(negative charge[num=>1])}} multiply negatively charged object. {{causes(balance[of=electrical charge], @R30): neutral charge}}. {{causes(electric field): @P2.6.1.2.3.1, electric attraction}}. {{property_of(negatively charged)}} antiproton. {{property_of(positively charged)}} {{property_of(stable, R150)}} proton. {{property_of(neutrality)}} neutron. {{has_subtype(lepton)}} {{property_of(neutrality)}} neutrino; anitneutrino. {{has_subtype(neutrino)}} electron neutrino; muon neutrino; tauon neutrino. boson; hadron. gluon; meson. {{has_subtype(meson)}} pion, pi meson. {{has_subtype(fundamental particle)}} lepton. {{has_subtype(lepton)}} {{property_of(negative charge)}} {{property_of(stable, R150)}} electron. {{has_subtype(lepton)}} {{property_of(positive charge)}} positron, antielectron. {{has_subtype(lepton)}} {{has_subtype(meson)}} muon, mu meson; tauon, tau meson. {{has_subtype}} {{consist_of(electromagnetic wave, @P2.2.1.1.1): @P2.2.1.1.1, photon, wavicle}}. {{has_subtype(fundamental particle)}} {{has_part(proton/neutron)}} quark. {{has_subtype(quark)}} {{has_part(proton/neutron)}} {{property_of(stable)}} up quark, up; down quark, down. {{has_subtype(quark)}} charmed quark, charmed; strange quark, strange; top quark, top; bottom quark, bottom. {{has_subtype(fundamental particle)}} Z particle, Z; W particle, W. {{has_property(@R288, electric attraction)}} {{has_subtype(law of physics)}} inverse square law. {{has_action(magnetic field, @P2.6.1.2.3): accelerate[obj=moving charged object], @R274}}. V. {{has_action(positively charged object): repel[obj=positively charged object], R289}}. {{has_action(negatively charged object): repel[obj=negatively charged object], R289}}. {{has_action(negatively charged object): attract[obj=positively charged object], R288}}. {{has_action(positively charged object): attract[obj=negatively charged object], R288}}. Adj. {{has_property: subatomic, @R32}}. {{has_property(electrical charge)}} electrically charged. {{has_subtype_x(electrically charged): positively charged; negatively charged; neutral}}. {{has_subtype(electrically charged)}} {{has_property(positively charged object)}} positively charged. {{has_subtype(electrically charged)}} {{has_property(negatively charged object)}} negatively charged. {{has_property(neutral charge)}} neutral, uncharged. {{has_subtype(positively charged)}} {{has_property(multiply positively charged object)}} multiply positively charged. {{has_subtype(negatively charged)}} {{has_property(multiply negatively charged object)}} multiply negatively charged. {{has_subtype(electrically charged): ionized, @P2.6.2}}. <-- see also P.2.1 universe: much duplication --> <-- [[GALAXY]]] [[PLANET]][[sun]] --> P2.3.1.1.3 ASTRONOMICAL FORMATION N. {{has_part(universe, P2.1.2)}} {{property_of(extremely large)}} astronomical formation. {{exhibits: astronomical phenomena, P2.6.1.8}}. {{has_location(galaxy)}} heavens, sky, welkin[obs1], empyrean; starry cope, starry heaven, starry host; firmament; Midgard; supersensible regions[obs3]; varuna; vault of heaven, canopy of heaven; celestial sphere, celestial spaces. {{&has_part(galaxy)}} {{emitted_by(light)}} nebula. {{&has_subtype(galaxy)}} nebula, galactic nebula. {{has_subtype(nebula): celestial nebula, astral nebula; galaxy; star cluster}}. {{member_of(star)}} star group. {{has_subtype(star group)}} galaxy; star cluster. {{has_subtype(galaxy)}} spiral galaxy. {{has_instance(galaxy)}} {{has_location(Earth, P2.1.1.3.1)}} Milky Way galaxy, milky way, galactic circle, via lactea[Lat], ame no kawa [Jap: river of heaven]. {{has_part(galaxy)}} heavenly body. {{has_member(galaxy/star cluster)}} star system. {{emitted_by(light)}} {{has_part(star system)}} sun, star, fixed star. {{&has_part(star system): planet}}. {{has_subtype(star)}} day star, morning star; evening star. {{has_property(celestial body): $brightness}}. &&{{has_units($brightness)}} magnitude. {{has_part(star)}} photosphere, chromosphere. {{has_part(solar system)}} planet, wandering star; asteroid, planetoid; comet; moon, satellite; meteor, falling star, aerolite[obs3], shooting star, meteorite, uranolite[obs3], meteoroid; planetary ring. {{has_subtype(planet)}} inner planet; outer planet. {{has_subtype(planet)}} {{property_of(hugeness)}} gas giant. {{member_of(constellation)}} zodiac, signs of the zodiac. {{has_member(zodiac)}} {{has_subtype(star group)}} {{has_subtype(region[of=sky], R181)}} {{has_subtype(sky)}} constellation. {{has_subtype(constellation)}} Charles's wain; Ursa major, Great Bear; Little Dipper; Southern Cross; Orion; Cassiopea, Cassiopea's chair, Pleiades. {{has_subtype(star)}} bright star, blazing star. {{has_instance(bright star)}} dog star, Sirius; canicula, Aldebaran. {{has_part(Orion)}} Orion's belt. {{has_part(Ursa major)}} Big Dipper. {{has_part(celestial sphere)}}{{has_subtype(zone)}} colures[obs3], celestial equator; ecliptic; orbit. {{has_representation(solar system)}} orrery, eidouranion[obs3]. {{studied_in: @P2.6.1.8, astronomy, uranography, uranology[obs3], cosmology, cosmography[obs3], cosmogony, star gazing}}. {{studied_in(earth): geodesy &c. (measurement) R466}}. {{has_subtype(star)}} red giant; pulsar; nova, supernova. {{has_subtype(star)}}{{property_of(high density)}} white dwarf, neutron star. {{emitted_by(X-ray)}} X-ray source. comet. {{has_subtype(star group)}} {{&member_of(star[num=2])}} binary star, binary, eclipsing binary. {{emitted_by(radio wave)}} quasar, quasi-stellar radio source. {{has_location(Sol)}}{{has_subtype(path/zone): ecliptic}}. Adj. astronomical, cosmological; stellar; cometary; meteoric; celestial. P2.3.1.1.3.1 SOLAR SYSTEM N. {{has_part(Milky Way galaxy)}} {{has_instance(star system)}} Solar system. {{has_instance(sun)}} {{has_member(solar system)}} Sol, old sol, the Sun, earth's sun, orb of day, Apollo, Phoebus. {{has_part(solar system)}} {{has_instance(planet): Earth, P2.3.1.1.3.2}}. {{has_extension(morning star): Venus, the planet Venus}}. {{has_extension(evening star): Venus, the planet Venus}}. {{has_instance(planet)}} {{has_member(solar system)}} Mercury; Venus; Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto. {{has_part(planet)}}{{has_subtype(line)}} equator. {{has_instance(satellite)}} {{has_member(solar system)}} Earth's moon, moon, orb of night, Diana, silver-footed queen, Luna. Adj. planetary. {{has_subtype(stellar)}} {{has_attributive(Sol)}} solar, heliacal[obs3]. {{has_attributive(Jupiter)}} Jovian. {{has_attributive(Venus)}} Venusian. {{has_attributive(Mars)}} Martian. {{has_attributive(Neptune)}} Neptunian. {{has_attributive(Earth's moon)}} lunar. {{antonym_of(terrestrial)}} {{location_of(outer space)}} nonterrestrial, otherworldly, out of this world. <-- [[earth]] --> P2.3.1.1.3.2 EARTH N. {{has_part(solar system, @P2.3.1.1.3.1)}} {{has_instance(planet)}} Earth, terra, globe, world, wide world, terraqueous globe[obs3], the home of the human species. {{has_part(Earth)}} Earth's crust, crust, lithosphere. {{has_part(Earth's crust)}} {{has_subtype(surface, R220)}} Earth's surface. {{has_part(Earth)}} {{rel_loc_of(below[obj=crust])}} {{adjacent_to(crust)}} mantle. {{location_of(mantle)}} {{has_subtype(upwelling[ptnt=mantle], @R384)}} mantle plume. {{has_part(Earth's surface): land, P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}. Adj. {{has_attributive(Earth)}} earthly, worldly, mundane, terrestrial, terrene, terreous[obs1], telluric[obs2], terrestrious[obs1], terraqueous[obs3], geotic[obs3]. {{location_of(Earth)}} under the sun, under the moon, under the stars, sublunary[obs3], subastral[obs3]. Adv. on earth, on the face of the globe, here below, under the sun. Phr. die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltergesicht[Ger]; "earth is but the frozen echo of the silent voice of God" [Hageman]; "green calm below, blue quietness above" [Whittier]; "hanging in a golden chain this pendant World" [Paradise Lost]; "nothing in nature is unbeautiful" [Tennyson]; "silently as a dream the fabric rose" [Cowper]; "some touch of nature's genial glow" [Scott]; "this majestical roof fretted with golden fire" [Hamlet]; "through knowledge we behold the World's creation" [Spenser]. <-- minerals in situ. Trees aren't here because these under P2.3.1 are inanimate. Most of these refer to objects on Earth, but can be applied to other planets, so we don't restrict them to Earth by definition. [[stone]] --> P2.3.1.1.4 NATURAL SOLIDS N. {{has_subtype(P2.2.1.2, physical solid)}} natural solid. {{studied_in}} lithology. {{&constitutes: land, P2.3.1.1.6.2}}. {{property_of(hardness, R323): @P2.3.1.1.4.1, stone, rock, boulder, pebble}}. {{property_of(brittle)}} glass. {{property_of(granularity, R330)}} grit. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(ground surface, @R342)}} {{property_of(granularity, R330)}} {{has_requirement(agriculture, R371)}} soil, dirt. {{has_subtype(soil)}} glebe; clay; loam, marl; sediment; cledge[obs3], chalk; gravel; mold; subsoil; topsoil. {{has_subtype(arable land, @R342)}} {{has_subtype(soil)}} {{adjacent_to(river)}} bottomland, flood plain. {{has_subtype(soil)}} {{has_part(river bank, @R342)}} alluvium, alluvial deposits. {{has_subtype(soil)}} {{has_component(alluvium)}} silt. {{property_of(semisolid, R352a)}} mud. {{has_subtype(soil)}} {{property_of(granularity, R330)}} sand. {{constitutes(sand): beach, @R342}}. {{property_of(granularity, R330)}} gravel, detritus; talus. {{constitutes(water): ice, @R337; snow, P2.7.2.1.3}}. {{constitutes(ice, @R337): @R342, glacier, ice cap}}. {{has_large_quantity(glacier)}} ice field. {{constitutes(ice)}} {{location_of(ocean, R341)}} ice berg, ice floe. <-- the headword "stone" is the material --> P2.3.1.1.4.1 STONE N. {{property_of(hardness)}} {{has_subtype(solid material)}} stone[1], rock[1]. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(piece[of=stone], @R51)}} rock[2], stone[2], piece of rock, piece of stone. {{has_subtype(stone[2])}} {{property_of(small)}} pebble. {{has_subtype(rock[2])}} {{property_of(large)}} boulder. {{has_subtype(stone)}} {{location_of(ground, @R342)}} {{has_subtype(ore, @P2.3.1.1.1)}} {{part_of(metallic element, @P2.3.1.2.3)}} metal ore. {{consists_of(ore): mineral, P2.3.1.1.4.2}}. {{has_subtype(stone)}} {{has_subtype(composite, A2.5.4.1)}} composite, breccia. granite; soapstone; shale; porphyry; lodestone; limestone; chalk; lave; gneiss; flint; fieldstone; emery rock; dolomite; claystone; brownstone. {{has_subtype(stone)}} {{produces(volcano, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}} {{property_of(igneous)}} basalt. {{has_subtype(stone)}} {{produces(volcano, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(glass)}} {{property_of(porous)}} {{property_of(low density, @P2.6.1.6.R1)}} pumice. {{has_subtype(stone)}} {{constitutes(calcium carbonate)}} marble. {{has_subtype(stone)}} {{component_of(sand)}} sandstone. {{constitutes(sulfur)}} brimstone. <-- This mineral list only contains the "a's" and a few other common minerals. It needs systematic supplementation. [[mineral]] --> P2.3.1.1.4.2 MINERAL N. {{consists_of(ore)}} mineral. {{has_subtype(mineral)}} crystal; quartz; adamant. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.1.4.1, flint, marble, sandstone, limestone, granite}}. {{has_subtype: coal, @R388}}. acmite, aegirite, "Na2O.Fe2O3.4SiO2". actinolite. agate. alabandite, manganblende. {{constitutes(gypsum)}} alabaster[1]. {{constitutes(calcite/aragonite)}} alabaster[2]. albite, sodium feldspar. almandite, carbuncle, Al-Fe garnet. aluminite, websterite. alunite, alum stone. alunogenite, alunogen. amblygonite, hebronite. analcite, analcime. anatase, octahedrite. andalusite. andesine, feldspar group. andradite, common garnet, black garnet, "3CaO.Fe2O3.3SiO2". anglesite. anhydrite, "CaSO4". {{consists_of(anhydrite): calcium sulfate}}. anorthite, lime feldspar. anorthoclase, feldspar group, soda-microcline. anthophyllite. antigorite. apatite, fluoroapatite, asparagus-stone. apophyllite. aragonite, "CaCO3". {{consists_of(aragonite): calcium carbonate}}. argentite, silver glance, "Ag2S". barite, barytes, "BaSO4". {{constitutes(calcium carbonate)}} calcite. {{constitutes(calcite): @P2.3.1.1.4.1, limestone, chalk, marble}}. {{consists_of(barite): barium sulfate}}. corundum. {{has_subtype(corundum)}} ruby; sapphire. {{has_property(ruby): color[val=red]}}. {{has_property(sapphire): color[val=not red/blue]}}. {{consists_of(ruby/corundum/sapphire): aluminum oxide, "Al2O3"}}. opal, "SiO2.xH20". olivine, peridot, chrysolite, "(Mg, Fe)2SiO4". grossularite, hessonite, "3CaO.Al2O3.3SiO2". spessartite, manganese-aluminum garnet, "3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2". uvarovite, calcium-chromium garnet, "3CaO.Cr2O3.3SiO2". beryl, emerald, "3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2". {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gemstone, P2.3.1.1.4.2.1)}} {{property_of(very hard)}} diamond, bortz, carbonado, adamant. {{has_subtype(diamond)}} uncut diamond, crude diamond, diamond in the rough. {{consists_of(diamond): carbon, P2.3.1.2.2.6}}. {{processed_into(diamond)}} cut diamond, brilliant, gem quality diamond. {{&location_of(crude diamond)}} {{has_subtype(geological formation, P2.3.1.1.6)}} {{&has_location(diamond mine, @R363)}} diamond pipe. chalcedony, flint, agate, "SiO2". {{has_subtype(metal salt, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} calcium salt. {{has_subtype(calcium salt)}} calcium phosphate. {{component_of(calcium phosphate): bone, P2.3.2.2.3.2.1}}. {{constitutes(hydrated calcium sulfate)}} gypsum. Adj. mineralized. {{has_subtype(hardened)}} {{has_subtype(mineralized)}} {[def(containing[obj=calcium salt])]} calcified. <-- [[gem]] --> P2.3.1.1.4.2.1 GEMSTONE N. gemstone, gem. zircon, hyacinth, jargon; tourmaline; topaz; sunstone, aventurine; spinel, spinel ruby; rose quartz; morganite; kunzite; citrine; chrysoprase; carnelian; aquamarine; amethyst. {{property_of(opaque)}} turquoise; lapis lazuli; jasper; jade, jadestone; coral; chrysoberyl; cat's eye; alexandrite. {{has_subtype: opal; sapphire, star sapphire; peridot; chrysolite; beryl}}. {{has_subtype(garnet): andradite, almandite, grossularite, spessartite, uvarovite}}. {{has_subtype(chalcedony)}} sardonyx; sard, sardine; plasma; onyx; bloodstone, heliotrope; agate. <-- 337. Water 338. Air 339. Moisture 340. Dryness [[water]] --> P2.3.1.1.5 NATURAL LIQUID (R337 TO R340) N. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(natural)}} natural liquid. {{main_component_of(hydrocarbon)}} petroleum, crude oil, oil, black gold[inf.]. P2.3.1.1.5.1 WATER (R337) #337. Water. N. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} water, "H2O". {{constitutes: body of water, P2.3.1.1.6.1}}. {{has_subtype(solvent)}} diluent; agua[Sp], aqua pani[obs3]. {{major_component_of}} {{has_part(body): serum; lymph; rheum; sweat}}. {{used_in}} wetting, moistening, madefaction[obs3], humectation[obs3]. {{used_in}} diluting. {{used_in: washing, @R652a}}. {{major_component_of}} dilution, maceration, lotion. {{has_subtype(wetting)}} immersion, immersing, soaking. {{has_subtype(wetting)}} infiltration, spargefaction[obs1], affusion[obs3]. {{has_subtype(wetting)}} irrigating, irrigation, douche. {{has_subtype(washing)}} bath, shower, bathing, showering, balneation[obs3]. {{constitutes: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2, deluge, high water, flood tide}}. {{main_component_of: fog, mist, cloud}}. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(gas)}} steam; water vapor. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(underground)}} ground water, underground water, mineral water. {{has_subtype(underground water)}} {{property_of(ancient)}} fossil water. {{has_subtype(underground water)}} {{has_large_quantity(water)}} aquifer. {{has_measure(underground water)}} {{has_subtype(depth)}} water table. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(solid)}} {{property_of(freezing temperature, @P2.6.1.3.6)}} ice, frozen water. {{has_property(ice): color[val=clear]}}. {{has_property(ice): density, @P2.2.2}}. &&{{{has_relative_val(water^density + ice^density): ">1"}}}. {{exhibits(ice): float[on=water], @P2.6.1.6.R1.1}}. {{constitutes(ice)}} {{shape_of(thin layer)}} {{property_of(translucent)}} {{has_subtype(precipitation)}} frost. {{has_subtype(frost)}} {{property_of(very cold)}} hard frost, sharp frost. {{has_subtype(frost)}} {{location_of(window)}} rime, rime, frost; hoar frost, white frost; barf; glaze [U. S.], lolly [obs3][N. Am.]. {{constitutes(ice)}} {{property_of(pendant)}} icicle, thick-ribbed ice. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(solid): @P2.7.2.1.3, hail, hailstone; snow, snowflake, snow crystal, snow drift; fall of snow, heavy fall}}. {{constitutes(ice)}} iceberg, floe berg. {{constitutes(ice): @R342, glacier, ice river, nevee, serac[obs3], pruina[obs3]}}. {{member_of(iceberg)}} icefloe. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(semisolid): @P2.7.2.1.3, sleet, slush}}. V. be watery &c. adj.; reek. [transitive] water, wet. {{has_subtype(dissolve, @R335)}} dissolve, dissolve in water, take up in water. add water, dilute, water down, thin. {{has_subtype(wet)}} dip, immerse; merge, immerge, submerge; plunge, souse, duck, drown; sprinkle. {{has_subtype(wet)}} soak, steep, macerate, pickle. {{has_subtype(wet)}} {{has_subtype(clean)}} wash, lave, bathe, affuse[obs3]. {{has_subtype(bathe)}} {{has_activity(mouth)}} gargle. splash, swash, douse, drench; dabble, slop, slobber, irrigate, inundate, deluge. {{used_in(syringe, @P2.3.1.3.21)}} syringe; inject. {{similar_to(wet): moisten &c. R339}}. Adj. watery, aqueous, aquatic. hydrated, hydrous; lymphatic; bathing, bath, balneal[obs3]. diluting, diluent; drenching, splashing, dousing. dilute, diluted, thin, watered down, watered, watery, weak. {{has_result(wetting): wet &c. (moist) R339}}. Phr. the waters are out. <-- [[air]] --> P2.3.1.1.5.2 AIR (R338) #338. Air. N. {{has_subtype(gas, R334)}} air, common air, atmospheric air. open air. {{constitutes}} sky, welkin; blue sky. {{constitutes}} {{property_of(motion): wind, P2.7.2.1.4}}. {{location_of: cloud &c. R353a}}. {{constitutes}} {{shape_of(spherical shell, @P1.2.4.2.3.2)}} {{location_of(earth's surface)}} atmosphere, aerosphere[obs3]. {{location_of(atmosphere, P2.7.2.1): weather, climate, rise and fall of the barometer}}. {{has_property(atmosphere)}} {{has_subtype(pressure): @P2.7.2.1.5, air pressure, barometric pressure}}. {{studied_in}} aerology, aerometry[obs3], aeroscopy[obs3], aerography[obs3]. barometer, eudioscope[obs3], baroscope[obs3], aeroscope[obs3], eudiometer[obs3], aerometer[obs3]. {{has_subtype(barometer)}} aneroid, baroscope[obs3]; weather gauge, weather glass, weather cock. {{factor_in}} exposure to the air, exposure to the weather; weathering. {{used_in}} ventilation. {{constitutes: wind, P2.7.2.1.4}}. {{has_activity(atmosphere): @R267a, aeronautics, flight, flying}}. {{has_part(atmosphere)}} {{has_subtype(region)}} {{has_subtype(layer)}} troposphere, lower atmosphere; stratosphere, upper atmosphere; ionosphere; photosphere, chemosphere; tropopause, sustratosphere; Van Allen belt. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(coldness)}} liquid air. {{has_subtype(air)}} {{property_of(hot, @R382)}} hot air. {{has_property(hot air): buoyancy, P2.6.1.6.R1.1}}. {{constitutes(air)}} {{has_subtype(compressed gas)}} compressed air. {{has_property(compressed air): pressure[val=>1 atmosphere], @P2.2.1.1}}. {{has_component: nitrogen[pc=79]; oxygen[pc=20]; argon[pc=1]; carbon dioxide; water vapor}}. {{has_component(atmosphere)}} {{constitutes(water vapor)}} atmospheric moisture. V. air, ventilate, fan &c. (wind) R349. Adj. air, aerial. containing air, flatulent, effervescent. atmospheric, airy; aerial, aeriform[obs3]. ionospheric; stratospheric; tropospheric. windy &c. R349. Adv. in the open air, a la belle etoile[Fr], al fresco; sub jove dio[Lat]. <-- note the two definitions of sweating here --> P2.3.1.1.5.3 MOISTURE (R339) #339. Moisture. N. {{constitutes(water, R337)}} {{antonym_of(dryness, P2.3.1.1.5.4)}} moisture; moistness, dampness, wetness. {[of(atmosphere, @R338): @P2.7.2.1.6, humidity]}. {[in_frame(weather, P2.7.2.1): precipitation]}. {{has_subtype(precipitation): madefaction[obs1], dew}}. {{property_of: marsh &c. R345}}. {{measured_by(humidity): hygrometry; hygrometer}}. {{caused_by}} moistening. {{has_subtype(moistening)}} {{required_for(humidity)}} {{has_action(cold object)}} {{has_subtype(condensation[ptnt=atmospheric moisture], P2.6.1.3.7)}} sweating[2]. {{has_subtype(moistening)}} {{required_for(heat)}} {{has_property(animal[1], R366)}} sweating[1]. V. be moist, be wet, be damp; not have a dry thread. become moist. [transitive] moisten, wet, dampen, damp[obs3], humect[obs3], humectate[obs3]. [transitive] sponge, bedew; imbue, imbrue, infiltrate, saturate; soak, drench. {{has_subtype(become moist): perspire, sweat &c. (exude) R295}}. {{has_subtype(become moist)}} {{required_for(humidity)}} {{has_action(cold object)}} sweat. Adj. moist, damp, wet. watery &c. R337; madid[obs3], roric[obs3]; undried[obs3]. {[of(atmosphere, @R338)]} humid, sultry, dank, luggy[obs3]. dewy; roral[obs1], rorid[obs1]; roscid[obs3]. {[of(solid)]} juicy. wringing wet, soaking wet; wet through to the skin; saturated. soggy, dabbled, swashy[obs3]; reeking, dripping, soaking, soft, sodden, sloppy. {[of(soil)]} muddy. {[of(land, R342): swampy &c. (marshy) R345]}. {[of(pavement)]} slick. <-- irriguous[obs3]. --> P2.3.1.1.5.4 DRYNESS #340. Dryness. N. {{antonym_of(moisture, P2.3.1.1.5.3)}} dryness, siccity[obs3]. aridity. {[of(weather)]} drought. {[of(shoreline)]} ebb tide, low water. {{caused_by}} drying, desiccation, exsiccation[obs1], arefaction[obs1]; evaporation. {[of(solution)]} concentration, dephlegmation[obs1]. {[of(land, R342)]} {{has_low_intensity(aridity)}} semiaridity. {{caused_by}} draining, drainage. {{function_of(drying)}} drier. {{has_subtype(drier)}} dessicator; hair drier; clothes drier; drying oven. {{has_subtype(drying oven)}} kiln; vacuum oven. {{has_subtype(clothes drier)}} gas drier, electric drier. {{function_of(drying)}} clothesline. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(chemical compound)}} {{needs(dessicator)}} desiccative, dessicator. {{property_of: desert, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.2}}. V. be dry, be arid. [transitive] render dry, render arid; dry. [intransitive] become dry, dry up, dry out. {[with_subject(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} evaporate. {[with_object(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} soak up. {{has_subtype(render dry)}} sponge, swab, wipe; drain. {{has_subtype(render dry)}} desiccate, dehydrate, exsiccate[obs3]. {{has_subtype(render dry)}} parch. {{has_subtype(render dry)}} {{required_for(vacuum)}} freeze-dry, lyophilize. {{has_subtype(render dry)}} kiln dry; vacuum dry, blow dry, oven dry; hang out to dry. {{has_subtype(render dry)}} {[of(corpse)]} mummify. be fine, hold up. Adj. dry. anhydrous; arid, adust[obs3], arescent[obs1]. dried. undamped, unwetted. juiceless[obs3], sapless; sear; husky. {[in_frame(weather)]} rainless, without rain, fine. dry as a bone, dry as dust, dry as a stick, dry as a mummy, dry as a biscuit. water proof, water tight. {{has_subtype(dried)}} dehydrated, dessicated; lyophilized. {[of(land, R342)]} {{has_low_intensity(arid)}} semiarid. <-- (SYMB. POGEOL) --> P2.3.1.1.6 GEOLOGICAL FORMATION N. geological formation. P2.3.1.1.6.1 BODY OF WATER (R341, R343, R345, R347, R348) N. {{has_large_quantity(water, P2.3.1.1.5.1)}} body of water. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(liquid surface)}} surface, water surface. {{property_of(navigable): waterway}}. <-- 341. Ocean 343. Gulf Lake 345. Marsh --> P2.3.1.1.6.1.1 STATIONARY WATER (R341, R343, R345) N. stationary water, still water. <-- [[ocean]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.1 OCEAN (R341) #341. Ocean. N. sea, ocean, high seas, main, deep; great waters, watery waste, "vasty deep". {{consists_of}} brine, salt water. {{has_part}} offing. {{has_part}} wave, billow, sea. {{exhibits}} {{has_process: @R348, tide}}. {{studied_in}} hydrography, marine science. {{has_job(hydrography): hydrographer, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1}}. {{has_part}} {{property_of(deep)}} trench, abyss, ocean trench. {{location_of}} {{property_of(deep)}} ocean floor. {{adjacent_to: shore, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}. {{location_of}} {{has_part(continent, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}} {{property_of(shallow)}} continental slope, continental shelf. {{location_of(ocean floor)}} {{has_subtype(jet, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.2)}} {{property_of(hot): thermal vent, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.2}}. {{has_instance(ocean)}} Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Indian Ocean; Arctic Ocean. {{has_instance(sea)}} Mediterranean Sea; South China Sea; North Sea; Sea of Japan; Sea of Okhotsk; Caribbean Sea; Red Sea; Bering Sea; East China Sea; Baltic Sea; Yellow Sea; Black Sea. {{has_instance(trench)}} {{location_of(Pacific Ocean)}} Mariana Trench; TongaTrench; Phillipine Trench; Kermadec Trench; Kuril Trench; Izu Trench; New Britain Trench; Yap Trench; Japan Trench; Peru-Chile Trench; Palau Trench; Aleutian Trench; New Hebrides Trench; North Ryokyu Trench; Mid America Trench. {{has_instance(trench)}} {{location_of(Atlantic Ocean)}} Puerto Rico Trench; South Sandwich Trench; Romanche Gap; Cayman Trench; Brazil Basin. {{location_of}} sea dweller. {{has_subtype(sea dweller)}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Neptune, Poseidon; Thetis, Triton; Naiad, Nereid; sea nymph, Siren; mermaid. {{has_metaphor(Neptune)}} trident, dolphin. Adj. oceanic, marine, maritime; pelagic, pelagian. {[of(vehicle)]} seagoing. hydrographic; bathybic[obs3], cotidal[obs3]. Adv. at sea, on sea; afloat. P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.2 GULF, INLET (R343) #343. Gulf. Inlet. N. {{has_part(ocean)}} {{location_of(coast, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}} {{property_of(embracement, @R229, @P1.2.2.3.1.6)}} gulf, gulph[obs3]; bay, embayment, bight, land covered with water, arm of the sea, armlet. cove; natural harbor; roads. {{has_subtype(interval, R198, P1.2.2.2.1.3)}} inlet, firth, fiord, fjord, estuary, frith[obs3]. {{has_part(river)}} mouth, indraught[obs3]. creek, gut, crick[coll], bayou [U.S.], belt[obs2], kyles[obs3]. {{has_instance(gulf)}} Gulf of Mexico; Persian Gulf; Hudson Bay; Gulf of California. P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.3 LAKE (R343A) #343a. Lake. N. {{property_of(natural)}} lake, loch, lough[obs3], mere, tarn, plash, broad, pond, pool, lin[obs3], puddle, slab; standing water, dead water, sheet of water; lagune[obs3], lagoon. {{has_subtype(store, R636)}} reservoir; pond, mill pond, fish pond. alberca[obs3], barachois[obs3], hog wallow [U.S.]. {{property_of(largeness)}} sea. ditch, dike, dyke, dam. well, artesian well. swimming hole. Adj. lacustrine. P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.4 STRAIT #342b. Strait. N. {{has_subtype(interval, R198, P1.2.2.2.1.3)}} strait, narrows, channel. Euripus[obs2]; sound, inland sea. P2.3.1.1.6.1.2 WATER IN MOTION <-- (R347, R348) [[River]] [[flood]] R347. Stream moved to physical objects, P2.3 348. River rain moved to weather. Needs cross reference --> N. moving water, running water, flow, current. flowing. {{has_subtype(current)}} {{property_of(opposition, R14)}} countercurrent. {{measured_by: rain gauge; flowmeter}}. {{has_high_intensity}} {{property_of(excess)}} overflow. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(cleanse, @R652a)}} flush, rinse, swash. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(overflow, P2.3.1.1.6.1.2)}} {{&causes(river, R348)}} {{&causes(heavy rain, @P2.7.2.1.2)}} flood, inundation, deluge, cataclysm. <-- "floods" may be fairly minor, as in a basement. WE set an arbitrary minimum depth of 2 inches --> {{has_property(flood): depth[val=>2 inches], R208}}. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(overflow, P2.3.1.1.6.1.2)}} {{causes(river, R348)}} freshet, fresh. {{constitutes}} {{&caused_by(flood)}} {{has_subtype(ocean tide): flood tide, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4}}. P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.1 RIVER (R348) #348. River. N. {{has_subtype(stream, @P2.3)}} {{has_subtype(effluence, R295)}} river, stream, watercourse. {{{!!between(river): left bank, P2.3.1.1.6.2.1 + right bank, P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}}. course, flux, profluence[obs3]; defluxion[obs3]. spring. {{has_part}} {{rel_loc_of(bottom)}} bed. {{has_subtype(bed)}} river bed; stream bed. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(end, @P2.3)}} mouth, river mouth. {{has_subtype(river mouth)}} {{&shape_of(tree-shaped)}} tree-shaped river mouth. {{has_location(tree-shaped river mouth): @R342, delta, river delta}}. {{location_of}} {{component_of(ice, @P2.3.1.1.4)}} {{has_ending(ice jam)}} debacle, breakup of ice in a river. {{location_of}} {{constitutes(ice, @P2.3.1.1.4)}} frozen river; ice jam. {{location_of}} {{has_subtype(overflow, P2.3.1.1.6.1.2)}} {{&causes: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2, flood, freshet, fresh, inundation, deluge, cataclysm}}. {{&causes(flood)}} {{has_subtype(destruction)}} washout. {{has_subtype(river)}} {{property_of(narrow)}} rill, rivulet, gill, gullet, rillet[obs3]; streamlet, brooklet; race, coulee; branch [U.S.]; stream, creek, brook, bayou, runnel, sike[obs3], burn, beck; reach, tributary. {{location_of(woods)}} glen, ghyll[obs3]. indraught[obs3], reflux, undercurrent, eddy, vortex, gurge[obs3], whirlpool, Maelstrom, regurgitation, overflow; confluence, corrivation[obs1]. [Science of fluids in motion] hydrodynamics; hydraulics, hydraulicostatics[obs3]; pegology[obs3]. {{needed_for: irrigation, R337}}. {{has_instance(river)}} {{location_of(New York State/Canada)}} Niagara River. V. flow, run. meander; drop, drip, dribble, plash, spirtle[obs3], trill, trickle, distill, percolate; stream, overflow, inundate, deluge, flow over, splash, swash; guggle[obs3], murmur, babble, bubble, purl, gurgle, sputter, spurt, spray, regurgitate; ooze, flow out &c. (egress) R295. rain hard, rain in torrents, rain cats and dogs, rain pitchforks; pour with rain, drizzle, spit, set in; mizzle[obs3]. flow into, fall into, open into, drain into; discharge itself, disembogue[obs3]. [Cause a flow] pour; pour out &c. (discharge) R297; shower down, irrigate, drench &c. (wet) R337; spill, splash. [Stop a flow] stanch; dam, up &c. (close) R261; obstruct &c. R706. {{similar_to}} {{has_subtype(conduit)}} {{property_of(open): aquaduct; sluice; chute; canal}}. Adj. fluent; diffluent[obs3], profluent[obs3], affluent; tidal; flowing &c. v.; meandering, meandry[obs3], meandrous[obs3]; fluvial, fluviatile; streamy[obs3], showery, rainy, pluvial, stillicidous[obs3]; stillatitious[obs3]. Phr. "for men may come and men may go but I go on forever" [Tennyson]; "that old man river, he just keeps rolling along" [Showboat]. P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.2 JET N. {{has_subtype(stream)}} jet, spout, spurt, waterjet, spirt[obs3], squirt, waterspout, jet d'eau[Fr]. spray, splash, rush, gush. {{has_subtype}} artesian well; fount, fountain. {{has_subtype(fountain)}} drinking fountain. {{property_of(hot): @P2.7.2.4, geyser}}. V. jet, spray, spurt, shoot, shoot out. gush, pour, spout, jet, issue. {{function_of(spray): hose; pump; watering pot, watering cart; hydrant, syringe; sprinkler}}. {{has_subtype(hose): fire hose; garden hose}}. {{has_subtype(sprinkler)}} lawn spray. {{location_of(ocean floor)}} {{has_subtype(jet)}} {{property_of(hot)}} thermal vent. {{has_subtype(thermal vent)}} black spouter. <-- bhisti[obs3] , mussuk[obs3]??. (Can't find definition!) --> P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.3 CASCADE N. {{property_of(speed, rapidity)}} waterfall, cascade, lin[obs3], linn[obs3]. cataract, rapids, white water, torrent. {{has_instance}} {{has_metaphor(waterfall)}} {{has_part(Niagara River)}} Niagara, Niagara Falls. <-- force, foss[obs3]??. catadupe[obs1].?? --> P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4 TIDE N. current, tide. {{has_subtype(tide)}} {{location_of(ocean)}} ocean tide, tide. {{has_subtype(ocean tide)}} {{property_of(highness, R206a)}} high tide, high water, flood tide, full tide. {{has_subtype(tide)}} {{location_of(river)}} bore, tidal bore, river bore, eagre[obs3], hygre[obs1]. {{has_subtype(ocean tide)}} {{property_of(lowness, R207)}} low tide, low water, ebb tide, neap tide. {{has_high_intensity(high tide/low tide)}} spring tide. current, ocean current; upwelling. {{has_subtype(upwelling)}} el nino[Sp]. {{has_instance(ocean current)}} Gulf Stream. P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.5 WAVE N. wave, billow, surge, swell, anerythmon gelasma[Grk]. {{has_property(small)}} ripple; short sea. riffle [U.S.], rollers, ground swell. {{has_subtype(wave)}} {{adjacent_to(shoreline, @R342)}} {{has_location(ocean, R341)}} surf, breakers. white horses, whitecaps. {{has_large_quantity}} {{property_of(large)}} rough sea, heavy sea, high seas, cross sea, long sea, chopping sea. beach comber. V. swell, billow, roll, well, well up. <-- [[LAND]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.2 LAND FORMATIONS (R342, R344, R346) <-- 346. Island 344. Plain 342. Land --> N. {{property_of(solid + stationary)}} land formation, land. {{part_of}} {{&part_of(dry land, R342)}} {{has_subtype(region[of=Ear th's surface], R181)}} geographical area. <-- this entry "land" below refers to land on earth. Typically, when we talk about land, we talk about earth. Other planets can be treated in the category above, when necessary. --> P2.3.1.1.6.2.1 LAND GENERALLY (R342) #342. Land. N. {{has_subtype(surface, R220)}} {{has_part(Earth's surface, @P2.3.1.1.3)}} land, earth, ground, dry ground, dry land, terra firma. {{has_subtype: real estate &c. (property) R780}}. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(surface, R220)}} {{adjacent_to(atmosphere, @R338)}} surface, ground surface, ground level. {{has_part}} feature, land feature. {{property_of(very large)}} continent, mainland. {{has_part(continent)}} {{has_subtype(region[of=drainage])}} watershed. {{has_part(continent)}} {{has_subtype(line)}} {{has_subtype(partition[of=watersheds], R228)}} continental divide; watershed. {{property_of(embracement)}} peninsula, tongue of land, chersonese[obs3]. {{rel_loc_of(mouth[of=river])}} {{&generates(river)}} delta, river delta. neck of land, isthmus. {{location_of(grass, @R367)}} grassland, range. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(desert)}} {{property_of(fertile, @R168)}} {{&has_location(plants, R367)}} oasis. {{&has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(line, R244)}} {{have_between(land + body of water)}} shoreline. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{adjacent_to(body of water)}} shore[1]. {{has_subtype(shore[1][of=river, R348]): bank, @R231}}. {{has_subtype(shoreline)}} {{adjacent_to(ocean, R341)}} coast, shore[2], seashore, seaboard, seacoast, coastline. {{has_subtype(coast)}} scar, strand, beach; seaside, seabank[obs3], seabeach[obs3]; ironbound coast; loom of the land. {{has_requirement(cultivation, R371)}} arable land. {{has_subtype(arable land)}} {{location_of(farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7)}} farmland. {{has_subtype(arable land)}} {{property_of(unproductive, R169)}} {{property_of(untilled)}} fallow land. {{part_of(fallow land)}} land bank. {{has_part(desert)}} {{property_of(flat, R251)}} {{property_of(low altitude, @R206)}} {{&property_of(flooded, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2)}} playa. {{has_subtype(coast)}} land left dry by the sea, derelict. {{has_subtype(coast)}} land recovered from the sea, innings. {{adjacent_to(river, P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.1)}} bank, lea, riverbank, river bank, levee. {{has_subtype(riverbank)}} left bank; right bank. {{has_subtype(river bed, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.1)}} dry river bed, arroyo, wadi. {{has_part(ground surface)}} {{has_subtype(natural solids, P2.3.1.1.4): soil, glebe, clay, loam, marl, cledge[obs3], chalk; gravel, mold, subsoil}}. clod, clot. {{property_of(high)}} {{constitutes(stone, @P2.3.1.1.4.1)}} crag. landslide. {{property_of(lowness, R207)}} molehill; lowlands; depression; swale. {{constitutes(ice, @P2.3.1.1.5.1)}} glacier, ice river, nevee, serac[obs3], pruina[obs3]. {{part_of(glacier)}} ice cap. {{has_large_quantity(glacier)}} ice field. {{property_of(convexity, R250, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} jetty, spur, breakwater, mull, mole. {{property_of(highness, R206a, @P1.2.2.2.1.2)}} dizzy height, dizzying height; uplands, highlands. {{property_of(convexity, R250, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} cape, point of land; headland, promontory, foreland[obs3]. {{property_of(highness, R206a, @P1.2.2.2.1.2)}} {{property_of(convexity, R250, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} {{constitutes(rock, @P2.3.1.1.4.1 + soil)}} height, highland, high land, high place, elevation, heights[pl]. {{has_subtype(high place)}} mountain, mount, peak, Alp, pike; ridge, hog's back, dune; rising ground, vantage ground; down. {{!!formed_by(mountain): orogeny}}. {{has_subtype(high place): lookout, @R448}}. {{has_subtype(mountain)}} volcano. {{has_part(mountain)}} crag. {{&member_of(mountain)}} mountain range. {{has_subtype(path, R627)}} {{&has_part(mountain range)}} {{property_of(relatively low)}} pass, mountain pass. {{property_of(highness, R206a, @P1.2.2.2.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(convexity, R250, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} hill, alto, butte [U.S.], monticle[obs3], toft[obs3]. {{has_subtype(hill)}} {{property_of(smallness, P193)}} knoll, hummock, hillock, barrow, mound, knob, loma[obs3], pena [U.S.], picacho[obs3], tump[obs3], knap[obs3]. {{has_subtype(mound)}} {{forms(termite colony, @P2.3.2.1.1.2.1)}} termite mound. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(low, R207)}} lowland, low land, lowlands, flatlands. {{property_of(highness, R206a, @P1.2.2.2.1.2)}} {{location_of(edge, R231)}} {{property_of(steepness, @R217)}} {{between(highland, @R342 + lowland, @R342)}} steeps, bluff, hillside, craig[obs3], tor[obs3], clough[obs3]. {{property_of(precipitousness, @R217)}} {{between(highland, @R342 + lowland, @R342)}} cliff, drop, dropoff; escarpment, edge, ledge. {{has_subtype(hillside)}} {{location_of(river bank)}} brae. {{has_property(wet): @R345, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.5, wetland, marsh, moor, moorland}}. {{has_subtype(moor)}} high moor, fell. {{has_part(mountain)}} {{property_of(highness, R206a, @P1.2.2.2.1.2): summit, R210}}. {{has_measure}} acres; hectares; square miles; square kilometers. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(position): @R183, land point, point on land}}. V. {{has_subtype(arrive): land, come to land, set foot on the soil, set foot on dry land; come ashore, go ashore, debark}}. Adj. terrestrial, earthy. continental, midland, mid-continent. coastal, littoral, riparian. {{has_property(alluvium, @P2.3.1.1.4)}} alluvial. terrene &c. (world) R318. landed, predial[obs3], territorial, geophilous[obs3]. {{has_property(fallow land)}} {{has_subtype(unused, R614)}} untilled, fallow, unsown. Adv. ashore; on shore, on land. <-- ripicolous?? ; ancon?? --> <-- [[PLAIN]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.2.2 PLAIN (R344) #344. Plain. N. {{property_of(flat)}} plain, table-land, face of the country. open country, wide open spaces, champaign country[obs3]; basin, downs. prairie, grassland, common, wold[obs3], veldt; shaking prairie, trembling prairie. field, vega[Sp]. wasteland, waste, weary waste, wild, bush. heath. campagna[obs3], campagna di Roma[It]. {{property_of(treeless)}} steppe. {{property_of(cold)}} tundra. {{property_of(horizontality, R213)}} {{property_of(highness, R206a, @P1.2.2.2.1.2)}} plateau, ledge; butte; mesa. {{property_of(aridity, @R340)}} desert. {{&has_part(desert)}} {{property_of(ocassionally wet)}} playa. {{&has_part(desert)}} alkali flat, llano. {{has_subtype(grassland)}} {{location_of(South America)}} pampas, pampa. {{has_subtype(grassland)}} {{property_of(semiarid, @R340)}} savanna, savannah. meadow, mead, haugh[obs3]. pasturage, grazing land, lea, ley, lay. {{property_of(cultivated)}} park; field; lawn, green, plat, plot, grassplat[obs3], greensward, sward, turf, sod. {{adjacent_to(structure)}} grounds. <-- maidan[obs3], agostadero[obs3]. ?? ; mesilla [obs3][U.S.]?? champaign[obs3], ; campestral[obs3], campestrial[obs3], campestrian[obs3], campestrine[obs3] --> Adj. alluvial. P2.3.1.1.6.2.3 ISLAND (R346) #346. Island. N. {{has_subtype(land, R342)}} {{-!surrounds(body of water, P2.3.1.1.6.1)}} island, isle, eyot[obs3], ait[obs3], holf[obs3]. {{property_of(small)}} islet. {{property_of(low)}} reef, atoll, breaker. {{member_of}} archipelago; island chain. {{has_instance(island chain)}} Kurile Islands, Kuriles; Aleutian Islands, Aleutians; Bahamas; Antilles; Hawaiian Islands. {{has_instance(archipelago)}} {{location_of(Pacific Ocean)}} Marianas. {{location_of: islander, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.59}}. {{has_instance: Ireland; Great Britain; Fiji}}. {{has_instance}} Isle of Man; Long Island; Manhattan Island, Manhattan; Block Island; Staten Island; Honshu; Hokkaido; Kyushu; Shikoku; Formosa. Adj. insular, seagirt. {{has_property(archipelago)}} archipelagic. P2.3.1.1.6.2.4 VALLEY N. {{has_subtype(hole)}} {{has_subtype(interval, R198, P1.2.2.2.1.3)}} valley. {{property_of(deep)}} {{property_of(wide)}} canyon, canon. {{property_of(narrow)}} gorge; defile. ravine, crevasse. chasm, abyss, abysm, yawning gulf. {{location_of(mountain chain)}} pass, gap, notch, passage. {{property_of(shallow)}} gully, gulch, arroyo, wadi. {{similar_to(gully)}} {{property_of(narrow/shallow): furrow &c. R259}}. <-- abra[obs3]; barranca[obs3], barranco[obs3]; clove [U.S.]; hiatus maxime[Lat], hiatus valde deflendus[Lat]. parenthesis &c. (interjacence) R228[obs3]. --> P2.3.1.1.6.2.5 MARSH (R345) #345. Marsh. N. {{has_property(wet)}} {{member_of(plant, R367)}} marsh, swamp, wetland, morass, marish[obs3]. {{has_property(flat)}} fen, bog, peat bog, moss, moor, moorland. quagmire, mire, slough, sump, wash. {{adjacent_to(ocean)}} salt marsh. mud, squash, ooze, slush; baygall [obs3][U.S.], cienaga[obs3], jhil[obs3], vlei[obs3]. Adj. marsh, marshy; swampy, boggy, plashy[obs3], poachy[obs3], quaggy[obs3], soft. muddy, sloppy, squashy; paludal[obs3]. moorish, moory; fenny. <-- [[woods]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.2.6 WOODS N. {{member_of(tree)}} woods, forest, timber; wood, woodland, woodlands; timberland; hurst[obs3], frith[obs3], holt, weald[obs3]. {{member_of(tree)}} jungle, rain forest, tropical rain forest; temperate rain forest. {{has_subtype(woods)}} {{property_of(small)}} grove, greenwood, copse, bocage[obs3], tope[obs3], clump of trees, bosk[obs3], spinet[obs3], spinney. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(opening)}} {{not_member_of(tree)}} glade, clearing, opening in the woods. <-- P2.3.1.1.6.3 AIR (R349) moved to P2.7.2.1.4 WIND at weather --> <-- move R350, R351 to artifacts -- 350. Conduit 351. Air pipe --> P2.3.1.1.6.3 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [[GEOGRAPHY]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.4 GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION N. geographical division. {{has_subtype: continent, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: ocean, P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.1}}. {{has_instance(continent, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}} Asia; Europe; Africa; North America; South America; Australia; Antarctica. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(geographical area, @P2.3.1.1.6.2): real estate, piece of property, R780}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(geographical area, @P2.3.1.1.6.2): geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1}}. <-- [[geopolitical]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.4.1 GEOPOLITICAL DIVISION. N. {{applies_to(government[1], R737a)}} geopolitical division, territory. {{has_part(territory)}} zone, district, sector, section, division, quarter. <-- [[country]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1 COUNTRY N. {{applies_to(national government, @M9.1.1.1)}} state, country, nation, land; nation-state. {{habitat_of: citizenry, @R188}}. {{habitat_of}} {{has_member(citizenry, @R188): citizen, @R188}}. <-- we don't distinguish "nationality" of a country or its citizens --> {{has_property(country)}} {{has_property(person, P2.3.2.3)}} nationality, citizenship. {{has_property($country^citizen): $country^citizenship}}. <-- the native land of a person is the land where that person was born. Since native land is defined relative to a person, we also specify it as a property of a person, native country=country of birth. This may not be accurate for children born of foreigners temporarily resident on foreign soil. Refinement is needed. --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(abode[of=$person], R189)}} {{++habitat_of(native, P2.3.2.3.6.5.59.1)}} {{has_property(roleness[to=native, P2.3.2.3.6.5.59.1])}} fatherland, mother country, homeland, paternal domicile, native soil, native land, native country, country of birth. &&{{hperforms_p($person, P2.3.2.3): $be born}}. &&{{has_location_p($be born): native land}}. <-- we might also say: {{has_location(birth[of=$person]): native_land[of=$person, P2.3.2.3)}} --> {{has_subtype}} {{contrast_to(native country)}} {{has_property(roleness[to=citizen, @R188])}} foreign country, foreign land. <-- usually, being born in a country confers citizenship --> {{&has_result(birth[of=$person][in=$country]): citizenship[of=$person][in=$country]}}. {{&part_of}} empire; federation, union. dominion, republic, democratic republic. commonweal, commonwealth; republic. kingdom, realm; principality. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(dependent, @R759)}} protectorate, dependency; territory. sphere of influence. city-state. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(limit, P1.2.2.3.1.7)}} border, national border. {{has_subtype(national border)}} {{has_subtype(boundary line[between=countries])}} international border, international boundary, frontier. {{has_part: real estate, @R780}}. {{has_part}} {{adjacent_to(real estate)}} {{has_part(sky)}} air space. {{has_part}} {{has_part(sea, R341)}} {{adjacent_to(country^seacoast)}} territorial waters. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(industrialized)}} industrial nation, industrialized nation, industrial society, advanced nation, developed nation, developed country, "second-wave nation"[Toffler]. {{has_subtype(industrialized nation)}} {{property_of(large)}} world power, major power. {{property_of(militarily powerful)}} super power. {{has_subtype: ally; enemy}}. {{member_of}} international organization; alliance. {{has_instance(international organization)}} United Nations [yr=1946+]; League of Nations [yr=1918-1939]. {{has_instance(nation)}} Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; American Samoa; Andorra; Angola; Anguilla; Antarctica; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Armenia; Aruba; Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; The; Bahrain; Baker Island; Bangladesh; Barbados; Bassas da India; Belarus; Belgium; Belize; Benin; Bermuda; Bhutan; Bolivia; Bosnia-Herzogovina; Botswana; Bouvet Island; Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Brunei; Bulgaria; Burkina; Burma; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Canada; Cape Verde; Cayman Islands; Central African Republic; Chad; Chile; China [also see separate Taiwan entry]; Christmas Island; Clipperton Island; Cocos Islands, Keeling Islands; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Cook Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Costa Rica; Croatia; Cuba; Cyprus; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Europa Island; Falkland Islands, "Islas Malvinas"; Faroe Islands; Fiji; Finland; France; French Guiana; French Polynesia; French Southern and Antarctic Lands; Gabon; Gambia; The; Gaza Strip; Georgia; Germany; Ghana; Gibraltar; Glorioso Islands; Greece; Greenland; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guernsey; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; Honduras; Hong Kong; Howland Island; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone; Ireland; Israel. <-- (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries); --> {{has_instance(nation)}} Italy; Ivory Coast; Jamaica; Jan Mayen; Japan; Jarvis Island; Jersey; Johnston Atoll; Jordan. <-- (also see separate West Bank entry); --> {{has_instance(nation)}} Juan de Nova Island; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kingman Reef; Kirgizstan; Kiribati; Korea; North; Korea; South; Kuwait; Laos; Latvia; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia; Macau; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Maldives; Mali; Malta; Man; Isle of; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mayotte; Mexico; Micronesia; Federated States of; Midway Islands; Moldova; Monaco; Mongolia; Montserrat; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nauru; Navassa Island; Nepal; Netherlands; Netherlands Antilles; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Norway; Oman; Pacific Islands; Trust Territory of the Pacific Ocean, Palau; Pakistan; Palmyra Atoll; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paracel Islands; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Pitcairn Islands; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Qatar; Reunion; Romania; Russia; Rwanda; Saint Helena; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; San Marino; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Slovenia; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Soviet Union; Spain; Spratly Islands; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Svalbard; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Taiwan; Tajikistan; Tanzania; Thailand; Togo; Tokelau; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tromelin Island; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; Uganda; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States; Uruguay; Vanuatu; Vatican City; Venezuela; Vietnam; Virgin Islands; Wake Island; Wallis and Futuna; West Bank; Western Sahara; Western Samoa; World; Yemen; Yugoslavia; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Adj. national. {{has_subtype(relation)}} international. Prep. {{{has_relative_loc(air space + country): above, @R183}}}. <-- this "state" is the first major subdivision of a country. Some analogies are uncertain: is an English "shire" more like an American state or a county? --> P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.2 STATE N. {{has_part(country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} {{constitutes(property, R780)}} state; province[Canada]; county[Ireland]; canton[Switzerland]; territory [Australia]; duchy, archduchy, archdukedom[obs3]; woiwodshaft; commonwealth. P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.3 COUNTY N. {{has_part(state, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.2)}} county, parish[Louisiana]. shire [England]. <-- [[city, town]] --> P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4 TOWN N. town. {{property_of(large)}} city, metropolis, municipality. {{property_of(cosmopolitan)}} cosmopolis. {{property_of(small)}} hamlet, village, thorp[obs3], dorp[obs3], ham, kraal. borough, burgh. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(seat of government)}} {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} capital, capital city. {{has_case(capital)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): government[2], @R737a}}. {{has_subtype(capital[of=national government])}} national capital. {{has_subtype(capital[of=state government, @M9.1.1.1.R1])}} state capital. {{has_subtype(capital[of=county government])}} county seat, county town, courthouse [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(capital[of=provincial government])}} provincial capital. {{&has_part}} ghetto. {{has_subtype}}{{near_to(city)}} suburb. {{has_part}} {{property_of(public, @R182)}} public space, commons. {{has_subtype(public space)}} public right of way, right of way. {{has_part}} domain, tract, arrondissement[Fr], mofussil[obs3], commune; wappentake, hundred, riding, lathe, garth[obs3], soke[obs3], tithing; ward; precinct, bailiwick. {{has_part}} {{&has_location(market/commerce)}} downtown, business district. {{has_subtype(public right of way)}} {{has_subtype(road)}} street; place; terrace; parade; esplanade, alameda[obs3], board walk, embankment, road, row; lane, alley; polygon; crescent; circle. {{has_subtype(public space)}} square, circus[Brit]; court, quadrangle, quad, wynd[Scot]. {{has_part: building, P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. mall, piazza, arcade, colonnade. {{has_subtype(public space)}} market place, place, plaza. {{member_of(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} block of buildings. {{has_part}} {{property_of(private): residence, P1.2.3.2.4.1}}. Adj. municipal, city; urban, metropolitan; cosmopolitan. suburban; provincial, rural, rustic. domestic; palatial. <-- e.g. elements, oils, alloys, lumber, fuel, animal parts (excludes food and medicine, which are under P2.3.1.3, artifacts) This entry will include materials not detailed under a separate heading, with references to separately listed materials. Note that natural fiber has a main entry under artifacts. --> <-- [[POM]] (SYM: POE, POM, POP) --> P2.3.1.2 PROCESSED NATURAL MATERIAL N. {{&consists_of(artifact)}} {{similar_to: artifactual material, P2.3.1.3.1.2}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} natural material, processed natural material. {{has_subtype: element, P2.3.1.2.2}}. natural gas. {{processed_into(petroleum, @P2.3.1.1.5)}} solvent, organic solvent. {{processed_into(petroleum, @P2.3.1.1.5): fuel, R388; chemical compound, P2.3.1.3.4; wax}}. {{processed_into(tree): @P2.3.1.2.4.7, lumber, wood, timber}}. {{function_of(combustion)}} fuel. animal part. {{has_subtype: natural fiber, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6}}. {{constitutes(fiber)}} {{has_subtype(weave, @P1.2.2.2.2.9): @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6, cloth, fabric}}. {{property_of(elasticity, R325)}} natural rubber. {{has_subtype(natural rubber)}} India rubber, Indian rubber, latex, caoutchouc, gum elastic. sand. {{has_subtype(animal part)}} baleen; whale bone. P2.3.1.2.1 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- elements (symb:POE) --> <-- [[element]] --> P2.3.1.2.2 ELEMENT N. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} element, chemical element. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unstable)}} radioactive element. {{exhibits(radioactive element): radioactivity}}. {{has_symbol}} atomic symbol. {{has_part(atomic symbol): $letter[num=1-2], R561}}. &&{{has_subtype($letter): first letter}}. &&{{has_property(first letter): capitalized, @R561}}. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(mass, P2.2.1.5)}} atomic weight, atomic mass. <-- Individual elements are arranged according to atomic number, and classified as subtypes of P2.3.1.2.2, e.g. hydrogen is P2.3.1.2.2.1 and carbon is P2.3.1.2.2.12; in brackets are symbol and atomic mass (average value of natural isotopes, used in standard chemistry, not mass spectrometery, as of 1954) --> P2.3.1.2.2.1 hydrogen. N. hydrogen. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=1.008]}}. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=H]}}. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(very cold)}} {{property_of(boiling point[val="-252.8 deg C"])}} liquid hydrogen. P2.3.1.2.2.2 helium. N. helium. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=4.003]}}. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=He]}}. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(very cold)}} {{property_of(boiling point[val="-268.9 deg C"])}} liquid helium. P2.3.1.2.2.3 lithium. N. lithium. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=6.940]}}. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Li]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.4 beryllium. N. beryllium, glucinum. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=9.013]}}. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Be]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.5 boron. N. boron. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=B]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=10.82]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.6 carbon. N. carbon. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=C]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=12.011]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.7 nitrogen N. nitrogen. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=N]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=14.008]}}. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(very cold)}} {{property_of(boiling point[val="-195.8 deg C"])}} liquid nitrogen. P2.3.1.2.2.8 oxygen. N. oxygen. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=O]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=16.000]}}. {{part_of: air}}. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(very cold)}} {{property_of(boiling point[val="-183 deg C"])}} liquid oxygen. P2.3.1.2.2.9 fluorine. N. fluorine. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=F]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=19.00]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.10 neon. N. neon. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ne]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=20.183]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.11 sodium. N. sodium, natrium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Na]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=22.911]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.12 magnesium. N. magnesium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Mg]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=24.32]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.13 aluminum. N. aluminum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Al]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=26.98]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.14 silicon. N. silicon. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Si]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=28.09]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.15 phosphorus. N. phosphorus. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=P]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=30.975]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.16 sulfur. N. sulfur. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=S]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=32.066]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.17 chlorine. N. chlorine. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Cl]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=35.457]}}. {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(pressurized)}} liquid chlorine. P2.3.1.2.2.18 argon. N. argon. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=A]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=39.944]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.19 potassium. N. potassium, kalium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=K]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=39.100]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.20 calcium. N. calcium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ca]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=40.08]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.21 selenium. N. selenium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Se]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=78.96]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.22 titanium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} titanium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ti]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=47.90]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.23 vanadium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} vanadium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=V]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=50.95]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.24 chromium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} chromium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Cr]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=52.01]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.25 manganese. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} manganese. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Mn]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=54.94]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.26 iron. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} iron, ferrum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Fe]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=55.85]}}. Adj. ferrous; ferric. P2.3.1.2.2.27 cobalt. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} cobalt. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Co]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=58.94]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.28 nickel. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} nickel. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ni]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=58.69]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.29 copper. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} copper, cuprum[Lat]. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Cu]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=63.54]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.30 zinc. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} zinc. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Zn]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=65.38]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.31 gallium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} gallium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ga]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=69.72]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.32 germanium. N. germanium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ge]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=72.60]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.33 arsenic. N. arsenic. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=As]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=74.91]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.34 selenium. N. selenium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Se]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=78.96]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.35 bromine. N. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} bromine. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Br]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=79.916]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.36 krypton. N. krypton. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Kr]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=83.8]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.37 rubidium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} rubidium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Rb]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=85.48]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.38 strontium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} strontium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Sr]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=87.63]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.39 yttrium. N. yttrium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Y]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=88.92]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.40 zirconium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} zirconium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Zr]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=91.22]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.41 niobium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} niobium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Nb]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=92.91]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.42 molybenum. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} molybenum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Mo]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=95.95]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.43 technetium. N. technetium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Tc]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=99]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.44 ruthenium. N. ruthenium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ru]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=101.1]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.45 rhodium. N. rhodium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Rh]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=102.91]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.46 palladium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} palladium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Pd]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=106.7]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.47 silver. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} silver, argentum[Lat], argent[obs3]. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ag]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=107.880]}}. <-- [ref: the color silver: argent( in heraldry)]. --> P2.3.1.2.2.48 cadmium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} cadmium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Cd]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=112.41]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.49 indium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} indium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=In]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=114.76]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.50 tin. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} tin, stannum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Sn]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=118.70]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.51 antimony. N. antimony, stibium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Sb]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=121.76]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.52 tellurium. N. tellurium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Te]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=127.61]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.53 iodine. N. iodine. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=I]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=126.91]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.54 xenon. N. xenon. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Xe]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=131.3]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.55 cesium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} cesium. N. cesium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Cs]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=132.91]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.56 barium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} barium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ba]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=137.36]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.57 lanthanum. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} lanthanum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=La]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=138.92]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.58 cerium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} cerium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ce]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=140.13]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.59 praseodymium. N. praseodymium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Pr]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=140.92]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.60 neodymium. N. neodymium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Nd]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=144.27]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.61 promethium. N. promethium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Pm]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=145]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.62 samarium. N. samarium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Sm]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=150.43]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.63 europium. N. europium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Eu]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=152.0]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.64 gadolinium. N. gadolinium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Gd]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=156.9]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.65 terbium. N. terbium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Tb]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=158.93]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.66 dysprosium. N. dysprosium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Dy]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=162.46]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.67 holmium. N. holmium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ho]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=164.94]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.68 erbium. N. erbium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Er]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=167.2]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.69 thulium. N. thulium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Tm]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=168.94]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.70 ytterbium. N. ytterbium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Yb]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=173.04]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.71 lutetium. N. lutetium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Lu]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=174.99]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.72 hafnium. N. hafnium, celtium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Hf]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=178.6]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.73 tantalum. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} tantalum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ta]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=180.95]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.74 tungsten. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} tungsten, wolfram. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=W]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=183.92]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.75 rhenium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} rhenium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Re]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=186.31]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.76 osmium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} osmium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Os]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=190.2]}}. {{is_a: platinum group metal}}. P2.3.1.2.2.77 iridium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} iridium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ir]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=192.2]}}. {{is_a: platinum group metal}}. P2.3.1.2.2.78 platinum. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} platinum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Pt]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=195.23]}}. {{is_a: platinum group metal}}. P2.3.1.2.2.79 gold. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} gold, aurum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Au]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=197.0]}}. {{constitutes}} "24-karat gold". {{is_a: precious metal}}. {{component_of: gold coin, @R800}}. P2.3.1.2.2.80 mercury. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} mercury, hydrargyrum[Lat], quicksilver. {{has_property: liquid[at=room temperature]}}. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Hg]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=200.61]}}. {{is_a: liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. P2.3.1.2.2.81 thallium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} thallium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Tl]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=204.39]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.82 lead. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} lead, plumbum. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Pb]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=207.21]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.83 bismuth. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} bismuth. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Bi]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=209.00]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.84 polonium. N. polonium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Po]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=210]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.85 astatine. N. astatine. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=At]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=210]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.86 radon. N. radon, niton. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Rn]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=222]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.87 francium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} francium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Fr]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=223]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.88 radium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} radium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ra]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=226.05]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.89 actinium. N. actinium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Ac]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=227]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.90 thorium. N. thorium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Th]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=232.05]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.91 protoactinium. N. protoactinium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Pa]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=231]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.92 uranium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} uranium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=U]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=238.07]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(fissionable)}} "U235", "U-235", "uranium-235". {{has_subtype}} "U238", "U-238", "uranium-238". {{has_subtype}} {{constitutes("U-238")}} depleted uranium. P2.3.1.2.2.93 neptunium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} neptunium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Np]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=237]}}. P2.3.1.2.2.94 plutonium. N. {{has_subtype(metallic element)}} plutonium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Pu]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=242]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. {{has_property: fissionable}}. P2.3.1.2.2.95 americium. N. americium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Am]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=243]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.96 curium. N. curium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Cm]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=245]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.97 BERKELIUM N. berkelium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Bk]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=247]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.98 CALIFORNIUM N. californium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Cf]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=251]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.99 EINSTEINIUM N. einsteinium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Es]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=252]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.100 FERMIUM N. fermium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Fm]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=257]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.101 MENDELEVIUM N. mendelevium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Md]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=258]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.102 NOBELIUM N. nobelium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=No]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=259]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. P2.3.1.2.2.103 LAWRENCIUM N. lawrencium. {{has_property: atomic symbol[val=Lr]}}. {{has_property: atomic weight[val=262]}}. {{has_property: radioactive}}. <-- metals are classified as "processed" substances because they rarely occur uncombined in nature, and even when they do, they are not used until they are processed. The "metal" which is an element or part of compounds is termed "metallic element" [[metal]] --> P2.3.1.2.3 METAL N. {{has_subtype(processed natural material)}} {{property_of(conductivity, @P2.6.1.9)}} metal. {{has_subtype(metal)}} {{has_subtype(element)}} metallic element. {{has_subtype}} base metal. {{has_subtype(base metal): iron, P2.3.1.2.2.26; copper, P2.3.1.2.2.29; lead, P2.3.1.2.2.82; steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(metal): alloy, P2.3.1.2.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(metal)}} precious metal. {{has_subtype(precious metal)}} platinum group metal. {{has_subtype(precious metal): silver, P2.3.1.2.2.47; gold, P2.3.1.2.2.79}}. {{has_subtype(metal)}} {{not_exhibited_by(corrosion, @R659a)}} noble metal. {{has_subtype(noble metal): gold, P2.3.1.2.2.79; platinum, P2.3.1.2.2.78; palladium, P2.3.1.2.2.46; osmium, P2.3.1.2.2.76; iridium, P2.3.1.2.2.77}}. Adj. {{has_property(metal)}} metallic. <-- [[alloy]] --> <-- part of R41, Mixture. [Compound resulting from mixture: ref mixture A3.3] --> P2.3.1.2.3.1 ALLOYS N. {{has_subtype(mixture, R41, P2.3.1.2.5)}} {{has_subtype(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} alloy. amalgam. {{has_subtype}} {{main_component_of(iron, P2.3.1.2.2.26)}} steel. {{has_subtype}} {{main_component_of(copper, P2.3.1.2.2.29)}} brass; bronze. pewter; nichrome; type metal, wood's metal; german silver, white metal, melchior[Russian]; nickel-silver; Duraluminum; Monel metal. {{has_subtype}} {{main_component_of(gold, P2.3.1.2.2.79)}} green gold; pink gold; "14-karat gold"; "18-karat gold"; "22-karat gold". {{has_subtype}} {{component_of(gold, P2.3.1.2.2.79)}} "10-karat gold". {{has_subtype}} {{main_component_of(silver, P2.3.1.2.2.47)}} sterling silver, "925 silver", plata de ley[Sp.]; coin silver, "900 silver". {{has_subtype(steel)}} chrome steel, chromesteel, chromium steel; stainless steel; chrome-nickel steel; cobalt steel; high tensile steel; sructural steel; case-hardened steel; non-magnetic steel; titanium steel; chrome-vanadium steel. <-- (MASS NOUNS, SYMBOL POM) --> <-- "processed" includes the concept of "extracted"; excludes chemical substances under Artifacts P2.3.1.3.3 break the Roget "oil" into oils R356, fats R356b, and waxes R356c [[substance]] --> P2.3.1.2.4 PROCESSED NATURAL SUBSTANCES (R356, R356A, R388) N. {{has_subtype(component material, P2.1.4)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} processed natural substance. {{processed_into(cork tree)}} cork. {{processed_into(sand)}} glass, manufactured glass. {{has_subtype(glass)}} {{component_of(boron, P2.3.1.2.2.5)}} {{property_of(thermal shock resistance, @R327a)}} borosilicate glass. {{has_subtype(borosilicate glass)}} Pyrex, Pyrex glass. <-- [[oil]] --> P2.3.1.2.4.1 OIL #356. Oil. N. oil. {{produces(whale)}} spermaceti. {{has_subtype(mineral)}} petroleum. {{produces(plant, R367)}} vegetable oil, colza oil[obs3], olive oil, salad oil, linseed oil; cottonseed oil; soybean oil; nut oil, peanut oil; grain oil; rape oil, rapeseed oil; seneca oil. animal oil, neat's foot oil, train oil; ointment, unguent, liniment; aceite[obs3], amole[obs3], Barbados tar[obs3]; fusel oil; hydrate of amyl, ghee[obs3]. mineral oil. lubricating oil, lubrication, "3-in-1 oil". {{has_subtype}} {{processed_into(petroleum): @R388, heating oil, "No. 2 oil", kerosene, jet fuel, gas, petrol, gasoline, naphtha}}. <-- most resins are natural --> P2.3.1.2.4.2 RESIN (R356A) #356a. Resin. N. resin, rosin, colophony. {{property_of(color[val=black, @R431])}} bitumen, pitch, tar; asphalt, asphaltum. varnish, mastic, lacquer, japan, magilp[obs3], copal[obs3]. gum. {{has_subtype}} {{produces(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)}} {{property_of(fossilized)}} {{property_of(ancient, @R124)}} {{property_of(color[val=amber, @R436])}} amber. {{origin_of(coast, @R231)}} ambergris. {{processed_into(petroleum)}} artificial resin, polymer. {{has_subtype(artificial resin)}} {{function_of(exchange[ptnt=ion, @P2.3.1.3.4], R148)}} ion-exchange resin, ion exchanger. {{has_subtype(ion-exchange resin)}} {{function_of(exchange[ptnt=cation, @P2.3.1.3.4], R148)}} cation-exchange resin, cation exchanger. {{has_subtype(ion-exchange resin)}} {{function_of(exchange[ptnt=anion, @P2.3.1.3.4], R148)}} anion exchange resin, anion exchanger. {{has_subtype(ion-exchange resin)}} {{function_of(exchange[ptnt=cation, @P2.3.1.3.4 + anion, @P2.3.1.3.4], R148)}} mixed-bed resin, mixed-bed exchanger. {{used_in(mixed-bed resin)}} {{function_of(remove[ptnt=polyvalent cation], @R38)}} water softener. {{has_subtype(ion-exchange resin)}} Amberlite[chem]; Dowex[Chem]; Diaion[chem]. camphor. V. {{used_for(varnish): varnish, @R223}}. {{used_for(lacquer): lacquer, @R223}}. {{used_for(asphalt): pave, @R223}}. Adj. {{has_property}} resinous, resiny[obs3]. {{has_property(tar)}} bituminous, pitchy, tarry; asphaltic, asphaltite. {{has_property(gum)}} gummy. <-- [[fat]] --> P2.3.1.2.4.3 FAT (R356B) #356b. Fat. N. {{produces(animal[1], R366)}} fat; grease, tallow, suet, lard, dripping exunge[obs1]. {{has_component(fat)}} triglyceride. {{has_component(triglyceride)}} fatty acid. {{constitutes(fat)}} butter, cream. {{produces(whale)}} blubber. {{processed_into}} glycerin; stearin, elaine[Chem], oleagine[obs3]. {{processed_into: soap}}. {{has_subtype(soap): soft soap, lye soap}}. {{processed_into}} adipocere[obs3]. P2.3.1.2.4.4 WAX (R356C) #356c. Wax. N. {{property_of(waxy)}} wax, cerement. paraffin wax, paraffin; ear wax, cerumen; car wax, automobile wax; floor wax; furniture polish. {{has_property}} waxiness. {{has_subtype(wax)}} {{produces(bee)}} beeswax. {{has_subtype(wax)}} lac, sealing wax. {{property_of(waxiness): resin, R356a}}. vaseline jelly, vaseline. {{has_subtype(polymer)}} teflon, PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene. Adj. waxy. gummy. <-- 388. fuel = TE 330 (symb. POFUEL) [[fuel]] --> P2.3.1.2.4.5 FUEL (R388) #388. Fuel. N. {{consumes(combustion, R384a, P2.6.1.3.3)}} fuel, firing, combustible. {{has_function: combustion, P2.6.1.3.3}}. {{has_subtype(solid)}} {{has_subtype(mineral, P2.3.1.1.4.2)}} {{major_component_of(carbon, P2.3.1.2.2.6)}} coal. {{has_subtype(coal)}} anthracite; bituminous coal, soft coal; blind coal, glance coal; culm[obs3]; wallsend[obs3]; tar shale. {{forms(heating[obj=bituminous coal])}} {{processed_into(bituminous coal)}} coke. {{has_subtype(solid)}} turf, peat. {{uses(fireplace)}} fireplace fuel. {{has_subtype(fireplace fuel)}} {{has_subtype(wood, @P2.3.1.2)}} firewood, bobbing, faggot, log. {{has_subtype(fireplace fuel): coal}}. {{has_subtype(solid)}} {{property_of(ignitable[mode=easily])}} tinder, kindling. {{has_subtype(kindling)}} ingle, touchwood. {{has_subtype(kindling): paper}}. {{processed_into(wood, P2.3.1.2.4.7)}} charcoal. {{has_subtype}} {{forms(heating[obj=petroleum]): gasoline; kerosene; naptha; fuel oil; wax, paraffin}}. {{forms: burned fuel, product of combustion, @R384a}}. {{has_subtype(product of combustion, R384a): ash, cinder}}. {{has_subtype(solid)}} sulphur, brimstone; incense; port-fire; fire-barrel, fireball, brand; amadou[obs3], bavin[obs3]; German tinder, pyrotechnic sponge, punk, smudge [U. S.]; solid rocket fuel. {{consists_of(candle): @P2.3.1.2.4.4, wax, paraffin wax}}. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(oil, R356)}} fuel oil. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} alcohol; auto fuel. {{processed_into(petroleum)}} {{has_subtype(auto fuel)}} {{has_subtype(distillate)}} gasoline, petrol, gas, juice [coll.], benzine. {{has_subtype(gasoline)}} high octane gasoline. {{has_subtype(auto fuel)}} nitromethane; gasohol; ethanol; methanol. {{processed_into(petroleum)}} {{forms(heating[obj=petroleum])}} {{has_subtype(distillate)}} fuel oil; kerosene, jet fuel; heating oil, "number 2 oil", "#2 oil"; "number 4 oil". {{processed_into(petroleum)}} {{forms(heating[obj=petroleum])}} {{has_subtype(distillate, @R336)}} {{property_of(low-boiling)}} naphtha. {{processed_into(petroleum)}} {{forms(heating[obj=petroleum])}} {{has_subtype(distillate, @R336)}} {{property_of(high-boiling)}} residual oils. {{uses(rocket, P2.3.1.3.16.2.4)}} rocket fuel. {{has_property(rocket fuel)}} {{has_measure(efficiency)}} specific impulse. {{has_subtype(oil)}} {{uses(lamp, @R423)}} lamp oil. {{consists_of(lamp oil)}} paraffin oil; whale oil. {{has_subtype(rocket fuel)}} liquid hydrogen; hydrazine; kerosene. {{has_subtype(gas)}} {{processed_into(coal, @R388)}} synthetic gas, synthesis gas. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gas): hydrogen}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gas): @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.2, propane; butane}}. {{has_subtype(gas): natural gas, @P2.3.1.2}}. {{component_of}} brand, torch, fuse; wick; spill, match, light, lucifer, congreve[obs3], vesuvian, vesta[obs3], fusee, locofoco[obs3]; linstock[obs3]. {{component_of: candle, R423}}. {{has_property}} heat of combustion. {{has_subtype(heating[obj=bituminous coal])}} {{has_subtype(industrial process)}} {{product_of(coke)}} coking. Adj. combustible, inflammable. carbonaceous. high octane, high specific impulse. <-- some animal parts listed here will be somewhat duplicative of animal anatomy designations, but here will have a (somewhat differentiated) meaning as an item of commerce, e.g. an elephant's tusk is traded and processed into ivory items. --> P2.3.1.2.4.6 PROCESSED ANIMAL PARTS N. {{processed_into(animal[2], R366/body part)}} processed animal part. {{has_part(tortoise)}} tortoiseshell. {{has_part(elephant)}} tusk. {{consists_of(tusk)}} {{processed_into(tusk)}} ivory. {{has_part(whale)}} sperm oil. {{has_part(mammal/reptile)}} {{has_subtype(hide, @P2.3.1.2.4.6)}} animal hide, animal skin. {{processed_into(animal hide)}} {{shape_of(sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} leather. {{processed_into(cow)}} {{has_subtype(animal skin)}} cow hide. {{has_subtype(leather)}} {{has_subtype(cow hide)}} calf. {{has_subtype(leather)}} {{property_of(ornamented, @R847)}} cordwain[Medeival]. {{has_subtype(leather)}} shagreen[Russian, from horse or shark]. <-- [[WOOD]] --> P2.3.1.2.4.7 WOOD N. {{processed_into(tree)}} lumber, wood, timber. {{has_subtype(wood)}} Philippine mahogany; Port Orford cedar; acacia; rattan; redwood; alder; applewood; ash; balsa; bamboo; bass, basswood; beech, beechwood; birch; brierwood, briarwood; burl; buttonwood; cedar, cedarwood; cherry; chestnut; cottonwood; cypress; dogwood; ebony; elm, elmwood; eucalyptus; fir; fruit wood; guaiac, guaiacum, guiaocum; gum, gumwood; hazel, hazelwood; hemlock; hickory; incense wood; ironwood; juniper; kauri; knotty pine; lancewood; larch; lemonwood; lignum vitae; linden; loblolly pine; locust; logwood; magnolia; mahogany; maple; oak; olive; orangewood; peachwood; pecan; pine; poplar; rosewood; sandalwood; sandarac; satinwood; spruce; sumac; sycamore; teak, teakwood; tulipwood; tupelo; walnut; wicker; yew; zebrawood. {{has_subtype(mahogany)}} burled mahogany. {{constitutes(wood)}} {{has_subtype(powder)}} {{forms(cut)}} {[with_object(wood)]} sawdust. hardwood; softwood. heart of oak, block. board, plank, deal board. {{has_subtype(lumber)}} dimensional lumber, pine, fir; microlaminated lumber, microlam. {{has_subtype(dimensional lumber)}} two by four; two by six; two by eight; two by ten; two by twelve; four by four; six by six. {{has_subtype(dimensional lumber)}} furring strip, furring; one by two; batten, slat. {{has_subtype(slat)}} lath; louvre, fin; stave. Adj. wooden. <-- this mixture is non-metallic Note that some of these "mixtures" are of discrete objects, such as a pastiche. They are not homogenized, like a sauce. Both types of mixtures are included [[MIXURE]] --> P2.3.1.2.5 MIXTURE N. {{has_subtype(mixture, R41)}} {{similar_to(combination, R48)}} mixture. magma, half-and-half, melange, tertium quid[Lat], miscellany. {{has_subtype(mixture)}} {{has_subtype(variety, R81)}} {{has_subtype(group[of=$items, @R3a])}} {{property_of(incongruous/disordered, @R59)}} hodgepodge, hodge-podge, conglomeration, mish-mash, pastiche, farrago, patchwork, odds and ends, potpourri, gallimaufry, medley, mess, salmagundi, all sorts, olio, ambigu[obs1], hotchpot[obs3], olla-podrida[obs3], pasticcio[obs3], omnium gatherum[Lat], hotch-potch[obs3], hotch-pot[obs3], cahotage[obs3]; fortuitous concourse of atoms, disjecta membra[Lat], rudis indigestaque moles [Lat][Ovid], jumble, hash, huddle, litter, lumber. &&{{has_property($items): unrelated, @R81}}. {{has_metaphor(conglomeration): salad, P2.3.1.3.2.8}}. {{has_subtype: sauce, P2.3.1.3.2.17}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(food): salad; mash, chowchow[Chinese]}}. caldron texture; mingled yarn. {{has_subtype: jumble &c. (disorder) R59}}. {{has_subtype: mosaic &c. (variegation) R440}}. {{has_subtype(rock)}}{{has_subtype(mixture[of=rocks]): breccia}}. {{has_metaphor}} Noah's ark. {{has_subtype: collage; montage}}. <-- (For Manufactured objects other than P2.3.1.1) (Sym: POA) [Note: All artifacts have purpose, price, means of use, effectiveness, and class (consumer/intermediate/industrial)] Many of the Roget categories are in this division. purpose - cf. volition [Note2: most artifacts are defined by their purpose (role). ( e.g. a knife is something used for cutting, although in order to accomplish its purpose it must have certain properties (sharp!). Likewise "jewelry" is almost anything worn on the body as an ornament.). The "role" character of artifacts corresponds to Sowa's notion of what the "secondness" property should be on the dimension "firstness, secondness, thirdness". See ref [10] ] [[ARTIFACT]] --> P2.3.1.3 ARTIFACT N. artifact, man-made object, manufactured object, artifacts[pl]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(useful, R644)}} useful artifact. <-- the "purpose" of an artifact is related to the "purpose, goal (R615)" of humans in that the "purpose, function" of an artifact is to achieve the "purpose" of the human maker, and this human "purpose(R615)" is also the "purpose(R615)" for which the object was made. Thus an artifact is a method to achieve a goal(R615), and its function is a goal(R615). --> {{!has_function(useful artifact)}} {{has_subtype(goal, @R615/goal, @R620)}} purpose, function. {{constitutes(artifacts[num=all])}} the man-made world, the world of artifice. {{alternative_to(the man-made world): nature, P2.1.2.R1}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_patient(commerce, R794): @R798, merchandise, article of commerce}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(hand-made, @R171)}} handicraft. {{has_subtype}} fired object. {{required_for(heating, R384): manufacture[ptnt=fired object]}}. {{has_subtype(fired object)}} ceramic, ceramics[pl]; brick. {{constitutes(ceramic)}} pottery; crockery; porcelain, china; earthenware, stoneware; pot, mug. {{constitutes(iron, P2.3.1.2.2.26)}} ironware, ironwares. {{has_subtype(ceramic)}} terra cotta[Sp]; clinker; Cervit. {{!created_by: maker, @R164}}. Adj. {{!!has_property(artifact)}} artifactual, artificial, man-made. {{antonym_of(artificial): natural, @P2.1.2.R1}}. P2.3.1.3.1 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- form here is for raw materials, the way they are typically delivered for use. This entry is for liquids as well as solids. Should be subdivided!??? [[matform]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.1 FORM OR SHAPE CATEGORIES FOR MATERIALS N. {{has_subtype(form[of=material, @P2.1.1], P1.2.4.2.3.1.1)}} form, material form. {{has_subtype(form)}} state, state of division. {{has_subtype(form)}} {{has_property(solid object)}} shape. {{has_subtype(shape)}} {{has_subtype(sheet, @P1.2.4.2.3.1.1)}} {{property_of(thinness[2], @R203)}} {{property_of(planar, @P1.2.2.2.1.1.2)}} sheet. {{has_subtype(sheet)}} {{property_of(flexible, @R324)}} foil, leaf; wrap, flexible sheet. <-- "for any given material, a foil is thinner than a sheet" --> {{has_property(sheet)}} {{has_subtype(thickness, @P1.2.4.2.3)}} sheet thickness. &&{{has_property(foil)}} {{has_subtype(thickness, @P1.2.4.2.3)}} foil thickness. &&{{{has_relative_val(sheet thickness + foil thickness): ">1"}}}. {{shape_of(sheet): paper, @P2.3.1.3.1.2}}. {{shape of (foil): tissue paper, @P2.3.1.3.1.2}}. {{{has_relative_value(sheet^length, @P1.2.4.2.3 + sheet^thickness, @P1.2.4.2.3): ">10"}}}. {{has_subtype(sheet, @P1.2.4.2.3.1.1)}} {{property_of(rigid, @R323)}} {{property_of(flat, @R251)}} plate, platter, slab, rigid sheet. {{shape_of(plate)}} table, tablet. {{has_subtype(shape)}} {{has_subtype(elongated form, @R240)}} bar, ingot. <-- a "rod" is an elongated cylinder, i.e. length/width > 1.2. For shorter ratios, we would use "disc" --> {{has_subtype(bar)}} {{has_subtype(cylinder, @R249)}} rod. <-- this "pole" has to be wide enough to be stiff, and narrow enough to be graspable in the hand --> {{has_subtype(rod, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(pole, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{property_of(long[1], @R200d)}} {{property_of(width[val=1-15 cm], @P1.2.4.2.3)}} {{property_of(length[val=>100 cm], @P1.2.4.2.3)}} pole. {{has_subtype(shape)}} {{has_conceptual_part(hole[num=1], R260)}} torus, toroid, doughnut, donut. {{has_property(rod): @P1.2.4.2.3, $length, $width}}. &&{{{has_relative_val($length + $width): ">1"}}}. {{has_subtype(shape)}} {{has_subtype(cylinder, @R249)}} {{property_of(hollow)}} tube. {{has_property(tube): @P1.2.4.2.3, $length, $width}}. &&{{{has_relative_val($length + $width): ">10"}}}. {{has_subtype(tube)}} {{orientation_of(vertical)}} column. {{has_subtype(shape)}} {{has_subtype(network, @R219/lattice, @R219)}} mesh. {{has_subtype(mesh)}} {{member_of(line[num=>100], @R205)}} net, webbing. {{has_subtype(net)}} {{&uses(fishing)}} fishing net, fisherman's net. {{!used_by(fishing net): trawler, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(shape)}} cake. {{has_subtype(shape)}} lump. {{has_subtype(shape)}} pellet, tablet. {{forms(dispersion[ptnt=$substance, P2.1.1], @R73)}} {{constitutes($substance, P2.1.1)}} dispersion. {{has_subtype(dispersion)}} mist, aerosol. {{&has_conceptual_part(shape): hole, R260}}. {{has_subtype: @R330, dust, powder, grain, granulated powder}}. {{has_subtype: liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gas, @P2.2.1.1)}} {{property_of(pressure[val=>1 atm], @P2.2.1.1)}} compressed gas. {{has_subtype: fiber, P2.3.1.3.1.2.6}}. {{caused_by(shape)}} {{has_subtype(human process)}} shaping, forming. {{has_subtype(shaping[ptnt=$plant, R367])}} training. &&{{requires(training): growth[ptnt=$plant], @R359}}. &&{{uses($training): restraining device}}. {{has_subtype(shaping)}} {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} milling. {{has_subtype(shaping)}} {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{result_of(rod/cast)}} casting. {{has_subtype(shaping)}} {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{result_of(powder): grinding, @P2.4.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(shaping)}} {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{result_of(sheet)}} rolling. {{has_subtype(shaping)}} {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{result_of(pellet/tablet)}} pelleting. {{has_subtype(shaping)}} {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{result_of(hole, R260)}} drilling. V. form, shape. {{has_subtype(form[obj=pellet/tablet])}} pellet. cast; mill. {{has_method(form[obj=hole])}} drill. {{has_method(form[obj=wire])}} draw. {{has_method(form[obj=sheet])}} roll. {{has_subtype(form): grind, @P2.4.2.4.3}}. Adj. formed, shaped. worked, wrought. {{has_property(powder)}} granular, powdery. {{has_property(sheet)}} lamellar, foil-like. {{has_property(torus)}} toroid, toroidal, doughnut-shaped. <-- [[liquid]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.1.1 LIQUID N. {{has_subtype(fluid, @R333)}} liquid, physical liquid, inelastic fluid. {{has_property: liquidity, @R333}}. {{not_component_of(solid)}} pure liquid, clear liquid. {{has_subtype}}{{part_of(particle[num=many], @R330)}} suspension. {{has_subtype}}{{part_of(particle[num=many], @R330)}} emulsion. {{has_component(emulsion): emulsifier}}. {{has_subtype(physical liquid)}} pure liquid; aerosol, sol. {{&has_component(liquid): @P2.6.2.1.1, solute, dissolved substance}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(mixture)}} solution. {{has_subtype}} {{component_of(solid)}} slurry; sludge; suspension. {{has_property(solution)}} {{has_subtype(pressure, @P2.6.1.2.3)}} osmotic pressure. {{exhibits(solution)}} {{has_subtype(transport[of=solute, @P2.6.2.1.1][through=semipermeable membrane])}} osmosis. {{requires(osmosis)}} {{has_subtype(membrane, @R204)}} {{property_of(semipermeable, @R252a)}} semipermeable membrane. {{has_subtype: water, R337}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(fluid)}} liquid. {{has_property(liquid)}} wet. flowing; pouring; spraying; spurting. dripping; dribbling; oozing. <-- the categories from R295 and R297 may be duplicates of these words. Re-check??? --> V. {{has_action(liquid)}} flow, run, stream, course. drip; dribble; ooze. {{has_subtype}} spray, spurt; spout, shoot, shoot out. splash. {{caused_by(flow)}} pour, run out. {{caused_by(pour): invert[obj=container], @P2.4.2.3.16.1.3; empty[obj=container]; drain[obj=container]}}. {{requires(pour): gravitational field, @P2.6.1.2.3}}. {{exhibits(liquid): evaporate, R336; solidify, @P2.6.1.3.8}}. {{caused_by(flow)}} pipe; pump. {{has_subtype(pour): spill, @R297; drain, @R295}}. {{exhibits(solution)}} osmose. Adv. in a stream. dropwise. in a spurt. <-- ?? the individual functional categories should be grouped here, but larger categories such as food can have their own entries immediately below; later, divide the specific materials between natural and artifactual, and set references to function [[material]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.2 ARTIFACTUAL MATERIALS <-- subdivided by Functional categories --> N. {{&consists_of(artifact)}} {{constitutes(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} {{similar_to(natural material, P2.3.1.32)}} artifactual material. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1): @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, glue, mucilage, paste; cement}}. {{processed_into(fiber)}} {{shape_of(sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} paper. {{constitutes(paper)}} {{shape_of(sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} cardboard; tissue paper; toilet paper, toilet tissue; paperboard. {{constitutes(cardboard)}} {{shape_of(sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{property_of(stiff)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} card. {{property_of(color, R428)}} {{function_of(impart color, @R428)}} {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} pigment, coloring material. {{has_subtype(paper): @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, gummed paper}}. {{has_subtype(paper)}} papillote. {{has_subtype(polymer)}} {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} plastic. {{similar_to(natural rubber, @P2.3.1.2)}} {{property_of(elasticity, R325)}} {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} synthetic rubber. {{has_subtype(synthetic rubber)}} neoprene, Buna-S. {{has_subtype(plastic)}} {{property_of(tenacity, stickiness, R327)}} Velcro. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1): chemical compound, P2.3.1.3.4; medicine, P2.3.1.3.4.1; poison, P2.3.1.3.4.2}}. Adj. material, substantial. adobe. sandy; rocky; plasticine. dusty; gritty. {{has_subtype: metallic, @P2.3.1.2.3}}. P2.3.1.3.1.2.1 MULTIUSE MATERIALS N. multipurpose material. <-- [[plastic]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.2.1.1 PLASTIC N. {{has_subtype(substance[1], @P2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(polymer, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} plastic. {{has_property: specific gravity[avval=1.2]}}. thermoplastic, thermoplastic resin. thermosetting compositions, thermosetting resin. {{major_part_of(cellulose, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} cellulosic plastic. {{has_subtype(cellulosic plastic)}} cellulose nitrate, celluloid; cellulose acetate. fluorocarbon plastic. {{has_subtype(fluorocarbon plastic)}} Teflon, teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE. Mylar, mylar; phenolic urea, Bakelite, bakelite; Vinylite, vinylite; resinoid; aminoplast; coumarone-indene; furane; lignin; melamine; multiresin; polyester; silicone resin; polypropylene; polyvinyl-formaldehyde; terpene; tetrafluoroethylene; vinyl. P2.3.1.3.1.2.2 MATERIALS FOR ART N. art material, material for art, artist's material. <-- [[sculpture]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.2.2.1 MATERIAL FOR SCULPTURE #635a. Material for sculpture. N. {{has_subtype(substance, @P2.1.1)}} sculpture material, material for sculpture. <-- this "metaphor" is atually a metonym --> {{has_metaphor(sculpture)}} marble; bronze; ceramic. papier-mache; plaster of paris. cloisonne, enamel; satsuma. faience. {{constitutes(ceramic): crockery}}. terra cotta. porcelain, china. {{has_subtype: steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1; aluminum; brass, @P2.3.1.2.3.1; copper, P2.3.1.2.2.29}}. P2.3.1.3.1.2.2.2 MATERIAL FOR PAINTING N. {{uses(painting, @R554)}} material for painting, painting material. {{has_subtype(board, @R204)}} {{has_subtype(support[for=oil paint], R215)}} pallet, palette. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{has_subtype(support[for=painting, @R554], R215)}} easel. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} brush; pencil, stump; black lead; crayons. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{component_of(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{property_of(colored, @R428)}} ink, pastel; watercolor, body color; primer, priming; gouache, tempera; fresco, water glass; enamel; chalk. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(paint, @R223)}} {{component_of(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{property_of(colored, @R428)}} {{main_component_of(oil, R356)}} oil color, oils, oil paint, oil paints, paint. encaustic painting. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{component_of(egg yolk + size)}} distemper. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{property_of(black)}} charcoal. P2.3.1.3.1.2.3 MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION [[CONSTRUCTION]] #635b. Construction Material. N. construction material. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} clapboard; shake; shingle. compo, composition. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{property_of(solid)}} concrete; reinforced concrete. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(stone, @P2.3.1.1.4.1)}} adobe, brown stone. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.2.4.7, wood, lumber, timber}}. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{constitutes(clay, @P2.3.1.1.4)}} brick. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)}} structural steel. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} block. {{has_subtype(block)}} cinder block; cement block. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.2, mortar, cement}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(iron, P2.3.1.2.2.26)}} cast iron, decarbonized iron, wrought iron. {{constitutes(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)}} {{has_subtype(fastener, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1)}} nail; rivet. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} hardware [collective]. chinking. daubing; puncheon. <-- [[stationery]] [[pen]] --> <-- this entry should subdivide into inks and media --> P2.3.1.3.1.2.4 WRITING MATERIALS #635c. Writing material. N. {{uses(writing, R590, @M8.1.3.3.2.4)}} writing material. {{derived_from(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} blank document, blank, blank sheet. {{constitutes(paper, P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(blank sheet)}} writing paper[collective], stationery[collective]. {{has_unit(writing paper): sheet, @R591}}. {{has_subtype(writing paper)}} {{property_of(low weight)}} {{uses(copying[ptnt=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @R21)}} carbon paper; pressure-sensitive paper. {{has_part(carbon paper)}} {{property_of(waxy + pigmented)}} {{has_subtype(coating, @R223)}} carbon coating. {{has_subtype(writing paper)}} {{uses(tracing, @R21)}} tracing paper. {{has_subtype(writing paper)}} foolscap; vellum[1]. {{similar_to(writing paper)}} {{processed_into(hide, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} parchment, vellum[2]. {{similar_to(writing paper)}} {{has_subtype(blank sheet)}} {{property_of(ancient, @R124)}} {{processed_into(papyrus plant, @R367)}} papyrus. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} tablet, marble, pillar, table; blackboard, slate. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{main_component_of(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} ink. {{constitutes(ink): text, @R590}}. {{has_subtype(receptacle[for=ink], R191)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} ink bottle, ink horn, ink pot, ink stand, ink well. {{function_of(mark[obj=blank sheet], @R550)}} {{used_in(ink)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} pen, quill, goose quill. {{function_of(mark[obj=blank sheet], @R550)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} pencil. {{function_of(mark[obj=surface])}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} style, stylus. {{has_part(stylus/pencil)}} {{property_of(pointed)}} {{has_subtype(tip, @P2.3)}} {{has_subtype(tip, @R240)}} tip, point. {{&has_part(pen)}} {{property_of(pointed)}} {{rel_loc_of(tip)}} nib, pen nib. {{function_of(mark[obj=blank sheet], @R550)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} crayon. {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{property_of(blackness, R431)}} {{&has_component(ink)}} lampblack, ivory black, blue-black. {{has_subtype(ink)}} writing ink. {{has_subtype(ink)}} {{property_of(blackness, R431)}} {{property_of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} printing ink, printer's ink, Indian ink, India ink. {{has_subtype(ink)}} {{property_of(solid, @P2.2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(powder, @R330)}} {{uses(xerographic copier)}} xerographic ink, copier ink, toner. {{has_subtype(pen)}} ball-point pen; fountain pen; felt-tip pen, felt pen; grease pen, grease marker, marker, glass-marking pen, magic marker. {{has_subtype(fountain pen)}} cartridge pen. {{has_subtype(pencil)}} lead pencil; graphite pencil; mechanical pencil; china marking pencil, china marker; "number 1 pencil", "No. 1 pencil"; "number 2 pencil", "No. 2 pencil". {{has_subtype(machine, @R633)}} typewriter. {{has_subtype(typewriter)}} manual typewriter; electric typewriter. {{has_part(typewriter)}} keyboard, typewriter keyboard; carriage; return handle; platen; roller; space bar; shift; type; platen knob. {{has_part(typewriter keyboard)}} key, typewriter key. {{has_subtype(typewriter key)}} space bar; shift key; number key; tab key, tabulator key, tab; backspace key, backspace. {{function_of(print out, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(peripheral device): printer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.5}}. {{function_of(copy[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], R21)}} copier, copying machine; ditto machine. {{has_subtype(copier)}} {{has_subtype(printer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.5)}} {{function_of(copy[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], R21): @P2.3.1.3.14.3.2, telefax, fax machine}}. {{has_function(copier): copying[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @R21; duplication[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @R90}}. {{has_subtype(copier)}} thermal copier; xerographic copier, Xerox machine, xeroxer, Xerox. {{has_product(copier): copy, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. <-- palimpsest -- a writing material with the prior text erased for reuse. (only worthwhile for valuable materials like parchment) --> {{has_subtype(blank sheet)}} {{property_of(used, @R67)}} palimpsest. {{!!has_part_p(palimpsest): $text, @R590}}. &&{{!!property_of($text): erased, @R552}}. P2.3.1.3.1.2.5 TABLEWARE MATERIALS N. {{consists_of(tableware, @P2.3.1.3.9.1)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} tableware material. ceramic, ceramics, pottery, porcelain, earthenware, vitrics. {{has_subtype(porcelain)}} china. {{has_subtype(ceramic)}} ironstone; majolica; terra cotta. {{has_subtype(china)}} bone china; rose china; eggshell china. <-- the "fiber" entry at R205 refers to the form of a material. This entry includes both the fiber material and the fiber itself, and types of cloth made from fiber. Note that most words for types of cloth also apply as types of fibers. Although natural fibers exist, cloth types made of natural fibers are listed here, under artifacts, because the cloth itself is not a natural object. [[FIBER]] [[CLOTH]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.2.6 FIBER MATERIALS N. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} fiber material. {{has_subtype(fiber, R205)}} {{constitutes(fiber material)}} fiber, fibre. {{processed_into(fiber)}} {{constitutes(fiber)}} {{has_subtype(weave, @P1.2.2.2.2.9)}} {{shape_of(flexible sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} cloth, fabric, textile. {{has_subtype(fiber)}} {{&consists_of(cloth)}} {{property_of(natural, @P2.1.2.R1)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} natural fiber. {{has_subtype(fiber)}} {{&consists_of(cloth)}} {{property_of(synthetic, @M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} synthetic fiber. {{has_subtype(natural fiber)}} cotton fiber; silk fiber. {{&consists_of(natural fiber)}} sewing silk; hemp, jute, oakum; flax; vicuna. <-- cotton[1] is the absorbent stuff we get in a wad --> {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{part_of(cotton fiber)}} {{processed_into(cotton plant)}} {{property_of(absorbent, @P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.1.1)}} cotton[1]. {{processed_into(sheep hair)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} wool, cambric. {{has_subtype(wool)}} angora wool. {{procesed_into(camel, @P2.3.1.1.1.5.6)}} camel hair. {{produces(cashmere goat)}} {{has_subtype(wool)}} {{property_of(fineness)}} cashmere. {{has_subtype(wool)}} {{property_of(used)}} {{property_of(reclaimed, @R677)}} reclaimed wool. {{processed_into(hemp, @P2.3.2.1.2.1)}} {{property_of(natural)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} hemp, jute; oakum. {{consitutes(hemp/jute)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} burlap. {{constitutes(cotton[2]/linen)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} buckram. {{constitutes(silk)}} {{has_subtype(pattern)}} foulard. {{&consists_of(cloth)}} {{property_of(synthetic)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{&consists_of(synthetic fiber)}} nylon; polyester; rayon; Dacron, dacron, Terylene; acrylic, polyacrylic. {{property_of(synthetic)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} fiberglass, glass wool; carbon fiber; polypropylene; polyethylene. {{property_of(synthetic)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{constitutes(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)}} steel wool. {{constitutes(cloth)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} lint. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} sheeting; webbing; wash-and-wear fabric. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{property_of(waterproof)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} mackintosh, macintosh. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{constitutes(flax)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} linen. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{constitutes(cotton[2])}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} calico; fustian; denim; muslin; percale. {{has_subtype(pattern)}} {{&has_property(cloth)}} cloth pattern. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{has_subtype(weave)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} satin; sateen; knit; lace. {{has_subtype(cloth pattern)}} print; herringbone; paisley. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{processed_into(cotton[1])}} cotton[2]. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} cheesecloth; chenille; chiffon; chino; chintz; cord, corduroy; crepe, crape; cretonne; crinoline; doeskin; duffel, duffle; faille; felt; flannel; fleece; frieze; gabardine; gingham; grogram; grosgrain; haircloth; homespun; hopsacking, hopsack; horsehair; lame'; Leatherette, leatherette, imitation leather; linsey-woolsey; mackinaw; madras; mohair; moire', watered-silk; moleskin; mousseline de sole; oilcloth; organdy; organza; permanent-press fabric; poplin; quilting; rep, repp; sailcloth; scrim; seersucker; serge; sharkskin; spandex; suede cloth; taffeta; tapestry; toweling; Velcro, velcro; velours, velour; velvet; velveteen; voile; worsted; brocade; damask; ticking; canvas; sacking, bagging. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{constitutes(reclaimed wool)}} shoddy. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{constitutes(camel hair/angora wool)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} camlet. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{constitutes(silk+wool): camlet}}. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{property_of(used, @R677)}} {{has_subtype(waste, @R645)}} rag. <-- adhesive is here rather than under simple tools because it resembles a "material" (chemical substance) more than a solid object --> P2.3.1.3.1.2.7 ADHESIVE N. {{has_subtype(connection)}} {{property_of(semiliquidity, R352)}} {{property_of(stickiness, R327)}} adhesive, adhesive material. <-- [[GLUE]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.1 GLUE N. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} glue. mucilage, paste; gum. {{part_of}} adhesive tape; fly paper. {{has_subtype(glue)}} animal glue; wood glue; fish glue, carlock[obs3], ichthyocol[obs3], ichthycolla[obs3]. {{&derived_from(animal glue): horse hoof}}. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(paper, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} gummed paper. {{has_instance(gummed paper)}} Post-it note. {{has_instance}} {{constitutes(plastic)}} Velcro. {{has_subtype(glue)}} wood glue, carpenter's glue; super glue. {{has_subtype(glue)}} rubber cement; epoxy glue, epoxy cement, epoxy. V. {{has_subtype(fasten, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1)}} [intransitive] stick, adhere. [transitive] glue, paste; stick to. [transitive] tape. P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.2 CEMENT N. {{similar_to(glue, P2.3.1.3.1.2.7)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} cement, mortar. size, wafer, lute, birdlime. solder. {{similar_to(mortar): @R223, stucco, plaster}}. grout. putty; viscum[obs3]; tile grout, tiling compound; binder. {{has_subtype(cement)}} Portland cement. V. cement, mortar. P2.3.1.3.1.2.8 SEALER N. {{property_of(stickiness, R327)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} sealer, sealing agent. putty; spackle; caulk, caulking agent. {{has_subtype(putty)}} iron putty; red-lead putty. mastic. {{has_subtype(wax): sealing wax}}. {{has_subtype: tar}}. P2.3.1.3.1.3 SPECIFIC ARTIFACTS N. artifact, product. {{has_subtype: @R798, item of commerce, article of commerce, merchandise, wares, goods}}. <-- [[COOKING]] --> P2.3.1.3.1.3.1 COOKING IMPLEMENT N. {{uses(cooking, P2.8.7)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} cooking utensil, cooking implement, culinary implement. {{constitutes(porcelain)}} dish. {{constitutes(porcelain)}} {{has_subtype(container, R191)}} crock. {{performed_in(roasting, @P2.8.7): oven, @P2.3.1.3.17.1}}. {{performed_in(baking, @P2.8.7): oven, @P2.3.1.3.17.1}}. {{performed_on(frying, @P2.8.7): stovetop}}. {{has_subtype(electrical appliance)}} {{function_of(heating, R384)}} toaster; waffle iron. {{function_of(blending, R41)}} blender. {{has_subtype(electrical appliance)}} {{function_of(blending, R41)}} electric mixer; electric blender. {{has_subtype(electric blender)}} Waring blender; food processor. cooker; enamelware[collective]. {{function_of(measure[obj=volume[of=food ingredient], R200f])}} {{has_subtype(container, R191)}} measuring spoon; measuring cup. {{performed_on(grilling, @P2.8.7)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(grid, @R219)}} grid, gridiron; grill, grille. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} griddle; spit. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{&part_of(lid/cover)}} {{has_subtype(container, R191)}} pan; pot, cooking pot. {{has_subtype(pan)}} frying pan, frying-pan, skillet; stew-pan; saucepan; saute pan; wok; dripping pan; poacher; popover pan; pizza pan. {{has_subtype(pan)}} {{function_of(baking)}} baking pan; loaf pan; cake pan; pie pan, piepan; muffin tin, muffin pan; cookie sheet. {{has_subtype(pan)}} {{function_of(roasting)}} roasting pan, roaster. {{has_subtype(pot)}} {{uses(cook, P2.8.7)}} coffee pot, coffee-pot, coffeepot; caldron, cauldron; Dutch oven; kettle, boiler; marmite; teapot, teakettle, tea kettle; urn; double boiler; fondue pot; crock pot; pressure cooker. {{has_subtype(urn)}} samovar. {{has_subtype(dish)}} chafing dish; casserole; terrine. {{has_subtype(container, R191)}} {{uses(transfer[obj=food])}} {{property_of(small)}} spoon; ladle. spatula; colander; funnel; fork; sifter; grater; baster; beater; rolling pin; can opener; bottle opener; knife sharpener; cutting board; egg slicer; cheese slicer. {{has_subtype: knife, P2.3.1.3.12.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(knife, P2.3.1.3.12.4.1): paring knife; slicing knife; chopping knife; bread knife; potato peeler, vegetable peeler; corer; kitchen shears; biscuit cutter; ice pick}}. {{has_subtype(thermometer): oven thermometer; meat thermometer}}. {{has_subtype(container, R191)}} tuyere, brasier[obs3], salamander, heater, warming pan. P2.3.1.3.1.3.2 WEIGHT N. {{has_subtype(solid object)}} weight[1], weights[1][pl]. {{uses(weighing)}} {{has_subtype(standard)}} weight[2], standard weight. {{uses(exercise/body building)}} weight[3], exercise weight. paperweight. {{&uses(fishing)}} sinker. {{&uses(navigation)}} ballast. {{function_of(compensation, R30)}} make-weight, casting-weight; counterpoise; counterweight. {{has_subtype(counterweight)}} {{uses(weighing)}} tare. {{has_subtype(weight[1])}} {{property_of(heavy, @R319)}} heavy weight, heavy object. <-- the default for foodstuffs is that they are natural (processed natural substances). If not, they should be marked as artificial (symb. POFOOD) --> <-- [[food]] Eating WAS INCLUDED WITH FOOD in Roget, but has been moved to P2.8.3.1 under "human action" (see [[eating]]). NOTE: we have not in general distinguished animal parts or products (e.g. eggs) per se from their use as food (which is done in some languages, and in some cases in English). Therefore the entry for "egg" here is the only entry for hard-shelled eggs. Most foods are probably best classified as substances, but some, such as an egg or an apple, or a cookie, are discrete objects. So we cannot put any general substance/object label in most headers. --> P2.3.1.3.2 FOOD R298 #298. Food. N. {{consumes(eating, R298a, P2.8.3.1/nutrition, P2.6.4.1.1.2.3)}} food, nutriment, nourishment, aliment, victuals, pabulum, eatables, edibles, provender, comestibles, grub[coll.], sustenance, staff of life, sustentation, sustention[obs2], alimentation, ingesta. {{required_for: nutrition, P2.6.4.1.1.2.3}}. keep, commons, board. {{has_subtype(provision, R637)}} provision, provisions, ration, rations. {{has_subtype(provision, R637)}} {{&uses(journey)}} viaticum [ food taken on a journey ]. {{has_subtype(provision, R637)}} {{&uses(prospecting)}} grubstake, grub stake [food given to a prospector for a share of his findings]. canned food. {{has_subtype(canned food)}} {{&property_of(unwholesome, @P2.6.4.8.2.2)}} {{&component_of(toxin)}} improperly canned food. commissariat &c. (provision) R637. {[in_frame(feast, @R829)]} fare, cheer. diet, regimen; diet food, weight-reducing fare, dietary regimen. {{has_low_quality(diet)}} bread and water, starvation diet. belly timber; bread and cheese. {[of(carnivorous animal)]} prey. {[of(herbivorous animal)]} forage, pasture, pasturage, prog[obs3]. {[of(animal[2], @R366)]} provender, feed, fodder, animal food. {[of(animal[2], @R366)]} {{location_of(silo)}} silage, ensilage. {{has_subtype(provender)}} corn; hay; swill. <-- "cat chow", "mouse chow", etc are used by Purina company as a term for their food for animals, including laboratory animals --> {{has_subtype(animal food)}} dog food; cat food, cat chow; mouse chow; rabbit chow. {{property_of(luxurious)}} delicacy, delicacies, dainty, dainties, fleshpots, cates[obs3]. creature comforts, contents of the larder. {{&has_location}} food table, festal board, groaning board. ambrosia; good cheer, good living. <-- specific types --> {{has_subtype: meat, P2.3.1.3.2.3}}. {{produces(baking): @P2.3.1.3.2.4, bread, bread stuffs}}. cerealia[obs3]; cereals; fish; viands. {{property_of(ready-to-eat, P2.8.3.R1)}} prepared food. {{has_subtype(prepared food)}} delicatessen. {{has_subtype(delicatessen): cooked meat, @P2.3.1.3.2.3; salad, P2.3.1.3.2.8}}. {{main_component_of(cornmeal)}} hoecake [U.S.]. {{produces(baking)}} bisquit[obs3], bun; cracker; roti[obs3], rusk, ship biscuit. pudding, omelet; remove, entremet[obs3]; releve[Fr], hash, rechauffe[Fr], stew, ragout, fricassee, mince; fatling[obs3]; hominy [U.S.]; cornstarch [U.S.]. {{function_of(cut[obj=dough])}} {{used_in(make[obj=cookie])}} {{has_subtype(hand tool, P2.3.1.3.12.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(punch, P2.3.1.3.12.4.1)}} cookie cutter. pottage, potage[obs3], broth, soup, consomme, puree, spoonmeat[obs3]. {{has_subtype: fruit, P2.3.1.3.2.7}}. apple slump; artichoke; ashcake[obs3]; griddlecake; pancake, flapjack; atole[obs3]; beche de mer[Fr]; beet root; blancmange; bloater; breadfruit; chop suey [U.S.]; chowder; chupatty[obs3]; clam; compote; damper; frumenty[obs3]; ice cream; lettuce, rabbit food[derogatory]; mangosteen; mince pie; oatmeal; oyster; pineapple; porridge; porterhouse steak; salmis[obs3]; sauerkraut; sea slug; sturgeon, "Albany beef"; succotash [U.S.]; supawn [obs3][U.S.]; trepang[obs3]; vanilla; waffle; walnut. mouthful; bolus, gobbet[obs3], morsel, sop, sippet[obs3]. {{has_subtype: beverage, P2.3.1.3.2.10}}. eating house &c. R189. [person who eats] diner; hippophage; glutton &c. R957. <-- [[drink]] all of the remainder are found at beverage. No need to repeat. drink, beverage; liquor; broth, soup; potion, dram, draught; drench, swill*; nip, sip, sup, gulp. wine; spirits; liqueur; beer; ale; malt liquor; Sir John Barleycorn; stingo[obs3]; heavy wet; grog; toddy; flip; purl; punch; negus[obs3]; cup; bishop; wassail; gin &c. (intoxicating liquor) R959; coffee; chocolate; cocoa; tea; the cup that cheers but not inebriates; bock beer; lager beer; Pilsener beer; schenck beer[obs3]; Brazil tea; cider; claret; ice water; mate; mint julep [U.S.]; near beer, "3.2 beer", non-alcoholic beverage. --> P2.3.1.3.2.1 CONDIMENT (R393) #393. Condiment. N. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} condiment, seasoning, spice, relish. {{has_function: enhance[obj=taste[2][of=food, R298], @R390], @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype: sauce, P2.3.1.3.2.17}}. salt; pepper; curry, sauce piquante[Fr]; caviar, caviare; onion, garlic, pickle; achar[obs3], allspice; chutney; cubeb[obs3], pimento. {{has_subtype(pepper)}} black pepper, white pepper, peppercorn; bell pepper, Jamaica pepper, green pepper; capsicum pepper. {{has_subtype(pepper)}} {{processed_into(capsicum pepper)}} capsicum, red pepper, chili peppers, cayenne. {{&part_of: appetizer, @P2.8.3.R1}}. nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, oregano, cloves, fennel. [herbs] pot herbs, parsley, sage, rosemary, thyme, bay leaves, marjoram. [fragrant woods and gums] frankincense, balm, myrrh. [from pods] paprika. [from flower stigmas] saffron. [from roots] ginger, turmeric. {{property_of(semiliquid): sauce, P2.3.1.3.2.17}}. {{has_subtype(spread, P2.3.1.3.2.16)}} mayonnaise; mustard; grey poupon mustard; ketchup, catsup. V. season, spice, flavor, spice up &c. (render pungent) R392. <-- [[sweet]] --> P2.3.1.3.2.2 CONFECTION (R396A) N. {{property_of(sweetness, R396)}} sweet, sweets, confection, confectionary. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(meal): @P2.8.3.R1, dessert}}. {{has_subtype}} {{produces(baking)}} cake; cookie, cooky [U.S.]; pastry; kickshaws[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} doughnut. {{has_subtype(pastry)}} pie, pasty, volauvent[obs3]. {{has_part(pie)}} {{property_of(semisolid)}} {{main_component_of(dough, @R298)}} pie crust. {{has_part(pie)}} filling. candy; ice cream; tart; puff; pudding. {{has_component}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{property_of(sweetness, R396)}} sweetener. {{has_subtype(sweetener)}} {{property_of(artificial)}} saccharine; aspartame; cyclamate. {{has_subtype(sweetener)}} {{property_of(natural)}} {{has_subtype(sugar, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} sucrose. {{constitutes(sucrose)}} sugar, table sugar; confectioner's sugar; brown sugar. {{has_subtype(sweetener)}} {{property_of(natural)}} {{property_of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} syrup; treacle, molasses; honey. {{has_subtype(syrup)}} corn syrup; maple sirup[obs3], maple syrup, maple sugar. {{has_subtype(sugar, @P2.3.1.3.2.2): sucrose, cane sugar, beet sugar; glucose, dextrose; levulose, fructose; mannose; mannitol; sorbitol}}. {{origin_of(heaven)}} manna. conserve, preserve, confiture[obs3], jam, jelly. {{has_subtype(candy)}} sugar-candy; plum, sugar-plum, sweetmeat; licorice; lollipop; bonbon; jujube; comfit; apple butter; caramel; mithai[obs3], sorghum, taffy. {{has_subtype(plum)}} damson. nectar; hydromel[obs3], mead, meade[obs3], metheglin[obs3], honeysuckle. {{component_of(fruit)}} marmalade. {{component_of(fruit + syrup)}} compote. pudding, custard. {{has_subtype(pudding)}} hasty pudding; Yorkshire pudding. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.2.10, liqueur, sweet wine, julep, aperitif}}. {{has_subtype(plant, R367)}} {{produced_by(sugar): sugar cane; sugar beet}}. sweetening, dulcification[obs1], dulcoration[obs1]. {{has_major_component}} sweetener. {{has_subtype(sweetener)}} corn syrup; refined sugar, table sugar. {{consist_of(refined sugar): @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1, cane sugar, beet sugar}}. {{has_subtype(sweetener)}} {{has_subtype(chemical compound)}} {{property_of(artificial, @P2.3.1.3)}} artificial sweetener. {{has_subtype(artificial sweetener)}} saccharin; cyclamate; aspartame. {{has_brandname(aspartame)}} NutraSweet; Equal. {{has_brandname(saccharine)}} Sweet'N Low. {{has_subtype(sweetener): @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1, dextrose}}. Phr. eau sucree[Fr]; " sweets to the sweet " [Hamlet]. <-- [[meat]] --> P2.3.1.3.2.3 MEAT N. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{processed_into(animal[2], @R366)}} {{has_part(animal[2], @R366)}} meat, flesh. {{+consists_of: muscle, @R1002}}. {{&consists_of: organ, P2.3.2.2.3.2.2}}. raw meat; cooked meat. beef; venison; veal; pork; ham; lamb; mutton. {{constitutes}} cut, cut of meat. rabbit. {{has_subtype(meat)}} turtle; barbecue; joint, piece de resistance[Fr], roast and boiled. {{property_of(unusual)}} alligator meat; snake meat; buffalo, buffalo meat; frog's leg; horse meat; moose, moose meat. {{has_subtype(cut)}} joint, roast; chop, cutlet; piece, slice. {{has_subtype(cut)}} {{property_of(boneless)}} fillet. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ground, @R330)}} ground meat. {{has_subtype(cut[of=ground meat])}} {{form_of(discoid)}} patty. variety meat, offal, organ, organ meat. {{derived_from(meat): game, @R622; farm animal, @P2.3.2.1.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(organ meat)}} heart; thymus, sweetbread; pancreas, sweetbread; liver; tongue; brain; eye; testicle, testes, stones, oyster; kidney; stomach, intestine, tripe. {{has_subtype(tongue)}} oxtongue. {{has_subtype(sausage)}} bratwurst; headcheese; knockwurst; liver-pudding, liver-sausage, liverwurst; salami; bologna, Bologna sausage; frank, frankfurter, hot dog, Vienna sausage, wiener. {{has_subtype(beef)}} beef tenderloin, undercut, tenderloin; chuck; rib; loin; hip; hind shank, shank; brisket; plate; flank; sirloin; wedge bone; flat bone; pin bone; sirloin tip; porterhouse; T-bone; blade; beef neck, neck; chuck short rib; shoulder; short ribs; round; rump. {{has_subtype(beef)}} beefsteak, steak; roast beef; ground beef, hamburger meat; bully beef, corned beef; pastrami; beef jerky, jerky, pemmican. {{constitutes(hamburger meat)}} {{has_subtype(patty)}} hamburger[1], hamburger patty. {{part_of(hamburger patty)}} {{has_subtype(sandwich)}} hamburger[2], burger, hamburger sandwich. {{has_part(hamburger patty)}} {{part_of(cheese slice)}} cheeseburger; California burger. {{has_part(hamburger[2])}} {{has_subtype(bread)}} hamburger bun, hamburger roll. {{has_subtype(pork)}} pork cut. {{has_subtype(pork cut)}} pork tenderloin, tenderloin; leg of pork; pork loin; belly, pork belly, side of pork. {{has_subtype(pork belly)}} flitch. {{has_subtype(pork)}} cochon de lait, suckling, suckling pig. {{has_subtype(pork)}} butt, ham, jambon. {{has_subtype(pork)}} prosciuto. {{has_subtype(pork)}} bacon. {{has_subtype(bacon)}} Canadian bacon; American bacon; gammon, side of bacon. {{has_subtype(pork)}} fatback, salt pork, sowbelly; cracklings; spareribs; pig's feet, pig's knuckles; chitterlings, chitlins, chitlings; haslet. {{processed_into(bird, P2.3.2.2.2.1)}} fowl, poultry. {{has_subtype(fowl)}} chicken, poulet[Fr.]; duck; goose. {{has_subtype(chicken)}} broiler; fryer; roaster; capon; stewing chicken. {{has_subtype(duck)}} duckling; wild duck. domestic fowl, fowl, poultry. {{has_subtype(fowl)}} Cornish hen, Rock Cornish hen; guinea fowl, guinea hen; dove, pigeon, squab; goose; partridge; pheasant; quail; turkey. <-- [[bread]] --> P2.3.1.3.2.4 BREAD N. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} bread, the staff of life. {{constitutes}} breadstuff, breadstuffs[collective]. {{&derived_from}} {{main_component_of(flour, @R330)}} {{property_of(pulpy, R354)}} dough. {{&derived_from}} {{main_component_of(flour, @R330)}} {{property_of(semiliquidity, R352)}} batter. {{&has_component(batter): egg, P2.3.1.3.2.12; water, R377; milk, @P2.3.1.3.2.10}}. {{used_in(baking, @R384): processing[obj=dough][product=bread]}}. {{has_subtype(breadstuff)}} loaf; bun; muffin; waffle; pancake; biscuit; tortilla; pita; roll. white bread; black bread; rye bread; whole wheat bread; oatmeal bread. Italian bread; French bread; Irish soda bread. zucchini bread; corn bread; potato bread. challah. {{has_subtype(roll)}} hard roll; dinner roll; crescent roll; stollen; Vienna roll; onion roll; pasca. {{has_subtype(breadstuff)}} {{property_of(sweet)}} {{shape_of(torus, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} doughnut, donut. {{has_subtype(roll)}} {{shape_of(donut)}} bagel, bublik[Russ.]. {{has_subtype(bread/biscuit/cracker)}} {{property_of(hard)}} {{not_component_of(salt)}} hardtack, pilot bread, pilot biscuit. {{has_subtype(muffin)}} blueberry muffin. {{has_subtype(bun)}} hot cross bun. {{has_subtype(biscuit)}} scone. P2.3.1.3.2.5 SEAFOOD N. seafood. shellfish; fish; octopus; calamari, calamary, squid. {{has_subtype(shellfish)}} crustacean; mollusk. {{has_subtype(crustacean)}} prawn, shrimp; rock lobster, spiny lobster; lobster, homard[Fr]; crawdad, crawfish, crayfish; crab. {{has_subtype(mollusk)}} clam; oyster; snail, escargot[Fr]. {{has_subtype(meal)}} {{part_of(lobster)}} lobster Newburg; lobster thermidor; lobster in butter sauce. P2.3.1.3.2.6 VEGETABLE N. vegetable. artichoke; asparagus; bean; beet; broccoli; cabbage; carrot; cauliflower; celery; chinese cabbage; chive, chives[pl]; corn; cucumber; dandelion greens; eggplant; endive, escarole; garlic; leek; lettuce; mushroom; onion; parseley; parsnip; pea; pepper; pimento, pimiento; potato; scallion; soybean, soya bean; spinach; squash; taro; turnip; yam, sweet potato; water cress; zucchini. {{has_subtype(bean)}} navy bean; green bean; string bean; lentil. {{has_subtype(pea)}} black-eyed pea; green pea; chick-pea. {{has_subtype(pepper)}} green pepper; black pepper; red pepper; chili pepper; jalapeno, jalapeno pepper; hot pepper. {{has_subtype(mushroom)}} truffle. {{has_subtype(turnip)}} rutabaga. <-- tomato is technically a fruit, but often considered a vegetable --> {{has_subtype: tomato, @P2.3.1.3.2.7}}. <-- [[fruit]] --> P2.3.1.3.2.7 FRUIT N. fruit. {{has_subtype}} {{not_property_of(ripe, @R673)}} unripe fruit. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ripe, @R673)}} ripe fruit. {{produces(fruit tree)}} apple; apricot; cherry; peach; pear; plum; fig; citrus fruit; date; olive. {{has_part(peach): $skin}}. &&{{has_property($skin): fuzzy, @R256}}. {{has_subtype(peach)}} nectarine. {{has_part(nectarine): $skin}}. &&{{has_property($skin): smooth, R255}}. berry. {{has_subtype(berry)}} bearberry; bluebery; blackberry; boysenberry; checkerberry; cranberry; elderberry; dewberry; gooseberry; hagberry; huckleberry; loganberry; linganberry; raspberry; strawberry. melon. {{has_subtype(melon)}} cantaloupe, cantaloup, muskmelon; watermelon; honeydew melon, honeydew; watermelon. {{produces(Chinese gooseberry)}} kiwifruit, kiwi fruit. akee; jackfruit; pineapple, ananas[Russ]; persimmon. grape; pomegranate; currant. banana; plantain. papaya; guava; mango; avocado. {{has_subtype(apple)}} green apple; red apple; yellow apple; cooking apple; eating apple. {{has_subtype(apple)}} McIntosh; Jonathan; golden delicious; red delicious; granny Smith; winesap; Cortland; crab apple; gravenstein; wealthy; yellow transparent; starr; grimes golden; Rhode Island greening; Northern spy; stayman; Baldwin. {{has_subtype(cooking apple)}} pippin, Newton pippin; Rome beauty; twenty ounce; York imperial. {{similar_to(banana)}} plantain. {{has_subtype(orange)}} Valencia orange; navel orange. {{has_subtype(pear)}} Bartlett. {{has_subtype(citrus fruit)}} lemon; lime; mandarin orange, tangerine; orange; grapefruit. {{has_subtype(citrus fruit)}} {{similar_to(lemon)}} citron. {{processed_into(grape)}} raisin. {{has_developmental_stage(banana)}} {{property_of(color[val=green])}} unripe banana. {{has_developmental_stage(banana)}} {{property_of(color[val=yellow])}} ripe banana. tomato. {{has_subtype(tomato)}} cherry tomato; Jersey tomato; beefsteak tomato; plum tomato. <-- [[salad]] --> P2.3.1.3.2.8 SALAD N. {{has_subtype(mixture, P2.3.1.2.5)}} {{&consists_of(cold dish, @P2.8.3.R1)}} salad. {{&has_component: lettuce, @R298; cheese, @P2.3.1.3.2.11; tomato, @P2.3.1.3.2.7; boiled egg}}. tossed salad; Caesar salad; Waldorf salad; chef's salad. {{has_subtype}} {{component_of(mayonnaise, @R393, @P2.3.1.3.2.1)}} potato salad; macaroni salad; tuna salad, tuna fish salad; sea food salad; crab salad; chicken salad; ham salad; shrimp salad. {{has_subtype: egg salad, @P2.3.1.3.2.12}}. {{&has_component: salad dressing, P2.3.1.3.2.17}}. cole slaw. fruit salad. herring salad. P2.3.1.3.2.9 SOUP N. {{property_of(semiliquidity, R352)}} soup. {{has_part}} {{property_of(liquidity, @R333)}} bouillon, bouilli[obs3], broth. clam chowder; onion soup; French onion soup; cream of tomato soup; cream of potato soup; vegetable soup; cream of mushroon soup; vichyssoise; lobster bisque; bisque; chicken soup. {{origin_of(Russia)}} borshch; shchi. {{origin_of(China)}} won ton soup. noodle soup. <-- [[BEVERAGE]] [[drink]] --> P2.3.1.3.2.10 BEVERAGE N. {{property_of(liquidity, @R333)}} beverage, drink. {{consumed_by: drinking, P2.8.3.2}}. {{not_component_of(ethanol, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1)}} non-alcoholic beverage. {{has_subtype(non-alcoholic beverage)}} water; mineral water; carbonated water, seltzer; juice. {{has_subtype(non-alcoholic beverage)}} soda, soda water, soda pop, pop, carbonated beverage, minerals. {{component_of(ice cream)}} malted milk, malted, malt; shake, milk shake, frappe. {{secretes(mammary gland)}} {{component_of(cream)}} milk, whole milk. {{processed_into(whole milk)}} cream. {{has_subtype(cream)}} {{component_of(butterfat[pc=>=35])}} heavy cream. {{has_subtype(cream)}} {{component_of(butterfat[pc=<35])}} light cream. {{has_subtype(milk)}} cow's milk, milk; goat's milk. {{has_subtype(milk)}} {{produces(human)}} mother's milk. {{has_subtype(milk)}} {{component_of(butterfat[pc=>3])}} whole milk; pasteurized milk; homogenized milk. {{has_subtype(milk)}} {{component_of(butterfat[pc=<3])}} low fat milk, "2 per cent milk"; "1 percent milk". {{has_subtype(milk)}} {{property_of(sweet)}} chocolate milk; sweetened milk, sugared milk. {{processed_into(milk)}} {{component_of(butterfat[pc=<1])}} skim milk. cider. {{has_subtype(juice)}} fruit juice; tomato juice. {{component_of(ethanol, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1)}} {{forms(alcoholic fermentation, @P2.6.3): alcoholic beverage, P2.3.1.3.2.10.1}}. {{component_of(caffeine)}} {{processed_into(coffee bean)}} coffee, java. {{component_of(caffeine)}} {{processed_into(tea leaf)}} tea, the cup that cheers but not inebriates. {{has_subtype(coffee)}} {{property_of(concentrated)}} Turkish coffee, Greek coffee. {{processed_into(milk)}} {{not_component_of(curd)}} whey. {{processed_into(milk)}} yoghurt, yogurt; sour cream; half-and-half; light cream; heavy cream. Brazil tea. cider, claret, ice water, mate; near beer, "3.2 beer". chocolate, hot chocolate, cocoa. {{has_subtype(fruit juice)}} apple juice; orange juice; pineapple juice; lemon juice; cranberry juice; apricot juice. {{has_subtype(fruit juice)}} {{property_of(sweetened + diluted)}} lemonade; orangeade; limeade; cool-aid. {{created_by(wine)}} vintner[wn2], wine maker, winemaker. <-- [[alcohol]] --> P2.3.1.3.2.10.1 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE N. {{component_of(ethanol, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1)}} {{forms(alcoholic fermentation, @P2.6.3)}} alcoholic beverage, spirits, drink, alcoholic drinks[pl]. {{has_subtype(alcoholic beverage)}} {{processed_into(fruit)}} {{component_of(ethanol[pc=>7], @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1)}} wine. beer, brew; ale; intoxicating beverage; mixed drink, cocktail. {{has_subtype(alcoholic beverage)}} {{property_of(distilled)}} {{component_of(ethanol[pc=>25], @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1)}} liquor, hard liquor, distilled liquor. {{has_subtype(alcoholic beverage)}} {{property_of(sweetness, R396)}} liqueur, sweet wine, aperitif. {{has_subtype(beer)}} malt liquor, light beer, lite, stingo[obs3], heavy wet, bock beer, lager beer, Pilsener beer, schenck beer[obs3]; kvass. {{has_metaphor(beer)}} Sir John Barleycorn. negus[obs3], cup, bishop, wassail. {{has_subtype(hard liquor)}} whisky, uisquebaugh[Irish], usquebaugh, xeres[obs3]; gin, ginsling[obs3]; vodka; rum. {{processed_into(wine/fermented fruit)}} {{forms(distillation)}} brandy, brandy smash [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(brandy)}} Cognac. {{has_subtype(wine)}} white wine; red wine. {{has_subtype(wine)}} {{property_of(color[val=pink, @R434], R428)}} ros,, ros, wine. {{has_subtype(ros, wine)}} white zinfandel. {{has_subtype(wine)}} {{component_of(wine + brandy)}} fortified wine. {{has_subtype(fortified wine)}} sherry; port, port wine; madeira; marsala. {{has_subtype(wine)}} {{origin_of(Hungary)}} {{property_of(sweet)}} tokay, tokaji. schnapps. {{has_subtype(wine)}} {{property_of(sweet)}} aperitif. {{has_subtype(white wine)}} {{property_of(sweet)}} sauternes. {{has_subtype(wine)}} {{component_of(wormwood extract)}} vermouth. {{has_subtype(red wine)}} burgundy; bordeaux; beaujolais. {{has_subtype(white wine)}} chardonnay; white bordeaux, bordeaux blanc. {{has_subtype(bordeaux)}} {{property_of(young)}} claret. {{has_subtype(wine)}} {{property_of(effervescent, @R353)}} champagne, bubbly[inform.]; sparkling wine. {{has_subtype(wine)}} Rhine wine. {{has_subtype(wine)}} {{has_subtype(wine grape)}} Riesling; Cabernet sauvignon; Zinfandel; Condcord; Pinot Noir; Pinot Blanc; Pinot Chardonnay. {{has_subtype(alcoholic beverage/beer)}} {{property_of(homemade)}} homebrew. {{has_subtype(hard liquor)}} {{property_of(illegal + untaxed)}} {{property_of(homemade)}} moonshine; white lightning[coll.]. blue ruin; rosy wine, flowing bowl; drop, drop too much; dram; aguardiente[obs3]; apple brandy, applejack; chain lightning; peg. {{has_subtype(whiskey)}} rye; scotch, scotch whiskey; Irish whiskey. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} highball [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} {{component_of(liquor + sugar + lemon juice + water)}} sling [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} {{component_of(wine + soda, @P2.3.1.3.2.10)}} wine cooler, spritzer, California cooler. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} gin rickey, rickey; eggnog; julep. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} {{component_of(liquor + sugar)}} toddy, hot toddy, grog; flip, purl; punch; mint julep [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} {{component_of(rum + lime juice + sugar)}} daiquiri. {{has_subtype(daiquiri)}} {{component_of(strawberry)}} strawberry daiquiri. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} {{component_of(vodka + tomato juice)}} Bloody Mary. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} {{component_of(vodka + orange juice)}} screwdriver. {{has_subtype(mixed drink)}} pina colada; manhattan; Tom Collins; fuzzy navel; Miami ice; gin and tonic. P2.3.1.3.2.11 SOLID DAIRY PRODUCT. N. {{processed_into(milk)}} solid dairy product. cheese; curds; ice cream; ice milk. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(semisolid)}} yogurt, yoghurt; butter; clabber. {{has_subtype(cheese)}} {{has_subtype(solid, P2.2.1.2)}} Swiss cheese; American cheese; provolone cheese, provolone. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(semisolid)}} cream cheese. <-- this entry is for food eggs with shells (usually chicken or duck) --> P2.3.1.3.2.12 EGG N. {{&location_of(germ cell, @R163)}} {{produces(mature female egg-laying animal)}} egg. {{has_part}} {{property_of(hard)}} {{relative_loc_of(exterior)}} shell, egg shell, eggshell. {{has_subtype(egg)}} {{produces(bird)}} bird egg, bird's egg. {{has_part(egg)}} {{property_of(color[val=yellow])}} yolk. {{has_part(egg)}} {{property_of(color[val=white])}} {{component_of(egg albumin, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} white, whites, egg whites. {{main_component_of(egg)}} omelet, omelette. fresh egg; fried egg; soufle; buttered egg, scrambled egg; poached egg; boiled egg; coddled egg. {{component_of(egg + mayonnaise)}} {{has_subtype(salad, P2.3.1.3.2.8)}} egg salad. {{&processed_into(egg): @R393, mayonnaise}}. {{property_of(high-seasoned, @R392)}} deviled egg, dropped egg, shirred egg, stuffed egg. P2.3.1.3.2.13 GRAIN N. {{processed_into(cereal grass, @R367)}} grain, grist, cereal. wild rice, Indian rice; rice; oat, oats; corn; cornmeal, meal; wheat; buckwheat; barley; rye. {{has_subtype(corn)}} indian corn; hybrid corn. {{processed_into(corn)}} corn flakes. {{processed_into(wheat)}} wheat flakes. {{processed_into(wheat/rye): bread, P2.3.1.3.2.4}}. P2.3.1.3.2.14 NUT N. {{has_subtype(fruit, P2.3.1.3.2.7/seed, @R163)}} nut. {{has_part(nut)}} {{property_of(soft, R324)}} {{property_of(dry, R340)}} kernel. {{has_part(nut)}} {{property_of(hard, R323)}} shell, nutshell. sunflower seed; souari nut; shagbark, shellbark; sassafras nut; pistachio, pistachio nut; pinon, pinyon; pine nut; physic nut; pecan; peanut; palm nut; macadamia nut; litchi nut; kola, kola nut; horse chestnut; hognut, pignut; hickory nut; grugru nut; groundnut; dika nut; cumara nut; corozo nut; coconut; cobnut, hazelnut, filbert; chincapin, chinkapin, chinquapin; chestnut; cashew, cashew nut; candlenut; butternut; Brazil nut, brazil nut, brazil; bonduc nut; walnut; betel nut; ben nut; beechnut; almond. P2.3.1.3.2.15 PASTA N. pasta, noodles, paste. matzo balls; dumplings; won-ton, wonton. {{origin_of(Italy)}} Italian paste, Italian pasta. {{has_subtype(Italian pasta)}} ravioli; lasagna, lasagne; linguini, linguine; macaroni; vermicelli; fettuccine, fettucine, fettucini; fedelline; ziti; spaghettini; spaghetti. P2.3.1.3.2.16 SPREAD N. {{property_of(semisolid)}} spread. {{main_component_of(peanut, @P2.3.1.3.2.14)}} peanut butter. jelly, jam, preserve, conserve. cheese spread. onion dip. {{has_subtype: butter, @P2.3.1.3.2.11}}. {{has_subtype}}{{similar_to(butter)}} maragarine, oleo, oleomargarine. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.2.1, mayonnaise, mustard, grey poupon mustard, ketchup, catsup}}. {{has_subtype: cream cheese}}. P2.3.1.3.2.17 SAUCE N. {{property_of(semisolid)}} {{property_of(thin, @R337)}} sauce. gravy. {{function_of(accompany[obj=food, R298], @R88)}} dressing. {{has_subtype(dressing)}} {{&has_component(salad, P2.3.1.3.2.8)}} salad dressing. {{has_subtype(salad dressing)}} French dressing; Russian dressing; roquefort dressing; Italian dressing; oil and vinegar; Thousand Islands dressing. {{processed_into(tomato, @P2.3.1.3.2.7)}} tomato sauce. {{property_of(spicy, @R392)}} salsa. bernaise sauce; tartar sauce; Newburg sauce. P2.3.1.3.2.18 FOOD ADDITIVE. N. {{&has_component(food)}} {{has_subtype(additive, @A3.3.1)}} additive, food additive. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance, P2.3.1.3.4)}} chemical additive. {{has_subtype(additive)}} {{function_of(preserve[obj=food])}} preservative, food preservative, preserver. {{has_subtype(additive)}} {{function_of(increase[obj=flavor])}} flavor enhancer. {{has_subtype(preservative)}} calcium propionate. {{has_subtype(flavor enhancer)}} monosodium glutamate, MSG. <-- (NOT NATURAL) (SYMB. [[CHEMSUB]])[[CHEMICAL]] (INHERIT PROPERTIES FROM POM, EXCLUDE ALLOYS) --> <-- In this category we will include some processed natural substances, such as medicine and poison. medicines (drugs) POMED poisons (toxins) POTOX inorganic chemicals (not above) organic chemicals (not above) Note that the "properties" such as solid, liquid, refer to their state at room temperature (20 deg. C) and atmospheric pressure. --> P2.3.1.3.4 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE N. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} chemical compound, chemical substance, chemical, pure chemical, compound, substance, composition of matter. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(composition, P2.1.4)}} composition, chemical composition. {{has_symbol(chemical composition)}} {{part_of(atomic symbol + number)}} molecular formula. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(mass, P2.2.1.5)}} molecular weight; formula weight, equivalent weight. {{has_unit(molecular weight)}} dalton. {{has_subtype}} {{studies(chemistry, @P2.6.2)}} reagent, reactant. {{has_subtype: element, P2.3.1.2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{action_of(accelerate[obj=chemical reaction rate, @R35], @R684)}} catalyst. heavy chemical, industrial chemical; fine chemical. {{has_large_quantity(molecular weight)}} high molecular weight compound. {{has_property(high molecular weight compound)}} high molecular weight. {{has_subtype(reagent)}} {{property_of(purity)}} reagent grade chemical. {{has_subtype(chemical substance): materials, R635, P2.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(chemical substance): organic chemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4}}. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{property_of(electrically charged)}} ion. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{part_of(ion)}} electrolyte. {{has_subtype(ion)}} {{property_of(positively charged)}} cation. {{has_subtype(ion)}} {{property_of(negatively charged)}} anion. {{has_subtype(cation)}} {{property_of(multiply positively charged)}} polyvalent cation. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} radical, free radical. {{has_part(free radical)}} free electron. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} nucleophile; electrophile. {{has_property(chemical substance)}} chemical property; physical property, property. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.4.3, inorganic compound, inorganic chemical}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_component(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1): solute, @P2.6.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{component_of(carbon): @P2.3.1.3.4.4, organic chemical, organic compound}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(dangerous)}} hazardous substance, hazardous material, hazmat. {{has_subtype(hazardous material): @P2.3.1.3.4.2, poison, toxin}}. {{has_subtype(hazardous material): P2.3.1.3.4.5, explosive}}. {{has_subtype(hazardous material)}} flammable substance. acid; base; hydrate. {{has_subtype(base)}} alkali, caustic, lunar caustic, apozem[obs3], moxa[obs3]. {{has_subtype(alkali)}} lithium hydroxide; potassium hydroxide. {{has_subtype(alkali)}} sodium hydroxide, caustic soda. {{main_component_of(sodium hydroxide)}} lye. {{used_in(lye): manufacture[obj= lye soap, @R652a], @M7.3.5.4.1.1}}. {{!component_of_x(anion+cation)}} salt. {{!has_subtype(salt)}} {{component_of(anion+metal cation)}} metal salt. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(additive, A3.3.1)}} additive. chemical clathrate. impurity. {{has_subtype(impurity)}} dopant, additive, doping agent. zeolite. ionized compound, unionized compound, neutral compound. {{has_subtype(ionized compound)}} cationic compound; anionic compound; amphoteric compound; zwitterionic compound, zwitterion. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(structural unit, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2)}} monomer. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(monomer[num=>1])}} oligomer. <-- we set an arbitrary number of ten as the minimum for a polymer --> {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(monomer[num=>10])}} {{property_of(high molecular weight)}} polymer. {{has_subtype(monomer): $amino acid, P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.3}}. &&{{part_of($amino acid): protein, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} solvent. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.4.2, poison, toxin}}. {{has_subtype}} {{inhibited_by(chemical reaction)}} inhibitor. {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(addiction, @M4.2.2.1.2.1)}} addictive substance. {{has_subtype(addictive substance): drug of abuse, P2.3.1.3.4.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} liquefied gas. {{has_subtype(liquefied gas)}} {{property_of(freezing temperature)}} {{constitutes(nitrogen)}} {{property_of(temperature[val="-196 deg C"]): liquid nitrogen, @P2.3.1.2.2.7}}. {{has_subtype(liquefied gas)}} {{property_of(freezing temperature)}} {{constitutes(helium)}} {{property_of(temperature[val="-269 deg C"]): liquid helium, @P2.3.1.2.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(solid)}} {{property_of(freezing temperature)}} {{property_of(temperature[val="-78 deg C"])}} {{constitutes(carbon dioxide)}} dry ice. {{property_of(freezing temperature)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{constitutes(ice + salt)}} freezing mixture. Adj. {[referring_to(chemical substance)]} chemical. {{has_property(ion)}} {{has_subtype(electrically charged, @P2.3.1.1.2): ionized, @P2.6.2}}. {{antonym_of(ionized): unionized, @P2.6.2}}. {{has_property(catalyst, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} catalytic. <-- This section treated cursorily, will be supplemented later. Online sources of medicine types are the Merck Handbook, and the Physician's desk reference. This section should eventually be filled to overflowing from the UMLs system [[drug]] [[medication]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.1 medicine N. {{has_subtype(chemical substance, P2.3.1.3.4)}} {{uses(medicating, P2.6.4.8.3.3)}} {{has_subtype(role, R9)}} medicine, medicament, drug, medication, pharmaceutical, physic, nostrum, Galenicals[obs3], simples. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1; illness, R655}}. {{has_purpose: cure[obj=illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1], R658; relieve[obj=pain, R378/symptom, @R655/suffering, R828], R834}}. {{has_property}} therapeutic action. {{has_property}} therapeutic category. ethical drug, prescription medication, prescription drug. {{case_of(ethical drug)}} prescription. over-the-counter drug. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(topical, R183)}} {{location_of(skin, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} topical medication. folk remedy. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ineffective, @R175a)}} quack remedy. {{has_metaphor(quack remedy)}} snake oil. {{has_subtype(quack remedy)}} laetrile. {{has_subtype}} solid medicine; liquid medicine; oil; salve. {{has_subtype(solid medicine)}} pill, tablet; capsule; powder, suppository. {{has_subtype(pill)}} bolus. {{has_subtype(liquid medicine)}} tincture; emulsion. ointment, cerate, lenitive, lotion; plaster; poultice. receipt, recipe; catholicon[obs3], panacea; elixir, elixir vitae, philosopher's stone; balm, balsam, cordial, theriac[obs3], ptisan[obs3]. {{caused_by(anesthesia, @R376)}} anaesthetic, anesthetic, anaesthetic agent. {{has_subtype(anesthetic)}} {{caused_by(local anesthesia, @R376)}} local anesthetic, local anaesthetic. {{has_subtype(anesthetic)}} {{caused_by(general anesthesia, @R376)}} general anesthetic, general anaesthetic. {{has_subtype(anaesthetic agent)}} ether, ethyl ether; chloroform, trichloromethane; chloral; sodium pentathol; nitrous oxide, laughing gas, exhilarating gas, protoxide of nitrogen; halothane; opium. antidote, antifebrile[Med], antipoison[obs3], counterpoison[obs3], antitoxin. vesicant, blistering agent, vesicatory[Med]. prescription, potion, draught, dose; infusion, drip, electuary[obs3]; linctus[obs3], lincture[obs3]; medicament; pharmacon[obs3]. {{property_of(ineffective)}} bracer, faith cure, placebo. pain-killer; cosmetic. {{has_subtype(pain-killer)}} analgesic; narcotic. {{caused_by(vomiting)}} emetic, vomiting agent. antihistamine; antispasmodic; lithagogue[obs3], pick-me-up, stimulant, tonic; vermifuge; prophylactic; corrective, restorative; palliative; antifebrile, febrifuge; alterant[obs3], alterative; specific; antiseptic; antitussive[Med]; antiinflammatory[Med]; antibiotic; antiviral[Med]; antifungal[Med], carminative; anticancer agent, antineoplastic agent. epithem[obs3], embrocation[obs3], liniment, cataplasm[obs3], sinapism[obs3], arquebusade[obs3], traumatic, vulnerary, pepastic[obs3], collyrium[obs3]; depilatory; emplastrum[obs3]; eyewater[obs3]. anthelmintic[1][Med], helminthagogue[obs3]. {{has_subtype: sedative, P2.3.1.3.4.1.1}}. {{function_of(emptying[of=bowel, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2], @R301)}} laxative, purgative, cathartic, aperient. {{function_of(removes[obj=obstruction])}} deobstruent. calomine lotion. agueweed[obs3], arnica, benzoin, bitartrate of potash, boneset[obs3], calomel; catnip; cinchona; cream of tartar; Epsom salts[Chem]; feverroot[obs3], feverwort; friar's balsam, Indian sage; jonquil, mercurous chloride, Peruvian bark; quinine, quinquina[obs3]; sassafras, yarrow. {{has_subtype(vomiting agent)}} ipecac, ipecacuanha. {{created_by: pharmaceutical firm, pharmaceutical company, drug company}}. {{uses(medicating)}} {{has_subtype(path)}} route of delivery, delivery route. {{has_subtype(delivery route)}} injection; oral medication, oral ingestion, swallowing. Nepenthe, Mithridate. V. {{has_function(medicament): medicate, P2.6.4.8.3.3}}. Adj. {[referring_to(drug)]} pharmaceutical. {{has_property(drug)}} anodyne; hypnotic; neurotive; narcotic; sedative; lenitive; laxative; demulcent[obs1], emollient; detersive[obs3], detergent; disinfectant; antifebrile, febrifugal[obs3]; alterative; traumatic; vulnerary. {{has_property(drug)}} homeopathic; allopathic[obs3]; heteropathic[obs3]; hydropathic[Med]; antifebrile[Med], antiluetic[obs3]; aperient[obs3], chalybeate[obs3], deobstruent[obs3], depurative[obs3], roborant[obs3]. {{property_of(anthelmintic[1])}} anthelmintic[2][Med]. <-- depuratory[obs3]; abstersive[obs3], --> <-- a drug is "for" and illness --> Prep. {{has_marker(illness)}} {[in_frame(medicating)]} for. <-- [[sedative]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.1.1 SEDATIVE N. {{function_of(relax[obj=person])}} sedative, lenitive. anodyne, balm. rose water, poppy, opiate, milk, opium, "poppy or mandragora". {{has_subtype(sedative)}} tranquilizer; barbiturate; downer[coll.]. hypnotic, sleeping pill, relaxant. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.4.1, anaesthetic, general anaesthetic}}. {{component_of(sedative)}} {{function_of(cause[obj=sleep, P2.8.5.1.1])}} sleeping pill; knockout drops. {{has_subtype(tranquilizer)}} major tranquilizer; minor tranquilizer. {{has_subtype(tranquilizer)}} valium. {{component_of(sedative)}} {{function_of(cause[obj=sleep, P2.8.5.1.1])}} knockout drops. {{component_of(sedative)}} {{function_of(cause[obj=sleep, P2.8.5.1.1])}} {{has_subtype(alcoholic beverage)}} Mickey Finn[coll]. {[in_frame(medicine)]} {{function_of(relax[obj=muscle])}} relaxant, demulcent, antispasmodic, carminative, laudanum. <-- [[poison]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.2 Poison N. {{property_of(toxic)}} poison, toxin, poisonous substance, poisonous chemical, toxic substance, toxic compound. {{has_property}} toxicity. {{causes: @R655, poisoning, intoxication}}. {{&causes: illness, R655; death, P2.2.3.2}}. {{&used_for: killing, P2.2.3.3}}. {{caused_by(malformation[of=fetus], @P1.2.4.1.3)}} teratogen. {{has_subtype}}{{produces(Clostridium botulinum)}} {{location_of(improperly canned food)}} botulin, Botulinus toxin. sewer gas. arsenious oxide, arsenious acid; bichloride of mercury; carbonic acid, carbonic gas; choke damp, corrosive sublimate, fire damp; hydrocyanic acid, cyanide, Prussic acid, hydrogen cyanide. nux vomica[Lat]; ratsbane[obs3]. venom; arsenic; antimony, tartar emetic; strychnine, nicotine. Albany hemp. [poisonous plants] hemlock, hellebore, nightshade, belladonna, henbane, aconite; banewort[obs3], bhang, ganja[obs3], hashish; Upas tree. <-- [list of poisonous substances: see Toxline.--> {{studied_in}} toxicology. Adj. poisonous, toxic, toxiferous[obs3]. {{has_property(teratogen)}} teratogenic. P2.3.1.3.4.2.1 Drug of abuse N. drug of abuse. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(addictive)}} {{has_subtype(addictive substance, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} addictive drug, drug of addiction. bhang, hashish, marijuana, pot [coll.], hemp [coll.], grass [coll.]; LSD[abbr], lysergic acid diethylamide[Chem]; phencyclidine, angel dust, PCP; barbiturate; amphetamine, speed [coll.]. {{has_subtype(addictive drug)}} opium; cocaine. {{has_subtype(addictive drug)}} {{has_subtype(cocaine)}} crack. {{has_subtype(addictive drug)}} {{processed_into(opium)}} morphine. {{has_subtype(addictive drug)}} {{has_derivative(morphine)}} heroin, horse[slang], H[slang]. V. {{used_in(drug af abuse)}} {{has_subtype(ingest[obj=drug of abuse])}} abuse drugs. {{&has_consequence(abuse drugs)}} get stoned; get high. {{has_consequence(get stoned)}} be stoned. {{has_consequence(get high)}} be high. {{decreases(be high): perception, M6.1; skill, R698; motor coordination}}. Adj. {{has_consequence(get stoned): stoned, @R376}}. {{has_consequence(get high)}} {{similar_to(inebriated, @R959)}} high. P2.3.1.3.4.2.2 Pesticide N. {{property_of(toxic[to=beast, @R366], @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} pesticide. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(toxic[to=insect, P2.3.2.1.1.2.1], @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} insecticide. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(toxic[to=worm, @P2.3.2.1.1.2], @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} vermicide. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(toxic[to=mite, @P2.3.2.1.1.2], @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} miticide. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(toxic[to=helminth, @P2.3.2.1.1.2], @P2.3.1.3.4.2): anthelmintic, @P2.3.1.3.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(insecticide)}} DDT; SEVIN; carbamate insecticide; organic phosphate insecticide. {{part_of(insecticide)}} bug bomb. {{has_subtype}} rat poison; roach poison. {{has_subtype(roach poison)}} sodium fluoride. {{has_subtype(rat poison)}} {{has_subtype(anticoagulant)}} warfarin. P2.3.1.3.4.2.3 Herbicide N. {{property_of(toxic[to=plant, R367], @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} herbicide. {{has_subtype}} paraquat; defoliant; Agent Organge. P2.3.1.3.4.3 Inorganic Chemicals N. inorganic chemical, inorganic compound. {{has_subtype(acid)}} mineral acid. {{has_subtype(mineral acid)}} hydrofluoric acid; hydrobromic acid; nitrous acid; phosphorous acid; sulfurous acid; boric acid; arsenic acid; chloric acid; chlorous acid; carbonic acid. {{has_subtype(mineral acid)}} {{property_of(strongly acid, @R397)}} strong mineral acid. {{has_subtype(strong mineral acid)}} nitric acid; hydrochloric acid, muriatic acid; sulfuric acid; phosphoric acid; perchloric acid. {{has_subtype(strong mineral acid)}} {{component_of(hydrochloric acid + nitric acid)}} aqua regia, aqua fortis [Lat], nitrochloro-hydric acid[obs2], nitromuriatic acid[obs2]. {{property_of(solidity, R321)}} {{property_of(white, R430)}} barium sulphate[Chem]; titanium oxide; white lead, carbonate of lead. {{property_of(solidity, R321)}} {{property_of(white, R430)}} {{&uses(cooking, P2.8.7)}} {{has_component(soda water)}} sodium bicarbonate, soda, bicarbonate of soda, bicarbonate. <-- [[organic]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.4 Organic Chemical N. {{component_of(carbon, P2.3.1.2.2.6)}} organic chemical, organic compound. {{has_subtype: biochemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1}}. {{has_subtype}} hydrocarbon; ketone; unsaturated compound. {{has_part(ketone)}} ketone group. {{has_part(unsaturated compound)}} unsaturated bond. {{has_subtype(unsaturated compound)}} {{has_part(acetylenic bond)}} acetylene; propyne. {{component_of(oxygen, P2.3.1.2.2.8 + hydrogen, P2.3.1.2.2.1 + carbon, P2.3.1.2.2.6)}} carbohydrate. {{has_subtype(acid, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} {{functional_group_of(carboxyl group)}} organic acid. {{has_subtype(organic acid): fatty acid, P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.4}}. {{has_subtype(organic acid)}} pyruvic acid. {{has_subtype(hydrocarbon)}} alkane; paraffin. {{has_subtype(organic chemical)}} {{property_of(aromatic, @P2.6.2)}} aromatic compound, aromatic chemical. {{has_subtype(aromatic compound)}} benzenoid compound. {{has_part(benzenoid compound)}} benzene ring. {{has_subtype(aromatic compound)}} anthracene; naphthalene; chrysene; pyrene; benzo-a-pyrene. {{has_subtype(benzenoid compound)}} benzene; aniline; benzoic acid; toluene; mesitylene; benzonitrile; phenethyl alcohol; para-aminobenzoic acid, PABA. hallucinogen. {{has_subtype(ketone)}} acetone; methyl ethyl ketone; butanone. <-- note that at P2.3.1.3.4.4.1 a biochemical is defined as a substance produced by an organism. But not all organisms produce all biochemicals. Also, synthetic biochemical are legitimate biochemicals. Thus the definition of "produces" will have to carry these distinctions. The intention here is for "biochemical" to mean natural biochemical. For the sake of "production" in the sense of the relation, natural chemicals must be the intended concept. However, synthetic versions of any substance can be made. --> <-- [[biochemical]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.4.1 biochemical N. {{&location of(living tissue, P2.3.2.2.1)}} {{!uses(life, P2.2.3.1)}} {{!produces(organism, R357)}} {{property_of(natural, @P2.3)}} biochemical. {{has_subtype: vitamin, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.2}}. {{has_subtype(carbohydrate, @P2.3.1.3.4.4)}} sugar. {{has_subtype(sugar)}} {{has_subtype(monomer, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} monosaccharide. {{has_subtype(monomer, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} lipid; fatty acid. {{has_subtype(monomer, @P2.3.1.3.4): amino acid, P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(polymer)}} {{component_of(amino acid, P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.3)}} protein. {{has_subtype(protein)}} {{property_of(hard)}} keratin. {{main_component_of(keratin): @P2.3.2.2.3.2, horn}}. {{main_component_of(keratin): @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3, fingernail, nail, claw}}. {{has_subtype(protein)}} collagen. <-- "albumin" is used in a general and more specific sense. This is the general sense, almost equivalent (in older literature) to "soluble protein" --> {{has_subtype(protein)}} albumin[1], albumen[1]. {{has_subtype(albumin)}} {{has_major_component(serum, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} serum albumin. {[in_frame(blood)]} {{has_property(serum albumin): concentration[val=40-42 mg per ml], @P2.6.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(albumin)}} {{has_major_component(egg white)}} albumen[2], egg albumin. {{has_subtype(polymer)}} {{component_of(nucleotide)}} nucleic acid. {{functional_group_of(monosaccharide)}} {{has_subtype(polymer, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} polysaccharide. {{has_subtype(polysaccharide)}} glucan; mannan; chitin; dextran; cellulose. {{has_subtype(polymer)}} {{part_of(polysaccharide)}} {{has_component(bacterium^cell wall)}} peptidoglycan. {{has_subtype(lipid)}} {{component_of(glycerol + fatty acid)}} triglyceride. {{location_of(brain, P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{uses(neuronal signal transmission)}} neurotransmitter. {{has_subtype(lipid)}} {{has_subtype(cyclic compopund)}} steroid. {{has_part(steroid)}} {{has_subtype(ring system)}} steroid ring. {{has_subtype(steroid)}} {{has_subtype(alcohol)}} sterol. {{has_subtype(nucleic acid)}} ribonucleic acid, RNA; deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. {{has_subtype(lipid)}} {{component_of(phosphate)}} phospholipid. {{component_of(carbohydrate)}} glycoside. {{has_subtype(protein)}} {{component_of(carbohydrate)}} glycoprotein. {{has_subtype(protein)}} {{component_of(lipid)}} lipoprotein. {[in_frame(blood)]} {{has_subtype(lipoprotein)}} low density lipoprotein, LDL; high density lipoprotein, HDL. {{has_subtype}} {{has_component(low density lipoprotein/eucaryotic cell mambrane)}} {{has_subtype(sterol)}} cholesterol. {{&increase(cholesterol): arteriosclerosis}}. {{has_subtype(sugar, @P2.3.1.3.2.2)}} {{property_of(sweet)}} sucrose, cane sugar, beet sugar; glucose, dextrose; levulose, fructose. {{has_subtype(sugar, @P2.3.1.3.2.2)}} {{has_subtype(hexose)}} allose; altose; mannose; gulose; idose; galactose; talose. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(alcohol, P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1)}} {{property_of(faintly sweet)}} mannitol; sorbitol. {{has_subtype(hexose): glucose}}. <-- A complete list of known enzymes would be in the thousands. A great deal of additional technical detail could be added here (e.g., about the reactions catalyzed, or (Heaven forbid! Sequence data!). For now, just a few words. It may be best to leave this skeletal and refer to an on-line database?? [[enzyme]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.1 Enzyme N. {{has_subtype(catalyst)}} {{has_subtype(protein)}} {{studies(biochemistry, P2.6.3)}} enzyme. {{exhibits: enzymatic reaction, @P2.6.3}}. synthetase; ligase; hydrolase; oxidase; polymerase; phosphorylase; dismutase; ferment; lyase. {{has_symbol(enzyme)}} {{has_subtype(suffix)}} "-ase". {{has_subtype(hydrolase)}} protease; amidase; esterase; phosphatase. {{has_subtype(protease)}} {{use_for(meat tenderizer)}} pepsin. {{has_subtype(protease)}} papain. {{has_subtype(polymerase)}} DNA polymerase; RNA polymerase. {{has_subtype(hydrolase)}} lysozyme. {{has_subtype(oxidase)}} monoamine oxidase, MAO[acron]; glucose oxidase. {{has_subtype(hydrolase)}} deoxyribonuclease, DNase; ribonuclease, RNase. {{has_property}} activity, enzymatic activity. {{hindered_by(enzymatic activity): enzyme inhibitor, @P2.6.3}}. {{has_measure(enzyme activity)}} international units, micromoles per minute. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(frequency)}} turnover number. {{has_units(turnover number): reciprocal seconds}}. <-- [[vitamin]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.2 VITAMIN N. vitamin. fat-soluble vitamin, water-soluble vitamin. {{has_subtype(fat-soluble vitamin)}} vitamin A, retinol, "vitamin A1", "vitamin A1 alcohol", antiophthalmic factor, axerophthol; vitamin D; vitamin E, tocopherol; vitamin K, anithemorrhagic factor, anithemorrhagic vitamin. {{has_subtype(vitamin K)}} "vitamin K1", phylloquinone, phytonadione; "vitamin K3", menadione, "vitamin K4", menadiol acetate. {{has_component(vitamin D)}} "vitamin D2", ergocalciferol, calciferol; "vitamin D3", cholecarciferol. {{has_subtype(vitamin A)}} "vitamin A1 aldehyde", retinaldehyde; "vitamin A1 acid", retinoic acid; "vitamin A2", dehydroretinol; "vitamin A2 aldehyde", dehydroretinaldehyde. {{metabolite_of(vitamin A)}} provitamin A, cryptoxanthin, carotene. {{has_subtype(water-soluble vitamin)}} vitamin B complex; choline; inositol; niacin, nicotinic acid; pantothenic acid, pantothen; vitamin Bc, vitamin M, folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid; vitamin H[obs], biotin; vitamin P, bioflavinoid mixture, citrin, permeabiity vitamin; "vitamin B12", cobalamin, cyanocobalamin, antipernicious anemia factor, maturation factor, erythrocyte maturation factor. {{has_component(vitamin B complex)}} B-complex vitamin. {{has_subtype (B-complex vitamin)}} "vitamin B1", thiamin, aneurin, antiberi-beri factor; "vitamin B5"; nicotinamide, "vitamin B3"[obs]; adermin; riboflavin, "vitamin B2"[obs], vitamin G[obs], lactoflavin, ovoflavin, hepatoflavin. {{has_subtype("vitamin B5")}} nicotinic acid; pantothenic acid. {{has_component("vitamin B6")}} pyridoxine; pyridoxal; pyridoxamine. P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.3 Hormone N. {{paction_of(biological activity)}} hormone. {{stimulates: metabolism, @P2.6.4.5.2}}. {{&produced_by: gland, @R1002; organ, P2.3.2.2.3.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(steroid)}} androgen; estrogen, oestrogen. {{has_subtype(protein)}} growth hormone, GH, pituitary growth hormone, somatotropin; insulin. {{has_subtype(steroid)}} {{stimulated_by(growth[of=muscle, @P2.3.2.2.1], @R35)}} anabolic steroid. {{produces(thyroid gland)}} thyroxin, thyroid hormone. {{has_subtype(steroid)}} progesterone, corpus luteum hormone, progestational hormone. {{has_subtype(androgen)}} testosterone. {{has_subtype(estrogen)}} estradiol; estrone, follicular hormone. {{has_subtype}} adrenotropic hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH, corticotropic hormone; chorionic gonadotropin, anterior pituitary-like hormone; vasopressin, antidiuretic hormon, ADH; melanotropin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, MSH; corticoliberin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH; follitropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH; prolactin, galactopoietic hormone, lactogenic hormone; follitropin, gametokinetic hormone; gonadotropin, gonadotropic hormone; somatoliberin, growth hormone-releasing hormone, GH-RH; heart hormone, herz hormone, cardiac hormone; human placental lactogen, human chorionic somatomammotropic hormone, HCS, placental growth hormone; lutropin, luteinizing hormone, LH, interstital cell-stimulating hormone, ICSH; lipotropin, lipid-mobilizing hormone; glucagon, pancreatic hyperglycemic hormone; parathyroid hormone, PTH, parathormone, parathyrin; anterior putuitary gonadotropin, pituitary gonadotropic hormone; parotin, salivary gland factor; thyrotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropic hormone. Adj. hormonal. {{has_subtype(hormonal)}} steroidal. {{has_property(hormone): stimulatory}}. <-- next section for classification of organic chemicals by structural (not functional) characteristics. This type of classificiation is found in "Beilsteins Handbuch der Organischen Chemie", which should be referred to for more detailed information about organic chemicals. An English version and an on-line version are in preparation (by the handbook publishers). Note that within compounds (which we think of as here as the molecules of the compound), we use "has_part" for the component atoms, rather than "has_component", which is used for gross composition. Here it is an arbitrary distinction, which will have to be interpreted within the procedures for the relations, when it refers to a chemical substance. Or we can define a specialized relation. [[moiety]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.4.2 Structural category of organic chemical N. structural category of organic chemical, organic structural class. {{&has_functional_group}} {{has_subtype(group[of=atoms])}} {{has_part(molecule)}} {{has_subtype(unit, @R87)}} structural unit. {{has_subtype(structural group)}} moiety, group, radical. {{has_subtype(structural group)}} functional group. {{has_subtype(structural group)}} unsaturation, unsaturated bond. {{has_subtype(unsaturated bond)}} acetylenic bond, doubly unsaturated bond. {{has_subtype(moiety)}} {{has_part(ionic compound)}} {{has_subtype(ion, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} ionic group, ionized group. {{has_part}} carbon backbone, carbon skeleton. {{has_part}} atomic chain, chain of atoms, connected chain, connection structure. {{has_subtype(chain of atoms)}} {{has_subtype(ring, @P1.2.4.2.1.3)}} ring. {{not_has_part(ring)}} aliphatic compound, acyclic compound. {{has_part(ring)}} cyclic compound. {{has_subtype(cyclic compound)}} aromatic compound; alicyclic compound; heterocyclic compound. {{has_part(heterocyclic compound^ring)}} {{has_subtype(atom)}} heteroatom. {{isnota(heteroatom): carbon atom}}. {{has_subtype(heteroatom): nitrogen atom; sulfur atom; oxygen atom; phosphorus atom}}. {{component_of_x(carbon + hydrogen): hydrocarbon}}. {{&contains}} functional group. {{has_subtype(functional group)}} radical. {{has_subtype(functional group)}} amine group; hydroxyl group, hydroxyl radical, alcohol group; nitro group; nitroso group; azide group; carboxyl group; ketone group; aldehyde group. {{has_subtype(heterocyclic compound)}} pyrrole. {{functional_group_of(pyrrole)}} porphyrin. {{has_subtype(porphyrin): heme}}. {{functional_group_of(pyrrole)}} {{produces(chloroplast)}} chlorophyll. <-- [[alcohol]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1 Alcohol N. {{functional_group_of(hydroxyl group)}} alcohol[1]. {{has_subtype}} {{functional_group_of(hydroxyl group[num=>1])}} sugar; polyol. {{has_subtype(polyol)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} glycerol[C3H8O3], glycerine, glycerin. {{has_subtype(polyol)}} ethylene glycol[C2H6O2]. {{used_in(ethylene glycol): antifreeze}}. {{component_of(carbon atom[num=1])}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} methanol[C1H4O]. {{component_of(carbon atom[num=2])}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} ethanol[C2H6O], ethyl alcohol, grain neutral spirits, alcohol[2]. {{component_of(carbon atom[num=3])}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} propanol[C3H8O], propyl alcohol. {{component_of(carbon atom[num=3])}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} isopropanol[C3H8O], isopropyl alcohol. {{component_of(carbon atom[num=4])}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} butanol[C4H10O], butyl alcohol. {{component_of(carbon atom[num=5])}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.2.3.1.1.1)}} amyl alcohol, fusel oil. {{has_subtype(sugar)}} {{component_of(carbon atom[num=6])}} hexose. {{has_subtype(hexose): @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1, allose, altose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose}}. {{has_subtype(sugar)}} {{component_of(carbon atom[num=5])}} pentose. P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.2 Hydrocarbon N. {{component_of_x(carbon + hydrogen)}} hydrocarbon. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=1])}} {{has_main_component(natural gas)}} methane, marsh gas. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=2])}} ethane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=3])}} propane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=4])}} butane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=5])}} pentane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=6])}} hexane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=7])}} heptane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=8])}} octane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=9])}} nonane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=10])}} decane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=11])}} undecane. {{part_of(carbon atom[num=12])}} dodecane. {{has_subtype(octane)}} {{not_part_of(branch)}} normal octane, n-octane. {{has_subtype(octane)}} {{part_of(branch)}} isooctane. {{has_subtype(isooctane)}} methyl heptane; dimethyl hexane; trimethyl pentane. {{has_subtype(hexane)}} {{has_subtype(cyclic compound)}} cyclohexane. <-- [[aminoacid]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.3 AMINO ACID N. {{functional_group_of(amino group)}} {{functional_group_of(carboxyl group)}} amino acid. L-amino acid; D-amino acid. glycine. {{has_subtype(L-amino acid)}} alanine; cysteine; cystine; lysine; methionine; valine; glutamine; glutamic acid; serine; homoserine; threonine; proline; leucine; isoleucine; aspartic acid; asparagine; tryptophan; histidine. {{has_subtype(D-amino acid)}} D-alanine; D-glutamate; D-methionine. P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.4 ORGANIC ACID N. {{functional_group_of(carboxyl group[num=>0])}} organic acid. {{functional_group_of(carboxyl group[num=1])}} fatty acid. {{has_subtype(fatty acid)}} formic acid; acetic acid; propionic acid; butyric acid; pentanoic acid; hexanoic acid; stearic acid; palmitic acid. {{functional_group_of(unsaturated bond)}} unsaturated acid. {{has_subtype(unsaturated acid)}} oleic acid; linoleic acid. {{has_subtype(unsaturated acid)}} polyunsaturated acid. {{functional_group_of(carboxyl group[num=2])}} dicarboxylic acid. {{has_subtype(dicarboxylic acid)}} oxalic acid; malonic acid; succinic acid; glutaric acid; adipic acid; pimelic acid. {{functional_group_of(carboxyl group[num=3])}} tricarboxylic acid. {{has_subtype(tricarboxylic acid)}} citric acid. <-- the "caused_by" functions are loosely used here. The explosion is the immediate cause, the explosive more remote. [[explosive]] --> P2.3.1.3.4.5 EXPLOSIVE N. {{&has_part(weapon, P2.3.1.3.22)}} {{property_of(hazardous)}} explosive, blasting agent. {{has_capability: explosion, @M6.1.2.6.1}}. {{has_property}} detonation velocity. {{has_high_level(detonation velocity)}} high detonation velocity. {{property_of(low detonation velocity)}} {{caused_by(propulsion/fracturing, @P2.8.1)}} low explosive. {{has_subtype(low explosive)}} picric acid; picrate, metal picrate; gunpowder, black powder, powder; ammonium nitrate. {{has_component(mercury)}} mercury fulminate, fulminate of mercury. guncotton, nitrocellulose; pentaerythritol tetranitrate, PETN. {{component_of(guncotton)}} smokeless powder. {{property_of(powerful)}} {{property_of(high detonation velocity)}} {{caused_by(shattering)}} high explosive. {{has_subtype(high explosive)}} trinitrotoluene, TNT; nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerine; plastic explosive, plastique. {{component_of(nitroglycerine + kieselguhr)}} dynamite. cordite, melinite[obs3], lyddite; pyroxyline[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(nuclear weapon, P2.3.1.3.22.10)}} nuclear explosive. {{has_subtype(nuclear explosive)}} plutonium; enriched uranium, "U-235". {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(artifact, P2.3.1.3)}} {{function_of(explode, @R173)}} explosive device. {{has_subtype(explosive device): weapon, P2.3.1.3.22}}. {{has_subtype(explosive device): pyrotechnic device, @P2.3.1.3.18.1}}. <-- [[clothing]] --> <-- ++add separate entry under materials 2.3.1.3.1(constitution, substance) ; entry for types of cloth and other materials for garments --> P2.3.1.3.5 CLOTHING R225 #225. Clothing. N. {{plural}} {{has_subtype(covering[of=person], R223)}} {{has_subtype(personal display, @R880)}} {{&constitutes(cloth)}} clothing, clothes, garments, apparel, wearing apparel, attire, investment[obs3]; dress, raiment, drapery. {{has_function}} {{has_subtype(use, R677)}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} wearing. wardrobe, trousseau, things, guise, toilet, toilette, trim. threads[coll.], duds[coll.]. {{singular}} garment, article of clothing, garb, item of clothing, piece of clothing; vesture, vestment. {{has_subtype(outer layer[of=clothing], @P1.2.4.2.3.3)}} outerwear. {{has_subtype(outerwear): coat}}. {{has_subtype(outerwear)}} {{function_of(protect[obj=clothing][while=indoors])}} apron. {{property_of(ostentatious, R882)}} finery, dressy clothing; court dress, full dress, evening dress, ball dress, fancy dress, frippery, foppery, equipage. array; tailoring, millinery, man millinery; finery &c. (ornament) R847; garniture; theatrical properties. uniform. civilian clothes, mufti. suit. {{may_wear(neck)}} neckwear. accoutrement, accouterment, accoutrements, accessory, accessories, gear, equipment, harness, turn-out, caparison, rigging, trappings, traps, slops. {{has_subtype(accessory)}} belt; suspenders; sash; pocketbook, handbag. togs, toggery[obs3]; day wear, night wear; designer clothes. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(disguise): @R530, @M8.1.2.4, costume, masquerade}}. outfit, get-up, ensemble. robe. {{has_subtype(robe)}} bathrobe; housecoat; dressing gown, lounging robe, robe de chambre; kimono; caftan. {{may_wear(chest)}} top. {{has_subtype(top)}} shirt. {{has_subtype(shirt)}} {{property_of(uncomfortable)}} {{&uses(penance, @R952)}} hair shirt, hairshirt. {[of(woman)]} {{has_subtype(top)}} halter; blouse; middy, middy blouse; tank top. {{has_subtype(dressing gown)}} negligee, neglige, peignoir. {[of(woman)]} dress, frock; skirt; pinafore. {{has_subtype(top)}} {{has_part(dress)}} bodice. {{has_subtype(gown)}} evening gown, dinner gown, tea gown; ballroom gown. {{has_subtype(dress)}} party dress; gown; cocktail dress, sheath; jumper; muumuu, muu-muu, Mother Hubbard; dirndl. {{has_subtype: coat, P2.3.1.3.5.1}}. {{has_subtype: headwear, P2.3.1.3.5.2}}. {{has_subtype: underwear, P2.3.1.3.5.3}}. {{has_subtype: shoe, P2.3.1.3.5.4}}. {{has_subtype: jewelry, P2.3.1.3.6.8}}. {{has_subtype(uniform)}} livery; school uniform; work clothes, habiliment, habiliments, palliament[obs1]. {{has_subtype(uniform)}} {{wears(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} military uniform. {{has_subtype(military uniform)}} regimentals; continentals [Am. Hist.]; fatigues; combat outfit, combat uniform; dress uniform; parade uniform; jump suit. {{has_subtype(combat outfit)}} olive drab; camouflage outfit; field gray. {{has_subtype(headwear)}} {{has_part(combat outfit)}} helmet. {{has_subtype(work clothes): @R999, ecclesiastical attire, canonicals, habit}}. {{has_subtype(work clothes): protective garment, protective gear, protective clothing}}. {{has_subtype(work clothes)}} policeman's uniform; policewoman's uniform; fireman's uniform, fire fighter's uniform; surgical gown. {[of(man)]} {{has_subtype(suit)}} {{part_of(trousers + jacket)}} business suit, western-style business suit; zoot suit; liesure suit; double breasted suit; single breasted suit; tuxedo, formal suit. {[of(woman)]} {{has_subtype(suit)}} {{part_of(skirt + jacket)}} ladies' suit, woman's suit. {{has_subtype(skirt)}} gathered skirt, dirndl; farthingale, jupe[obs3], crinoline, hoopskirt, bustle; apron, panier, pinafore; sarong. {{has_subtype(skirt)}} {{constitutes(grass)}} grass skirt. {{has_subtype(skirt)}} {{part_of(constriction)}} hobble skirt. {[of(man)]} {{has_subtype(skirt)}} kilt, Scotsman's kilt. {{&has_part(business suit)}} vest. dishabille, morning dress, undress. lungi[obs3]; shooting-coat. rags, tatters, old clothes. mourning, weeds; slippers. {{may_waer(face)}} veil. bloomer, bloomers; chaqueta[obs3], songtag[Ger], tablier[obs3]. {{may_wear(hip + legs)}} pants, trousers, trowsers[obs3], overalls. {{has_subtype(trousers)}} knickers, knickerbockers; philibeg[obs3], fillibeg[obs3]; jeans, blue jeans, dungarees, denims; slacks; chinos; jodphurs, riding breeches. {{has_subtype(pants)}} legging, leggings. {{has_subtype(pants)}} {{may_wear(hip + upper thighs)}} shorts; Bermuda shorts. {{has_subtype(skirt)}} {{has_subtype(pants)}} culottes. {[of(woman)]} {{has_subtype(suit)}} pants suit. {[has_instance(jeans)]} Levis; Calvin Klein, Calvins; Bonjour; Gloria Vanderbilt; Guess. shirt, sark[obs3]. {{has_subtype(shirt)}} long-sleeve shirt; short-sleeve shirt; dress shirt; polo shirt; T-shirt, tee shirt, jersey. {{has_part(shirt)}} collar; sleeve. {{has_subtype(collar)}} button-down collar. {{&has_part(collar)}} stay, collar stay. body clothes; linen; hickory shirt [U.S.]; smock, shift, chemise; night gown, negligee, dressing gown, night shirt, pajamas; bedgown[obs3], sac de nuit[Fr]. {{may_wear(torso, @R1002)}} {{similar_to(coat, P2.3.1.3.5.1)}} {{property_of(armless)}} cloak, pall, mantle, mantua[obs3], pelisse; wrap, wrapper; cape, tippet, mantilla, mantlet, mantelet, tabard, talma[obs3], kirtle[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cloak)}} haik, huke[obs1], burnoose, burnous, roquelaure[obs3]; serape; toga; tunic. {{has_subtype(cloak)}} {{part_of(hood)}} capuchin; domino. {{may_wear(chest)}} sweater, jersey; cardigan; turtleneck, pullover; sweater vest. {{has_subtype(neckwear)}} necktie, tie; ruff, cravat, stock; bib, tucker; boa; collar. {{has_subtype(cravat)}} ascot. {{has_subtype(necktie)}} bowtie; string tie. {{has_subtype(neckwear)}} {{has_subtype(outerwear)}} scarf. {{has_subtype(scarf)}} muffler, comforter, plaid; stole; lambrequin; boa, feather boa. {{has_subtype(neckwear)}} {{has_subtype(headwear, P2.3.1.3.5.2)}} {{similar_to(scarf)}} kerchief, neckerchief, neckcloth[obs3]; shawl. {{has_subtype(shawl)}} {{uses(prayer)}} {{property_of(Jewish)}} tallith. {[of(woman)]}{{has_subtype(scarf)}} {{property_of(triangularity)}} fichu. cummerbund, rumal[obs3], rabat[obs3]. handkerchief. {{may_wear(leg)}} stocking, hose, hosiery, socks, gaskins[obs3], trunk hose, sock; hosiery; knee sock; over-the-calf sock; tights, maillot. {[of(woman)]} {{has_subtype(stocking)}} nylons, nylon stocking; silk stocking; pantyhose, panty-hose. {{may_wear(hand)}} handwear. {{has_subtype(handwear)}} glove; muff. {{has_subtype(glove)}} gauntlet, gauntlets; mitten, mittens; kid glove; suede glove. {{has_subtype(glove)}} {{has_subtype(work clothes)}} baseball glove, mitt, baseball mitt; boxing glove; gauntlet, metal glove; asbestos glove; work glove. {{has_subtype(baseball mitt)}} catcher's mitt; fielder's mitt; first baseman's mitt. {{has_part(shirt)}} cuff, wristband, sleeve. swaddling cloth, baby linen, layette; ice wool; taffeta. pocket handkerchief, hanky[obs3], hankie. {{uses(swimming)}} bathing suit, swimwear. {{has_subtype(bathing suit)}} one-piece suit, one-piece; two-piece suit; bikini; bathing trunks, trunks. {{job_of(sell clothes): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.2, clothier, tailor, milliner, haberdasher}}. {{has_subtype(underpants)}} {{uses(baby)}} diaper, nappy[Brit]; disposable diaper, cloth diaper; Luvs[brand names for diapers], Huggies. <-- generic terms for envelope at P1.2.3 Location --> V. invest; cover &c. R223; envelope, lap, involve; inwrap[obs3], enwrap; wrap; fold up, wrap up, lap up, muffle up; overlap; sheath, swathe, swaddle, roll up in, circumvest. vest, clothe, array, dress, dight[obs3], drape, robe, enrobe, attire, apparel, accounter[obs3], rig, fit out. {{has_subtype(clothe): deck &c. (ornament) R847}}. perk, equip, harness, caparison. wear; don; put on, huddle on, slip on; mantle. Adj. clothed, dressed, clad, attired, arrayed, invested. habited; dighted[obs3]; barbed, barded; costume, chausse[Fr]; en grande tenue[Fr] &c. (show) R882. shod. fitted out; robed, mantled. sartorial. {{has_subtype(clothed[mode=ostentatiously]): @R882, dressed to the nines, decked out, dressed to kill}}. <-- chlamys[obs3], housing?? --> Phr. "the soul of this man is his clothes" [All's Well]; "clothes make the man"; "dress for success". <-- [[coat]] --> P2.3.1.3.5.1 COAT N. coat. claw coat, hammer coat, Prince Albert coat[obs3]. tuxedo coat, frock coat, dress coat, tail coat. overcoat, surcoat, great coat, paletot[obs3], surtout[Fr], spencer[obs3]; chesterfield; swallowtailed coat, swallowtail. {{property_of(waterproof)}} raincoat; oilskin, slicker; trench coat. mackinaw, Mackinaw coat; box coat; cutaway; frock coat. {{property_of(short)}} sack, sacque, sack coat; jacket, waistcoat. dolman. fur, fur coat. {{has_subtype(fur coat)}} mink, mink coat; sable, sable coat; raccoon coat. horse cloth; houppelande[Fr]. {{has_subtype(cape)}} mackintosh, waterproof; poncho. {{has_subtype(jacket)}} jerkin; car coat; doublet, camisole, gabardine. {{has_subtype(jacket)}} ulster, P-coat, pea coat, pea jacket, dreadnought, dreadnaught; poncho, cardinal, wraprascal[obs3], pelerine[obs3]; oilskins, barbe[obs3], chudder[obs3], jubbah[obs3]; pilot jacket, bomber jacket; bolero. {{has_subtype(jacket)}} {{part_of(hood)}} parka, ski jacket, windbreaker, anorak. {{has_subtype(jacket)}} blazer, sports jacket; Eton jacket; lounging jacket, smoking jacket. <-- [[hat]] --> P2.3.1.3.5.2 HEADWEAR N. {{may_wear(head)}} headwear, headdress, headgear, head cover. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ceremonial, @M7.3.5.1.2.1/traditional, @M7.3.5.1.2.1/ornamental, @R847/defensive, @R717)}} headpiece. {{&has_part}} brim. {[of(woman)]} millinery. hat; cap. {{has_subtype: wig, P2.3.1.3.5.2.1}}. mask, domino. {{has_subtype(hat)}} {{not_has_origin("U.S.A.")}} chaepau[Fr]; kaffiyeh; sombrero; jam, tam-o-shanter; topi, sola topi[Lat], pagri[obs3], puggaree[obs3]; caftan, turban; kepi[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{origin_of(eastern Mediterranean area)}} {{not_part_of(brim)}} {{shape_of(truncated cone)}} fez, tarboosh[obs3]. {{has_subtype(hat)}} forage cap, bearskin; fishing hat; military hat; fur hat; dress hat; bonnet, wideawake, billycock[obs3]. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} corona, coronet, chaplet, snood. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} {{has_symbol(kingship, @M9.1.1.1)}} crown. {{has_subtype(hat)}} {{property_of(collapsible)}} crush hat. {{has_subtype(bonnet)}} poke bonnet; sunbonnet, sunhat. {{has_subtype(hat)}} boater, leghorn; panama, Panama; sailor; skimmer; straw hat; bowler hat, bowler, derby, plug hat; campaign hat; cavalier hat, slouch hat, wide-brimmed hat; cocked hat, bicorn, bicorne; tricorn, tricorne; cowboy hat, ten-gallon hat; dunce cap, dunce's cap; fedora, felt hat, homburg, Stetson, trilby; tyrolean; porkpie, porkpie hat; pith hat, pith helmet, sun helmet, topee. {[of(man)]} {{has_subtype(dress hat)}} stovepipe hat, high hat, top hat, opera hat, topper, silk hat, tile. {[of(man)]} {{has_subtype(dress hat)}} {{has_subtype(fur hat)}} beaver, beaver hat, castor. {{has_subtype(fur hat)}} coonskin cap. {{has_subtype(head cover)}} wimple. {{has_subtype(head cover)}} hood; crown; diadem, tiara. {{has_subtype(kerchief, @P2.3.1.3.5)}} snood, babushka. {{has_subtype(headwear): helmet, M8.2.2.2.2.1.R2.1}}. {{has_subtype(cap)}} baseball cap; jockey cap; bathing cap, swimming cap; Balmoral, balmoral; beanie, beany; coif; skull cap, skullcap, yarmulka, yarmulke, yarmelke; beret; biggin; biretta; watch cap; liberty cap; cloth cap, flat cap; garrison cap, glengary, overseas cap; kepi, peaked cap, service cap, yachting cap; mobcap, mob-cap; mortarboard; nightcap; pinner; ski cap, stocking cap; tam, tam-o'-shanter; toboggan cap. {{has_subtype(military hat)}} shako, csako[obs3], busby. {{has_subtype(helmet)}} hard hat, tin hat, safety hat; crash helmet; football helmet; batting helmet. {[of(woman)]} {{has_subtype(hood)}} calash, caleche. V. {{has_subtype(furnish[ptnt=hat])}} [transitive] hat[rare]. Adj. hatted. P2.3.1.3.5.2.1 WIG N. {{similar_to(hair)}} {{has_subtype(artifact)}} {{may_wear(head)}} wig, hairpiece. {[of(man)]} {{has_subtype(wig)}} toupee, toupe[obs2], chignon, pelt[coll.], rug[coll.], front; peruke, periwig. P2.3.1.3.5.3 UNDERWEAR N. {{adjacent_to(skin)}} underclothes, underclothing, underwear. nightclothes. {[of(woman)]} silks; slip; brassiere; stomacher; petticoat; under waistcoat; night gown. {[of(woman)]} brassiere, bra, bandeau. {{has_subtype(brassiere)}} strapless bra; uplift bra, push-up bra. {{has_part(brassiere)}} cup; strap. {{property_of(surrounding, R227/encirclement, R247)}} {{function_of(support)}} corset, corselet, girdle, corsage[obs2]. {{has_subtype(corset)}} {{part_of(reinforcement)}} stays. {[of(man)]} jock, athletic supporter, jockstrap; underpants, breeches, shorts, briefs; undershirt. {{has_subtype(underpants)}} jockey shorts; boxer shorts; long johns. {{has_subtype(undershirt)}} T-shirt, tee shirt; athletic T-shirt, guinea T[coll.]. pantaloons, smalls, small clothes; shintiyan[obs2]; tights, drawers, panties, panty, pantie, scanties, unmentionables, inexpressibles[obs3]. P2.3.1.3.5.4 SHOE N. {{may_wear(foot)}} shoe. {{has_subtype(shoe)}} pump, boot, slipper, sandal. {{has_subtype(shoe)}} galoshes, rubbers, galoche[obs3], patten, clog; sneaker, running shoe, track shoe; hiking boots; high-low; Blucher boot, wellington boot, Hessian boot, jack boot, top boot; Balmoral[obs3]; arctics, brogan, chaparajos[obs3]; chavar[obs3], chivarras[obs3], chivarros[obs3]; gums [U.S.], larrigan [obs3][N. Am.]; showshoe; stogy[obs3], veldtschoen[Ger], buskin, greave[obs3], galligaskin[obs3], gamache[obs3], gamashes[obs3], moccasin, gambado, gaiter, spatterdash[obs3], brogue, antigropelos[obs3]. {{origin_of(Japan)}} zori, zoris. {[of(baby)]} bootee, bootie, bootikin[obs3]. P2.3.1.3.5.5 PROTECTIVE GARMENT N. {{function_of(protect[obj=body])}} protective garment. {{function_of(protect[obj=face])}} mask, face mask. {{function_of(protect[obj=shin])}} shin guard, shin pad. {{function_of(protect[obj=torso])}} body pad; chest protector. shoulder pad; arm guard, arm pad; elbow pad; wrist pad; hip pad; thigh pad; knee pad; throat protector; jumpers; duster, coverall, coveralls, boilers suit, gaberdine; smock; overalls; foul-weather gear; diving suit; pressure suit. {{has_subtype(pressure suit)}} space suit; anti-G suit, G suit. body suit; laboratory coat, lab coat. {{has_subtype(mask)}} fencer's mask; welder's mask; catcher's mask; goalie's mask. {{has_subtype}} {{may_wear(leg)}} legging. {{has_subtype(legging)}} puttee. {{function_of(protect[obj=eyes])}} protective goggles, safety goggles, safety glasses. {{has_subtype(vest)}} {{property_of(bulletproof)}} bulletproof vest. <-- [[accessory]] --> P2.3.1.3.5.6 CLOTHING ACCESSORY N. accessory, clothing accessory. {{function_of(support)}} belt. {{function_of(contain[obj=currency])}} purse; wallet, billfold. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} sash, girdle, cestus[obs3], cincture, baldric, fillet, fascia, wreath, garland. {{has_subtype: jewelry, P2.3.1.3.6.7.2}}. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} collar. <--- the "image at R554 is an abstract image. These entries are the concrete physical objects which are subtypes of that image. (The alternatives are mental images). This entry is the most general physical image, including projected images. The solid objects containing images composed of pigments on a surface are at "picture", R556. [[visrep]] --> P2.3.1.3.6 VISUAL REPRESENTATION N. {{has_subtype(image, @R554)}} {{&forms(representation, R554)}} {{has_subtype(physical object, P2.3)}} {{property_of(artifactual, @P2.3.1.3)}} visual representation, image[1]. {{has_subtype: picture, R556}}. {{&caused_by}} {{patient_of(image[1])}} displaying. {{has_property}} clarity, definition, distinctness. {{has_subtype(distinctness)}} focus, sharpness. {{antonym_of(sharpness)}} lack of focus, fuzziness. {{has_low_level(lack of focus)}} soft focus. {{has_measure(distinctness): resolution, @R556}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(bidimensional, R200a)}} two-dimensional image. {{has_subtype(displaying)}} {{used_in(luminary, R423)}} projection, visual projection, light projection. {{has_subtype(projection)}} {{uses(transillumination, @R425)}} contact projection. {{uses(contact projection)}} {{has_subtype(light source)}} shadow box. {{requires(contact projection)}} {{has_subtype(picture, R556)}} {{property_of(translucent)}} translucent picture. {{has_subtype(visual projection)}} screen projection. {{uses(screen projection)}} {{has_subtype(luminary, R423)}} {{has_subtype(optical instrument)}} projector. {{has_subtype(projector)}} slide projector; movie projector. {{has_subtype}} {{has_patient(visual projection)}} {{causes(visual projection)}} projected image. {{has_subtype}} {{emits(cathode-ray tube)}} display image. {{has_subtype(projected image): movie, @R556b; television projection}}. {{has_subtype(projected image)}} {{uses(slide, @R556a)}} slide image, lantern image. {{requires(display[obj=two-dimensional image])}} {{purpose_of(display[obj=two-dimensional image])}} {{has_subtype(surface)}} display surface. {{has_subtype(display surface)}} {{purpose_of(display[obj=projected image])}} projection surface. {{has_subtype(display surface)}} {{property_of(flat)}} screen. {{has_subtype(screen): television screen, TV screen; video display terminal screen}}. {{&has_location}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{part_of(flat surface, @R220)}} {{has_subtype(artifact, P2.3.1.3)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} screen. {{&has_location(projected image)}} {{has_subtype(projection surface)}} {{has_subtype(screen)}} {{function_of(display[obj=projected image], @P2.3.1.3.6)}} projection screen. {{has_subtype(projection screen)}} {{location_of(movie theater, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2)}} movie screen. {{has_subtype(projection screen)}} {{property_of(retractable, @R283)}} pull-down screen. {{has_subtype: visual art}}. V. display, show. {{conceptual_part_of: exhibit, @R525}}. {{has_method(display)}} {{used_in(luminary, R423)}} project. {{has_subtype(project[obj=movie, R556b])}} {{hperforms(projectionist)}} show. Adj. displayed, showed. projected. <-- Includes non-utilitarian and utilitarian objects objects (symb. POART) R556 to R558 also R847, Ornament and R847a Jewelry --> <-- ref M3.3.2.2 DISCRIMINATIVE AFFECTIONS (beauty etc) --> <-- photography should be separated from painting --> <-- note: moving picture was under R448, appearance, "cinematograph" - move it here, as separate form of art - the film, cinema. Here the "painting" entry is the physical object; in Roget it was the action. In this hierarchy, the corresponding actions are mostly found under representation, R554, @M8.1.3.2.2. [[picture]] --> P2.3.1.3.6.1 PICTURE #556. Picture. N. {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{formed_by(representation, R554, @M8.1.3.2.2)}} {{&has_subtype(ornament, P2.3.1.3.6.7)}} picture, image; representation, rendering, depiction, faithful likeness, faithful resemblance. {{!has_location: surface, R220}}. {{!has_component: pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2}}. {{representation_of: subject, R454}}. {{forms(painting, @R554)}} {{has_subtype(art, P2.3.1.3.6)}} painting. {{forms(drawing, @R554)}} {{has_subtype(art, P2.3.1.3.6)}} drawing. {{has_subtype(drawing)}} {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} tracing. {{has_subtype(art, P2.3.1.3.6)}} {{constitutes(pebbles/stones)}} mosaic. {{has_subtype(art, P2.3.1.3.6)}} {{constitutes(cloth)}} tapestry. {{has_subtype(art, P2.3.1.3.6)}} fresco; cartoon. {{has_subtype(painting)}} {{location_of(wall surface)}} mural. monochrome, polychrome; grisaille[Fr]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(art, P2.3.1.3.6)}} portrait. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} likeness, semblance. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(group[of=$pictures])}} montage. {{has_subtype(image)}} {{constitutes(group[of=fragments])}} collage. &&{{has_property($pictures): conceptually related}}. {{has_subtype}}{{constitutes(stone[num=>100])}} mosaic. {{property_of(three-dimensional)}} three-dimensional picture, "3-D picture". {{has_subtype(three-dimensional picture)}} {{property_of(bicolored)}} anaglyph. {{has_requirement(viewing[obj=anaglyph])}} {{has_subtype(spectacles, @P2.3.1.3.12.2.2)}} bicolored spectacles. {{has_subtype(likeness)}} striking likeness, speaking likeness; very image; effigy. {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} copy; facsimile; stencil. {{has_subtype(replicate, @R21)}} print, printed picture. {{formed_by(print)}} {{has_subtype(human process)}} printing. {{has_subtype(facsimile)}} telefax, fax, fax copy. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.6.6, engraving, lithograph, etching}}. {{has_subtype(painting)}} water color, water color drawing, water color painting; aquatint. {{has_subtype(art, P2.3.1.3.6)}} {{property_of(religious + stylized)}} icon, ikon. {{formed_by(drawing): drawing, @R554, @M8.1.3.2.2}}. {{has_property(printed picture)}} {{has_subtype(graininess[1], @A2.5.4)}} graininess[2], granularity. {{has_measure(graininess[2])}} resolution. {{has_units(resolution)}} dots per inch, dpi[acron]. {{has_subtype(printed picture)}} halftone. {{has_subtype(print)}} silk screen. tableau, piece, canvas; oil, oil painting; easel picture, cabinet picture. {{has_subtype(drawing)}} line drawing; pencil drawing; charcoal drawing, charcoal sketch; pen-and-ink drawing. shade, silhouette, shadow. sketch, outline, study, drought, draft, rough sketch, rough draft, preliminary sketch, rough drawing. {{has_subtype(sketch)}} diagram; mechanical drawing. {{has_subtype(sketch)}} design; vignette. {{has_subtype(diagram)}} schematic, schematic drawing, scheme, graphic, chart; flow chart, flow diagram. {{has_subtype(diagram)}} plot, chart, figure, scheme. {{has_subtype(diagram)}} plan, plans, architectural plan. {{has_subtype(architectural plan)}} floor plan; ground plan; elevation; projection. {{has_subtype(elevation)}} {{has_representation(building)}} {{has_subtype(cross-section, @P1.2.4.2.3.1)}} vertical section, sciagraph[obs3]. {{has_subtype(portrait)}} whole length, full length, half length; kitcat, head; miniature, miniature painting; profile. {{has_subtype(painting)}} landscape, landscape painting; panorama, scene, view, prospect, scene painting; scenography[obs3]; seascape, waterscape, marine painting, seapiece[obs3]; still life, flower painting. diorama. {{has_conceptual_part}} design; perspective, sciagraphy[obs3], skiagraphy[obs3]; composition; treatment. {{has_conceptual_part(painting)}} style, painting style, style of painting, genre; school. {{has_subtype(genre)}} abstractionism, abstract art; cubism; genre painting; abstract expressionism; expressionism; impressionism; landscape; pointilism; primitivism; realism; surrealism; modernism. {{has_subtype(school)}} Hudson River school. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(ornament, R846)}} illustration. {{has_subtype(illustration)}} {{has_subtype(decoration, R847)}} {{has_subtype(art, @R554)}} illumination. {{has_subtype(illumination)}} vignette, initial letter, cul de lampe[Fr], tailpiece. {{has_subtype(picture): @P2.3.1.3.6.8, graphic, chart, graph}}. {{has_subtype: copying &c. R21}}. {{has_subtype(painting)}} historical painting; portrait painting. {{&located_in}} picture gallery, exhibit. {{has_subtype(cartoon)}} comic strip. <-- ; pinacotheca[obs3]. --> {{uses(painting, @R554): @P2.3.1.3.1.2.2.2, pallet, palette, easel, brush, ink, pencil, stump, black lead, charcoal, crayons, chalk, pastel, watercolor, body color, oil color, oils, oil paints, priming, gouache, tempera, distemper, fresco, water glass, enamel}}. V. {{has_subtype(represent, R554): paint; draw}}. Adj. pictured, depicted, drawn. painted. pictorial, graphic. picturesque. copied; faxed. penciled. Adv. graphically, pictorially, in pictures. in pencil; in ink; in oil; in watercolor. Phr. fecit[Lat], delineavit[Lat]; mutum est pictura poema[Lat]; "one picture is worth a thousand words". <-- ISA relations to : recording medium, entertainment, entertainment devices --> <-- [[photograph]] --> P2.3.1.3.6.2 PHOTOGRAPH #556a. Photograph. N. photograph, photo, picture. color photograph, color photo. {{property_of(single/motionless, @R265)}} still photograph, still photo, snapshot, still. {{alternative_to(color photograph)}} black-and-white photograph, black and white photo, monochrome. heliograph; daguerreotype, talbotype[obs3], calotype[obs3], heliotype[obs3]. negative, negative image; positive, positive image. X-ray photo, X-ray, x-ray. {{has_subtype(positive)}} print. {{has_subtype(print)}} glossy print; matte print. {{property_of(larger)}} enlargement, blow-up; life-size print; close-up; photomicrograph; electron micrograph. {{property_of(smaller)}} reduction; microfiche, fiche. instant photo, Polaroid photo, Polaroid. {{has_subtype(color photo)}} technicolor, Kodachrome, Ektachrome. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} photocopy. {{has_subtype(photocopy)}} xerox copy. {{formed_by}} {{required_for(light, @R420/illumination, @R420)}} {{used_in(light, @R420)}} {{used_in(light-sensitive material/light-sensitive detector)}} {{has_subtype(human activity, @R680)}} photographing, photography. {{has_subtype(photography)}} {{has_subtype(copying, @R19)}} photocopying. {{has_subtype(photocopying)}} xerography, dry-process copying; wet-process copying. heliography, color photography. sun painting. {{property_of(translucent)}} slide, slide photo, transparency; lantern slide. {{has_subtype(slide)}} glass slide; plastic slide, celluloid slide. {{has_representation(tridimensionality)}} holograph, three-dimensional photograph; stereo, stero photo, stereoscopic photograph. {{formed_by(holograph): holography}}. {{forms(autoradiography, @R554)}} autoradiograph[Bioch]. {{forms(fluorography, @R554)}} fluorograph[Chem]. {{&contained_in}} photo album. {{&contained_in(slide)}} slide tray. {{derived_from}} photographic film, film, unused film, undeveloped film; photographic plate. {{has_part(photographic film/photographic plate)}} emulsion, photographic emulsion; backing. {{has_component(photographic emulsion)}} silver halide; photographic dye. {{has_subtype(photographic film)}} film roll, roll of film. {{&consists_of(photographic film): celluloid, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.1.1}}. {{needs(photography): camera, @P2.3.1.3.12.2.2}}. {{contained_in(film roll)}} canister, film canister, film casette, magazine. {{has_part(film canister)}} spool. <-- this movie is the physical item. The "film, movie" at R599 is the actual performance, i.e. the showing of the film as a drama. We classify computer "multimedia" as just another kind of movie. [[movie]] --> P2.3.1.3.6.3 MOVIES #556b. Movie. N. {{representation(motion, R264)}} {{member_of(still photograph, @P2.3.1.3.6.2)}} {{has_subtype(recording[of=movie, R599], R551)}} movie, film, motion picture, movie film. {{studied_in: @R599, cinema, the film}}. {{formed_by}} filming, shooting. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(optical recording medium): movie film}}. video recording, video tape, video. {{contained_in(video tape)}} video casette. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(digital recording medium)}} video disk. TV image, video image, televideo, closed-circuit TV. movie film, movie scan. {{has_metaphor(movie film)}} celluloid. {{function_of(film[obj=movie]): movie camera, @P2.3.1.3.12.2.2}}. {{function_of(shoot[obj=video]): video camera, @P2.3.1.3.12.2.2}}. {{created_by: @R559, director, film director}}. {[in_frame(computer)]} multimedia presentation, multimedia. V. {{has_subtype(create[obj=motion picture])}} {{formed_by(motion picture)}} {{has_subtype(record[of=movie, R599], R551)}} film, shoot. {{has_subtype(create[obj=video]): shoot}}. P2.3.1.3.6.4 COMPUTER GRAPHIC #556c. Computer Graphics. N. computer graphics, graphics. {{needs}} graphics program. image file. P2.3.1.3.6.5 SCULPTURE #557. Sculpture. N. {{forms(sculpture, @R554)}} sculpture, insculpture[obs1]. carving; statue, statuary, statuette. {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} cast; mold. marble; bronze; terra cotta[Sp]. papier-mache; ceramic ware, pottery, earthenware. {{has_subtype(ceramic ware)}} porcelain, china. cloisonne, enamel; faience; satsuma. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(relief, @R250)}} {{&formed_by(pressure[of=intaglio, @R252])}} relief, relieve, relievo[It.]. {{has_high_level(relief, @R250)}} high relief, altorilievo[It.]. {{has_low_level(relief, @R250)}} low relief, bas relief[Fr], bassorilievo[It.]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(relief, @R250)}} medium relief, mezzorilievo[obs3]. {{property_of(low relief)}} anaglyph[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(relief, @R250)}} medal, medallion; cameo. {{property_of(relief): coin, @R800}}. {{has_part(building)}} frieze. {{property_of(ancient)}} {{has_instance(statue)}} David; Laocoon; Venus, Aphrodite, Venus de Milo; Discobolos. {{has_representation(person, P2.3.2.3)}} doll; figurine; lace doll, aglet[obs3], aglet baby[obs3]; manikin, mannequin, mannikin, lay-figure; model; puppet, marionette, mammet[obs1]; mechanical doll, mechanical puppet, fantoccini; waxwork. {{has_subtype(puppet)}} hand puppet. {{has_subtype(statue)}} bust. {{&has_location}} art gallery, glyptotheca[obs3]; museum. V. sculpture, sculpt, carve, cut, chisel. {[of(wood)]} whittle. model. mold; cast. Adj. sculptural; sculpturesque. sculptured, sculpted, chiseled; whittled; molded, cast; chased, enchased, embossed. in relief; carved, anaglyptic[obs3]. ceramic, ceroplastic[obs3]; marble, parian[obs3]. <-- {{has_subtype(marble)}} xanthian[obs3]. --> <-- engraving includes photo printing by half-tone, etc --> P2.3.1.3.6.6 ENGRAVING #558. Engraving. N. {{forms(engraving, @R554)}} engraving, chalcography[obs3]; line engraving, mezzotint engraving, mezzotint; stipple engraving, chalk engraving. dry point, bur. etching, aquatinta[obs3]; chiseling; plate engraving, copperplate engraving, steel engraving; wood engraving, xylography, lignography[obs3]; lithography, glyptography[obs3], cerography[obs3], chromolithography[obs3]; photolithography, zinc lithography, zincography[obs3], glyphography. lithograph. {{has_subtype(lithograph)}} chromolithograph, photolithograph; zinc lithograph, zincograph[obs3]; wood lithograph, xylograph, lignograph[obs3], glyptograph[obs3], cerograph[obs3], glyphograph[obs3]. {{has_subtype(lithograph)}} {{has_representation(tridimensionality)}} holograph. {{forms}} plate; wood block. {{has_subtype(plate)}} steelplate; copperplate; woodblock. {{used_in(plate): printing, @R554}}. {{forms(printing)}} impression, print, engraving; cut, woodcut. {{has_subtype(print)}} etching; mezzotint, aquatint, lithotint[obs3]; stereotype, graphotype[obs3], autotype[obs3], heliotype[obs3]. {{uses(engraving, @R554)}} graver, burin[obs3], etching point, style. stone. {{has_property(plate)}} negative. {{function_of(stamping)}} die, stamp. {{function_of(punching, @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1): punch, @P2.3.1.3.12.4.1}}. [person who inscribes on stone] lapidary, lapidarian. V. engrave, grave, stipple, scrape, etch; bite, bite in; lithograph &c. n.; print. Adj. engraved, etched, lithographed, insculptured[obs3]. {{similar_to(sculpted, @P2.3.1.3.6.5)}} chiseled. [of inscriptions on stone] lapidary. Phr. sculpsit[Lat], imprimit[Lat]. P2.3.1.3.6.6.1 PRINTING N. printing. plate printing, copperplate printing, anastatic printing[obs3], color printing, lithographic printing. {[of(text)]} {{has_subtype: type printing &c. R591}}. {{has_subtype(color printing)}} three-color process. half tone; photogravure. <-- [[ornament]] [[decoration]] --> P2.3.1.3.6.7 ORNAMENT #847. Ornament. N. ornament, ornamentation, ornamental art, adornment, decoration, embellishment, ornature[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(decoration[of=building]): architecture}}. {{has_subtype(decoration[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{wears(person, P2.3.2.3): jewelry &c. R847a}}. {{has_property}} ornateness. {[of(wood)]} {{has_subtype(coating, P1.2.2.3.1.3.1)}} garnish, polish, varnish, French polish, japanning, lacquer; veneer, inlay. {{has_subtype(inlay)}} boulle. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.6.1, painting, drawing}}. {[of(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(coating, P1.2.2.3.1.3.1): gilding, plate, plating, ormolu, enamel, cloisonne}}. {[of(ceramic, @P2.3.1.3.1)]} {{has_subtype(coating, P1.2.2.3.1.3.1)}} glaze, glazing. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} finery, frippery; gewgaw, gimcrack, tinsel, spangle, clinquant[obs3], pinchbeck, paste; excess of ornament &c. (vulgarity) R851; gaud, pride. {{has_subtype(finery): clothing, P2.3.1.3.5; jewelry, P2.3.1.3.6.7.2}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(coating, P1.2.2.3.1.3.1)}} cosmetics, makeup. {{has_subtype(cosmetics)}} eye shadow[list], rouge, face powder, lipstick, blush. {{has_subtype: design, pattern, @P2.3.1.3.6.7.1}}. {{&has_part(wall, @P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} paneling, graining, pargeting[obs3]. {{&has_part(wall, @P2.3.1.3.10.2): molding}}. {{has_subtype(molding)}} fillet, listel[obs3]; fillet and fascia; sunk fillet; quarter round, ovolo; greek key; bead; reed; cavetto; scotia; conge; ogee, cyma; cyma reversa; beak; splay. {{has_subtype(molding)}} {{&has_part(column)}} torus. flower arrangement, floral decoration. {{has_subtype(flower arrangement)}} bouquet, corsage, posy, nosegay; festoon, daisy chain, flower chain; spray; wreath, garland, coronal, chaplet, lei; crown. {{has_subtype(wreath)}} {{has_metaphor(victory)}} laurel wreath. {[of(food)]} garnish. {[of(property/land, R342)]} foliage, landscaping. {[of(wall)]} tapestry, arras, hanging. strapwork[obs3], coquillage[Fr], flourish, fleur-de-lis[Fr], arabesque, fret, anthemion[obs3]; egg and tongue, egg and dart; astragal[obs3], zigzag, acanthus, cartouche; pilaster &c. (projection) R250; bead, beading; champleve ware[Fr], cloisonne ware; frost work, Moresque[Lat], Morisco, tooling. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{property_of(flatness)}} embroidery; brocade, brocatelle[obs3], galloon, lace; hanging, tapestry, arras; millinery, ermine; drap d'or[Fr]. border, edging, trimming, fringe, trapping. {{property_of(flatness)}} tape, ribbon. {{has_subtype(border)}} {{has_subtype(cloth)}} gimp. {{constitutes(plant, R367)}} wreath, festoon, garland, chaplet, flower, nosegay, bouquet, posy, "daisies pied and violets blue". tassel[L.L.L.], knot; shoulder knot, apaulette[obs3], epaulet, aigulet[obs3], frog; star, rosette, bow; feather, plume, pompom[obs3], panache, aigrette. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{has_subtype(engraving, R846): @P2.3.1.3.6.1, illustration, illumination, vignette, initial letter, cul de lampe[Fr], tailpiece}}. fleuron[obs3]; head piece, tail piece; cul-de-lampe[Fr]; flowers of rhetoric &c. R577; work of art. {{purpose_of(decoration)}} {{has_subtype(shape, P1.2.4.2.3.1.1)}} {{property_of(pleasing to look at, @R829)}} decorative shape. {{formed_by(decorative shape): sculpture, R557; trimming[obj=topiary plant], @P2.8.1}}. {{property_of(ornamental)}} {{has_subtype(plant, R367)}} ornamental plant. {{has_subtype(ornamental plant, R367)}} topiary plant. {{part_of(topiary plant)}} {{property_of(ornamental)}} {{has_subtype(garden, @R189)}} topiary garden. {{location_of(ornamental plant): garden, @R189; building, P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. {{has_subtype(decoration)}} {{has_subtype(picture, R556)}} {{location_of(skin, @R1002)}} {{property_of(indelible, @R150)}} tattoo[1]. {{has_subtype: @R643, knicknack, gewgaw, trinket, bauble}}. <-- : add ornament, render ornate --> V. [transitive] ornament, embellish, enrich, decorate, adorn, bead, beautify, adonize[obs3]. {[with_object(surface)]} smarten, furbish, polish, gild, varnish, whitewash, enamel, japan, lacquer, paint, grain; antique; veneer; plate. garnish, dizen[obs3], bedizen, prink[obs3], prank; trick out, fig out; deck, bedeck, dight[obs3], bedight[obs3], array; begawd[obs3], titivate[obs3]; dress, dress up; spangle, bespangle, powder. {[with_object(cloth)]} embroider, work; trim; chase, emboss, fret, emblazon. {[with_object(text)]} illuminate; illustrate. {{has_subtype(decorate[obj=skin, @R1002])}} {{result_of(tatoo[1])}} tattoo[2]. {{has_method(tattoo[2]): inject[obj=pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2][into=skin, @R1002], @P2.8.3}}. become &c. (accord with) R23. Adj. {{has_property(ornament)}} ornamental, decorative. {{has_consequence(ornament)}} ornamented, decorated, adorned, embellished, beautified. {{has_consequence(ornament)}} ornate, rich, gilt, begilt[obs3]. tesselated, festooned; champleve[Fr], cloisonne. smart, gay, trickly[obs3], flowery, glittering; new gilt, new spangled; fine as a Mayday queen, fine as a fivepence[obs3], fine as a carrot fresh scraped; pranked out, bedight[obs3], well-groomed. {[in_frame(clothing)]} in full dress &c. (fashion) R852; dressed to kill, dressed to the nines, dressed to advantage; in Sunday best, en grand tenue[Fr], en grande toilette[Fr]; in best bib and tucker, endimanche[Fr]. showy, flashy; gaudy &c. (vulgar) R851; garish, gairish[obs2]; gorgeous. becoming &c. (accordant) R23. {{has_property(topiary plant)}} {{has_subtype(ornamental)}} {[of(shrub)]} {{has_subtype(shaped[mode=trimming, @P2.8.1/training, @P2.3.1.3.1.1], @R240)}} topiary. P2.3.1.3.6.7.1 DESIGN N. {{location_of(surface, P1.2.2.3.1.1)}} design, pattern, figure; surface pattern. {{used_in(plane geometrical figure, @P1.2.4.2.2)}} geometrical pattern. {{has_subtype}} {{use_in(color[num=>1]): variegated design, @R440}}. weave; emblem. trefoil; cinquefoil; vermiculation. diaper, tracery, powdering; detail; repousse (convexity) R250. {{has_property: texture &c. R329}}. {{has_property}} richness. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of($lines)}} cross hatching, cross hatch, cross-hatching. {{has_relationship($lines): perpendicular}}. {{has_subtype(emblem)}} colors, colours; flag; skull and crossbones; coat of arms, arms, blazon, blazonry; crest; device; totem. {{part_of(totem)}} totem pole. {{has_subtype(flag)}} banner, streamer; ensign, colors, colours; white flag, flag of truce; pennant, pennon, streamer, waft; standard; jack; Union Jack, Union flag; yellow jack; black flag, pirate flag, Jolly Roger. {{has_subtype(device)}} union; charge, bearing, heraldic bearing, armorial bearing. {{has_subtype(heraldic bearing)}} annulet, roundel; fleur-de-lis; chevron; ordinary; bend, bend dexter; bend sinister; fesse, fess. {{has_subtype(emblem)}} {{has_part(crossing, R219)}} cross. {{has_subtype(cross)}} Greek cross; Latin cross; avellan cross; botonee cross; Calvary cross, cross of Calvary; fleury cross; formee cross; moline cross; crosslet; potent cross; patriarchal cross; papal cross; Celtic cross; Maltese cross; Lorraine cross, cross of Lorraine; tau cross, "St. Anthony's cross"; "St. Andrew's cross", saltire; Jerusalem cross; crucifix, rood. <-- [ornaments worn by people on the body][general] --> P2.3.1.3.6.7.2 JEWELRY #847a. Jewelry. N. {{may_wear(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{property_of(ornamental, @R847)}} jewel, jewelry[collective], jewellery[obs3][collective], bijou, bijouterie[Fr][collective], bijoutry[obs2]. trinket; fine jewelry; costume jewelry. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} {{may_wear(neck)}} necklace. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} {{may_wear(ankle)}} anklet. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} {{may_wear(wrist)}} bracelet. {{shape_of(circle, P1.2.4.2.1.3.1)}} {{may_wear(finger)}} ring. {{may_wear(ear)}} earring. locket; pendant; carcanet[obs3]; chain, chatelaine; broach, pin, lapel pin, torque. {{has_subtype(bracelet)}} charm bracelet. {{has_subtype(ring)}} pinky ring. {{&has_part}} {{property_of(expensive)}} {{property_of(natural)}} gem, authentic gem, true gem, natural gem. {{&has_part: precious metal}}. {{has_subtype(gem)}} {{has_subtype(stone)}} gemstone, precious stone. {{has_subtype(gem)}} {{processed_into(oyster, @P2.3.2.1.1.2)}} natural pearl; mother of pearl. {{has_subtype(gem)}} {{processed_into(coral, @P2.3.2.1.1.2)}} coral. {{has_subtype(gem)}} {{processed_into(tusk): @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1, ivory}}. {{has_subtype(pearl)}} cultured pearl; fresh-water pearl. {{similar_to(pearl)}} synthetic pearl. {{has_subtype(gemstone)}} {{constitutes(carbon)}} {{property_of(very hard)}} diamond, brilliant, rock[coll.]. {{has_subtype(gemstone)}} beryl, emerald; chalcedony, agate, heliotrope; girasol[obs3], girasole[obs3]; onyx, plasma; sard[obs3], sardonyx; garnet, lapis lazuli, opal, peridot, tourmaline, chrysolite; sapphire, ruby, synthetic ruby; spinel, spinelle; balais[obs3]; oriental, oriental topaz; turquois[obs3], turquoise; jacinth, hyacinth, carbuncle, amethyst; alexandrite[obs3], cat's eye, bloodstone, hematite, jasper, moonstone, sunstone[obs3]. {{has_subtype(gemstone)}} {{property_of(inexpensive)}} {{property_of(appearance[val=like a diamond])}} zircon, cubic zirconia. {{sold_by(jewelry): jeweler, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1}}. {{created_by(gem): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.8, lapidary, lapidarian}}. {{studied_in(gemstone)}} gemology, gemmology; minerology. {{job_of(gemology, @P2.3.1.3.6.7.2): gemologist; minerologist}}. {{resembles(gem)}} {{isnota(true gem)}} artificial gem. {{property_of(inexpensive)}} costume jewelry. V. shine like a diamond. Adj. bejeweled; diamond &c. n.. gemological. <-- the following entry is for utilitarian graphics, such as scientific or business graphics to illustrate a text [[graphic]] --> P2.3.1.3.6.8 GRAPHIC N. {{property_of(utilitarian)}} graphic. chart; graph; engineering drawing, mechanical drawing; diagram; architectural rendering. {{has_subtype(architectural rendering)}} plan; blueprint; floor plan; ground plan; elevation. {{has_subtype: @R531, advertisement, ad}}. {{has_subtype(chart)}} pie chart; bar chart. survey, land survey, plot, plat. <-- (SYMB. POREL) --> P2.3.1.3.7 SACRED OBJECTS N. {{property_of(sacred, @R987)}} sacred object. religious object, holy object; mystical object, revered object. {{has_subtype(mystical object): @R993, talisman, charm}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(memento[of=saint, M9.6.1.2.2], @R505)}} relic. {{has_subtype(relic)}} {{has_part(relic[of=saint, M9.6.1.2.2], @R362)}} first class relic. {{has_subtype(relic)}} {{has_part(clothing[of=saint, M9.6.1.2.2], R225)}} second class relic. rosary beads; holy water; cross, crucifix, rood. {{has_subtype(holy object)}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} holy place. {{has_subtype: icon, @P2.3.1.3.6.1}}. {{has_metaphor}} sacred cow. {{has_subtype(holy place): temple, R1000}}. P2.3.1.3.8 CUSHION N. {{property_of(soft)}} {{has_subtype(support[for=body, R1001/body part, R1002], R215)}} cushion. air cushion, inflatable cushion; pillow; mattress; pincushion; pad; powder puff, puff. chair cushion. {{has_subtype(pillow)}} bolster, long pillow. {{has_subtype(pillow): @P2.3.1.3.20.2, pillow, bed pillow}}. {{has_subtype(mattress, @P2.3.1.3.20.2)}} air mattress, airbed, air-bed; foam mattress; feather bed; futon; pallet; tick; water bed. {{function_of(shock protection, @R554)}} {{&!has_part(vehicle, R272)}} bumper; shock absorber. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(shock protection, @R554): packing material, @R190}}. P2.3.1.3.9 CONTAINER N. container. {{location_of: contents, R190, @P1.2.3.2}}. <-- [[CONTAINER]] --> P2.3.1.3.9.1 CONTAINERS GENERALLY #191. Receptacle. N. {{has_subtype(inclosure, R232)}} {{contained_in(physical object, P2.3)}} {{&part_of(stopper, R263)}} receptacle, container. recipient, receiver, reservatory. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(enclosure perimeter, @R232)}} wall, sides; bottom. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(closed, @R261)}} closed container. {{has_part(closed container)}} {{&has_subtype(enclosure perimeter, @R232)}} {{rel_loc_of(top, R210)}} top. {{has_subtype(top)}} {{has_subtype(closure, R261): stopper, R263}}. {{has_subtype(top)}} {{has_subtype(closure, R261): @R223, cap, lid}}. {{has_subtype}} {{not_part_of(top)}} open container. {{has_part(container)}} dead space, ullage, unused capacity. {{property_of(flexible)}} bag, sac, sack, saccule. vessel; box; pot; bin; cassette; cylinder; dispenser; envelope; storage ring; bag, handbag, pocketbook, purse; magnetic bottle, magnetic containment vessel; manger, trough; mold, mould, form, cast, cut. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(transport[obj=contents], @R270/store[2][obj=contents], @R636)}} package, parcel. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} can, tin, tin can; canister, cannister, tin. {{has_subtype(pot): @P2.3.1.3.1.3.1, cooking pot, pan}}. {{has_subtype(purse)}} evening bag. {{has_subtype(pot)}} flowerpot. {{has_subtype(dispenser)}} atomizer, atomiser, spray; aerosol, aerosol can; pump dispenser, pump; slinger ring; inhaler. {{has_subtype(envelope)}} window envelope; self-addressed stamped envelope, SASE; postage-paid envelope; manila envelope; letter-sized envelope; legal-sized envelope, legal envelope; return envelope. briefcase; attache case. compartment; cell, cellule; follicle; hole, corner, niche, recess, nook; crypt, stall, pigeonhole, cove, oriel; cave &c. (concavity) R252. capsule, vesicle, cyst, pod, calyx, cancelli, utricle, bladder; pericarp, udder. {{function_of(disposal)}} disposal receptacle. {{has_subtype(disposal receptacle)}} waste basket, waste bucket; ashtray; chamber pot, potty, thunder mug; spittoon, cuspidor; dustpan. {{function_of(deposit)}} plate, collection plate; maildrop; save-all; coin box. socket, electric socket; wall socket, wall plug, electric outlet, electric receptacle; outlet box; socket. tray. {{has_subtype(tray)}} cheeseboard, cheese tray; tea tray; turntable, lazy Susan. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(animal[1], R366)}} {{has_function(digestion): @R1002, stomach, venter, ventricle, crop, craw, maw, gizzard}}. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(carrying[1], @R270)}} luggage[collective], baggage[collective]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_member(luggage)}} backpack, rucksack, knapsack, haversack; kitbag, kit bag; suitcase, valise, traveling bag, bag, grip; trunk; portmanteau, band-box; saddlebag. {{has_subtype(suitcase)}} gladstone bag, gladstone. {{has_subtype(can)}} {{constitutes(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)}} steel can. {{has_subtype(can)}} {{constitutes(aluminum)}} aluminum can. {{has_subtype(can)}} caddy, tea caddy; oilcan; paint can; beer can, soda can. pocket, pouch, fob, sheath, scabbard, socket, scrip, poke, knit, sachel, satchel, reticule, budget, net; ditty bag, ditty box; portfolio; quiver &c. (magazine) R636. {{has_subtype(pouch)}} tobacco pouch. {{has_subtype(box)}} chest, coffer, casket, pyx, pix, caisson, reliquary; grip, grip sack [U.S.]; skippet, vasculum. boot, imperial; vache; cage, manger. rack; shelf, shelving. {{has_subtype(bag)}} duffel bag, duffel, duffle; moneybag; sea bag, seabag; tea bag; feedbag; golf bag; saddlebag; ice pack. vase, bushel, barrel; pottle, basket, pannier, buck-basket, maund[obs1], creel, cran, crate; wisket, whisket, jardiniere, corbeille, hamper, dosser, dorser; tray, hod; scuttle, utensil; brazier; cuspidor, spittoon. hopper. {{has_part(hopper)}} {{has_subtype(opening)}} {{location_of(top)}} {{function_of(fill/load)}} top opening. {{has_part(hopper)}} {{has_subtype(opening)}} {{location_of(bottom)}} {{function_of(discharge/empty/unload)}} bottom opening. &&{{has_part(bottom opening): door}}. {{has_subtype(hopper)}} {{has_subtype(railroad car)}} hopper car. hamper; clothes hamper, laundry basket, clothes basket. {{has_subtype(drum)}} fiber drum; metal drum. {{has_subtype(vessel)}} {{contained_in(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(large)}} cistern &c. (store) R636; vat; caldron; barrel, cask, drum, puncheon, keg; rundlet, tun, butt, cag. {{has_subtype(vessel)}} {{contained_in(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} boiler, steam boiler. {{has_subtype(vessel)}} {{contained_in(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} decanter, ewer, cruse, caraffe; crock, kit, canteen, flagon; demijohn; flask, flasket; stoup, noggin; cruet, caster; urn, epergne, salver, patella, tazza, patera; tub, bucket, pail; tankard; jug, pitcher, pipkin; galipot, gallipot; matrass, receiver, bolthead, capsule, kettle; firkin, kilderkin, carboy; amphora. {{has_subtype(vessel)}} bottle, jar. {{has_subtype(bottle)}} {{constitutes(plastic)}} plastic bottle. {{&has_part(bottle)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} {{has_subtype(closure, R261)}} cap, bottlecap, closure. {{has_subtype(bottlecap)}} screw-on cap; twist-off cap; pop-off cap. {{has_subtype(plastic bottle)}} dispenser. {{has_part(dispenser)}} spout, squeeze spout. {{has_subtype(vessel)}} {{constitutes(glass)}} {{&property_of(sealed)}} {{not_part_of(bottlecap)}} vial, phial; ampule, ampoule, ampul. bowl, basin, jorum, punch bowl. {{has_subtype(basin)}} wash basin. {{has_subtype(wash basin)}} {{location_of(church)}} piscina[Lat][obs1]. <--- pig gin, big gin; tyg, nipperkin, pocket pistol[coll.]. --> {{has_subtype(bucket)}} {{constitutes(wood)}} {{property_of(shallow)}} skeel. {{has_subtype(pan): @P2.3.1.3.1.3.1, saucepan, skillet}}. {{has_subtype(vessel)}} {{contained_in(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{function_of(drinking)}} drinking vessel. {{has_subtype(drinking vessel)}} mug; cup, goblet, chalice; tumbler, glass, drinking glass; rummer, horn; tankard; beaker. {{has_subtype(drinking glass)}} {{constitutes(plastic)}} plastic glass. {{has_subtype(drinking glass)}} champagne glass; wine glass; water glass; cordial glass; cocktail glass; shot glass. {{has_subtype(mug)}} {{constitutes(ceramic)}} ceramic mug. {{has_subtype(cup)}} {{constitutes(paper)}} paper cup. {{has_subtype(paper cup)}} Dixie cup. {{has_subtype(mug)}} coffee mug; beer mug, stein. {{has_subtype(chalice)}} grail, Holy Grail, Sangraal. {{has_subtype(cup)}} grace cup; coffee cup; demitasse; teacup; Dixie cup, paper cup, drinking cup; plastic cup. {{has_subtype(trunk)}} footlocker, locker. {{has_subtype(vessel)}} {{contained_in(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{location_of(laboratory)}} beaker; flask; graduated cylinder; test tube; culture tube; pipette; syringe; vial; Petri dish; microtiter tray; centrifuge tube; retort, alembic; water jacket. {{has_subtype(flask)}} Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, round-bottom flask; vacuum flask. {{has_subtype(pipette)}} Pasteur pipette; disposable pipette. {{has_subtype(pipette)}} disposable pipette. {{has_subtype}} {{&constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} tank. {{has_subtype(tank)}} aquarium, fish tank, marine museum, vivarium; septic tank; fuel tank. {{has_subtype(fuel tank)}} oil tank; gas tank, gasoline tank; propane tank. reservoir. {{has_subtype(reservoir)}} water tower; cistern, water tank; well. {{has_subtype(box)}} case. {{has_subtype(case)}} cardcase; wallet, billfold; cigarette case; compact, powder compact; pillbox; watch case; eyeglass case. {{contained_in(gunpowder)}} powder horn, powder flask. {{contained_in(coal)}} scuttle, coal scuttle. {{contained_in(water)}} watering can, watering pot. bail, beaker, billy, canakin; catch basin, catch drain; chatti, lota, mussuk, schooner [U.S.], spider, terrine, toby, urceus. {{contained_in(food)}} tableware. dishpan; washtub; sink; bathtub, bath; shower. closet, commode, cupboard, cellaret, chiffonniere, locker. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.20, storage furniture, desk, bureau}}. {{has_subtype: room, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.1}}. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(writing)}} {{has_symbol(contents)}} label. P2.3.1.3.9.1.1 TABLEWARE N. tableware, eating containers. <-- [[china]] --> {{has_subtype(tableware)}} glassware; china, chinaware. {{used_in(tableware)}} {{has_subtype(material): @P2.3.1.3.1.2.5, TABLEWARE MATERIALS, ceramic, ceramics; porcelain, vitrics; ironstone; majolica; bone china; rose china; eggshell china}}. {{has_subtype(china)}} plate, platter, dish, trencher, calabash, porringer, potager, saucer, pan, crucible. compote, gravy boat, creamer, sugar bowl, butter dish, mug, pitcher, punch bowl, chafing dish. shovel, trowel, spoon, spatula, ladle, dipper, tablespoon, watch glass, thimble. {{has_instance(china/porcelain)}} {{has_instance(manufacturer)}} Brandenberg, Bristol, Chelsea, Crown Derby, Meissen, Dresden, Belleek, Lenox, Mayflower, Noritake, Royal Albert, Royal Worcester, Swansea, Caen, Chantilly, Limoges, Black Knight, Luneville, Sevres, Copenhagen, Capodimonte, Medici. P2.3.1.3.9.2 STORAGE CONTAINERS N. storage container. P2.3.1.3.9.3 SHIPPING CONTAINERS N. shipping container. box, carton. railroad car, tank car. {{has_part(container): dead space, ullage, unused capacity}}. <-- [Channel for the passage of both physical objects and information.] ##?? should break out tubings into separate sub-category --> P2.3.1.3.9.4 CONDUIT (R350, R351) #350. Conduit. N. {{conceptual_part_of(opening, R260)}} {{property_of(long + narrow)}} {{purpose_of(transmission, R270)}} conduit, channel. duct; piping. main; pipe; pipeline; tubing, tube. funnel; nozzle. {{has_subtype(main)}} electric main; gas main; sewer main; water main. {{has_subtype(pipeline)}} oil pipeline; gasoline pipeline. {{has_subtype(tubing)}} non-metallic tubing; glass tubing; vacuum tubing; tygon tubing; rubber tubing; latex tubing; polyethylene tubing; teflon tubing. {{has_subtype(tubing)}} metallic tubing; steel tubing; aluminum tubing; copper tubing; high pressure tubing. {{has_subtype(tubing)}} barrel, gun barrel; blowgun, blowpipe, blowtube, blow tube; burette; capillary, capillary tube; catheter, cannula; condenser, condenser coil; dropper, eye dropper; mouthpiece; pea shooter. {{has_subtype(mouthpiece)}} cigarette holder, cigarette-holder. {{!:not_has_subtype(opening, R260)}} {{has_subtype(conduit[for=electricity[2], @P2.6.1.1.2])}} {{has_subtype(wire, @R205)}} electrical wire, electrical wiring[collective], wiring[collective]. P2.3.1.3.9.4.1 WATER CONDUIT N. water conduit, water pipe; watercourse. {{contained_in(effluent)}} {{property_of(artificial)}} drain, drainpipe; waste pipe, waste line. {{has_subtype(drain)}} sewer, cloaca, sewerage, sewer pipe; scupper; trap; gutter; street gutter, kennel; sump, drain pit; downspout; discharge, discharge tube, discharge line, adjutage[obs3], ajutage[obs3]. pore, spout. {[of(body)]} {{has_subtype(drain)}} excretory organ, emunctory[obs3]. {{property_of(flexible)}} hose. {{has_subtype(hose)}} garden hose; fire hose. {{has_part}} {{function_of(control/restriction)}} penstock, weir; flood gate, water gate; sluice, lock; valve, faucet. waterworks. {{has_subtype(watercourse)}} {{property_of(natural)}} arroyo; flume, ingate[obs3], runner; lock-weir, tedge[obs3]. {{has_subtype(watercourse)}} {{property_of(artificial)}} aqueduct, canal; dike, gully, moat, ditch, trough, culvert; sough, siphon; mine entrance, adit[obs3]; industrial watercourse, race, millrace, millrun, head race, tail race. {{has_subtype(drain)}} {{has_part(roof)}} gutter, roof gutter; roofing tile, pantile; rain spout, gargoyle, gurgoyle[obs3]. {{has_subtype(body part, P2.3.2.2.1.1.1.2): blood vessel, artery, aorta}}. tunnel &c. (passage) R627. Adj. vascular &c. (with holes) R260. <-- ; abito[obs3], aboideau[obs3], aboiteau[Fr], bito[obs3]. ; acequia[obs3], acequiador[obs3], acequiamadre[obs3] --> <-- [Channel for the passage of gas.] --> P2.3.1.3.9.4.2 GAS CONDUIT #351. Airpipe. N. air pipe, air tube; gas pipe. vent, air vent, blowhole, breathinghole[obs3], venthole, airhole[obs3]. {{contained_in(combustion gas, @P2.3.1): exhaust}}. {{has_subtype(exhaust)}} {{function_of(ejection, R297)}} shaft, flue, chimney; smokestack; stovepipe; exhaust pipe; tail pipe. {{has_subtype(vent)}} {{location_of(hot air)}} water cooling tower. {{part_of}} {{uses(pipe smoking)}} pipe, tobacco pipe. {{has_part(tobacco pipe)}} {{contained_in(tobacco, @R392)}} bowl. {{has_subtype(tobacco pipe)}} clay pipe, dudeen; hookah, hubble-bubble, kalian, narghile, water pipe. {{function_of(breathing)}} {{has_subtype(body part, P2.3.2.2.1.1.1.2): nostril; throat, weasand[obs3], trachea; bronchus, bronchia[Med]; larynx; windpipe}}. {{has_part(insect)}} {{has_subtype(vent)}} spiracle. ventilator, ventiduct[obs3]. {{has_subtype(pipe): blowgun, blowpipe, blowtube, blow tube, @P2.7.2.1.4}}. screen, window screen. artificial lung, iron lung, heart and lung machine. {{has_subtype(pipeline, @P2.3.1.3.9.4)}} gas pipeline, natural gas pipeline. {{has_subtype(duct)}} intake, air intake; air passage, air duct, airway; downcast; snorkel; upcast. <-- ; jhilmil[obs3]?? --> <-- "structures" are generally considered as stationary. A "mobile home" will be listed as an exception, even though it also is used as a home typically when it is in a stopped condition [[structure]] --> P2.3.1.3.10 STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS N. {{property_of(immobile, @R265)}} structure, construction, construct. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(travel): way, P2.3.1.3.10.5}}. {{has_subtype: building, P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. {{property_of(open/outdoors)}} enclosure. {{property_of(closed)}} chamber. {{has_subtype(enclosure)}} pen; yard. {{has_subtype(pen)}} fold, sheepfold; paddock; rodeo; sty, pigsty, pigpen; cattle pen; run, dog run. workplace. {{has_subtype(workplace): kitchen, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1}}. {{has_subtype(workplace): workshop, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2; farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7; shipyard, P2.3.1.3.10.8}}. {{has_subtype(chamber)}} burial chamber; pressure chamber; combustion chamber; gas chamber. {{has_subtype(burial chamber)}} {{has_location(corpse, R362)}} {{performed_at(interment, R363)}} vault, burial vault; crypt; mausoleum; grave, tomb; sepulcher, sepulchre. {{has_subtype(pressure chamber)}} caisson, pneumatic caisson; decompression chamber; hyperbaric chamber. {{has_subtype(combustion chamber)}} {[of(engine)]} cylinder, piston chamber. {{has_subtype(yard)}} {{has_location(farm animal)}} barnyard, farmyard; chicken yard, henyard; stockyard; feed lot. {{has_subtype(yard)}} {{performed_at(rail freight loading)}} {{has_location(train, @R272)}} railroad yard. {{has_subtype(yard)}} {{adjacent_to(building)}} front yard; back yard; side yard. {{has_subtype: building, P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. monument; memorial. {{has_subtype(advertisement)}} billboard, signboard. fortification, redoubt. {{location_of(outdoors)}} steps, stairway. {{has_subtype(stairway)}} {{location_of(India)}} ghat. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.9.4.1, watercourse, canal, dike}}. {{function_of(contain[obj=water])}} dam. {{has_part(dam)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} spillway. arch. {{has_part(arch): $pillar[num=2], @P2.3.1.3.10.1}}. &&{{has_conceptual_part(arch)}} {{isnota(physical object): $opening}}. &&{{has_property($opening)}} {{has_subtype(spatial interval, @R198)}} span; rise. &&{{has_subtype_x($pillar)}} left pillar; right pillar. &&{{{between($opening): left pillar + right pillar}}}. &&{{has_rel_loc(intrados): top[of=$opening]}}. &&{{has_orientation(span): horizontal}}. &&{{has_orientation(rise): vertical}}. {{&has_part(arch)}} spandrel. {{has_part(arch)}} {{has_subtype(arc, R245)}} intrados; extrados. {{&has_part(arch)}} {{rel_loc_of(center[of=intrados])}} keystone. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(small, @R32)}} lean-to. <-- note that arch below is a component, but above is a free-standing structure --> P2.3.1.3.10.1 Structural component N. {{has_part(structure)}} structural component. masonry; superstructure. {{function_of(support, R215)}} {{rel_loc_of(bottom)}} supporting structure, support; infrastructure. {{has_subtype(supporting structure)}} foundation; footing; platform. {{function_of(support, R215)}} scaffold, scaffolding, echafaudage[Fr]. {{orientation_of(vertical)}} pier, column, upright, pillar; wall. {{has_subtype(opening[1], R260)}} arch. {{has_subtype(supporting structure)}} {[of(monument)]} base, pedestal. <-- For the purpose of this classification, a "building" is a type of structure that has walls and a roof. note that "abode, residence" has been left in the more general category "location", and is only cross-referenced here [[BUILDING]] --> P2.3.1.3.10.2 BUILDING N. {{property_of(stationary)}} building, edifice. {{has_subtype: @P1.2.3.2.4.1, dwelling, house}}. {{has_part}} foundation; frame. {{has_function(frame): support[obj=wall/roof], R215}}. {{!has_part}} {{has_subtype(compartment, @R221a): room[num=>0], P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1}}. {{!has_part(building)}} {{orientation_of(vertical)}} wall. {{!has_part}} roof. {{has_subtype(wall)}} inner wall; outer wall. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(height, @P1.2.4.2.3)}} building height. {{has_units(building height)}} storey, story, floor, level, etazh[Russ]. {{{has_relative_val(storey + foot, @R200): "8-14"}}}. coach house; outhouse. {{&has_part}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} penthouse. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(house[obj=vehicle], @R184)}} garage. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(house[obj=airplane], @R184)}} hangar. {{has_subtype: @P1.2.3.2.4.1, residence, abode}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(warmer, @P2.3.1.3.17.1)}} {{function_of(warm[obj=plant, R367])}} conservatory, greenhouse, hothouse, bakehouse[obs3]. {{has_subtype(opening[1], @R260)}} {{has_part}} door, entry door. {{has_subtype(opening[1], @R260)}} {{has_part}} {{function_of(admit[obj=light], @P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.1)}} window. {{has_part(window)}} {{constitutes(glass, @P2.3.1.3.2.4)}} {{shape_of(rigid sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} window pane. {{has_subtype(window)}} {{location_of(ceiling)}} skylight. {{&has_part}} stairs, stairwell, staircase. {{&has_part(staircase)}} baluster, banister, stanchion; balustrade. {{has_part(staircase)}} landing. {{has_subtype(staircase)}} fire escape, emergency exit. {{has_subtype(roof)}} curb roof, gambrel roof, mansard roof. {{has_subtype(storey)}} basement floor, ground floor; rez de chaussee[Fr]; cellar; subbasement; first floor; second floor; top floor, attic, dormer; penthouse. bower; arbor. {{&has_part: fireplace, @P2.3.1.3.17.1}}. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(conduit)}} {{function_of(expel[obj=combustion gas])}} chimney. {{{has_relative_val(chimney^height + chimney^building^height): ">1"}}}. {{has_part(chimney)}} {{has_subtype(conduit)}} flue. {{has_part(door)}} door knob, handle; hinge. {{&has_part}} {{function_of(support, R215, P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} {{property_of(verticality)}} post, pillar, shaft, thill[obs3], column, pilaster; pediment, pedicle; plinth; buttress, jamb, mullion, abutment; upright. {{has_part(door)}} {{function_of(support, R215, P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} {{property_of(verticality)}} door post, jamb, door jamb. {{&has_part}} pedestal. {{has_part}} {{function_of(support, R215, P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} frame, framework, skeleton; beam, rafter, girder, lintel, joist, travis[obs3], trave[obs3]. {{&has_part}} {{function_of(support, R215, P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} scaffold, scaffolding; corner stone, summer; rung, round, step, sill; angle rafter, hip rafter; cantilever, modillion[obs3]; crown post, king post. {{&has_part(door/window)}} {{orientation_of(horizontal)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} transom. {{contains: furniture, P2.3.1.3.20}}. {{contains}} {{property_of(attached[to=building])}} fixture. {{connected_to(fixture): wall; ceiling; floor}}. {{has_subtype(fixture)}} {{emits(electric current, @P2.6.1.9)}} {{has_subtype(electric receptacle, @P2.6.1.1.2)}} outlet, electric outlet. {{has_subtype(fixture)}} {{emits(light)}} light fixture, lighting fixture. {{has_subtype(lighting fixture)}} {{connected_to(ceiling)}} ceiling fixture, ceiling light. {{has_subtype(ceiling light)}} {{location_of(inside[obj=ceiling])}} recessed light, recessed lamp. {{has_subtype(lighting fixture)}} {{connected_to(wall)}} wall fixture, wall light. {{has_part}} {{function_of(covering, R223)}} {{orientation_of(horizontal)}} ceiling. {{has_part}} {{function_of(covering, R223)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} roof. {{has_part(roof)}} tile, shingle; thatch; tiling, slates, slating; leads, spouts. {{has_subtype(tile, shingle)}} ceramic tile, pantile, pentile[obs3]; asphalt shingle. {{has_subtype: barrack [U.S.], plafond, planchment [obs3][U.S.], shed &c. (abode) R189}}. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(opening, P1.2.4.3.1.9)}} {{function_of(lighting)}} embrasure, window, casement; abatjour[obs3]; light; sky light; lattice; bay window, bow window; oriel[Arch]; dormer, lantern. {{location_of(window)}} {{property_of(adjustable)}} louvre, jalousie, Venetian blinds. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(opening, P1.2.4.3.1.9)}} {{function_of(entry/exit)}} portal; stoop, stope; gate, ostiary[obs1], postern, wicket, trapdoor, hatch, door; arcade; cellarway[obs3], driveway, gateway, doorway, hatchway, gangway. {{has_part}} {{property_of(exterior)}} portico, porch, veranda, loggia, piazza; terrace, patio; deck, lanai; collonade; court, courtyard. {{has_part}} balcony, gallery. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(preserve[obj=ice], R670)}} icehouse. P2.3.1.3.10.2.1 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.1.3.10.2.2 PUBLIC BUILDING. N. public building. commercial building; government building. {{has_subtype(commercial building): @P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2, R691, workshop, shop, store}}. {{property_of(multiplicity)}} building complex, complex. {{has_subtype(building complex)}} industrial park; shopping center; mall, shopping mall. {{property_of(tall)}} skyscraper. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2, workplace, office building, factory}}. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(staircase, @P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} escalator, moving staircase, moving stairway. {{has_part(escalator)}} step, tread. {{has_location(teaching)}} school. {{location_of(airport/seaport)}} terminal, terminal building. {{has_subtype(terminal)}} international arrivals building. {{uses(war)}} {{property_of(strong)}} fort, fortress; castle. {{property_of(luxurious)}} palace. {{has_location(sports contest, @M8.2.2.2.2)}} stadium. {{has_subtype: R1000, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.1, temple, church}}. {{&has_part}} arcade; penny arcade. {{&has_part}} gallery; concourse. P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.1 HOUSE OF WORSHIP (R1000) #1000. House of Worship. N. {{&performed_at(worship, R990/religious ceremony, R998)}} house of worship, place of worship; house of God, house of prayer, holy place. shrine. {{property_of(Christian)}} cathedral, minster[obs3], church, kirk, chapel, meetinghouse, bethel[obs3], tabernacle, conventicle, basilica, fane[obs3], chantry[obs3], oratory. {{property_of(Jewish)}} temple, synagogue. {{property_of(Buddhist)}} temple, Buddhist temple. {{property_of(moslem)}} mosque. pantheon; joss house[obs3]. {{property_of(multistory)}} pagoda. {{property_of(Buddhist)}} {{has_subtype(shrine)}} stupa, tope, dogobah[obs3]. {{has_part(church)}} {{has_subtype(tower, P2.3.1.3.10.4)}} belfry. monastery, convent, nunnery, cloister. {{property_of(Christian)}} priory, abbey, friary. [clergymen's residence] parsonage, rectory, presbytery, vicarage, manse, deanery, glebe; Vatican; bishop's palace; Lambeth. chapter house. {{has_part}} presbytery. {{has_part}} anxious-bench, anxious-seat; diaconicum[Lat], jube[obs3]; mourner's bench, mourner's seat. {{has_part}} altar. {{has_subtype(altar)}} communion table, holy table, Lord's table; table of the Lord. {{has_part}} {{has_location(altar)}} shrine, Holy of Holies, sanctum sanctorum[Lat], sacristy, chancel, sanctuary, sacrarium[obs3]. {{has_part}} pyx. {{has_part}} baptistery, baptistry, font, baptismal font; piscina[obs3], stoup; aumbry[obs3]; sedile[obs3]; reredos; rood loft, rood screen. {{has_part(church)}} quire, choir; nave; aisle; transept; vestry; crypt; golgotha, calvary, Easter sepulcher; stall, pew; pulpit, ambo[obs3], lectern, reading desk; confessional, prothesis[obs3], credence, baldachin, baldacchino[obs3]; apse. {{adjacent_to}} cloisters, churchyard. {{has_activity: rite, R998, M9.5.5}}. Adj. claustral, cloistered; monastic, monasterial; conventual. Phr. ne vile fano[It]; "there's nothing ill can dwell in such a temple" [Tempest]. <-- ; kiack[obs3], masjid[obs3]?? --> <-- marabout[obs3]; = mohammedan saint --> <-- A "workshop" is classified as a place of business. As with activities that can be done for both profit and non-profit motives, a designation as a "workshop" does not necessariy mean that all activites performed there must be for profit -- the profit motive is just the default interpretation. Note that some "workshops" are not actually buildings, e.g. a farm. To avoid inheriting the "building" properties, an exception must be noted. --> <-- [[workshop]] --> P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2 WORKSHOP (R691) #691. Workshop. N. {{has_subtype(workplace, @P2.3.1.3.10)}} workshop, workhouse, workplace, shop, place of business, business establishment. {{has_subtype}} retail business. {{has_particiapant(retail business)}} {{has_subtype(consumer)}} retail customer. {{has_subtype}} wholesale business. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} {{performed_at(paperwork)}} cabinet, office[1]. {{part_of(office[1])}} {{has_subtype(place of business)}} {{has_location(business record, R551)}} office[2]. {{part_of(office[1])}} office building. {{has_location(manufacturing, M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} factory, plant, works, manufactory, hive of industry. {{has_subtype(factory)}} mill. studio; bureau, atelier. headquarters, home office, main office. {{alternative_to(home office)}} branch office. {{has_subtype}} nursery; hothouse, hotbed; mint; forge; loom. {{has_subtype: market, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2.1; farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7}}. {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} kitchen. alveary[obs3]. armory. <-- this "laboratory" is the general for any place, however large, where research is performed --> {{performed_at(scientific research)}} laboratory, research center. {{has_part(laboratory): laboratory, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1}}. {{has_subtype(laboratory)}} industrial laboratory; commercial laboratory; research institute. {{function_of(manufacture[obj=gasoline/oil])}} refinery. {{consumes(refinery): crude oil, @P2.3.1.1.5}}. {{uses(refinery)}} {{has_subtype(still)}} fractionating column, fractionating tower. {{uses(refinery)}} cracking tower. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_at(canning)}} cannery. power plant; beauty parlor; beehive, forcing pit, nailery[obs3], usine[obs3]; foundry, foundery[obs3]. {{has_subtype: vineyard, @P2.3.1.3.10.7}}. {{has_part(foundry)}} furnace. {{has_metaphor: crucible, caldron, matrix}}. Adj. at work, at the office, at the shop; working. P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2.1 STORE N. {{has_subtype(market[2], @R799)}} shop, store, emporium, establishment, retail store. exchange, change, hall, guildhall; tollbooth, customhouse; Tattersall's. office, chambers, countinghouse, bureau. department store, general store, five and ten; variety store, co-op, finding store [U.S.], grindery warehouse[obs3]. {{has_part: @R636, storage, store}}. {{has_part}} counter, compter[Fr]. {{has_subtype(counter)}} {{has_location(purchase, R795)}} checkout counter, check-out counter. {{&location_of(checkout counter): cash register, @P2.3.1.3.15.1.1}}. {{has_activity(checkout counter): payment, R807}}. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(checkout counter)}} window. {{has_subtype(window)}} walk-up window; drive-through window. {{uses(walk-up window): pedestrian}}. {{uses(drive-through window): motorist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.1}}. {{has_subtype(store)}} grocery, grocery store; supermarket; delicatessen; farmers' market; mom and pop store; dairy; health food store; specialty store. {{has_subtype(specialty store)}} tobacco shop, tobacco store, tobacconists, cigar store; butcher shop; fish store; hardware store; candy store, sweet shop, confectionery; bakeshop, bakery; greengrocer; jewelry shop; bookstore; liquor store; gun shop, rod and reel shop; furniture store; drugstore, chemist's [British]; florist, flower shop; shoe store; stationer, stationer's; electronics shop; telephone store; music store; record shop; fur store; sporting goods store; video store, video rental store; lumber store, lumber yard, home improvements store, home improvement center; gas station; auto dealer, auto dealership; repair shop. {{has_subtype(repair shop)}} auto repair shop; electronics repair shop. {{has_subtype(auto dealer)}} used car dealer. {{&part_of}} mall, suburban mall, commons, pedestrian mall; shopping street. surplus store, army-navy surplus store. [locations where used articles are sold] auction; pawn shop; antiques store; second-hand store, second time around shop, thrift shop. warehouse, wareroom[obs3]; depot, interposit[obs3], entrepot[Fr]. real-estate broker. P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.3 PRISON. N. {{function_of(imprisonment, @R751/isolation, R893)}} {{has_subtype(place of confinement)}} prison, jail, prison house, gaol, pokey[slang], stir[slang], big house[slang], can[slang], slammer[slang], hoosegow, clink[slang], cooler[slang], calaboose[slang]; chokey[slang], chauki[obs3], choky[obs3], thana[obs3]. penitentiary, pen[coll.], correctional institution, house of correction, hulks; reformatory. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} cell. {{&has_part}} {{member_of(cell)}} cell block. lockup, hold, guardroom, brig, guard house, keep, donjon, dungeon, oubliette, bridewell[obs3]. stronghold, fortress; stockade, round house, watch house, station house, sponging house; station; black hole. tollbooth, panopticon[obs3]. bilboes, stocks, limbo, quod[Lat]; workhouse [U.S.]. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(inclosure, R232)}} prison camp. {{has_subtype}} {{!:not_has_subtype(building)}} {{has_subtype(inclosure, R232)}} detention camp; penal settlement, penal colony. {{has_instance(prison)}} black hole of Calcutta[Hist., Calcutta]; San Quentin, the Rock [hist., San Franciso]; Sing Sing [New York]; The Tombs [New York City]; Bastille[hist., Paris]; Alcatraz. {{has_instance(prison)}} Newgate; Fleet; Marshalsea; King's Bench; Queen's Bench. V. {{location_of(prison)}} be in prison, do time, serve time, be imprisoned. {{&follows(be in prison)}} be under arrest. {{has_requirement(be under arrest)}} {{follows(be under arrest)}} {{has_subtype(capture, @R789): @R789, arrest, apprehend, detain}}. {{result_of(be in prison)}} [transitive] imprison, jail, send up the river[coll.], send up. {{result_of(imprison): conviction, R971}}. Adj. jailed, imprisoned. in jail, in prison, sent up, doing time. under arrest. <-- [[restaurant]] --> P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.4 RESTAURANT. N. {{performed_at(dining out)}} restaurant. diner. {{&member_of}} restaurant chain. Chinese restaurant; Italian restaurant; Spanish restaurant; French restaurant. {{property_of(expensive)}} high-class restaurant, four-star restaurant. fast-food restaurant. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(dingy + cheap)}} greasy spoon. {{has_conceptual_part(dining out)}} {{has_subtype(environment)}} ambiance, atmosphere. {{has_subtype(fast-food restaurant)}} hamburger place, burger joint[coll]. {{has_subtype(fast-food restaurant)}} fried chicken restaurant; Tex-Mex restaurant; surf and turf restaurant; beef and brew restaurant. {{&has_worker}} waiter; waitress; busboy; maitre d, maitre d', maitre d'hotel, master of the house; counter person; chef; cashier. {{&has_worker(diner)}} soda jerk. {{has_worker(fast-food restaurant/diner)}} {{has_subtype(cook)}} fast-food chef, short-order cook. {{has_subtype(restaurant chain)}} {{has_subtype(fast-food restaurant)}} MacDonald's; Kentucky Fried Chicken, KFC; Burger King; Wendy's; Roy Rogers', Roy's; Taco Bell; Arthur Treacher's. <-- [[room]] --> P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1 ROOM N. {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{has_subtype(partition[of=building, P2.3.1.3.10.2], @R221a)}} room, chamber, compartment. lobby, vestibule, anteroom, antechamber; hall, hallway, corridor, passage. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_at(office work, @M7.3.2.5.3)}} office. {{location_of(interior)}} {{property_of(height[val=>1 storey])}} atrium. {{&has_part(atrium): skylight, @P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. <-- this is an aisle inside a room, as in a store or church --> {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(path, R627)}} aisle. {{!part_of(aisle): supermarket}}. {{&+part_of(aisle): church, @R1000}}. {{!has_part}} {{has_subtype(planar surface)}} wall[num=>2]; ceiling[num=1]; floor[num=1]. {{has_orientation(wall): vertical}}. {{has_orientation(floor/ceiling): horizontal}}. {{has_rel_loc(ceiling): top}}. {{has_rel_loc(floor): bottom}}. {{!has_part}} {{!has_subtype(passageway, P1.2.4.3.1.9)}} {{!has_subtype(entryway, P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1)}} door, entry door, passage door. {{member_of: @R189, apartment, flat, condo}}. saloon, salon, parlor; by-room, cubicle; presence chamber; sitting room, best room, keeping room, drawing room, lounge, reception room, state room; gallery, cabinet, closet; pew, box; nursery, schoolroom; studio; billiard room, smoking room; den; stateroom, tablinum, tenement. {{performed_in(eating, @R298a/dining, @R298a)}} {{has_location(table, @P2.3.1.3.20/dining table, @P2.3.1.3.20)}} dining room, salle-a-manger[Fr]. {{performed_in(sleep, P2.8.5.1.1)}} {{has_location(bed, P2.3.1.3.20.2)}} bedroom, dormitory, boudoir. {{has_subtype(dining room)}} {{location_of(college, @R542/monastery)}} refectory. {{has_subtype(dining room)}} {{location_of(public building, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2)}} cafeteria, dining hall. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_in(oration, R586/performance, @R599): auditorium, @R542}}. {{has_subtype(cafeteria + auditorium, @R542)}} cafetorium. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(house)}} {{location_of(top storey)}} {{function_of(storage, P6.3.6)}} attic, loft, garret, cockloft, clerestory. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(underground)}} cellar, basement. vault, hold. cubbyhole; cook house; entre-sol; mezzanine floor; ground floor, rez-de-chaussee; offices; lumber room; dairy. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_in(laundering)}} laundry, laundry room. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(store[obj=])}} pantry, bawarchi-khana, scullery. {{has_subtype(room)}} {{location_of(temple, R1000)}} {{property_of(sacred)}} inner sanctum, sanctum sanctorum, adytum, sanctum, innermost sanctum, holy of holies. {{has_subtype}}{{&has_location(library, P2.3.1.3.14.1)}} library; study. {{performed_at(defecation/urination)}} bath room, bathroom; toilet[1], powder room, john[coll], jakes[coll], necessary, loo[Brit]. {{has_subtype(toilet[1])}}{{location_of(public place)}} men's room, ladies' room, rest room, lavatory. <-- [fixtures: see R653 (uncleanness)]. --> {{has_subtype(room)}} kitchen; living room; dining room; den; bedroom; bathroom; nursery; playroom; attic. {{has_part(kitchen)}} kitchen sink; pantry; kitchen cabinet. {{has_part(kitchen): @R386, stove, oven, range}}. {{has_part(bathroom)}} plumbing fixture, bathroom fixture. {{has_subtype(bathroom fixture)}} {{function_of(wash[obj=human body])}} sink; tub, bathtub, bath, washtub; shower. {{has_subtype(bathroom fixture)}} {{function_of(dispose[obj=excrement], R185)}} toilet[2], can, commode, crapper, pot, potty, stool, throne; urinal. {{has_part(toilet[2])}} {{constitutes(ceramic)}} toilet bowl. {{&has_part(toilet[2])}} {{property_of(articulated)}} toilet seat. {{has_part(sink/bathtub)}} {{function_of(emit[obj=water])}} faucet, tap, spigot. {{has_subtype(room): storeroom, @R636}}. {{property_of(specialized)}} special-purpose room. {{has_subtype(special-purpose room)}} pressure chamber; decompression chamber; operating room; recovery room; cell, jail cell. {{has_subtype(special-purpose room)}} {{performed_in(scientific research)}} {{&has_part(research institute/school)}} laboratory, lab, research lab. {{has_subtype(special-purpose room)}} {{has_subtype(laboratory)}} incubator room, fermentor room; sterile room; containment room, isolation chamber. {{has_subtype(laboratory)}} {{performed_in(aerodynamic research)}} wind tunnel. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(warmer, @P2.3.1.3.17.1)}} Turkish bath, Russian bath, vapor bath, steam bath, sauna, warm bath, vaporarium[obs3]. P2.3.1.3.10.4 TOWER N. {{property_of(highness, R206a)}} tower, pillar, column. {{property_of: vertical}}. monument. {{has_part(building)}} steeple, spire, turret; dome, cupola; minaret. {{has_part(church)}} {{has_subtype(tower, P2.3.1.3.10.4)}} belfry. campanile, bell tower. lookout tower. {{uses(transmission[obj=radio signal], @P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} {{emitted_by(radio signal)}} {{has_subtype(antenna, P2.3.1.3.19.R1)}} transmission tower. {{has_subtype(transmission tower)}} microwave relay tower. {{has_part(church, @R1000, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.1 ): belfry, bell tower}}. {{has_subtype}} {{shape_of(pyramidal)}} {{origin_of(Babylon)}} {{constitutes(stone, P2.3.1.1.4.1)}} ziggurat, zikkurat[obs2]. <-- This entry for "path" is the physical road or route. This is considered a metaphor for "method" at M7.2.3. THe headword includes "paths" such as sea lanes and air lanes, which are not structures, and these are distinguished from the more common types of paths by classifying path-structures as "prepared paths" THe sense (MW10 4a) meaning the locus of points in space described by a moving body (the result of motion) is at R264 (P2.4.2), as a deep case of motion [[path]] [[road]] --> P2.3.1.3.10.5 WAY #627. Path. N. {{uses(travel, R266/transportation, @R270)}} {{facilitated_by(travel, R266/transportation, @R270)}} {{has_subtype(connection[between=positions, P1.2.1.1], A3.3.3.R1)}} {{{interconnected_by(position, R183 + position, R183)}}} path, way, route, course, thoroughfare; passage, passageway. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)}} prepared path. beat; lane. {{has_subtype(prepared path)}} track. {{has_subtype(prepared path)}} {{uses(motor vehicle, P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1.1)}} road, roadway. {{has_subtype(road)}} {{property_of(public, @R182)}} public road. {{has_subtype(road)}} paved road. {{has_subtype(paved road)}} {{has_subtype(public road)}} highway, motorway; bypass, circumferential, ring road; causeway; detour, roundabout way; street, local road. {{has_subtype(highway)}} {{location_of(Germany)}} autobahn. {{has_subtype(highway)}} {{location_of(Italy)}} Appian Way. {{has_subtype(highway)}} expressway, freeway; state highway; county road; pike, turnpike; parkway; highroad, main road, royal road; byway; post road; shortcut, cut off; speedway; artery, main artery. {{has_subtype(road)}} roadway, pathway; express; thoroughfare, royal road, coach road; broad highway, King's highway, Queen's highway; crossroad, byroad, bypath, byway; carrefour[obs3]; occupation road; highways and byways[collective]. {{has_subtype(street)}} avenue, boulevard; main street; circle; court; drive; alley, alleyway, back street; blind alley, cul-de-sac, dead-end street, dead end, impasse. {{alternative_to(paved road)}} unpaved road. {{has_subtype(unpaved road)}} dirt road; gravel road. {{has_part(paved road)}} {{has_subtype(surface)}} pavement, paving. {{has_subtype(road)}} {{property_of(bumpy)}} corduroy road. {{&has_part(road)}} intersection; turn, curve. {{has_subtype(curve)}} {{property_of(small radius)}} hairpin turn, hairpin curve, sharp curve. line of way, line of road. {{has_subtype(path)}} crossing, crosswalk; pathway, footpath; bridle path; walk, walkway. {{has_subtype(walkway)}} boardwalk; catwalk; promenade, mall; sidewalk, foot pavement. {{has_subtype(track)}} rut; portage; trail; ski run. {{has_subtype(road)}} {{interconnects(street + plot of land)}} driveway. {{{interconnected_by(upper level + lower level)}}} steps, staircase, stairway, flight of stairs; ladder, stile; perron[obs3]. {{has_member(staircase)}} {{function_of(support[obj=person^foot])}} stair, step. {{has_part(ladder)}} {{analogous_to(stair)}} {{function_of(support[obj=person^foot])}} step[2], rung. {{has_subtype}} {{{interconnected_by(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2 + public road)}}} {{property_of(private, @R182)}} driveway, drive[2], private road. <-- bridges --> {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(structure)}} {{{interconnected_by(land point, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1 + land point, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}}} {{has_subtype(support)}} bridge. {{traverses(bridge): river; canyon; ravine}}. {{has_subtype(bridge)}} {{traversed_by(river)}} river bridge. {{{interconnects(river bridge): left bank, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1 + right bank, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}}. {{has_subtype(bridge)}} footbridge; viaduct; railroad bridge; drawbridge; road bridge; pipe &c. R260. {{has_part(road bridge)}} {{location_of(upper surface)}} roadway. {{has_subtype(bridge)}} {{location_of(river/stream)}} pontoon bridge. {{has_part(pontoon bridge): pontoon, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.1.1}}. {{location_of(stream bed, @R348)}} steppingstone. {{has_subtype(board, @P2.3.1.2.4.7)}} plank. {{has_subtype(support)}} {{{interconnected_by(boat + shore)}}} gangway, gangplank. <-- tunnel --> {{location_of(underground, @P1.2.2.2.1.2.3)}} tunnel. <-- railway --> railroad, railway, line, railway line. {{has_subtype(railway)}} cable car, cable railway, funicular, funicular railway; broad gauge; narrow gauge; elevated railway, elevated railroad, el; roller coaster, big dipper, chute-the-chute; trunk line, trunk route; scenic railway; cog railway, rack railway; tramline, tramway, streetcar track. {{has_subtype(railroad)}} electric railroad. {{has_subtype(railway)}} {{has_subtype(electric railroad)}} {{location_of(under ground, @R207)}} subway, metro, tube, underground, underground railroad. {{has_subtype(line)}} trolley line, trolley; bus line, bus route. {{has_part(railroad)}} {{has_subtype(station, @R266)}} terminal, railroad terminal, station, railway station, depot. {{has_instance(railroad station)}} {{location_of(New York City)}} {{property_of(busy)}} Grand Central Station. {{has_part(railroad)}} railroad track. {{has_part(railroad track)}} {{constitutes(steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1)}} {{shape_of(rod)}} {{function_of(support[obj=railroad train wheel])}} rail[num=2]. {{has_part(railroad track)}} {{constitutes(wood, P2.3.1.2.4.7/concrete, @R635b)}} {{function_of(support[obj=rail])}} tie, railroad tie. {{has_part(railroad track)}} switch. {{has_subtype(railroad track)}} {{has_part(subway)}} subway track. {{has_part(railway)}} siding, railroad siding, sidetrack. <-- metaphor --> {{metaphor_for: method, M7.2.3}}. {{metaphor_of}} {[in_frame(conduct, R692): @R692a, method, way, procedure, manner, wise, gait, form, mode, fashion, tone, guise; modus operandi, MO]}. <-- water routes --> {{has_subtype(route)}} {{has_subtype(body of water, P2.3.1.1.6.1)}} {{uses(water vehicle, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} waterway, navigable waterway. {{has_subtype(navigable waterway)}} seaway, sea lane, ship route, trade route. {{has_subtype(route)}} air route; line. <-- although "trajectory" is under "motion", at R264, as a *result* of motion, an "orbit" is located here, as it is closer to the meaning of a "predefined path" in the same sense as a sea lane --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(trajectory, @R264)}} {{shape_of(elliptical)}} {{property_of(encircling, R227)}} orbit. {{has_subtype(orbit)}} {{location_of(around Earth)}} {{property_of(encircling, R227)}} Earth orbit. {{has_subtype(Earth orbit)}} {{property_of(circular)}} {{property_of(synchronized[with=Earth's rotation])}} geostationary orbit, geosynchronous orbit. {{has_property(geostationary orbit): radius[val=26000 miles]}}. {{has_property(geostationary orbit): angular velocity[val=1 revolution per day]}}. {[of(ship)]} tack. {{location_of(river/stream)}} ford. {[at(ford)]} {{has_property(river/stream): shallow}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(boat)}} {{location_of(body of water, P2.3.1.1.6.1)}} ferry. {{location_of(mountain range, @R342): pass, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}. door; gateway &c. (opening) R260; channel, passage, avenue, means of access, approach, adit[obs3]; artery, lane, alley, aisle, lobby, corridor; back-door, back-stairs; secret passage; covert way; vennel[obs3]. beaten track, beaten path; horse road, bridle road, bridle track, bridle path. walk, trottoir[obs3], footpath, pavement, flags, sidewalk; tram road, tramway; towpath; causeway; speedway. {{has_subtype: street, @R189}}. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(transport): conduit, R350}}. {{has_subtype}} {{&uses(travel/transport): canal, @R350}}. cut; short cut &c. (mid-course) R628. Adv. by way of; via; in transitu[Lat] &c. R270; on the high road to. Phr. hae tibi erunt artes[Lat]. P2.3.1.3.10.6 DAM N. {{location_of(reservoir/lake, R343)}} {{has_subtype(structure, R329)}} {{has_subtype(restraint, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1)}} dam. concrete dam; earth dam. {{has_subtype}} {{emitted_by(electric power, P2.6.1.1.2)}} hydroelectric dam. {{has_part(hydroelectric dam): electric generator; electric turbine}}. coffer dam; weir. {{has_part}} spillway. {{has_subtype}} {{forms(beaver, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.5)}} beaver dam. <-- farm is classified primarily as a workshop, place of productive activity. It is also a geographical feature. To avoid inheriting the "building" properties, we explicitly note that it is not a building. This sense of farm deals exclusively with growing crops, not raising animals. An "animal farm" is located at "animal husbandry", R370. [[ farm]] --> P2.3.1.3.10.7 FARM N. {{performed_at(agriculture, R371)}} {{has_subtype(workplace, @P2.3.1.3.10)}} farm. {{has_product: @R371, crop, harvest, plant}}. plantation, orchard; vineyard, winery, vinery; orangery[obs3]. {{location_of: farmhouse (abode) R189}}. {{&has_part}} barnyard. field, meadow. {{&adjacent_to(home)}} garden. {{has_subtype(garden)}} winter garden, ornamental garden, flower garden. {{has_subtype(garden)}} {{!adjacent_to(home)}} kitchen garden. market garden, truck farm; hop garden. nursery, seed nursery. {{function_of(study)}} arboretum, botanical garden, botanic garden. {{location_of(seed nursery nursery)}} {{has_subtype(warmer, @P2.3.1.3.17.1)}} {{function_of(warm[obj=plant, R367])}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): conservatory, greenhouse, hothouse, bakehouse[obs3]}}. {{has_part}} plot. {{has_part(garden)}} bed, border, seed plot. grassplot[obs3], grassplat[obs3], lawn. park &c. (pleasure ground) R840; parterre, shrubbery, avenue, arboretum, pinery[obs3], pinetum[obs3]. {{has_activity: @R371, agriculture, farming}}. V. {{has_activity(farm): @R371, farm, cultivate}}. P2.3.1.3.10.8 SHIPYARD N. {{has_subtype(workplace, @P2.3.1.3.10)}} {{adjacent_to(waterway)}} shipyard, dock, dockyard, slip, yard, wharf. <-- (POTOOL) --> <-- include WN: device) --> P2.3.1.3.11 SIMPLE TOOLS AND DEVICES N. device; tool. {{has_subtype(device)}} applicator; acoustic device; adapter, adaptor; airfoil, aerofoil; bait, decoy, lure; seal, stamp; breathing device; catapult, launcher; comb; comforter, pacifier, baby's dummy, teething ring; converter, convertor; damper; detector, sensor; fire extinguisher; guard, safety; indicator; keyboard; knocker, door knocker; signal; lighter, light; magnet; match, matches, lucifer, friction match; memory device; override; prod, goad; prompter, teleprompter, autocue; prophylactic, prophylactic device; reflector; reset; stabilizer; stencil; stylus; support; trap; washboard. {{has_subtype: @P2.6.1.5.R6, artificial light, light}}. P2.3.1.3.11.1 SIMPLE TOOLS AND DEVICES GENERALLY N. simple tool or device. <-- [[COMPONENT]] --> P2.3.1.3.11.2 COMMON COMPONENTS OF SIMPLE TOOLS AND DEVICES N. component of a simple tool or device. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1 RESTRAINING DEVICE (R752) #752. Restraining device. N. {{function_of(hindrance, R706/restraint, R751)}} {{has_subtype(obstruction[2], @M7.3.4.R4.1)}} restraining device, restraint, means of restraint. holding device. {{has_subtype(holding device)}} {{function_of(restrain[obj=person, P2.3.2.3], R751)}} bond. {{has_subtype(bond)}} bandage; irons, gyve, fetter, shackle, trammel; manacle, handcuff; straight jacket, strait jacket, strait-jacket, strait-waistcoat, hopples[obs3]. {{has_subtype(holding device)}} vice, vise; pinion. {{function_of(prevent[obj=ingress/egress/passage, R302], R706)}} barrier; barricade. {{has_subtype(barrier)}} bar, stile. {{has_subtype(barrier[for=vehicles])}} turnstile, turnpike; gate, portcullis. trocha[obs3]; bulkhead, block, buffer; boom, burrock[obs3]. {{has_subtype(barrier)}} wall; fence. {{has_subtype(wall)}} dead wall, sea wall, breakwater, groyne[obs3]; rail, stone wall. {{has_subtype(wall)}} levee. {{has_subtype(fence)}} picket fence, barbed wire fence, Cyclone fence, stockade fence, chain-link fence. paling, palisade. {{has_low_level: drag &c. (hindrance) R706}}. {{has_subtype: stopper &c. R263}}. {{has_subtype(shackle)}} ball and chain; fetter, hobble; handcuffs, handcuff, cuffs, cuff, handlock, manacle; iron, irons, chain, chains. {[of(water)]} {{has_subtype: dam, P2.3.1.3.10.6}}. catch, stop. {{has_subtype(stop)}} ratchet, pawl, detent, click, dog, larigo[obs3]. <-- [[fastener]] --> P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1 FASTENER N. {{has_subtype(connection, R45)}} {{function_of(fasten)}} fastener, fastening[1], connector, tie. {{has_patient: physical object[num=>1]}}. {{has_function}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} fastening[2]. {{has_subtype: @R205, string, cord}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(line, @R205)}} ligament, ligature; strap; traces, harness; brace, roller, fillet; inkle[obs3]; with, withe, withy; thong; girth, girdle, cestus[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(cord, @R205)}} {{part_of(fiber, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} noose, lasso, surcingle, cabestro [obs3][U. S.], cinch, lariat, legadero[obs3], oxreim[obs3]; braid. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(cord, @R205)}} tackle, rigging. {{has_subtype(rigging)}} standing rigging, running rigging. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(accessory, @P2.3.1.3.5)}} garter, halter; suspenders. {{has_subtype}} {{shape_of(band, P1.2.4.2.3.5)}} band, strip. {{has_subtype(band)}} {{has_subtype(remedy[for=wound, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1], R662)}} {{property_of(adhesive)}} bandage, Band-Aid. {{has_subtype(band)}} {{constitutes(metal)}} ribband. tendon, tendril; cord, cordage; guy, cable, line, painter, moorings, wire, chain. {{has_subtype(band)}} {{property_of(decorative, @R847)}} {{constitutes(cloth, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} ribbon, riband. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(rigid)}} girder, tiebeam. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} pin, corking pin; nail, brad, tack; skewer; corrugated fastener; clamp, U-clamp, C-clamp; cramp, cramp iron; terret[obs3], treenail; stud; tag; tooth; hook, tenterhook; rivet; anchor, grappling iron, trennel[obs3]; stake, post; spar, horse; bellyband; clasp; cleat; snap fastener; hook and eye. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} buckle. {{has_subtype(buckle)}} {{has_part(belt, @R225)}} belt buckle. {{has_subtype}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3/plastic)}} {{function_of(fasten[obj=paper/cloth])}} clip. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3/plastic)}} {{has_subtype(clip)}} {{function_of(fasten[obj=paper])}} paperclip, paper clip. {{function_of(fasten[obj=paper])}} staple. {{has_subtype(clip)}} bulldog clip, alligator clip. {{function_of(fasten[obj=cloth])}} {{&has_part(clothing)}} {{constitutes(metal, @P2.3.1.2.3/plastic, P2.3.1.3.1.2.1.1/bone, P2.3.2.2.3.2.1)}} button. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(filament, R205)}} {{property_of(strong, @R327a)}} {{property_of(thick, @R202a)}} {{function_of(tow, @R285/tie down, @R751)}} rope. {{has_subtype(rope)}} {{function_of(tie down[obj=ship, R273], @R751)}} hawser, halser[obs1]. <-- try to define a screw. --> {{has_subtype}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} screw. {{has_part(screw)}} {{rel_loc_of(end)}} head; point. {{has_property(point): pointed}}. {{has_part(screw)}} {{shape_of(conical/cylindrical)}} root. {{has_part(root)}} {{rel_loc_of(surface)}} {{shape_of(helical)}} thread. {{has_property(thread): pitch, @R245}}. {{has_units(pitch)}} {{has_subtype(turns per inch)}} threads per inch. {{has_subtype(head)}} flat head; round head; oval head. {{has_subtype(head)}} slot head; philips head; star head. {{{has_relative_val(head^width + root^width): ">1.1"}}}. {{has_subtype(screw)}} metal screw; wood screw. <-- end of screw --> {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.5, catch, latch}}. {{has_subtype: P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.4, lock}}. clothespin, clothes pin, clothes peg; cringle, eyelet, gasket, loop, grommet; dowel, dowel pin, joggle; fillet. {{has_subtype(pin)}} hat pin; barrette; straight pin; hairpin, bobby pin; peg, tent peg; wrist pin, gudgeon pin; rivet; safety pin, safety-pin; skewer; spit; toggle. zipper. V. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_function(fastener)}} fasten, make fast. {{has_method: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7, cement, glue, paste, mucilage}}. {{has_method}} {{used_in(screw + screwdriver, P2.3.1.3.12.1.1)}} screw together, screw down. {{has_method}} {{used_in(nail + hammer, P2.3.1.3.12.6)}} nail down, nail together, hammer down, hammer together. {{has_subtype}} {[with_object(zipper)]} {{has_action(zipper)}} zip up. <-- [[STOPPER]] --> P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.2 STOPPER #263. Stopper. N. {{has_part(container)}} {{function_of(closure, R261, P1.2.4.3.1.10)}} {{location_of(opening)}} stopper, stopple; plug, cork, bung; stop-gap; seal. wadding, stuffing, padding, stopping. spike. rammer[obs3]; ram, ramrod; piston; dossil[obs3], pledget[obs3], tompion[obs3]; tourniquet. {{has_subtype(stopper): @R223, cover, lid, top}}. {{&has_part(stopper): @P2.3.1.3.11.2.4, latch, lock, bolt}}. {{location_of(door, entry)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.11.1, doorkeeper, porter, warder, beadle, cerberus, ostiary[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype(seal)}} piston ring; bushing; ferrule; washer. {{has_subtype(washer)}} lock washer, lockring. V. stop, stopper; plug, seal. cork. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.3 VALVE N. {{has_subtype(stopper)}} {{function_of(control)}} valve, vent peg, spigot, slide valve. {{has_subtype(valve)}} needle valve. stopcock; spill, tap. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.4 LOCK N. {{&has_part(stopper/door/cover)}} lock, holdfast[obs3]. {{needed_for(key)}} tumbler lock, cylinder lock; deadbolt lock; spring lock; padlock; doorlock; lever lock. combination lock; time lock. {{&has_part(door)}} bolt, deadbolt, bar, police lock; night latch. {{has_part(vehicle)}} {{needed_for(key)}} ignition lock. {{has_part(computer)}} {{needed_for(key)}} keyboard lock. {{has_part(window)}} sash fastener, sash lock, window lock. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.5 LATCH N. {{has_subtype(fastener, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1)}} latch, bolt, clasp, hasp, hank, catch, latchet[obs3]. hinge; hook. {{has_part(firearm)}} safety catch. V. latch; hook. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.6 BRAKE N. brake. air brake; hand brake; hydraulic brake; emergency brake. drum brake; disc brake. V. brake; apply the brake, put on the brake, step on the brake. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.7 LEASH N. {{function_of(control)}} leash, tether. yoke, collar; halter, harness. rein, reins; bearing rein; bit, brake, snaffle, bridle; martingale; leading string; picket, band, guy, chain; cavesson[obs3], hackamore [obs3][U.S.], headstall, jaquima [obs3][U.S.], lines, ribbons. muzzle, gag. safety belt, safety-belt, life belt, safety harness. {{has_subtype(safety belt)}} {{has_part(vehicle)}} seatbelt, seat-belt. {{&consists_of: cord, @R205}}. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.8 ANCHOR N. {{has_part(boat)}} anchor, sea anchor, drogue. drag anchor. V. anchor, drop anchor. {{antonym_of(drop anchor): weigh anchor}}. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.9 SHACKLE N. shackle, fetter, bond, bonds, hamper, trammel, trammels. {{location_of(hands)}} handcuffs, handcuff, cuffs, manacle. {{location_of(legs)}} ball and chain. stocks, pillory, bilbo. P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.11 KNOT N. knot; hitch. bow, bowknot; love knot, lover's knot; bowline; carrick bend; cat's-paw; figure eight, figure of eight; fisherman's bend; granny knot; hawser bend. loop knot; Matthew Walker; overhand knot; prolonge knot, sailor's breastplate; reef knot, flat knot; sheepshank; slipknot; square knot; surgeon's knot; true lover's knot; Turk's head; Gordian knot. {[of(necktie)]} Windsor knot; four-in-hand. {{has_subtype(hitch)}} Blackwall hitch; clove hitch; half hitch; sheet bend, becket bend, weaver's knot, weaver's hitch; timber hitch; rolling hitch; magnus hitch. <-- the headword is a general term for any physical object used with a purpose, not necessarily a classical tool. In this classification, an identifiable part of an apparatus (such as a strap), only used together with other parts of a set, may itself also be called a "tool, device". A "tool" is any object made to be used for a particular purpose. We restrict tools to artifacts, and consider non-maufactured "tools" to be metaphorical use of the word. People may use a rock "as" a hammer, but it is typically not considered to "be" a hammer. (SYMB. POINSTR) [[INSTRUMENT]] [[device]] --> P2.3.1.3.12 TOOL #633. Tool. N. {{has_subtype(resource, R632)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{has_subtype(artifact, P2.3.1.3)}} tool, instrument, implement, device, piece of equipment. {{member_of}} {{has_subtype(set[of=devices], R72)}} apparatus. {{member_of}} [collective] equipment, equipage, equipmentage[obs3]. {{member_of}} [collective] machinery, mechanism. engineering. machine. <-- this is an intuitive, not physical definition of machine. A device which has some physical motion as part of its functioning. --> {{has_part(machine)}} {{caused_by(motion)}} driver. {{has_subtype(driver)}} engine. {{has_subtype(machine)}} {{part_of(machine part)}} complex machine. <-- any part of a machine is considered as a "device", since it can be discussed separately with respect to form or function --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(machine)}} machine part. appliance. {{has_subtype(appliance): @P2.3.1.3.19, electrical appliance}}. {{has_subtype(machine)}} lathe, gin, mill. {{purpose_of(chemical analysis, P2.6.2.2)}} analytical instrument. {{has_subtype(analytical instrument)}} {{uses(chemical analysis)}} crucible, reagent; ring; litmus paper, curcuma paper[obs3], turmeric paper; test tube. {{has_subtype(analytical instrument): spectrometer, @P2.3.1.3.12.3.3; pH meter}}. organ, utensil. air engine, caloric engine, heat engine. gear; tackle, tackling, rig, rigging; plant, materiel; harness, trappings, fittings, accouterments; barde[obs3]; chattels; paraphernalia &c. (belongings) R780. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.20, appointments, furniture}}. lever. {{property_of(lever)}} mechanical powers; leverage; mechanical advantage. {{has_subtype: wheel &c. (rotation) R312}}. {{part_of(wheel, R312)}} pulley; wheel and axle; wheelwork, clockwork; wheels within wheels; pinion, crank, winch; cam; pedal, water wheel. {{&has_part(winch): capstan &c. (lift) R307}}. inclined plane; wedge; spring, mainspring; can hook, glut, heald[obs3], heddle[obs3], jenny, parbuckle[obs3], sprag[obs3]. {{&has_part}} {{function_of(grasping/gripping)}} handle, hilt, haft, shaft, heft, shank. screw. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(tape, P1.2.4.2.3.5)}} tape. gummed paper. {{has_subtype: postage stamp}}. {{has_subtype: peg &c. (hang) R214; support &c. R215; tableware, P2.3.1.3.9.1.1; arms &c. R727; oar &c. (navigation) R267}}. cardiograph; snowplow. <-- recapper[obs3], , tenpenny[obs3], votograph[obs3]. --> {{has_subtype(tape)}} {{property_of(tenacity, R327)}} @P2.3.1.3.1.2, adhesive tape; fly paper. {{has_subtype(tape)}} {{purpose_of(protect[obj=wound])}} {{constitutes(cloth, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} bandage. {{has_subtype(adhesive tape)}} clear adhesive tape, Scotch tape; masking tape, duct tape; electrical tape. {{has_subtype(bandage)}} {{part_of(adhesive tape)}} Band-Aid, bandaid. drafting instrument; surveying instrument. {{has_subtype(drafting instrument)}} compass; dividers; drafting board, drawing board; protractor; triangle; T-square. {{has_subtype(surveying instrument)}} surveyor' level; dumpy level; plane table; range pole; theodolite, transit; tachymeter, tacheometer. Adj. {{has_property(instrument)}} instrumental. mechanical, machinal[obs3]. brachial[Med]. <-- "as a" is often used to indicate use of some object in the role of a tool, when the object is not itself that tool --> Prep. {{has_marker(tool)}} as. P2.3.1.3.12.1 Instruments generally N. instruments. <-- [[tool]] --> P2.3.1.3.12.1.1 Small Tool N. small tool, hand tool. extractor; corkscrew. {{has_subtype(lever, @P2.3.1.3.12)}} crow, crowbar; handspike[obs3], gavelock[obs3], jemmy[obs3], jimmy, arm, limb, wing. file. {{function_of(gouge, @R252)}} scauper. blade, trigger, tiller, helm, treadle, key; knocker. {{function_of(dig)}} shovel, spool, spatula, ladle, hod, hoe; spade, spaddle[obs3], loy[obs3]; pitchfork; post hole digger. {{has_subtype(spade)}} spud. {{has_subtype: hammer, P2.3.1.3.12.6}}. {{has_subtype: @R253a, cutting instrument, knife, edge tool}}. {{has_subtype: borer &c. R262}}. {{function_of(hold, @R781)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} pliers, tongs, forceps, clutches, pincers, nippers, vise grip; vice[Brit], vise. nail, rope &c. (join) R45. turnscrew, screwdriver. {{function_of(create[obj=hole]): drill, hand drill}}. {{has_subtype(hand drill)}} brace and bit; electric drill. P2.3.1.3.12.2 PERCEPTION-ENHANCING INSTRUMENTS (R445) N. perception-enhancing instrument. <-- (instruments to extend the human senses) TE 345 radar and radiolocators 445 optical instruments --> P2.3.1.3.12.2.2 OPTICAL INSTRUMENT (R445) #445. Optical Instrument. N. optical instrument. {{&has_part}} lens, meniscus. {{&has_part: mirror}}. {{has_subtype(lens)}} burning glass; convex lens; concave lens; convexo-concave lens; coated lens; multiple lens, compound lens, lens system. {{has_subtype(lens system)}} telephoto lens, long-distance lens; wide-angle lens; fish-eye lens; zoom lens. {{part_of(lens)}} {{function_of(vision enhancement, @M6.1.2.7.3.1)}} {{function_of(magnify[obj=image, R448], R194)}} magnifier, sunglass, magnifying glass, reading glass, hand lens; microscope, megascope[obs3], tienoscope[obs3]. {{part_of(lens)}} {{function_of(vision correction, @M6.1.2.7.3.1)}} spectacles, specs [coll.], glasses, barnacles, eyeglasses, eyeglass; pince-nez; monocle; lorgnette. {{has_subtype(eyeglasses)}} reading glasses, bifocals, trifocals; contact lenses, soft lenses, hard lenses; sunglasses, dark glasses, shades[coll.]. {{part_of(lens)}} {{function_of(vision enhancement, @M6.1.2.7.3.1)}} {{function_of(magnify[obj=image, R448], R194)}} {{shape_of(cylindrical, @R249)}} telescope, glass; spyglass. {{has_function(telescope): @M6.1.2.7.3.1, distance viewing}}. {{has_patient(distance viewing)}} {{property_of(distant, R196)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} distant object. {{has_function(microscope): @M6.1.2.7.3.1, microscopic viewing}}. {{has_patient(microscopic viewing)}} {{property_of(small, R32)}} small object. {{property_of(dual)}} opera glass, binocular, binoculars, field glass. {{part_of(lens)}} optical bench. {{has_subtype(telescope)}} optical telescope; radio telescope; X-ray telescope. {{has_subtype(optical telescope)}} astronomical telescope; reflecting telescope, reflector; refracting telescope, refractor; Newtonian telescope, folded-path telescope; finder telescope, spotter telescope; chromatoscope; ultraviolet telescope; infrared telescope; star spectroscope; space telescope. {{has_subtype(radiotelescope)}} phased-array telescope, Very Large Array radiotelescope. {{has_subtype(reflecting telescope)}} Cassegranian telescope, Gregorian telescope; coude telescope, coude system; Herschelian telescope; Maksutov telescope; Newtonian telescope, Newtonian reflector; Schmidt telescope, Schmidt camera. {{has_part(telescope)}} altazimuth mount; equatorial mount. interferometer. {{has_subtype(microscope)}} compound microscope; phase-contrast microscope; dark-field microscope; fluorescence microscope; dissecting microscope; electron microscope. {{has_subtype(electron microscope)}} transmission electron microscope, TEM; scanning electron microscope, SEM; scanning tunneling electron microscope; field-emission microscope. {{has_part(microscope)}} objective lens, eyepiece, barrel, platform, focusing knob; slide, slide glass, cover glass, counting chamber; illuminator, light source; polarizer. {{has_part(telescope/microscope/binoculars/periscope)}} reticle, cross-hairs. light pipe, fiber optics. {{function_of(reflect, @R420)}} {{has_subtype(reflector, @R420)}} mirror, reflector, speculum. {{has_subtype(mirror)}} looking-glass, pier-glass, cheval-glass, hand mirror; one-way mirror; magnifying mirror, shaving mirror. {{has_subtype(mirror)}} {{has_part(automobile, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1)}} {{function_of(see[mode=rearward, @R235], R441)}} rear-view mirror. {{has_subtype(mirror)}} {{function_of(distort[obj=reflection], @R243)}} distorting mirror. {{function_of(entertainment)}} {{used_in(distorting mirror)}} {{has_subtype(structure, @P2.3.1.3.10)}} fun house. {{&function_of(bend[obj=light])}} {{function_of(sort[obj=light frequencies])}} prism, diffraction grating; beam splitter. <-- device to change the phase of light--> {{affected_by(light frequency)}} half-wave plate; quarter-wave plate. {{function_of(record[obj=image, @R554], @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} {{needs(photography, @P2.3.1.3.6.2)}} camera; camera lucida[Lat], camera obscura[Lat]. {{has_subtype(camera)}} still camera. {{has_subtype(camera)}} {{function_of(record[obj=moving image, @R448], @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} {{function_of(record[obj=sound, R402], @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} movie camera; video camera, TV camera. {{has_subtype(still camera)}} "35mm camera", thirty-five-millimeter camera, thirty-five millimeter; box camera, brownie. {{has_subtype(camera)}} through-the-lens focus camera, TTL camera. {{has_part(camera)}} lens, camera lens; body, camera body; lens cap; shutter; iris; shutter release, shutter button; rewind crank; film advance lever, advance lever, advance; viewfinder. {{&has_part(camera)}} film speed selector; shutter speed selector; exposure adjustment; hot shoe, flash attachment; exposure meter; focusing ring; range finder; timer, self-timer; mode selector. {{&has_part(camera)}} {{function_of(illumination, @R420)}} flash. {{has_subtype(flash)}} built-in flash; flash attachment; detached flash; strobe, electronic flash. {{has_subtype(range finder)}} sonar focus, sonar focus transducer; split focus. {{has_subtype: magic lantern, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2}}. stereopticon; chromatrope[obs3], thaumatrope[obs3]; stereoscope, pseudoscope[obs3], polyscope[obs3], kaleidoscope. gastroscope[Med], abdominoscope[obs3]; helioscope[obs3], polariscope[obs3], polemoscope[obs3]. abdominoscopy[obs3]; gastroscopy[Med]; microscopy, microscopist. periscope, periscopic lens[obs2]. <-- TV cameras, monitors CCTV x-ray machines microphones, earphones sniffers (CO, ODOR) --> <-- (OTHER THAN OPTICAL, P2.3.1.3.12.2) (SYMB. POMEAS) --> P2.3.1.3.12.3 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS N. {{function_of(measurement[obj=physical quantity], R466)}} measuring instrument, measuring device, meter; gage, gauge. {{has_part}} {{part_of(scale, @R466)}} {{function_of(show[obj=measurement, R466], @R525)}} indicator, readout. {{has_representation(measurement, R466)}} reading. {{has_subtype(readout)}} dial; display. {{has_subtype(display)}} {{used_in(number)}} digital display, digital readout. {{has_subtype(display)}} {{part_of(pointer, @P2.3.1.3.12.3)}} analog display. {{has_part(analog display)}} {{has_subtype(pointer, @R550)}} pointer, needle. {{has_subtype(pointer, @P2.3.1.3.12.3)}} {{has_part(clock, @P2.3.1.3.12.3.4): hand, @P2.3.1.3.12.3.4}}. <-- [[METER]] --> P2.3.1.3.12.3.1 SPECIAL MEASURING INSTRUMENT N. special measuring instrument. {{measured_by(length, R200, P1.2.2.2.1.1)}} ruler, rule, standard; measuring tape, tape; compass, calipers[1]; line, rod, check; dividers; velo[obs3]. {{has_subtype(ruler)}} yardstick, yard measure; foot rule. {{measured_by(diameter/thickness)}} calipers[2]. {{has_subtype(calipers[2])}} {{property_of(accurate)}} micrometer, micrometer caliper; vernier, vernier caliper. {{measured_by(depth[of=water])}} depth gage, bathometer[obs3]; sonar. {{measured_by(celestial object)}} {{has_subtype(telescope)}} heliometer. {{measured_by(distance/wavelength)}} interferometer. {{measured_by(light intensity)}} radiometer. {{measured_by(refractive index)}} refractometer. {{measured_by(lung capacity)}} respirometer, spirometer[obs3]. rheometer, telemeter, udometer[obs3], vacuometer[obs3], variometer[obs3], viameter[obs3]. {{measured_by(atmospheric pressure, P2.7.2.1.5)}} barometer. {{measured_by(wind velocity, R349)}} anemometer, dynamometer. {{measured_by(angle, R244)}} goniometer. <-- landmark &c. (location)(limit) R233; marigraph[obs3], pneumatograph[obs3], stethograph[obs3]. --> {{measured_by(rain)}} rain gauge, rain gage. {{measured_by(volts)}} voltmeter. {{measured_by(amps)}} ammeter. {{measured_by(electric current)}} galvanometer. {{measured_by(radioactivity/radiation)}} geiger counter; scintillation counter; Leyden jar. {{has_subtype(vessel, @P2.3.1.3.9.1)}} {{measured_by(liquid volume, @P2.3)}} graduated cylinder; volumetric flask; burette; graduated pipette. {{has_subtype(vessel, @P2.3.1.3.9.1)}} {{measured_by(liquid density, @P2.3)}} pycnometer. {{measured_by(liquid density, @P2.3)}} hydrometer, areometer[obs3]. {{measured_by(velocity, R274, @P2.4.2.R1)}} radar, radar speed detector; log line; speedometer; odometer; tachometer; strobe; air speed gauge; wind sock; wind speed meter; pedometer. {{has_subtype(radar speed detector)}} radar gun; radar trap. {{has_subtype(radar gun)}} "K-9". {{measured_by(shape/topography)}} side-looking radar. {{measured_by(depth under water)}} sonar. {{measured_by(time, time interval): clock, watch, stopwatch, chronometer}}. {{measured_by(force, @P2.4.2.3)}} piezoelectric crystal. {{measured_by(ground motion)}} seismometer, accelerometer, earthquake detector. {{measured_by(molecular mass)}} mass spectrometer, mass spectrograph. {{measured_by(weight, R319): scale, P2.3.1.3.12.11}}. {{measured_by(mass): balance, @P2.3.1.3.12.11}}. {{has_subtype(instrument)}} mechanical instrument; electrical instrument; electronic instrument. <-- ?? break out circuits into their own heading? --> {{has_part(electronic instrument)}} signal-processing circuit. {{measured_by(distance)}} odometer; pedometer, perambulator[obs2]; range finder. {{measured_by(distance)}} {{needed_for(radio wave)}} radar. {{measured_by(molecular structure)}} X-ray diffractometer. {{measured_by(angle)}} goniometer; protractor. {{measured_by(force, @P2.4.2.3): @P2.3.1.3.12.11, scale, spring balance, spring scale}}. {{measured_by(nuclear magnetic resonance, @P2.6.1.7)}} magnetic resonance spectrometer, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, NMR machine, NMR[acron]. {{has_subtype(nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer)}} proton magnetic resonance spectrometer, PMR spectrometer. {{has_subtype(proton magnetic resonance spectrometer)}} {{&uses(medical diagnosis)}} magnetic resonance imager, MRI machine. <-- ombrometer[obs3], pantometer[obs3], pluviometer[obs3], pneumatometer[obs3], pneumometer[obs3], --> P2.3.1.3.12.3.2 THERMOMETER R389 #389. Thermometer. N. {{measured_by(temperature, @R382)}} thermometer. {{has_metaphor: mercury, P2.3.1.2.2.80}}. <-- how to define a liquid column thermometer? --> {{has_subtype}} liquid column thermometer. {{contains(liquid column thermometer)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} indicator fluid. &&{{has_part($liquid column thermometer)}} {{contained_in($indicator fluid)}} {{shape_of(round, @R249)}} bulb, thermometer bulb. &&{{has_part($liquid column thermometer)}} {{contained_in($indicator fluid)}} {{shape_of(column, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} capillary tube. &&{{constitutes($indicator fluid)}} {{contains(capillary tube)}} liquid column. &&{{constitutes($indicator fluid)}} {{contains(thermometer bulb)}} reservoir. &&{{has_shape($liquid column): column, @P2.3.1.3.1.1}}. &&{{connected_to(capillary tube): thermometer bulb}}. &&{{has_property($liquid column/$reservoir): $volume, R200f}}. &&{{has_relative_val($reservoir^$volume + $liquid column^$volume): ">100"}}. &&{{has_part(thermometer)}} {{location_of(capillary tube): scale, @R466}}. {{has_subtype(liquid column thermometer)}} {{contained_in(mercury, P2.3.1.2.2.80)}} mercury thermometer. {{has_subtype(liquid column thermometer)}} {{contained_in(alcohol[1], P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1)}} alcohol thermometer. {{has_subtype(thermometer)}} clinical thermometer; dry-bulb thermometer; Anschutz thermometer[Ger]; gas thermometer. {{has_subtype(thermometer)}} {{part_of(scale[num=2])}} dual-scale thermometer. color-changing temperature indicator; thermopile, thermometrograph[obs3], thermoscope[obs3]; cryometer; pyrometer. {{property_of(electrical)}} thermistor, thermocouple; telethermometer. {{part_of}} pyrometer; calorimeter, bomb calorimeter. {{measured_by(humidity)}} wet-bulb thermometer. {{part_of}} {{function_of(temperature regulation)}} thermostat, thermoregulator. {{has_subtype(thermometer)}} {{formed_by(record[of=temperature], R551)}} recording thermometer. P2.3.1.3.12.3.3 LIGHT METERS N. {{measured_by(light intensity)}} light meter, light detector. {{has_part(light meter)}} {{affected_by(light intensity)}} photocell; diode, photodiode; photometer, eriometer[obs3], actinometer[obs3], lucimeter[obs3], radiometer; photomultiplier, photomultiplier tube. {{has_subtype}} {{measured_by(light emission)}} spectroscope; spectrograph. {{has_subtype(spectrophotometer)}} recording spectrophotometer. {{has_subtype}}{{measured_by(light scattering)}} turbidimeter, nephelometer. {{has_subtype}}{{measured_by(light absorption)}} colorimeter; photodiode array, diode array. {{has_subtype}} {{measured_by(light absorption)}} {{measured_by(spectrum)}} spectrometer, spectrophotometer, monochrometer. {{has_subtype(spectrometer)}} {{measured_by(spectrum)}} UV spectrometer, visible spectrometer; Infrared spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FTIR; recording spectrometer; densitometer, scanning densitometer, two-dimensional densitometer. P2.3.1.3.12.3.4 CHRONOMETER N. {{measured_by(time, R106/period, R108)}} clock, chronometer, chronoscope[obs3]; timekeeper, timepiece. wall clock. pendulum clock. {{has_subtype(pendulum clock)}} grandfather's clock; cuckoo clock. {{property_of(portable)}} watch; wristwatch; pocket watch. {{function_of(timimg)}} timer; stopwatch, chronograph. {{property_of(precision)}} atomic clock. {{has_subtype(atomic clock)}} {{used_in(cesium)}} caesium clock, cesium clock. {{function_of(audible signal, @M8.1.3.3.1.2)}} alarm clock, alarm. {{has_subtype(alarm clock)}} clock radio. quartz watch. digital clock; analog clock. {{has_part(digital clock): digital display}}. {{has_part(analog clock)}} hand; face. {{location_of(face)}} {{has_subtype(analog display)}} {{has_subtype(dial, @P2.3.1.3.12.3)}} dial, clock dial. {{has_subtype(hand)}} big hand; little hand. {{function_of(indicate[obj=hour, @R106], R550): little hand}}. {{function_of(indicate[obj=minute, @R106], R550): big hand}}. sundial, dial[2], horologe; hourglass, sandglass. {{has_part(sundial)}} gnomon. {{has_part(pendulum clock)}} {{function_of(oscillation)}} pendulum. {{has_instance(watch)}} Swiss watch; Timex watch; Rollex watch. water clock, water glass, clepsydra[obs3]; repeater. <-- ghurry[obs3] --> P2.3.1.3.12.4 PENETRATING INSTRUMENTS N. {{function_of(penetration, P2.6.1.2.4.3)}} penetrating instrument. <-- [[KNIFE]] --> P2.3.1.3.12.4.1 CUTTING INSTRUMENTS (R253A) #253a. Cutting Instrument. N. {{function_of(cutting, P2.8.1)}} {{property_of(sharpness, R253)}} cutting instrument, cutter, cutters. knife. cleaver; axe, ax. {{has_part(knife)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{property_of(sharp, R253)}} blade. {{has_part(blade)}} {{property_of(sharp, R253)}} edge, blade edge, knife edge, cutting edge. {{&has_part(blade)}} {{property_of(dull)}} blunt edge. edge tool. {{has_subtype(knife)}} cutlery; penknife, whittle; razor; scalpel; bistoury[obs3], lancet. {{has_subtype(razor)}} safety razor; straight razor; electric razor. {{has_subtype(blade)}} {{has_part(razor)}} razor blade. {{uses(agriculture)}} plow, plowshare. {{has_part(plow)}} coulter, colter[obs3]. {{has_subtype(axe)}} hatchet; pickax; mattock; pick; adze; gill. {{property_of(curvature)}} billhook; scythe; sickle. scissors, shears. {{has_part(scissors/shears): blade[num=2], scissor blade[num=2]}}. pruning shears; wire cutter; nail clipper; paper cutter. {{has_subtype(knife): sword, spear, @R727}}. {{has_subtype: bodkin, @R262; belduque[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype(knife)}} Bowie knife; bushwhacker [U.S.]; drawing knife, drawing shave. {{has_subtype(knife): @P2.3.1.3.22.2, dagger, stiletto}}. {{uses(microscopy/histology)}} microtome. chisel; screwdriver blade; flint blade. {{has_subtype(chisel)}} {{property_of(pneumatic, @R157a)}} {{function_of(cut[obj=pavement, @R627/rock, P2.3.1.1.4.1])}} jackhammer, jack hammer, air hammer, pneumatic hammer. guillotine. {{has_subtype(knife)}} {{has_subtype(cooking implement, P2.3.1.3.1.3.1)}} paring knife; slicing knife; chopping knife; bread knife. {{has_subtype(cooking implement, P2.3.1.3.1.3.1)}} potato peeler, vegetable peeler; corer; kitchen shears; biscuit cutter; ice pick. punch, die. {{has_subtype: drill, @P2.3.1.3.12.4.3}}. {{uses(planing, @P2.8.1)}} plane, carpenter's plane. P2.3.1.3.12.4.2 PIERCING OBJECTS (R252B) #253b. Piercing object. N. {{property_of(sharpness, R253)}} {{formed_by(opening, R260)}} {{function_of(penetration, P2.6.1.2.4.3)}} piercing object, piercer. {{has_part}} point. {{has_part(prickly plant, R367a, P2.3.2.1.2.2)}} thorn; spine, needle; beard, chevaux de frise[Fr], comb; awn, bur, burr; catchweed[obs3], cleavers, clivers[obs3]. spike, spine, spicule[Biol], spiculum[obs3]; prick, prickle; spur, rowel, barb; spit, cusp; horn, antler; snag. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} awl, bradawl. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} needle; hypodermic needle. {{similar_to: @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1, tack, nail, pin}}. {{has_subtype: sword, P2.3.1.3.22.2; spear, P2.3.1.3.22.6}}. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} bodkin. <-- we distinguish piercing objects, above, from other type of perforating objects [[drill]] --> P2.3.1.3.12.4.3 PERFORATOR (R262) #262. Perforator. N. {{function_of(perforate, P2.6.1.2.4.3)}} perforator. chisel, gimlet, stylet[obs3], wimble[obs3], scoop, terrier, dibble, trocar[Med], trepan, probe, rimer, warder, lancet. punch, puncheon, puncher; spikebit[obs3], gouge; punching machine, punching press; punch pliers. {{has_subtype(cutting instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.4.1)}} {{property_of(rotation)}} drill, borer, auger. {{property_of(rotation)}} corkscrew. {{has_subtype(drill)}} brace and bit. {{has_subtype(drill)}} {{property_of(electrical, @R157a)}} electric drill, hand drill; reversible drill; variable-speed drill; drill press. {{has_part(drill)}} {{property_of(replaceable)}} {{property_of(cylindrical)}} {{property_of(sharp)}} bit, drill bit. <-- [[HAMMER]] --> P2.3.1.3.12.6 HAMMER N. {{function_of(impel, R276, P2.4.2.3)}} hammer; sledge hammer, sledge;lump hammer; mall, maul, mallet; ball peen hammer; tack hammer. {{function_of(impel, R276, P2.4.2.3)}} flail; ram, rammer[obs3]; monkey, punch, bat; cant hook; ax &c. (sharp) R253. {{has_part}} head, hammer head. {{similar_to: P2.3.1.3.22.3, club, cudgel}}. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(cutting): @P2.3.1.3.12.4.1, jack hammer, air hammer}}. <-- powered machines should be elsewhere P2.3.1.3.17 --> P2.3.1.3.12.7 PRESS N. {{function_of(impel, R276, P2.4.2.3)}} press; stamping machine; coin press. P2.3.1.3.12.8 MANIPULATING INSTRUMENTS N. manipulator. micromanipulator; remote manipulator. P2.3.1.3.12.9 SORTING INSTRUMENTS N. {{function_of(sorting/separation, @R44/isolation, @R55)}} {{uses(arrangement, R60)}} mesh, riddle; sorter. card sorter. {{has_part(sorter)}} bin. {{has_subtype(mesh)}} {{property_of(porosity, R252a, P1.2.4.3.2.3)}} sieve, screen, net. {{has_subtype(mesh)}} {{property_of(porosity, R252a, P1.2.4.3.2.3)}} {{function_of(clarification[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1], @R652)}} {{function_of(retain[obj=particle], R781)}} strainer; filter; frit. {{has_subtype(mesh)}} {{property_of(porosity, R252a, P1.2.4.3.2.3)}} cloth. {{has_subtype(mesh)}} {{property_of(porosity, R252a, P1.2.4.3.2.3)}} sponge, honeycomb. {{has_subtype(filter)}} buchner funnel. {{has_subtype(filter)}} {{&uses(filter)}} filter paper. {{has_subtype(filter)}} {{location_of(conduit)}} line filter. P2.3.1.3.12.10 ROTATOR N. {{function_of(rotation, R312)}} rotator. {{has_subtype}} {{shape_of(discoid, @R247)}} wheel[1]. rotor; capstan. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(axis of rotation, @R312)}} hub, hub of rotation. {{has_subtype(rotor)}} {{has_location(axis of rotation)}} axle, spindle, pole, arbor; axle shaft; drive shaft. {{has_subtype(wheel)}} {{&!uses(land vehicle)}} vehicle wheel, wheel[2]. &&{{supports($vehicle wheel): $axle}}. &&{{supports($axle): vehicle frame}}. &&{{supported_by($vehicle wheel): path, R627}}. gymbal; bobbin, mandrel. carousel, merry-go-round, whirligig; top, dreidel, teetotum[obs3]; gyroscope; turntable, lazy suzan; screw; gear; roller; jack; drill, augur, oil rig; windmill rotor. rollingstone[obs3]. {{has_subtype(wheel)}} potter's wheel; pinwheel; flywheel; fantail, fly tackle; Ferris wheel. contrate wheel[obs3], crown wheel. {{has_subtype(wheel): roulette wheel}}. {{part_of(windmill rotor)}} {{function_of(grinding)}} windmill. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(electricity generator)}} wind turbine. {{has_subtype(wheel)}} pulley wheel; wagon wheel; tire, tyre[Brit]; water wheel; caster. {{function_of(lifting)}} {{part_of(pulley wheel)}} pulley. {{has_subtype(rotor)}} {{function_of(sedimentation/separation)}} centrifuge. hinge. {{has_part(hinge)}} pin. {{has_subtype(centrifuge)}} ultracentrifuge; bench centrifuge, refrigerated centrifuge; gas centrifuge; microcentrifuge, microfuge. {{has_subtype(bookshelf)}} rotating bookshelf. {{has_subtype: whirling dervish, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.70}}. P2.3.1.3.12.11 SCALE N. {{measured_by(weight)}} scale, scales, weighing machine, weighing instrument. spring balance. {{measured_by(mass)}} balance. {{has_subtype(balance)}} beam balance; electronic balance; microbalance; steelyard, beam scale, beam, weighbridge[obs3]; torsion balance; pulp balance; one-pan balance; top loading balance; piezoelectric balance. {{property_of(accurate)}} analytical balance; microgram balance. {{needs(balance)}} weights, standard weights. {{has_part(balance)}} arm; pan; fulcrum. postal scale; baby scale. <-- [[laboratory]] Lab instruments not covered elsewhere--> P2.3.1.3.12.12 LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS N. laboratory instrument. {{has_subtype(container)}} {{function_of(heating)}} retort, alembic, still; crucible. <-- [[entertainment]] electronic TE 343, 344 (symb. POENTEL) musical instruments (symb. POMUSI) --> P2.3.1.3.13 ENTERTAINMENT DEVICES (EXCEPT R417) N. {{function_of(entertainment, R840)}} entertainment device. <-- devices which use electricity to power motors, such as movie cameras, are not electronic. They can be classified as electrical. --> P2.3.1.3.13.1 NON-ELECTRONIC ENTERTAINMENT DEVICES N. non-electronic entertainment device. <-- [[MUSICAL]] --> P2.3.1.3.13.1.1 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (R417) #417. Musical Instrument. N. {{emitted_by(music, R415)}} musical instrument. {{used_by: musician, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.2}}. reed instrument; stringed instrument; wind instrument; percussion instrument. {{has_subtype(reed instrument)}} free-reed instrument. {{has_subtype(wind instrument)}} brass instrument, brass-wind instrument, brass wind instrument, brass. {{has_subtype(stringed instrument)}} monochord[obs3], polychord[obs3]; harp; mandola[obs3], mandolin, mandoline[obs3]; guitar; gittern[obs3], rebeck[obs3], bandurria[obs3]; bandura; banjo; bina[obs3], vina[obs3]; xanorphica[obs3]. {{has_subtype(harp)}} aeolian harp, aeolian lyre, wind harp; cither, zither, cithern[obs3]; dulcimer; lyre. {{has_subtype(stringed instrument)}} bowed stringed instrument. {{needs(bowed stringed instrument)}} bow, fiddlestick[obs3]. {{has_subtype(bowed stringed instrument)}} violin, fiddle, viol, kit; viola; tenor viol, viola d'amore; cello, viola da gamba[It]; tenor, cremona, violoncello; bass, bass fiddle, bass viol, base viol, bull fiddle, double bass, contrabass, string bass; theorbo[obs3], double base, contrabasso[obs3], violone[obs3], psaltery; viola da braccio. {{has_subtype(guitar)}} acoustic guitar; electric guitar; gittern; Hawaiian guitar, uke, ukulele; steel guitar. {{has_subtype(Stringed instrument)}} lute, archlute[obs3]; mandolin; mandola; balalaika; banjo. {{has_subtype(Stringed instrument)}} {{has_subtype(percussion instrument)}} piano, pianoforte; harpsichord, clavichord, clarichord[obs3], manichord[obs3]; clavier, spinet, virginals, dulcimer, vielle[obs3], pianino[obs3], Eolian harp. {{has_subtype(piano)}} grand piano; baby grand, parlor grand; concert grand, concert piano, grand; mechanical piano, Pianola, player piano; upright, upright piano; spinet. {{has_subtype(free-reed instrument)}} {{part_of(bellows)}} accordion, piano accordion, squeeze box, seraphina[obs3]; concertina. {{has_subtype(free-reed instrument)}} harmonica, mouth organ; harmonium, organ, reed organ; American organ. {{has_subtype(wind instrument)}} organ; harmonium, harmoniphon[obs3]; calliope, steam organ; electric organ, Hammond organ. {{has_subtype(organ)}} grind organ, hurdy gurdy, street organ, American organ[obs3], barrel organ, hand organ. humming top. {{has_subtype(wind instrument)}} {{has_subtype(reed instrument)}} flute, fife, piccolo, flageolet; clarinet, claronet[obs3]; basset horn, corno di bassetto[obs3], oboe, hautboy; bassoon, contrabassoon, double bassoon, contrafagotto[obs3], serpent, bass clarinet. {{has_subtype(wind instrument)}} pipe. {{has_subtype(pipe)}} pitch pipe; bagpipe, bagpipes, union pipeschanter, melody pipe; drone, drone pipe, bourdon; fipple flute, fipple pipe, recorder, flute; flageolet, treble recorder; penny whistle, tin whistle, whistle, catcall. {{has_subtype(pipe)}} musette, ocarina; Pandean pipes, pipes of Pan, panpipe, syrinx, sirene[obs3]; sourdet[obs3]. <-- ; doodlesack[obs3], harmoniphone[obs3]. --> {{has_subtype(brass instrument)}} horn. {{has_subtype(horn)}} bugle, cornet, cornet-a-pistons, cornopean[obs1], clarion, trumpet, trombone, ophicleide[obs3]; French horn; saxophone, sax [informal], buglehorn[obs3], saxhorn, flugelhorn[obs3]; althorn, alto horn; post horn, posthorn[obs3]; sackbut, euphonium; tuba, sousaphone, bass horn, bombardon[obs3], helicanhorn[obs3]; English horn, cor Anglais[Fr], corno Inglese[It]. {{has_subtype(percussion instrument)}} cymbal, bell, gong; tambourine, tambour[obs2], tamborine[obs3]; drum, tympan. {{has_subtype(bell)}} handbell. {{member_of(bell)}} carillon. {{has_subtype(drum)}} tabor, tabour, tabret[obs3], tabourine[obs3], taborin[obs3]; side drum, snare drum; kettle drum, kettle, tympanum, timpani, tympani[obs3]; bass drum; bongo, bongo drum; tymbal[obs3], timbrel[obs3]; tenor drum, tom-tom. castanet, bones; musical glasses, musical stones; sounding-board, rattle; tam-tam, zambomba[obs3]. [Vibrating bars] xylophone, reed, marimba, vibraphone, glockenspiel, orchestral bells; tuning fork; triangle; Jew's harp; music box, musical box, harmonicon[obs3]. sordine[obs3], sordet[obs3]; sourdine[obs3], sourdet[obs3]; mute. {{emitted_by(recorded music)}} phonograph, gramaphone[obs2]; CD player, compact disc player. {{has_subtype(CD player)}} {{property_of(portable)}} Discman, Sony Discman. <-- [[TOY]] --> P2.3.1.3.13.1.2 TOY N. {{function_of(entertainment, R840)}} toy, plaything. bauble. blocks, building blocks. {{needed_by(card game, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3)}} {{has_subtype(card)}} playing card, playing cards[pl]. {{member_of(playing card)}} card deck, deck, deck of cards. {{has_subtype(deck of cards)}} {{property_of(complete)}} full deck. {{has_subtype(deck of cards)}} {{member_of(playing card[num=52])}} poker deck. {{has_subtype(deck of cards)}} {{member_of(playing card[num=48])}} pinochle deck. {{has_subtype(playing card)}} ace, king, queen, knave, jack, ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, trey, deuce; joker; trump, wild card. {{has_property(playing card)}} suit, card suit. {{has_subtype(card suit)}} spades, hearts, clubs, diamonds; major suit, minor suit. {{has_subtype(playing card)}} bower; right bower, left bower; dummy; jackpot. {{member of(playing card)}} {{has_subtype(combination[2], @R48)}} meld. teetotum[obs3]; knickknack &c. (trifle) R643; magic lantern, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2; peep show, puppet show, raree show, gallanty show[obs3]; toy shop. yo-yo; jumping jack; jacks, jackstones; water pistol, water gun; balloon; catapult, sling, slingshot; dollhouse; hobby, hobbyhorse, rocking horse, cockhorse; hula-hoop; pogo stick; jack-in-the-box; kaleidoscope; pea shooter; sandbox; seesaw, teeter-toter, teeterboard; slide. {{has_subtype(structure)}} play house, playhouse, wendy house. swing; trapeze. top, whirligig, teetotum, spinning top. peg top. puzzle. {{has_subtype(puzzle)}} Chinese puzzle; jigsaw puzzle; crossword puzzle. ball. {{has_subtype(ball)}} {{property_of(spherical, @R249)}} beach ball; baseball; soccer ball; tennis ball; basketball. {{has_subtype(baseball)}} hardball; softball. {{has_property(hardball): diameter[val=4 inches], @R202}}. {{has_subtype(ball)}} {{property_of(oblate spheroidal)}} football, oblate spheroid[coll], pigskin[coll.]. {{action_of(fly, @R305)}} kite. {{connected_to($kite): $string, @R205}}. &&{{has_function($string): tether[obj=$kite], @R751}}. {{has_subtype(kite)}} box kite. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(visual representation, P2.3.1.3.6)}} doll, dolly. {{has_subtype(doll)}} puppet, marionette; rag doll; Barbie doll; Kewpie doll; Raggedy Ann doll; teddy, teddy bear; toy soldier. {{has_subtype(puppet)}} hand puppet, glove doll. P2.3.1.3.13.2 ELECTRONIC ENTERTAINMENT DEVICES N. {{has_subtype(P2.3.1.3.19.1, electronic device)}} {{function_of(entertainment)}} electronic entertainment device. <-- [[RADIO]] --> P2.3.1.3.13.2.1 RADIO N. {{needed_for(radio wave)}} {{emitted_by(sound)}} radio, radio receiver, receiver. car radio, police radio, two-way radio, walkie-talkie[military], handie-talkie, citizen's band, CB, amateur radio, ham radio, short-wave radio, police band, ship-to-shore radio, airplane radio, control tower communication. crystal radio; vacuum tube radio; transistor radio. {{property_of(portable)}} {{part_of(battery)}} portable radio. <-- [[TV]] --> P2.3.1.3.13.2.2 TELEVISION N. {{emitted_by(sound, P2.6.1.4 + display image, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} television, TV, television receiver, tube, boob tube[coll.]. {{needs}} {{has_subtype(radio wave): television signal, @P2.3.1.3.19.1}}. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(cathode-ray tube)}} {{emitted_by(display image, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} television tube, TV tube. {{emits(television tube)}} {{has_subtype(display image, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} TV image, television image. {{has_subtype(television image)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} still TV image; moving TV image. {{has_property(moving TV image): motion, R264}}. {{representation_of(moving TV image): moving image, @R448}}. {{has_measure(tube size)}} {{has_subtype(diameter, @R202)}} diameter, diagonal diameter. black-and-white television; color television. projector television. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(screen, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} television screen, TV screen. P2.3.1.3.13.2.3 PHONOGRAPH N. {{emitted_by(sound/music)}} phonograph, gramophone[obsolete], phonorganon[obs3]. P2.3.1.3.13.2.3.1 RECORD PLAYER N. record player. Victrola. {{has_part}} {{function_of(turn[obj=phonograph record])}} turntable. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(disc)}} {{has_subtype(recording, R551)}} phonograph record, record, platter, recording, vinyl record, disc. {{has_part(phonograph record)}} {{has_subtype(track, @R627)}} groove. {{has_part}} {{adjacent_to(phonograph record)}} phonograph needle, stylus, pickup. {{has_subtype(stylus)}} {{constitutes(diamond)}} diamond stylus. P2.3.1.3.13.2.3.2 COMPACT DISK PLAYER N. compact disk player. {{has_part}} laser reader; turntable. {{needs}} {{has_subtype(disc)}} compact disc, CD. {{similar_to: CD-ROM}}. P2.3.1.3.13.2.3.3 TAPE PLAYER N. tape player. tape deck; casette player. {{needs}} tape; casette tape, casette. {{property_of(portable)}} portable casette player. {{has_subtype(portable casette player)}} Walkman, Sony Walkman. P2.3.1.3.13.2.4 VIDEO GAME N. {{emitted_by(sound + image)}} video game. {{location_of(video arcade)}} arcade game, arcade video game. P2.3.1.3.13.2.5 VIDEO CASETTE RECORDER N. {{used_in(video tape)}} video casette recorder, VCR, video tape recorder. VHS recorder; BetaMax recorder, Beta recorder, Sony Betamax recorder. camcorder; handicam. {{requires(video casette recorder)}} {{uses(video casette recorder)}} {{has_subtype(recording medium)}} {{has_subtype(magnetic tape)}} video tape. V. {{has_function(video casette recorder)}} {{has_subtype(record[on=video tape], @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} tape, videotape. <-- [EXCEPT COMPUTERS] (SYMB. POINFO) --> P2.3.1.3.14 INFORMATIONAL ARTIFACT N. informational artifact, information, piece of information; datum. {{has_function: preserve[obj=information, M3.1.1.2], R670}}. <-- record was moved here from M8.1.3.2, natural means of communication. This entry contains the physical objects which constitute a record of some idea, or(in the case of trail) of some action. --> <-- [[RECORD]] --> P2.3.1.3.14.1 RECORD (R551) #551. Record. N. {{forms(recording, M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} {{topic_of(information, R527b)}} record, recording, recorded information. {{function_of(recording, M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} {{has_subtype(device, @R633)}} recording device. {{has_subtype(recording device)}} tape recorder; wire recorder. {{has_function(tape recorder): record[obj=sound, R402], M8.1.3.2.1.4}}. {{has_subtype(tape recorder)}} cassette tape recorder, casette recorder. {{requires(tape recorder)}} {{uses(tape recorder)}} {{has_subtype(recording medium)}} {{has_subtype(magnetic tape)}} audio tape, tape. {{&used_for(tape recorder): eavesdropping, @R418}}. analog recording; digital recording. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} written record. {{&member_of}} {{has_subtype(collection[2], @R72)}} library. note, minute, minutes. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(evidence)}} {{has_subtype(remainder, R40)}} trace, vestige, remains. {{has_subtype(trace)}} relic; scar, cicatrix. {{has_subtype(trace)}} trail. {{has_subtype(trail)}} footprint, footstep, footmark[obs3]; pug; track, track mark. {{has_subtype(trace)}} {{location_of(body of water)}} {{causes(boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3^motion, R264)}} {{part_of(wave, P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.5)}} wake. {{has_subtype(remains[of=animal[1], R366]): corpse, P2.3.2.1.1.4}}. {{has_subtype(record[of=event/person])}} {{hcreates(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{function_of(remind[about=event/person], @R505)}} memorial. {{has_subtype(memorial)}} {{has_subtype(structure)}} monument; obelisk, pillar, column, monolith. {{has_subtype(memorial)}} hatchment. {{has_subtype(memorial)}} plaque. {{has_subtype(memorial)}} trophy, winner's cup, cup; slab, tablet, achievement. {{has_instance(trophy)}} Oscar; Emmy. register, registry. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(list[of=event, R151], R86)}} {{has_property(ordered[by=time], @R60)}} chronolgy. {{has_subtype(list, R86)}} roll. cartulary, diptych, Domesday book; catalogue raisonne[Fr]. entry, memorandum, indorsement[obs3], inscription, docket. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} business record. {{has_topic(business record): business transaction}}. {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} copy, duplicate. {{has_subtype: notch &c. (mark) R550}}. {{has_subtype: muniment, deed &c. (security) R771}}. {{has_subtype: document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. deposition, proces verbal[Fr]. {{has_subtype: affidavit; certificate, R467}}. {{&has_location}} notebook, memorandum book, memo book, pocketbook, commonplace book; portfolio. pigeonholes, excerpta[obs3], adversaria[Lat], jottings, dottings[obs3]. {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} gazette, gazetteer; newspaper, daily, magazine; almanac, almanack[obs3]; calendar, ephemeris, diary, log, journal, daybook, ledger; professional journal, scientific literature, the literature, primary literature, secondary literature, article, review article; account book, cashbook[obs3], petty cashbook[obs3]. archive, scroll, state paper, return, blue book; compte rendu[Fr]; Acts of, Transactions of, Proceedings of. {{has_location(statistics &c. R86)}} statistical table, statistical summary. {{has_subtype}} {{hcreates(annalist): @R594, chronicle, annals, legend; Congressional Records; Hansard's Debates}}. {{hcreates(annalist): @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1, history}}. {{has_subtype(memorial): memento &c. (memory) R505; testimonial, medal; commemoration &c. (celebration) R883}}. {{property_of(impermanence)}} {{causes(animal[1], R366)}} scent, spoor, piste[obs3]. {{property_of(analog)}} {{has_subtype(recording)}} recording, tape recording. {{uses(video casette recorder, P2.3.1.3.13.2.5)}} video casette, videotape. {{uses(computer)}} {{has_subtype(digital record): @P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.2, compact disk, CD-ROM; floppy disk, diskette; hard disk, Winchester disk; read-only memory, ROM; write once read mostly memory, WORM; floptical disk; rewritable optical disk; digital tape, DAT}}. V. {{has_function(tape recorder)}} {{has_subtype(record[on=audio tape], @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} tape, record, get on tape. P2.3.1.3.14.2 WRITING INSTRUMENT N. writing instrument. pen. ball-point pen; fountain pen. {{has_part(fountain pen)}} nib. {{&has_part(fountain pen)}} ink reservoir, reservoir. {{has_subtype(fountain pen)}} cartridge pen. {{has_part(cartridge pen/ball-point pen)}} cartridge. {{property_of(antiquated)}} quill. pencil. lead pencil, mechanical pencil. typewriter; electric typewriter. scotograph[ob3][an instrument for writing in the dark]. {{has_subtype}} word processor. {{uses(word processor): word processing program; word processor, editor, text editor}}. {{consumes(pen): ink, @P2.3.1.3.1.3.4}}. P2.3.1.3.14.3 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION N. {{uses(communication)}} means of communication. <-- [[mail]] --> P2.3.1.3.14.3.1 DELIVERY SERVICE N. {{function_of(deliver[obj=package, @R191/communication, R527], R270/shipping, @R270/transmission, @R270)}} {{has_subtype(business, M7.3.5.4.1.4)}} delivery service. {{has_target(deliver)}} addressee. {{performs(government, R737a)}} mail, post, mail delivery, delivery by mail. {{has_patient(mail delivery)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} mail[2]. {{has_subtype(mail[2]): letter, @R592; post card, @R592; package, @R191}}. {{has_subtype(mail)}} parcel post. {{performs(commercial organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)}} private delivery service. {{has_instance(private delivery service)}} Federal Express, Fedex; United Parcel Service, UPS. {{has_subtype(mail)}} overnight mail, express mail, next-day delivery; first class mail; registered mail; second-class mail; third class mail; fourth class mail; bulk mailing. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(advertising, @R794)}} {{property_of(unwanted, @R647)}} junk mail. {{uses(mail)}} {{has_subtype(address, @R189)}} mailing address. {{has_location(mailing address): exterior[of=mail]}}. {{function_of(receive[obj=mail], R296)}} {{has_subtype(receptacle, R191)}} {{location_of(mailing address)}} mailbox, mail box; mail drop; post office box. {{&has_location(mailbox)}} {{has_subtype(mailing address): residence}}. {{has_part(mailing address)}} {{has_subtype(number)}} postal code. {{has_subtype(postal code)}} zip code; "zip + 4". letter bag. {{performed_by(mail)}} Post Office, Postal Sewrvice. {{performed_at(mail[obj=letter]/buy[obj=postage stamp])}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{owns(Post Office)}} post office[2]. {{requires(mail)}} {{has_subtype(fee[for=mail delivery], @R809)}} postage. {{has_result(payment[of=postage], R807)}} {{has_subtype(one-time right to service)}} right to mail delivery. {{has_symbol(right to mail delivery)}} {{has_subtype(certificate, @R467)}} {{has_symbol(payment[of=postage], R807)}} {{shape_of(sheet, P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{main_component_of(paper, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} stamp, postage stamp. {{has_property(postage stamp): size[val=1-10 cm][avval=3 cm x 3 cm]}}. {{has_subtype(stamp, @R550)}} {{location_of(postage stamp + envelope, @R191)}} {{has_symbol(use[obj=postage stamp], R677)}} {{has_symbol(cancellation[obj=postage stamp], R756)}} cancellation, postmark. {{job_of}} courier. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(pigeon)}} carrier pigeon. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(electronic transmission)}} {{use_in(computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4)}} electronic mail, E-mail. V. {{has_subtype(send[obj=mail[2]], R270)}} mail[3]. {{has_subtype(mark[obj=postage stamp][with=cancellation], @R550)}} {{hperforms(Post Office)}} {{has_activity(Post Office)}} cancel. P2.3.1.3.14.3.2 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION DEVICE N. electronic communication device. {{uses: telephone line; radio transmission}}. {{has_subtype}}{{function_of(transmit[obj=text])}} telegraph[1]; cable, wire. {{has_subtype}}{{function_of(transmit[obj=image])}} telefax, facsimile, fax. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(transmit[obj=binary data])}} {{&has_part(computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1)}} {{used_by(telephone line)}} {{connected_to(telephone line): modem, @P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.3}}. V. {{used_in(telegraph[1]): @R527, telegraph, wire, cable}}. {{used_in(modem, @P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.3/computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1)}} e-mail. <-- [[telephone]] --> P2.3.1.3.14.3.2.1 TELEPHONE N. {{function_of(transmit[obj=speech, M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1])}} {{uses(hearing, M6.1.2.6.8)}} telephone, phone. wireless telephone, radiotelephone, radiophone, wireless. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(portable)}} mobile telephone, mobile phone; cellular phone, cellular telephone. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(portable)}} cordless telephone, cordless phone. {{has_property(cordless phone): transmission range[val=<1000 feet]}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(path)}} {{has_subtype(conduit[for=communication, R527], R350)}} {{has_subtype(connection, R45, A3.3.3.R1)}} telephone line. {{has_subtype(telephone line)}} {{has_subtype(wire)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} telephone wire. {{has_subtype(telephone line)}} {{constitutes(glass)}} optical fiber. {{&consists_of(telephone wire): copper, P2.3.1.2.2.29}}. personal telephone, home phone, house phone; office phone. {{required_by(payment)}} public telephone, pay phone, pay telephone. {{has_subtype(pay phone)}} {{used_by(coin)}} coin phone, coin-operated telephone. {{has_subtype(pay phone)}} {{used_by(credit card)}} credit-card telephone. {{&part_of(telephone)}} telephone booth, phone booth. {{has_subtype(voice)}} {{used_for(telephone)}} telephone call, phone call. intercom. {{part_of(display screen)}} picturephone, videophone. {{used_in: telemarketing}}. V. {{used_in(telephone): @R527, telephone, phone, call}}. telefax, fax. <-- [[COMPUTER]] --> P2.3.1.3.15 CALCULATING DEVICE <-- Calculators and Computers(unintelligent) d. Intelligent computers (POAI) non-robotic robots --> N. {{function_of(calculation, R85a)}} calculating device. abacus, suan-pan[obs3]; slide rule, slipstick[coll.]; tallies, logometer[obs3]; Napier's bones. {{has_part(slide rule): scale[num=>1]}}. {{has_part(slide rule)}} {{has_subtype(pointer, @R550)}} cursor[num=1]. {{has_part(abacus)}} {{property_of(movable)}} [num=>20] beads, stones. P2.3.1.3.15.1 CALCULATING MACHINES GENERALLY N. calculating machine. P2.3.1.3.15.1.1 NON-ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS N. calculator, mechanical calculator. adding machine. {{has_subtype(adding machine)}} hand-cranked adding machine; electrical adding machine. sorting machine, sorter; card sorter, punched-card sorter. difference engine. cash register. P2.3.1.3.15.1.2 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS N. electronic calculator, calculator. desk calculator; hand calculator, pocket calculator; card-sized calculator, wallet-sized calculator, credit-card-sized calculator. P2.3.1.3.15.3 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.1.3.15.4 ELECTRONIC COMPUTER N. computer, electronic computer. microprocessor, microprocessor chip. {{has_subtype: digital computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1}}. {{used_in(continuous signal)}} analog computer. Phr. "Modern man fears a computer failure more than God's wrath." [N.W. Hutchings, in "The Gospel Truth" (Southwest Radio Church), Feb. 1992]. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1 DIGITAL COMPUTER N. {{used_in(binary signal)}} digital computer, computer. general-purpose computer; dedicated computer; dedicated microprocessor; microcomputer. {{has_subtype: mainframe, P2.3.1.3.15.4.2}}. {{has_subtype: minicomputer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(microcomputer): workstation; personal computer; game computer}}. {{has_part: motherboard, add-on board; case; peripheral, @P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R2}}. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.1 MAINFRAME N. {{property_of(fast)}} mainframe. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.2 MINICOMPUTER N. minicomputer. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.3 MICROCOMPUTER N. {{property_of(inexpensive)}} microcomputer, micro. personal computer. {{has_subtype(personal computer)}} Apple; Macintosh; IBM PC; IBM PC-compatible, compatible, IBM compatible; Amiga; DEC computer. "8-bit computer"; "16-bit computer"; "32-bit computer"; "64-bit computer". {{has_part: @P2.3.1.3.15.4, microprocessor}}. {{property_of(obsolete)}} "S-100 bus computer". {{has_subtype("S-100 bus computer")}} Altair. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.4 WORKSTATION N. workstation. {{has_subtype}} diskless workstation. SUN workstation. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.5 SUPERCOMPUTER N. {{property_of(fast)}} supercomputer. Cray; "Cray XM-1". P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.6 DEDICATED MICROPROCESSOR N. dedicated microprocessor. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.7 NETWORK COMPUTER N. {{&!connected_to(computer network)}} network computer. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1 PERIPHERAL DEVICE N. {{has_part(digital computer)}} peripheral device, peripheral. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.1 DATA STORAGE DEVICE N. {{needed_for(data storage medium, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.2)}} data storage device, mass storage device. {{used_in(magnetism)}} disk drive; magnetic tape drive; bubble memory. paper tape drive. {{has_subtype(disk drive)}} hard disk drive, fixed disk; floppy disk drive, floppy drive, floppy. {{used_in(laser light, @P2.6.1.5, @R420)}} optical drive; magneto-optical drive. {{has_subtype(optical drive)}} compact disk drive, CD-ROM; WORM drive, WORM; rewritable optical disk drive; floptical drive; DVD drive, Digital Versatile Disk drive, Digital Video Disk drive. {{has_subtype(compact disk drive)}} {{property_of(multiplicity, R100)}} carousel, minichanger. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.2 DATA STORAGE MEDIUM N. {{has_subtype(recording medium)}} mass storage, data storage medium, digital recording medium. paper tape; magnetic medium, magnetic media; optical medium, optical media. {{has_subtype(optical medium)}} compact disk, CD-ROM; write once read mostly memory, WORM; DVD, Digital Versatile Disk, Digital Video Disk. {{has_subtype(magnetic medium)}} floppy disk, floppy, diskette; hard disk, fixed disk. {{has_subtype(magnetic medium)}} {{has_subtype(tape, P1.2.4.2.3.5)}} magnetic tape, tape. {{has_subtype(magnetic tape)}} digital tape. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.3 DATA TRANSMISSION DEVICE N. {{has_subtype(electronic communication device, P2.3.1.3.14.3.2)}} data transmission device. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(sender)}} {{has_subtype(receiver): computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4}}. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(transmission[obj=data])}} data transmission. {{has_subtype}} {{has_member(computer network)}} network computer, networked computer. {{analogous_to(network, @R219)}} {{member_of(computer[num=>1], P2.3.1.3.15.4.1)}} {{uses(data transmission)}} computer network. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_part(digital computer)}} communication port. {{has_subtype(communication port)}} serial port; parallel port. {{has_subtype}} {{used_by(serial port)}} {{used_by(telephone line)}} modem. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(add-on card, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1)}} networking card. {{uses(networking card)}} {{has_subtype(wire, @R205)}} network cable. <-- the cable "carries, conducts" the signals: ?? --> <-- [[display]] --> P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.4 DISPLAY DEVICE N. {{has_part(computer)}} {{emitted_by(display image, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} display device, display, viewing device. {{has_subtype}} monitor, video display terminal, VDT, terminal; light-emitting diode display, LED display; flat-screen display. {{has_part(monitor)}} {{has_subtype(cathode-ray tube)}} {{emitted_by(display image, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} display tube, video tube. {{has_property(video tube)}} tube size. {{has_measure(tube size)}} {{has_subtype(diameter, @R202)}} diameter, diagonal diameter. {{has_subtype(terminal)}} dumb terminal; smart terminal. {{has_part(video display terminal)}} {{has_subtype(screen, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} video display terminal screen, screen. {{has_subtype(flat-screen display)}} dual-scan display. {{emits}} {{has_subtype(display image, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} video image. {{&has_part(video image): graphics; characters}}. {{has_property(VDT)}} display mode. {{has_subtype(display mode)}} graphics mode; character mode. <-- [[printer]] --> P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.5 PRINTER N. printer, computer printer. thermal printer. dot-matrix printer, dot matrix printer, dot-matrix device. ink-jet printer, ink-jet. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(laser, @R423)}} laser printer. {{has_subtype_x}} black-and-white printer; color printer. {{used_in(ink): dot-matrix printer; ink-jet printer; laser printer}}. {{has_subtype(laser printer)}} LaserJet. {{has_subtype(ink-jet printer)}} bubble-jet printer, bubble-jet. {{has_part(printer)}} feed mechanism; paper holder; printhead. {{has_subtype(ink)}} {{property_of(solid, @P2.2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(powder, @R330)}} {{consumes(laser printer)}} printer ink, toner. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(resolution, @R556)}} {{has_subtype(definition, @R446)}} resolution, print resolution. {{has_units(resolution): dots per inch, dpi}}. P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.6 DATA ENTRY DEVICE N. {{requires(data entry)}} data entry device. {{has_subtype}} keyboard; mouse. {{has_subtype}} scanner. <-- sound, video recording? --> <-- this entry is for internal parts, not those considered "peripherals", which are treated above --> P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R2 DIGITAL COMPUTER PARTS N. {{has_part(digital computer)}} computer part, computer component, components, digital computer part. motherboard, main board, planar board. {{has_part(motherboard)}} {{location_of(peripheral board)}} slot. peripheral board, interface board. random-access memory, RAM; case, outer case; power supply; power cord; peripheral device, peripheral. {{has_part(motherboard)}} processor, central processing unit, CPU[acron]; system clock; bus; BIOS chip. {{has_subtype(processor)}} serial processor, Von Neumann machine; parallel processor. {{has_part(central processing unit)}} arithmetic and logical unit, ALU. {{&has_part(motherboard)}} coprocessor, co-processor; read-only memory, ROM; bus arbitrator. {{has_subtype(coprocessor)}} {{function_of(arithmetic calculation)}} math coprocessor, mathematics coprocessor. {{has_subtype(bus)}} system bus; peripheral bus; local bus. {{has_subtype(processor): microprocessor, @P2.3.1.3.15.4}}. {{has_subtype(peripheral board)}} {{function_of(record[obj=image[1], P2.3.1.3.6], M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} video capture board, video capture card, frame grabber. {{has_subtype(peripheral board)}} input-output board, "I/O board". {{has_subtype(peripheral board)}} disk interface board, disk drive interface. {{has_subtype(peripheral board)}} sound card; MIDI board. {{has_subtype(peripheral board)}} analog to digital converter board, "A/D board". P2.3.1.3.15.5 ELECTRONIC COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS N. electronic computer manufacturer, computer company, computer manufacturer, computer maker; clone manufacturer, clone maker, IBM clone manufacturer. microcomputer manufacturer; workstation manufacturer. {{has_instance}} International Business Machines Corporation, IBM; Digital Equipment Corporation, DEC; Data General Corporation; Cray Computer Corporation; "AT&T Information Systems"; Datapoint Corporation; "Fujitsu America Inc."; NCR Corporation. {{has_instance(microcomputer manufacturer)}} Compaq Computer Corporation; Apple Computers; Hewlett-Packard Company; "NEC Information Systems Inc.". <-- Conveyance and vehicle are often treated as synonymous. We make a slight distinction so that a person or organization which transports things or people can be called a "conveyance". [[conveyance]] --> P2.3.1.3.16 Conveyance R271 to R273 N. {{function_of(transfer, convey, @R270)}} {{has_subtype(container, P2.3.1.3.9)}} conveyance, transportation; transport. private transport. passenger transport; cargo transport. {{alternative_to(private transport)}} public transport. P2.3.1.3.16.1 CARRIER (R271) #271. Carrier. N. {{function_of(carry, @R270)}} carrier, bearer, conveyer, tranter[obs1]. {{property_of(commercial)}} common carrier. {{has_subtype: beast of burden, P2.3.2.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(seat, @P2.3.1.3.16)}} {{&uses(beast of burden, P2.3.2.2.1.1)}} saddle, pannel[obs3], pillion; side saddle, pack saddle. {{has_part(saddle)}} pommel. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.61, porter, express, expressman, stevedore, coolie, human carrier}}. {{uses(porter): legs, feet}}. {{uses(human carrier): P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2.2, Human-powered conveyance}}. {{has_function: support &c. R215}}. {{has_subtype: vehicle, R272, P2.3.1.3.16.2}}. <-- the parts of the original Roget R272 are distributed to the subtypes. [[vehicle]] --> P2.3.1.3.16.2 VEHICLE(R272) #272. Vehicle. N. {{&uses(journey, R266)}} {{function_of(transportation, R270)}} vehicle, conveyance, transport. {{has_part}} {{has_function: support[obj=person], R215}} seat. freight vehicle. {{alternative_to(freight vehicle)}} passenger vehicle. commercial vehicle. {{alternative_to(commercial vehicle)}} private vehicle. {{!requires(move[2][obj=vehicle], @R264)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{has_subtype(prime mover, @R264)}} means of propulsion. {{causes(means of propulsion): action, @A7; force, P2.6.1.2.3; motion, R264; propulsion, R284}}. {{!causes(means of propulsion): motion[of=vehicle], R264}}. {{has_subtype}} motorized vehicle. {{has_subtype(motorized vehicle): motor vehicle, P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1}}. {{!!has_part(motorized vehicle)}} {{!!property_of(mechanical power, @R157a)}} {{has_subtype(power source, @R157a)}} {{has_subtype(prime mover, @R264)}} {{!has_subtype(means of propulsion)}} engine, motor, vehicle motor. {{has_subtype(engine)}} piston engine, internal combustion engine. {{has_subtype(engine)}} {{uses(airplane, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.2)}} jet engine; turboprop engine. {{has_subtype(engine)}} {{uses(rocket, P2.3.1.3.23.11)}} rocket engine, reaction motor. {{!!has_function(vehicle motor): propel[obj=vehicle], R284}}. <-- {{!!function_of(cause[obj=vehicle^movement, R264])}} alternative expression? --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.1 aircraft N. {{function_of(flying, P2.4.2.1.3)}} aircraft. {{has_location}} {{has_subtype(structure): aerodrome, airport}}. {{has_opart}} {{has_subtype(means of escape)}} {{function_of(suspend[obj=person])}} {{function_of(descend[mode=slowly])}} parachute. {{has_epart(parachute)}} {{has_subtype(fabric)}} canopy. {{has_epart(parachute)}} suspension line; harness. {{has_opart(parachute)}} control line; pilot chute; stabilizer. {{&used_in(parachute): parasailing, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3}}. P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.1 LIGHTER THAN AIR AIRCRAFT N. lighter-than-air craft, lighter-than-air aircraft. airship; balloon, aerostat. {{has_subtype(airship)}} {{part_of(frame)}} dirigible, zeppelin. {{has_subtype(airship)}} blimp. {{has_subtype(balloon)}} barrage balloon; weather balloon, meteorological balloon; sounding balloon, scientific observation balloon; air balloon, hot air balloon; helium balloon; pilot balloon, fire balloon. hydroplane. {{has_subtype(hot air balloon)}} Montgolfier, Montgolfier balloon. {{uses(hot air balloon): hot air, @R338}}. &&{{causes(hot air, @R338): lift, @R215}}. <-- [[airplane]] --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.2 heavier than air aircraft N. aircraft, heavier-than air aircraft. airplane, aeroplane, plane. monoplane; biplane; triplane. P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.2.1 MOTORIZED HEAVIER THAN AIR AIRCRAFT N. {{has_subtype(motorized vehicle, @P2.3.1.3.16.2)}} motorized aircraft. {{part_of(wing)}} {{part_of(fuselage)}} airplane, aeroplane, plane. {{not_part_of(wing)}} {{part_of(rotor)}} helicopter, copter, chopper[coll], whirlybird, eggbeater[coll]. amphibious aircraft, amphibian. {{has_subtype(airplane)}} airliner; passenger plane; cargo plane, cargo liner. {{has_subtype(airplane)}} propeller-driven airplane, propeller plane; jet, jet airplane, jet plane; prop-jet, prop-jet airplane, turbo-prop, turbo-propeller plane. {{has_part(propeller-driven airplane)}} propeller. {{has_part(jet airplane)}} {{has_subtype(engine, @P2.3.1.3.16.2)}} jet engine. drone, pilotless airplane, radio-controlled airplane. corporate plane; corporate jet; private plane. {{member_of(private plane)}} private aviation, general aviation. jet plane, jet liner, turbojet, prop-jet, propeller plane; fighter; bomber; fighter-bomber; escort plane; spy plane; supersonic aircraft, subsonic aircraft. airline. rocket plane. AWACS; "U2 plane", "U-2", spy plane. P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.2.2 NON-MOTORIZED HEAVIER THAN AIR AIRCRAFT N. {{not_part_of(motor, @P2.3.1.3.16.2)}} non-motorized heavier-than-air aircraft. glider, sailplane. hang glider. kite. P2.3.1.3.16.2.2 LAND VEHICLE N. land vehicle, land transport. <-- "motor vehicle" usually means land vehicle [[auto, car]] --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1 MOTORIZED LAND VEHICLE N. {{has_subtype(motorized vehicle, @P2.3.1.3.16.2)}} motor vehicle, motorized land vehicle, vehicle. {{!has_part: motor, @R272}}. {{has_subtype}} off-road vehicle. {{has_function(off-road vehicle): $transportation}}. &&{{not_has_location($transportation): road}}. {{has_subtype(off-road vehicle)}} snowmobile. {{has_subtype(off-road vehicle): @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1.1, dune buggy, beach buggy}}. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(wheel, @P2.3.1.3.12.10): wheeled motorized land vehicle}}. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(armed force, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} military vehicle. {{has_subtype(military vehicle)}} {{!part_of(armor[1], @R717)}} armored vehicle. {{has_subtype(armored vehicle)}} {{has_subtype(off-road vehicle)}} tank. {{has_part(tank)}} {{function_of(propel[obj=tank])}} tread, tank tread. {{has_part(tank): cannon, P2.3.1.3.23.4.1}}. {{member_of(tank)}} armor[collective]. {{function_of(construction, M7.3.5.4.1.1.1)}} earth mover, bulldozer; steamroller. P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1.1 WHEELED MOTORIZED LAND VEHICLE N. wheeled motorized land vehicle, motor vehicle, vehicle, automotive vehicle. {{has_part: $wheel[num=>1], @P2.3.1.3.12.10}}. &&{{has_action($wheel): rotation}}. &&{{supports($wheel): $vehicle}}. {{has_subtype(wheel[num=>1], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} drive wheel. {{has_function(drive wheel): propel[obj=vehicle]}}. {{has_subtype(freight vehicle)}} truck, lorry[Brit]. {{has_subtype(truck)}} van, moving van; minivan; pick-up truck; dump truck, dumper; fire truck, fire engine. {{has_subtype(truck)}} {{function_of(transport[obj=garbage, P2.3.1.4], @R270)}} garbage truck. fork lift. tram, streetcar, trolley, trolleycar. cariole, carriole[obs3]; limber, tumbrel, pontoon; chaise, ambulance. {{uses(police)}} {{function_of(transport[obj=prisoner])}} police wagon, police van, black Maria, paddy wagon. train. bus, autobus, omnibus. {{has_subtype(train)}} subway train. {{part_of(subway train): @R627, subway, underground, metro, underground railroad}}. {{part_of(subway train)}} subway system. {{has_function(snowmobile): ride[on=snow]}}. {{has_function(dune buggy): ride[on=sand]}}. {{shape_of(boxlike)}} van. {{has_subtype(van)}} minivan. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(bed, P2.3.1.3.20.2)}} recreational vehicle, RV, motor home. {{has_subtype(motor home)}} mobile home, trailer. automobile, motor car, car, auto, autocar. {{has_subtype(automobile)}} ambulance; compact car; limousine, limo; runabout; jalopy, clunker, lemon; flivver; coupe; sedan; two-door sedan; four-door sedan, luxury sedan; wheels [coll.], sports car, roadster; hot rod, souped-up car; gran turismo[It], jeep, four-wheel drive vehicle, off-track vehicle; beach buggy; electric car; steamer; station wagon, family car; racing car, racer, hot rod, stock car, souped-up car; touring car, phaeton, tourer; hearse; hatchback. {{has_subtype(automobile)}} {{not_property_of(new)}} used car, pre-owned car. {{has_subtype(automobile)}} {{uses(police, @R965)}} patrol car, police car, cruiser, prowl car, squad car. {{has_subtype(limousine)}} {{property_of(long, R200d)}} stretch limousine. {{has_subtype(automobile)}} {{has_subtype(public transport)}} taxicab, cab, hansom, taxicoach[obs3], checker cab, yellow cab. golf cart, electric wagon. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(wheel[2][num=2], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} motorcycle, motor bike; motor scooter. {{has_subtype(motorcycle)}} dirt bike. {{&has_opart(motorcycle)}} side car. {{has_subtype(motorcyle)}} {{has_subtype(brand name)}} Harley, Harley-Davidson; Yamaha. van, minivan, bus, minibus, microbus; truck, wagon, pick-up wagon, pick-up, tractor-trailer, road train, articulated vehicle. train, railroad train, choo-choo[childish]. {{has_subtype(train)}} local train; special train; corridor train; parliamentary train; "1st class train", "2nd class train", "3rd class train". {{has_subtype(train)}} {{property_of(fast, @R274)}} bullet train, cannonball, lightning express; express train. {{has_subtype(train)}} {{function_of(transport[ptnt=passenger, @R268], @R270)}} passenger train, accommodation train. {{has_subtype(passenger train)}} {{function_of(transport[ptnt=commuter, @R268], @R270)}} commuter train. {{has_subtype(train)}} {{function_of(transport[ptnt=freight, @R190], @R270)}} luggage train; freight train, goods train; fast freight. {{has_instance(bullet train)}} shinkansen [Jap.]; the Wabash cannonball. surface car, tram car, trolley, trolley car. {{has_part(train)}} car, railroad car. {{member_of(railroad car)}} rolling stock. {{has_part(train)}} locomotive, engine. {{has_subtype(locomotive)}} diesel engine; steam engine, iron horse, steam locomotive; electric engine. {{has_subtype(railroad car)}} coal tender, tender; luggage van, baggage car, express car, freight car; mail, mail car, mail van; parlor car; dining car, diner, dining compartment, buffet car; passenger car; caboose, cabin car. {{has_subtype(passenger car)}} Pullman car, sleeping car, sleeper, wagon-lit; dome car; parlor car, drawing-room car; "1st class carriage", "1st class compartment"; "2nd class carriage", "2nd class compartment"; "3rd class carriage", "3rd class compartment". {{has_subtype(freight car)}} box car, box wagon; cattle car, cattle truck; horse box, horse car [U.S.]; tank car, tank; refrigerator car; gondola car, gondola; lumber car; flatcar, flat; coal car. {{function_of(construction, M7.3.5.4.1.1.1)}} tractor; steamshovel; backhoe; fork lift; dump truck; grader; caterpillar tractor; trench digger; pile driver; crane; wrecking crane. {{has_subtype(military vehicle)}} jeep; troop carrier; mobile rocket launcher; self-propelled cannon; recoilless rifle jeep; caisson. {{has_subtype(armored vehicle)}} armored personnel carrier. P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2 NON-MOTORIZED LAND VEHICLE N. non-motorized land vehicle. P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2.1 ANIMAL-DRAWN CONVEYANCE N. animal-drawn conveyance. carriage, caravan, van; wagon, trap[obs3], waggon[obs3], wain. dray, cart; wagon. horse-drawn carriage, equipage, rig, turn-out. {{has_subtype(cart)}} donkey cart; horse cart; oxcart. {{has_subtype(wagon)}} {{property_of(antiquated)}} covered wagon, conestoga wagon, conestoga wain, prairie schooner [U.S.]; chuck wagon; troika [Russia]. {{property_of(enclosed)}} coach. {{has_subtype(coach)}} stagecoach, stage; mail coach; hackney coach, glass coach; four-in-hand. {{has_subtype(horse-drawn carriage)}} {{part_of(wheel[2][num=4], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} buckboard; phaeton, break, mail phaeton; wagonette, drag; whisky; landau; barouche; victoria; brougham; calash, caleche[Fr]; berlin; sociable, vis-a-vis, dormeuse[Fr]; jaunting car, outside car; shay. {{part_of(wheel[2][num=2], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} sulky, desobligeant[Fr]; chariot. {{part_of(runner[num=2])}} sleigh, sled, sledge. {{has_subtype(sled)}} dog sled. {{has_subtype(carriage)}} post chaise, diligence. stage wagon, fly, cabriolet[obs3], shofle[obs3], four-wheeler, growler, droshki[obs3], drosky[obs3]. dogcart. buggy, whitechapel, unicorn[obs2]. <-- random; shandredhan[obs3], char-a-bancs[Fr]. , clarence[obs3], brett[obs3], dearborn [obs3][U.S.], dump cart, hack, hackery[obs3], jigger, kittereen[obs3], mailstate[obs3], manomotor[obs3], rockaway[obs3], sloven [Can.], team, tonga[obs3], wheel;. britzka[obs3], araba[obs3], kibitka[obs3]; dandi[obs3]; doolie[obs3], dooly[obs3]; munchil[obs3], palki[obs3]; curricle[obs3], tilbury[obs3] --> <-- ??? need a relation to indicate source of power --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2.2 HUMAN-POWERED CONVEYANCE N. {{used_by(person, P2.3.2.3)}} human-powered conveyance. P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2.2.1 WHEELED HUMAN-POWERED CONVEYANCE N. {{part_of(wheel[2], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} wheeled human-powered conveyance. velocipede. {{part_of(wheel[2][number=2], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} {{has_subtype(velocipede)}} bicycle, bike, cycle, two-wheeler. quadricycle[obs3]. {{has_subtype(bicycle)}} high-wheeler; racing bike, racer. {{!!has_subtype(bicycle)}} {{!!part_of(seat[number=2])}} two-person bicycle, bicycle built for two, tandem. unicycle. {{part_of(wheel[2][number=3], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} {{has_subtype(velocipede)}} tricycle. {{part_of(wheel[2][number=2], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} ricksha, rickshaw, jinrikisha. cart, hand cart, pushcart. dolley. {{has_subtype}}{{part_of(wheel[2][num=1], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} {{not_part_of(motor)}} {{function_of(transport[obj=small load, P1.2.3.2.5])}} {{uses(construction/gardening)}} wheelbarrow, barrow, wheel barrow, hand barrow. {{has_part(wheelbarrow): $handle[num=2]}}. &&{{synonym_of($handle)}} hand grip, wheelbarrow handle. {{has_part(wheelbarrow)}} {{function_of(support[obj=load])}} tray, bed. {{uses(infant)}} carriage, baby carriage, baby buggy, perambulator, pram[Brit]; stroller. Bath chair, wheel chair, sedan chair. {{uses(infant)}} go-cart, walker. soapbox, soapbox wagon. {{uses(child)}} kiddie car, pedal car. hobbyhorse. {{has_subtype(hand cart)}} {{function_of(transport[obj=food])}} serving cart, teacart. {{has_subtype(hand cart)}} {{&uses(shopping)}} shopping cart. roller skates, skate, skates; roller blades. ski, skis. <-- ; tonjon[obs3]; vettura[obs3]. --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2.2.2 NON-WHEELED HUMAN-POWERED CONVEYANCE N. {{not_part_of(wheel[2], @P2.3.1.3.12.10)}} non-wheeled human powered conveyance. {{function_of(transport[obj=person])}} litter, stretcher, brancard[obs3]. {{has_subtype(litter)}} {{part_of(enclosure)}} palanquin, palankeen[obs3]. pallet; brace. {{part_of(spring)}} {{shape_of(rod-shaped)}} pogo stick. jumper, sled, sledge, sleigh. {{!has_part(sled)}} {{function_of(support[obj=sled])}} runner[num=2]. {{has_subtype(sled)}} {{property_of(small)}} toboggan; luge; pung. {{has_subtype(sled)}} bob, bobsled, bobsleigh[obs3]; cutter; double ripper, double runner [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(sled)}} crate, hurdle. <-- [[ship]] The boats have been divided into large and small vessels, relatively arbitrarily. That's just how I think about them. --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.3 WATER VEHICLE N. water vehicle, vessel, sea vehicle, boat, ship, craft. passenger boat; cargo boat. {{&has_opart}} {{function_of(propel[ptnt=ship])}} oar. {{property_of(abandoned, @R782)}} abandoned ship, derelict. {{location_of(under water)}} diving bell; bathysphere. {{&has_part}} screw; aileron. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(depth)}} draft. {{has_opart}} {{has_subtype(safety device, P2.3.1.3.18.4)}} {{property_of(buoyant)}} life preserver, life vest, lifejacket, cork jacket, Mae West[coll]; swimming belt; life buoy. V. draw, draw water. Adv. afloat, aboard; on board, on ship board. {{has_subtype(direction): port; starboard}}. Phr. {{has_subtype(direction)}} hard a lee; hard a port; hard a starboard; hard a weather. P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.1 SMALL BOAT N. {{property_of(small)}} small boat, boat. P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.1.1 NON-MOTORIZED SMALL BOAT N. boat, non-motorized small boat. iceboat. surfboard; paddle board. wind surfer. canoe. rowboat. sailboat. {{has_part(rowboat): oar, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3}}. {{has_part(canoe)}} paddle. {{has_subtype(canoe)}} birch bark canoe; log canoe, dugout canoe, dugout; outrigger; aluminum canoe. kayak, keel boat [U.S.]; pirogue. pinnace, launch; life boat; long boat; bum boat, fly boat, cock boat; ferry boat; canal boat; bully [Nfld.], bateau battery[Can.], broadhorn[obs3], dory, droger[obs3], drogher; shallop[obs3], gig, funny, skiff; dingy, scow. {{property_of(draft[val=shallow])}} swamp boat; flatboat, flat-bottomed boat, pram, praam[obs3], prame[obs3]. {{location_of(ship, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2)}} yawl, jolly boat. {{uses(racing)}} cockleshell, shell, wherry, coble[obs3], punt, cog, lerret[obs3]; eight oar; four oar; pair oar. float, raft, pontoon; prame[obs3]. iceboat, ice canoe, ice yacht. {{origin_of(Italy)}} gondola. {{has_subtype(anchor)}} kedge. <-- ; randan[obs3]; galiot[obs3], durham boat[obs3]. --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.1.2 MOTORIZED SMALL BOAT N. boat, motorized small boat, small boat. motorboat, power boat. {{property_of(fast)}} speed boat. cabin cruiser. tow boat. {{has_subtype(tow boat)}} tug boat. lighter. {{has_part(small boat)}} {{has_subtype(motor, @R272)}} outboard motor; inboard motor. <-- note that most of the Roget entry R273 has been distributed among the various subtypes under P2.3.1.3.16.2.3 --> P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2 SHIP (R273) #273. Ship. N. {{has_subtype(boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} {{required_for(body of water, P2.3.1.1.6.1)}} {{property_of(large)}} ship, vessel, bottom. {{has_opart}} {{has_subtype(small boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.1)}} {{has_subtype(safety device, P2.3.1.3.18.4)}} life boat. {{has_opart}} {{has_subtype(raft, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(safety device, P2.3.1.3.18.4)}} life raft. {{has_opart}} {{has_subtype(rope)}} {{has_subtype(safety device, P2.3.1.3.18.4)}} lifeline. P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2.1 MOTORIZED SHIP N. motorized ship. steamer, steamboat, steamship. liner, ocean liner. cargo ship, cargo vessel, merchant ship, merchantman, freighter. {{has_subtype(cargo ship)}} Liberty ship. {{has_subtype(cargo ship)}} oil tanker, tanker, oiler. {{has_subtype(oil tanker)}} supertanker. {{member_of(merchant ship)}} merchant marine, shipping. {{part_of(paddle wheel)}} paddle wheeler, paddle steamer, paddleboat. {{has_subtype(paddleboat)}} stern-wheeler; side-wheeler. {{has_subtype(ocean liner)}} passenger liner. {{has_subtype(passenger liner)}} cruise ship, floating hotel, floating palace; ocean greyhound. {{has_subtype(passenger boat, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(cargo boat, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} {{property_of(scheduled)}} packet, packet liner. icebreaker. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} warship, ship of war, gunboat, man-of-war. {{has_subtype(ship of war)}} flagship; guard ship, escort; privateer; ram, monitor, floating battery. {{has_subtype(ship of war)}} {{property_of(antiquated)}} ironclad, turret ship. {{member_of(ship of war)}} navy, marine; fleet, flotilla; task force. {{has_subtype(ship of war)}} {{property_of(large)}} {{property_of(powerful)}} battleship, dreadnought, dreadnaught, line of battle ship, ship of the line, battle wagon[coll]; destroyer, tin can[coll]; cruiser, armored cruiser; aircraft carrier, carrier, flattop[coll.]; missile boat. {{has_subtype(battleship)}} pocket battleship. {{has_subtype(aircraft carrier)}} nuclear powered carrier. {{has_subtype(cruiser)}} guided missile cruiser; gun cruiser; battle cruiser; light cruiser. {{location_of(under water)}} submarine, submersible. {{has_subtype(submarine)}} research submarine; minisub; bathyscaphe, bathyscaph, bathyscape. {{has_instance(submarine)}} {{property_of(fictional)}} The Nautilus. {{has_subtype(ship of war)}} {{has_subtype(submarine)}} submarine, military submarine, U-boat, undersea boat. {{has_subtype(military submarine)}} atomic submarine; attack submarine. {{alternative_to(atomic submarine)}} diesel-powered submarine. {{has_subtype(ship of war)}} {{property_of(small)}} patrol torpedo boat, torpedo boat, PT boat; torpedo catcher; mine sweeper. {{has_subtype(torpedo boat)}} torpedo boat destroyer. {{has_subtype(ship of war)}} {{property_of(fast)}} corvette. transport, tender, storeship[obs3]; whaler; slaver; collier; coaster, coastal vessel; lighter; pilot boat. fishing boat. {{has_subtype(fishing boat)}} trawler; factory ship. hulk; yacht. {{has_part}} {{property_of(lowness, R207)}} hold, bilge. {{property_of(modern)}} hydroplane; hovercraft. P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2.2 NON-MOTORIZED SHIP N. Non-motorized ship. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(sail)}} sailing ship, sail[sing & pl.], ship, sailer, sailing vessel, windjammer, tall ship. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(oar, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} {{property_of(ancient)}} galley, galleyfoist[obs3]. {{has_subtype(galley)}} trireme, quadrireme[obs3]. {{has_subtype(sailing ship)}} bark, barque; brig, snow, hermaphrodite brig; brigantine, barkantine[obs3]; schooner; topsail schooner, for and aft schooner, three masted schooner; chasse-maree[Fr]; sloop; cutter; foist; yawl; dandy; ketch; smack; lugger. {{has_subtype(sailing ship)}} {{property_of(fast)}} corvette, clipper. {{has_subtype(sailing ship)}} catamaran, coracle, carvel[obs3], caravel; felucca, caique[obs3]; hooker, howker[obs3]; argosy, carack[obs3]; galliass[obs3], galleon; xebec; dhow, wharf boat. {{has_subtype(sailing ship)}} {{part_of(mast[number=2])}} {{origin_of(India/Arabia)}} baggala[obs3]. {{has_part(sailing ship)}} sail, canvas. <-- ; dahabeah[obs3]; nuggah[obs3]; wanigan[obs3], wangan [obs3][U.S.]; bilander[obs3], dogger[obs3]; polacca[obs3], polacre[obs3], tartane[obs3], lorcha[obs3], proa[obs3], prahu[obs3], saick[obs3] --> {{has_subtype(sailing ship)}} {{origin_of(China)}} sampan; junk. barge, hoy[obs3]; cat; buss. {{property_of(biblical)}} ark. P2.3.1.3.16.2.4 SPACE VEHICLE N. space vehicle, spaceship. rocket; missile. {{has_subtype(space vehicle)}} manned space vehicle; unmanned space vehicle. {{has_subtype(unmanned space vehicle)}} sound, probe. satellite, artificial satellite, sputnik[Rus.], orbiter. {{has_subtype(satellite)}} geosynchronous satellite; communications satellite. {{has_subtype(manned space vehicle)}} space station, orbiting space station; space laboratory, orbiting laboratory. {{has_part(space station)}} docking port. excursion module; lander. {{has_subtype(excursion module)}} lunar lander, lunar excursion module, LEM. {{has_subtype(rocket)}} single-stage rocket; multi-stage rocket. {{has_part(multi-stage rocket)}} stage. {{has_subtype(stage)}} first stage, lower stage; upper stage. {{&has_part(multistage rocket)}} booster rocket, booster stage, booster. {{has_subtype(rocket)}} liquid-fueled rocket; solid-fueled rocket. {{consumes(rocket): rocket fuel, @R388, @P2.3.1.2.4.5}}. {{has_part(rocket)}} rocket engine, reaction engine. {{has_subtype(satellite)}} spy satellite, spy-in-the-sky. <-- (exc. vehicles(15) (2)&(4-6)) (symb. POMACH) 386. Furnace 387. Refrigeratory --> <-- [[machine]] --> P2.3.1.3.17 POWERED MACHINES (R386, R387) N. {{needed_by(energy source)}} powered machine. {{property_of(electrical)}} {{function_of(reduce[obj=humidity])}} dehumidifier. <-- [[heater]] --> P2.3.1.3.17.1 HEATER (R386) #386. Heater. N. {{function_of(heating, R384, P2.6.1.3.1)}} heater, heat source, source of heat. {{has_subtype: fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(warming)}} warmer. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(cooking, P2.8.7)}} {{location_of(kitchen, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} oven; stove; range[1]. {{has_subtype(oven)}} {{used_up_by(natural gas/synthetic gas/propane)}} gas oven. {{has_subtype: grill, @P2.3.1.3.1.3.1}}. {{has_part(grill): gridiron, @P2.3.1.3.1.3.1}}. {{has_part(stove)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} burner. {{has_subtype(burner)}} {{rel_loc_of(rear)}} back burner. {{property_of(intense heat, @P2.6.1.3.2)}} furnace; kiln. {{has_part(furnace)}} focus, combustion chamber. {{has_subtype(furnace)}} forge, fiery furnace; reverberatory; limekiln. {{has_part(furnace)}} {{rel_loc_of(bottom)}} hearth[2]. {{functionally_similar_to: pot, pan, @P2.3.1.3.1.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(furnace)}} muffle furnace, induction furnace; electric furnace. {{used_up_by(electricity)}} electric oven; electric stove; toaster; electric heater, electric resistance heat. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(electric oven/electric stove/toaster/electric heater)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(filament)}} element, heating element. cracker; catalytic cracker. {{has_subtype(furnace)}} {{function_of(make[obj=steel, @P2.3.1.2.3.1])}} open-hearth furnace; Bessemer converter. fireplace. {{has_subtype(fireplace)}} gas fireplace. {{location_of(fireplace): @P2.6.1.3.3.1, fire, coal fire, wood fire}}. {{location_of(fireplace)}} {{has_subtype(fire, @P2.6.1.3.3.1)}} hearth fire, home fire. {{uses_up(hearth fire): fireplace fuel, @R388}}. {{location_of(fireplace)}} {{function_of(restrain[obj=hearth fire], @R751)}} fire-dog, fire-irons; andiron; grate; caboose, camboose[obs3]. {{has_subtype(grate)}} kitchen grate, range[2][obs2]. {{has_subtype(simple tool)}} {{function_of(control[obj=hearth fire], @R175)}} poker; tongs; shovel, ashpan, hob, trivet. {{&has_part(fireplace)}} ashdrop. {{&has_part(hearth fire)}} {{has_subtype(log, @R388)}} {{property_of(large)}} {{rel_loc_of(rear)}} backlog[lfw-100]. {{adjacent_to(fireplace)}} hearth[1], inglenook. {{function_of(warm[obj=building])}} oil burner, gas burner, Franklin stove, pot-bellied stove; wood-burning stove; central heating, steam heat, hot water heat, gas heat, forced hot air, electric heat, heat pump; solar heat, convective heat. {{has_subtype(warmer)}} {{function_of(warm[obj=plant, R367]): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, conservatory, hothouse, greenhouse}}. {{has_subtype(warmer): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, Turkish bath, Russian bath, vapor bath, steam bath, sauna, warm bath}}. {{function_of(heat[obj=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1])}} heating coil, electric coil. {{function_of(warm[obj=person, P2.3.2.3])}} heating pad; electric blanket; foot warmer, hot water bottle. <-- washhouse[obs3], laundry. sudatory[obs3]; athanor[obs3], hypocaust[obs3], --> {{property_of(natural): volcano, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}. {{property_of(natural): thermal vent}}. {{property_of(natural): mantle plume, hot spot}}. {{has_subtype(heat source): @P2.3.1.3.18.1, firework, pyrotechnic device}}. {{uses(welding/metal cutting)}} torch, welder's torch. {{has_subtype(welder's troch)}} oxyacetylene torch. {{consumes(oxyacetylene torch): oxygen + acetylene}}. P2.3.1.3.17.2 REFRIGERATOR (R387) #387. Refrigerator. N. {{function_of(refrigeration, P2.6.1.3.9)}} refrigerator, refrigeratory[obs3], frigidarium[obs3]. air conditioner; fan, attic fan. cold storage, cold room; cold laboratory. {{used_by(ice)}} icebox. {{used_by(liquid nitrogen, @P2.3.1.2.2.7)}} {{property_of(very cold, @P2.6.1.3.6)}} liquid nitrogen freezer. {{used_by(liquid helium, @P2.3.1.2.2.2)}} {{property_of(very cold, @P2.6.1.3.6)}} liquid helium freezer. {{used_by(dry ice)}} {{property_of(very cold, @P2.6.1.3.6)}} dry ice chest, dry ice freezer. {{has_subtype(container)}} {{function_of(preserve[obj=ice], R670)}} icepail, icebag, ice chest. {{function_of(preserve[obj=ice], R670)}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): icehouse}}. {{has_subtype(container)}} {{function_of(preserve[obj=low temperature], R670)}} cooler, damper, polyurethane cooler; wine cooler. freezer, deep freeze, refigerator-freezer. {{function_of(make[obj=ice])}} ice maker, ice machine, ice cube maker. {{&uses: freezing mixture, ice, ice cubes, blocks of ice, chipped ice; liquid nitrogen; dry ice; dry ice-acetone; liquid helium}}. P2.3.1.3.17.3 DRIVER N. {{carried_out_by(impel, R276, P2.4.2.3)}} driver. pile driver, pile-driving engine. {{carried_out_by(impel, R276, P2.4.2.3): @P2.3.1.3.12.4.1, jack hammer, air hammer, pneumatic hammer}}. {{has_subtype: hammer, P2.3.1.3.12.6; screwdriver, @P2.3.1.3.12.1.1}}. <-- c R388. fuel under POM , processed natural materials cf. R389. thermometeter under POMEAS, measuring instruments cf. R382-385 heat, cold under physics --> <-- other devices include anything not covered in the above categories a "device" here is generally something small enough for a person to carry and use. Not a hard definition. --> P2.3.1.3.18 OTHER DEVICES N. device, simple device, small device. P2.3.1.3.18.1 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICE N. miscellaneous device. explosive device. {{has_subtype(explosive device): military explosive device, P2.3.1.3.23.9}}. {{has_subtype(explosive device)}} blasting device; squib. {{has_subtype(entertainment)}} {{has_subtype(explosive device)}} pyrotechnic device, fireworks[pl], fizgig[obs3]. {{has_subtype(pyrotechnic device)}} feu-de-joie, firecracker, cracker; cherry bomb; "M-80", "M80"; roman candle; aerial pyrotechnic device; cap gun. {{studied_in}} pyrotechnics, pyrotechny[obs3]. {{has_subtype(pyrotechnic device)}} rocket, pyrotechnic rocket. {{function_of(amplify[obj=sound, P2.6.1.4]): megaphone, @P2.6.1.4, @R402}}. P2.3.1.3.18.2 ALARM N. {{function_of(detect[obj=undesirable event, @R151], @R480b)}} alarm. {{emits}} {{has_subtype(warning): @M8.1.3.2.1.1, alarm signal, alarm}}. {{&part_of: device; machine; conveyance}}. {{has_part: sensor, P2.3.1.3.18.3}}. {{carries_out: @R664, monitoring, guarding}}. {{caused_by: malfunction, @M7.3.4.2; abnormal condition, @R7; manual activation, @M7.3.4.2}}. {{has_subtype}} fire alarm, smoke detector, heat detector; burglar alarm; overpressure alarm; underpressure alarm; overtemperature alarm. cardiac monitor. {{has_subtype(burglar alarm)}} car alarm. P2.3.1.3.18.3 SENSOR N. sensor, detector. P2.3.1.3.18.3.1 SENSORS GENERALLY N. {{has_part(measuring instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.3)}} sensor, detector, transducer. {{has_subtype}} electronic sensor; electrical sensor; mechanical sensor. {{has_subtype}} smoke detector; pressure detector; sound detector; heat detector; chemical sensor. {{function_of(detect[obj=light, @R420], @R465b)}} light detector, light-sensitive detector. {{has_subtype(light detector)}} {{property_of(electronic)}} vidicon, vidicon tube. {{has_subtype(light detector)}} {{property_of(electronic): video camera, @R445; video casette recorder, P2.3.1.3.13.2.5; camcorder}}. {{has_subtype(chemical sensor)}} pH detector; oxygen detector. {{has_subtype(pH detector)}} hydrogen ion electrode; glass electrode; combination electrode. {{&part_of: alarm, P2.3.1.3.18.2}}. <-- [[safedev]] --> P2.3.1.3.18.4 SAFETY DEVICE N. {{function_of(protect[obj=person])}} safety device. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(escape, R671)}} means of escape. {{has_subtype(means of escape)}} {{has_subtype(boat): lifeboat, lifejacket, life buoy, swimming belt, cork jacket}}. {{has_subtype(means of escape): parachute, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.1}}. <-- [not covered elsewhere] --> P2.3.1.3.19 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES N. {{consumed_by(electricity)}} {{needed_for(electricity)}} electrical device. {{has_subtype(appliance, @P2.3.1.3.12)}} electrical appliance. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(power source, @R157a)}} {{emitted_by(electrical power, @P2.6.1.1.2): @P2.6.1.1.2, electrical power source}}. {{has_subtype(electrical power source): power supply, @P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R2}}. <-- "a battery-operated device has a battery, and that battery is its electrical power source" --> {{has_subtype}} battery-operated device. &&{{!!has_part($battery-operated device): $battery}}. &&{{identical_to($battery-operated device^electrical power source): $battery}}. <-- a line-operated device" is the usual device needing house current --> {{has_subtype}} line-operated device, plug-in device, plug-in equipment[collective]. &&{{!!requires(line-operated device)}} {{has_subtype(electrical power source): electric transmission line, @P2.6.1.1.2}}. &&{{!!has_part(line-operated device)}} {{part_of(electric wire)}} {{has_subtype(electric transmission line, @P2.6.1.1.2)}} power cord. &&{{!!has_part(power cord)}} plug, electric plug. &&{{has_function(plug): be inserted[into=outlet, @P2.3.1.3.10]}}. &&{{has_part(plug)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{property_of(protuberant, @R250)}} prong[num=>1]. &&{{has_function(power cord/plug): connecting[ptnt=line-operated device + house current], @R43}}. <-- note that the above still does not fully describe how a prong fits into the receptacle. We do need more detailed visual descriptions.??? --> V. {{has_action(electrical device)}} run, operate. {{has_action(battery-operated device)}} run on batteries, operate on batteries, be battery-operated, be portable, be mobile. {{requires(line-operated device)}} be plugged in. {{caused_by(be plugged in)}} plug in. {{requires(electrical device)}} be switched on, be turned on. {{caused_by(be switched on)}} switch on, turn on. {{has_method(switch on)}} flip the switch. Adj. {{has_property(battery-operated device)}} battery-operated, battery-powered, battery, portable. {{has_subtype(battery-operated)}} mobile. {{has_property(line-operated device)}} line-operated, plug-in. <-- [[elecdev]] --> P2.3.1.3.19.1 ELECTRONIC DEVICES GENERALLY N. electronic device. {{emitted_by(electron, @P2.3.1.1.2)}} electron gun. {{part_of(electron gun)}} cathode ray tube, cathode-ray tube, CRT[acron.]. {{has_part(cathode ray tube)}} {{has_subtype(screen, @P2.3.1.3.6)}} cathode-ray tube screen, CRT screen. {{emits(cathode ray tube screen): display image, @P2.3.1.3.6}}. telecommunication device. {{has_part(telecommunication device)}} {{emitted_by(radio wave)}} transmitter, radio wave transmitter. {{has_property(transmitter)}} {{has_subtype(distance, R198)}} transmission range. {{has_function(transmitter)}} {{has_subtype(emission[ptnt=radio signal], @R297)}} radio wave transmission, transmission, radio transmission. {{emits(transmitter)}} {{has_subtype(radio wave)}} {{has_subtype(signal, M8.1.3.2.1.1)}} radio signal. {{has_function(transmitter): emit[ptnt=radio wave], @R297}}. {{has_subtype(radio wave transmission)}} television signal transmission, television transmission. {{uses(television signal transmission)}} television signal. {{has_function(receiver)}} radio wave reception, reception. {{has_method(radio wave transmission)}} AM transmission, amplitude modulation transmission; FM transmission, frequency modulation transmission. {{has_subtype(transmitter)}} {{emitted_by(television transmission)}} television transmitter; radio transmitter; radar transmitter; microwave transmitter. {{generated_by(television signal)}} {{has_subtype(camera, @R445)}} {{has_subtype(electronic device)}} television camera. {{needed_by(radio wave)}} receiver, radio wave receiver, wireless. {{has_subtype(transmitter)}} {{has_subtype(receiver)}} radar. {{has_subtype(radar)}} radar gun, radar speed meter. {{has_subtype(radar)}} {{property_of(multiplicity)}} radar screen. {{&has_location(radar)}} {{has_subtype(structure): radar dome}}. {{has_subtype(transmitter)}} AM transmitter; FM transmitter. P2.3.1.3.19.R1 COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES <-- many of these components may themselves be referred to as electrical or electronic devices, and are also part of electrical devices --> N. {{has_part(electronic device, P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} electronic device component, component. resistor; capacitor; induction coil; rectifier. electromagnet. {{conceptual_part_of(vacuum)}} vacuum tube. {{has_subtype(vacuum tube)}} diode, triode, tetrode, pentode. {{major_component_of(semiconductor)}} transistor. {{has_subtype(semiconductor)}} {{major_component_of(silicon)}} silicon-based semiconductor. {{has_subtype(semiconductor)}} germanium-based semiconductor; gallium arsenid-based semiconductor. {{has_subtype(transistor)}} NPN; PNP; field-effect transistor, FET; metal oxide field effect transistor, MOSFET. {{has_part(transmitter, @P2.3.1.3.19.1/receiver, @P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} antenna, aerial. {{has_subtype(antenna, @P2.3.1.3.19.2)}} television antenna; FM antenna; directional antenna; omnidirectional antenna; high-gain antenna; low-gain antenna; transmission tower; loop antenna; rabbit ears; shortwave antenna; whip antenna; auto antenna; mast; parabolic antenna; horn antenna, horn, horn-shaped antenna; dish, dish antenna. {{has_subtype(dish antenna)}} satellite dish. {{has_part(tape recorder)}} reading head. <-- [[furniture]] --> P2.3.1.3.20 FURNITURE N. {{contains(building)}} {{property_of(movable)}} furniture[collective], furnishings[pl], piece of furniture. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(office)}} office furniture. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(home)}} home furnishings[pl], domestic furnishings[pl], home furniture. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(factory)}} industrial furnishings. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(laboratory)}} laboratory furniture, lab furniture. {{function_of(support, R215)}} {{part_of($top surface)}} counter; table; desk; bar. &&{{has_property($top surface): flat + horizontal}}. &&{{is_a($top surface): $supporting surface, @P2.2.1.2}}. &&{{has_function($supporting surface): support[obj=solid object], R215}}. flange, corbel; trestle; shoulder; perch; horse; clotheshorse, hatrack; retable; teapoy[obs3]. easel. {{has_subtype(table)}} worktable; tea table, teacart, tea-wagon; drop-leaftable; gate-leg table; Round table; pool table, billiard table, snooker table; platen; operating table; pier table; kitchen table; dressing table, vanity; dining table, board; refectory table; console table; conference table, council table; coffee table, cocktail table; card table; breakfast table; folding table. {{has_subtype(table)}} {{has_part(church)}} altar, communion table, Lord's table. {{has_subtype(worktable)}} drafting table, drawing table; workbench, bench. {{has_subtype(desk)}} secretary, writing table, escritoire; lectern, reading desk, stand; writing desk; davenport; partner's desk. mantel, mantle piece. mat, rug, cushion. {{function_of(support[obj=person], R215, P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} footstool, hassock; tabouret[obs3]. {{function_of(support[obj=instrument], R215, P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} tripod, monopod. {{has_subtype(container)}} {{property_of(secure, @R664)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{function_of(protect[obj=valuables, @R812a])}} safe. {{has_subtype(container)}} bunker; buffet; press, clothespress; sideboard; breakfront. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(container)}} {{has_subtype(partition, @R221a)}} drawer. {{part_of(drawer)}} {{function_of(store[obj=clothing], R363)}} chest of drawers; chest on chest; till; scrutoire[obs1]. {{has_subtype(chest of drawers)}} {{has_part(leg[num=4])}} {{property_of(height[val=5-8 feet])}} highboy, tallboy. {{has_subtype(chest of drawers)}} {{has_part(leg[num=4])}} {{property_of(height[val=2-4 feet])}} {{part_of(supporting surface)}} lowboy; bureau. {{has_subtype(bureau)}} {{part_of(mirror, @R445)}} dresser. {{has_subtype(chest of drawers)}} {{property_of(height[val=2-4 feet])}} commode. {{has_subtype(dresser)}} marble-top dresser. {{has_part(marble-top dresser)}} {{has_subtype(supporting surface)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} {{constitutes(marble, @P2.3.1.1.4.1)}} {{shape_of(slab, @R251)}} marble top. {{part_of(shelf[num=>1])}} {{function_of(store[obj=book], @P1.2.3.1.3)}} bookcase. cabinet, canterbury; etagere, vargueno. {{function_of(display)}} vitrine, showcase, glass showcase. {{has_subtype(cabinet)}} filing cabinet. <-- for this classification, all chairs have legs. Otherwise it is some other kind of seat [HD] --> P2.3.1.3.20.1 SEAT N. {{function_of(support[obj=person][while=sitting, @P2.8.5.1], R215)}} seat[1]. {{has_subtype(seat[1])}} chair; form, stool; fauteuil[Fr], woolsack[obs3], ottoman, settle, squab; aparejo[obs3], faldstool[obs3], horn; throne, dais. {{&has_part}} {{part_of(fabric)}} {{property_of(soft)}} upholstery. {{!has_part}} {{!orientation_of(horizontal)}} {{adjacent_to(buttocks)}} seat[2]. {{has_part(chair)}} {{function_of(support[obj=seat[2]])}} leg, chair leg. {{has_orientation(chair leg): vertical}}. {{&has_part(seat)}} {{orientation_of(vertical)}} {{function_of(support[obj=back, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} back, backrest; chair back. {{has_subtype(seat[1])}} {{property_of(long)}} couch, lounge; settee, love seat; divan, musnud[obs3]; bench; booth. {{has_subtype(couch)}} {{property_of(upholstered)}} sofa. {{has_subtype(bench)}} window seat; stall, pew. {{has_subtype(sofa)}} {{has_subtype(bed)}} convertible, sofa bed, convertible sofa. studio couch, day bed, davenport; chaise lounge, chaise longue, chaise. {{has_subtype(chair)}} arm chair, easy chair; elbow chair, rocking chair, rocker; long chair, long sleeve chair, morris chair; wing chair; lamba chauki[obs3], lamba kursi[obs3]; folding chair; lawn chair; beach chair; swivel chair; executive chair; barber chair. {{has_subtype(chair)}} {{property_of(comfortable + padded)}} {{paction_of(tilting[of=chair back], @P2.4.2.3.16.1.4)}} reclining chair, recliner, lounger. {{has_part(recliner)}} {{function_of(support[obj=leg[num=2][of=person, P2.3.2.3], @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3])}} {{property_of(retractable)}} footrest. {{uses(child)}} high chair, highchair, feeding chair. {{has_subtype(rocking chair)}} platform rocker. {{has_subtype(seat)}} upholstered seat. {{has_part(upholsered seat)}} upholstering, upholstery. {{has_part(upholstering)}} {{constitutes(cotton/styrofoam)}} {{property_of(soft)}} padding. {{has_part(upholstering)}} {{has_subtype(fabric)}} covering. {{&has_part(upholstering)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3): spring}}. P2.3.1.3.20.2 BED N. {{function_of(support[obj=person, R372a][while=reclining, @P2.8.5.1], R215, P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} bed. {{has_subtype(bed)}} pallet, tester; cot, hammock, sack; shakedown, trucklebed[obs3], bedstead; four poster, French bed; bunk, bunk bed; kip, palang[obs3]; twin bed; single bed; double bed; queen-size bed; king-size bed; berth; trundle bed; Murphy bed; rope bed. {{has_subtype(bed)}} {{contained_in(water, R337)}} water bed. {{has_subtype(bed)}} {{uses(infant, @R129)}} crib, cradle; bassinet. {{has_part(bed)}} bedding; bichhona; mattress; paillasse[obs3]. {{&has_opart(bed): bolster}}. {{has_opart(bed)}} {{has_subtype(pillow, @P2.3.1.3.8)}} {{has_subtype(support[for=head, @R1002], R215)}} pillow, bed pillow. <-- the following category excludes food, cooking, and furniture --> P2.3.1.3.21 HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES N. household supply, household necessity. {{function_of(clean, R652a)}} cleanser. {{has_subtype(cleanser): @R652a, soap; detergent}}. {{has_subtype(cleanser)}} {{function_of(clean[ptnt=window pane, @P2.3.1.3.10.2], R652a)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} window cleaner. {{has_subtype(cleanser)}} scouring powder. {{has_subtype(detergent, @R652a)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} liquid detergent. sweeper. P2.3.1.3.21.1 Hygiene Equipment N. hygiene equipment. {{function_of(clean[ptnt=tooth, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1], @R652a)}} {{has_subtype(brush, @R652a)}} {{property_of(small, R32)}} toothbrush. {{function_of(clean[ptnt=tooth, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1], @R652a)}} {{property_of(tapering, P1.2.4.3.1.11)}} {{property_of(small, R32)}} {{has_subtype(elongated form, @R240)}} toothpick. {{function_of(clean[ptnt=tooth, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1], @R652a)}} {{has_subtype(string, @R205): @R652a, floss, dental floss}}. {{function_of(curl[ptnt=head hair, @R1002], @P2.4.2.4.4)}} curling iron. {{function_of(clean[ptnt=back, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1], @R652a)}} back brush. {{function_of(polish[ptnt=shoe, P2.3.1.3.5.4], @R255)}} shoe brush. P2.3.1.3.22 MEDICAL INSTRUMENT N. medical instrument. syringe, needle, hypodermic needle, hypodermic syringe, hypodermic. cardiograph, ECG, electrocardiograph; dialysis machine; diathermy machine; electroencephalograph, EEG; fiberscope; ophthalmoscope; orthoscope; otoscope; proctoscope; speculum; surgical instrument. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(optical instrument)}} arthroscope. {{used_for(arthroscope): examine[patient=joint^interior]}}. {{has_subtype(surgical instrument)}} dermatome; hemostat, haemostat; retractor; trepan, trephine; scalpel; bone saw. {{has_subtype(diathermy machine)}} microwave diathermy machine; shortwave diathermy machine. <-- [[arms, weapon]] Most of the parts of the original Roget entry have been distributed to the subtypes immediately below --> P2.3.1.3.23 WEAPON (R727) #727. Arms. N. {{uses(warfare, R722)}} weapon, deadly weapon, arm, arms, ordnance; armament, armaments, armature. panoply, stand of arms; armor &c. (defense) R717; apparatus belli[Lat]. rocket; congreve[obs3], congreve rocket; shrapnel, mitraille[Fr]. {{&has_location: @R636, arms room, armory}}. {{has_subtype: ship of war, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2.1}}. {{function_of(be thrown[by=hand])}} {{has_subtype(stone)}} brickbat. {{&uses(throwing)}} boomerang. <-- under lightning? Why here? levin bolt[obs3], levin; brand[obs3]; thunderbolt.--> {{function_of(impact[obj=door], R276)}} {{function_of(break[obj=door, @P2.3.1.3.10.2], @R328)}} {{property_of(heavy, @R319)}} {{shape_of(cylindrical)}} battering ram. {{function_of(hit, impact, R276)}} {{has_subtype(hand tool, P2.3.1.3.12.1.1.1)}} blunt object. <-- this entry ammunition is intended only for ammunition used by firearms. Stuff like arrows are above in the general category --> P2.3.1.3.23.1 AMMUNITION N. {{&uses_up(weapon, P2.3.1.3.22)}} ammunition, munitions, ordnance. powder and shot; cartridge; ball cartridge, cartouche, fireball. {{uses(small arm)}} {{has_subtype(cartridge)}} bullet[1]. {{has_part}} {{property_of(explosive)}} propellant. {{has_part(cartridge)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} bullet, round; shot. {{has_part(cartridge)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{function_of(hold[obj=propellant + shot])}} shell[1], casing. {{has_subtype(propellant)}} gunpowder, powder, "villainous saltpeter" [Henry IV]; guncotton. {{has_subtype: explosive, @P2.3.1.3.4.5}}. {{has_part}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{function_of(be propelled[by=firearm])}} shot, projectile. {{has_subtype(shot)}} {{has_part(bullet[1])}} {{uses_up(handgun/rifle)}} bullet[2], slug, round. {{has_subtype(shot)}} {{uses(shotgun)}} bird shot; buck shot; lead shot; steel shot. {{has_subtype(shot)}} {{uses(cannon)}} {{property_of(explosive)}} shell[2]. {{has_subtype(shot)}} {{uses_up(muzzle loading cannon)}} cannon ball, round shot; grape, grape shot, chain shot; canister shot, bar shot, cannon shot, langrel shot[obs3], langrage shot[obs3]. <-- ; trebucbet[obs3], trebucket[obs3]. ???--> {{has_subtype(shot)}} missile. {{has_subtype(bullet[2])}} {{function_of(fragment[while=impacting])}} hollow-point bullet; dumdum bullet. {{has_subtype(bullet[2])}} {{uses(muzzle loading firearm)}} ball. P2.3.1.3.23.2 SWORD N. {{has_subtype(cutting instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.4.1)}} {{function_of(cutting, P2.8.1)}} sword. saber, sabre; broadsword, cutlass, falchion[obs3]; scimitar, cimeter[obs3]. brand, whinyard, bilbo, glaive[obs3], glave[obs3], rapier; skean, skean dhu[obs3]; Toledo; Ferrara; tuck, claymore, adaga[obs3], baselard[obs3]; kris, creese[obs3]; sword-bayonet, sword-stick; blade, steel; ataghan[obs3], attaghan[obs3], yataghan[obs3]; yatacban[obs3]. good sword, trusty sword, naked sword; cold steel. {{has_subtype(knife, @P2.3.1.3.12.4.1)}} bowie knife; dagger, dirk, banger[obs3], poniard, stiletto, stylet[obs3], dudgeon, bayonet. {{has_subtype(sword)}} {{has_part(cutting edge[number = 2], @P2.3.1.3.12.4.1)}} double-edged sword, two-edged sword. ax, bill; pole-ax, battle-ax, Lochaber ax; tomahawk, hatchet. fencing sword. {{has_subtype(fencing sword)}} epee; foil. P2.3.1.3.23.3 CLUB N. {{function_of(hit, impact, R276)}} {{has_subtype(blunt object, @P2.3.1.3.23)}} {{shape_of(rod)}} {{property_of(rigid, R323)}} club. {{constitutes(wood, P2.3.1.2.4.7)}} bat; stick. {{property_of(short, R201)}} bludgeon, cudgel. truncheon, mace, staff, life preserver[coll], sprig; hand staff, quarter staff. {{has_subtype(stick)}} {{origin_of(Ireland)}} shillelah. {{has_subtype(stick)}} {{uses(policeman, @R965)}} billy, billy club, nightstick. {{property_of(small, R32)}} blackjack. sandbag, sand bag, waddy[obs3]. {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} {{may_wear(fist, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} brass knuckles, knuckle duster[coll.]. prod; cattle prod, oxgoad[obs3]. V. {{used_in(club, P2.3.1.3.23.3)}} {{has_subtype(impact, R276)}} club, bludgeon, hit. {{has_low_intensity(hit, R276)}} {{used_in(prod, P2.3.1.3.23.3)}} prod. <-- non-metallic firearms are an exception to this classification --> P2.3.1.3.23.4 FIREARM N. {{function_of(propel[obj=shot, P2.3.1.3.23.1])}} firearm, gun, weapon, piece. {{has_part}} {{shape_of(cylindrical)}} {{constitutes(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} barrel. {{has_conceptual_part(barrel)}} {{has_subtype(opening)}} bore. {{has_part(barrel)}} {{has_subtype(opening, P1.2.4.3.1.9)}} {{rel_location_of(front end)}} muzzle, business end[coll]. {{has_part(barrel)}} {{has_subtype(opening, P1.2.4.3.1.9)}} {{rel_location_of(rear end)}} breech. breech-loader. {{property_of(obsolete)}} muzzle loading firearm, muzzle-loader. {{has_subtype(muzzle loading firearm)}} {{has_subtype(cannon)}} muzzle loading cannon. V. {{has_function(firearm)}} {{has_subtype(propel, R284)}} shoot, fire, discharge. <-- [[cannon]] --> P2.3.1.3.23.4.1 CANNON N. {{function_of(propel[obj=shell, P2.3.1.3.23.9])}} cannon, artillery, ordnance, gun of position, heavy gun. howitzer, field piece; siege train, battering train; park, battery, carronade[obs3], culverin[obs3], basilisk; falconet, jingal[obs3], swivel, pederero[obs3], bouche a feu[Fr]; mitrailleur[Fr], mitrailleuse[Fr]; infernal machine; smooth bore; rifled cannon. {{property_of(antiquated/obsolete)}} muzzzle loading cannon. mortar. ten pounder. {{uses}} cannon shell, shell. {{function_of(destroy[obj=airplane])}} anti-aircraft cannon, ack-ack, AA; pom-pom, pompom[obs3]. V. {{has_function(cannon)}} shell, cannonade. <-- [[gun]] bullet is used for the whole cartridge and the propelled part --> P2.3.1.3.23.4.2 SMALL ARM N. {{function_of(propel[obj=bullet[2], @P2.3.1.3.23.1])}} small arm, small arms[pl]. {{has_function: fire; firing; shoot; shooting}}. {{uses_up: @P2.3.1.3.23.1, cartridge, bullet[1]}}. {{part_of(long barrel)}} shoulder arm, shoulder weapon. {{part_of(long barrel)}} {{used_up_by(bullet[1], @P2.3.1.3.22.1)}} rifle. {{has_subtype(barrel)}} long barrel; short barrel. {{property_of(long barrel): length[val=40-120 cm], @R200}}. {{property_of(short barrel): length[val=2-35 cm], @R200}}. fowling piece, fusil[obs3], caliver[obs3], carbine. {{property_of(antiquated/obsolete)}} {{part_of(long barrel)}} {{has_subtype(muzzle loading firearm)}} blunderbuss, musketoon[obs3], Brown Bess, matchlock, flintlock, harquebuss[obs3], arquebus, haguebut[obs3]; musket, musketry, firelock[obs3]. {{&has_part(rifle)}} {{contained_in(cartridge)}} {{has_subtype(depot, R636a)}} magazine. {{not_part_of(magazine)}} single-shot rifle. {{has_part(shoulder arm)}} {{constitutes(wood)}} stock. {{has_epart(rifle)}} bolt; chamber; firing pin; extractor. {{location_of(chamber): cartridge[at_time=firing]}}. {{has_subtype(rifle)}} automatic rifle, machine gun; semiautomatic rifle. {{has_subtype(machine gun)}} submachine gun, Tommy gun, Thompson automatic rifle; burp gun; sten gun. {{part_of(short barrel)}} {{consumed_by_by(bullet, @P2.3.1.3.22.1)}} pistol, handgun, gat[coll.], side arm, roscoe[coll], postolet[obs3]. {{has_part(pistol)}} {{function_of(grasp)}} grip, handle. {{has_subtype(pistol)}} revolver, repeater; automatic gun, automatic pistol, automatic. {{has_subtype(rifle)}} garand, "M-1", "M-1 rifle". {{has_subtype(rifle)}} carbine; petronel; small bore. {{part_of(carbine/petronel): $stock}}. &&{{has_property(stock): length[val=short], @R200}}. {{has_subtype(rifle)}} Minis rifle; Enfield rifle; Flobert rifle; Westley Richards rifle; Snider rifle; Martini-Henry rifle; Lee-Metford rifle; Lee-Enfield rifle; Mauser rifle; magazine rifle. needle gun, chassepot[obs3]; escopet[obs3], escopette[obs3], gunflint, gun-lock; hackbut[obs3]. {{has_subtype(revolver)}} shooter, shooting iron[U.S.]; six-gun, six-shooter [U.S.]; derringer. {{has_subtype(revolver)}} {{property_of(powerful)}} magnum, forty-four magnum; thirty-eight magnum. {{part_of(long barrel)}} {{used_up_by(shot, @P2.3.1.3.22.1)}} shotgun. {{uses(armed force)}} {{has_subtype(rifle)}} assault rifle. {{has_subtype(assault rifle)}} Uzzi; Kalashnikov; "AK-47". Armstrong gun[obs3], Lancaster gun; Paixhan gun; Whitworth gun; Parrott gun; Krupp gun; Gatling gun; Maxim gun. {{has_subtype(pistol)}} {{has_subtype(signal)}} Very pistol, flare gun. {{used_up_by(pellet/BB)}} air gun, airgun, pellet gun, BB gun. {{property_of(self-made/amateurish)}} zip gun. {{has_subtype(semiautomatic weapon)}} street sweeper; "Tech-9". V. {{has_function(small arm)}} shoot. P2.3.1.3.23.5 THROWING DEVICE N. {{function_of(propel, throw, R284, @P2.4.2.4)}} throwing device. catapult, sling, balister[obs3], balista[obs3], ballista[Lat.]. {{similar_to(catapult)}} trebuchet, trebucket. slingshot, sling shot. dart gun. {{studied_in: ballistics, @R284}}. battering ram &c. (impulse) R276; gunnery. {{function_of(propel[obj=arrow])}} bow. {{part_of(bow)}} {{has_subtype(weapon)}} bow and arrow. {{has_subtype(bow)}} {{property_of(long, @R200d)}} long bow. {{has_subtype(bow)}} crossbow. {{uses_up(bow)}} arrow, reed, shaft. {{uses_up(crossbow)}} bolt. P2.3.1.3.23.6 SPEAR N. spear. pike; halberd; lance; spontoon[obs3]; javelin; dart, jereed[obs3], jerid[obs3]; partisan; gisarme[obs3]; assagai, assegai[obs3]; bill. {{uses(whale hunting)}} harpoon; gaff. <-- weet-weet[obs3], eelspear[obs3], wommerah[obs3] --> P2.3.1.3.23.7 BLOW PIPE N. blow pipe, blow tube, blowgun, blowpipe, blowtube; peashooter; wind gun, air gun. Phr. en flute; nervos belli pecuniam infinitam[Lat]. P2.3.1.3.23.8 CHEMICAL WEAPON N. chemical weapon. {{property_of(gaseous)}} poison gas. mace, chemical mace. {{has_subtype(poison gas)}} mustard, mustard gas; phosgene; nerve gas; chlorine. {{has_subtype(mustard gas)}} nitrogen mustard. {{caused_by(crying)}} tear gas; lachrymator, lacrimator. <-- [[bomb]] --> P2.3.1.3.23.9 MILITARY EXPLOSIVE DEVICE N. {{part_of(explosive)}} {{uses(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} military explosive device. {{property_of(large)}} bomb. {{property_of(throwable)}} hand grenade, grenade; satchel charge. {{has_subtype(grenade)}} fragmentation grenade; phosphorus grenade; concussion grenade. petard. {{location_of(water)}} torpedo. {{has_subtype(ammunition)}} {{consumed_by(cannon/mortar/bazooka)}} shell. {{property_of(hidden)}} mine. {{has_subtype(mine)}} land mine; sea mine, torpedo[obs2]. {{has_subtype(land mine)}} bouncing Betty. {{has_subtype(sea mine)}} counter mine, magnetic counter mine. {{has_subtype(shell)}} cannon shell; mortar shell; bazooka shell. {{has_subtype(bomb)}} gravity bomb; smart bomb; delayed-action bomb; incendiary bomb. {{has_subtype(bomb)}} {{property_of(large)}} blockbuster. {{property_of(self-propelled): rocket, P2.3.1.3.23.11}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(rocket)}} warhead, payload. P2.3.1.3.23.10 NUCLEAR WEAPON N. {{has_subtype(bomb)}} {{property_of(powerful)}} nuclear weapon, nuke. {{property_of}} power, megatonnage; kilotonnage. {{has_unit(megatonnage)}} megaton; kiloton. atom bomb, atomic bomb, A-bomb, fission device. hydrogen bomb, H-bomb, thermonuclear weapon, fusion bomb. {{has_property(atom bomb): power[val=10-100 kiloton][avval=20]}}. {{{has_relative_value(megaton + kiloton): "1000"}}}. {{has_property(hydrogen bomb): power[val=1-200 megaton][avval=5 megaton]}}. neutron bomb. {{part_of}} atomic warhead, nuclear warhead. {{used_up_by(atomic warhead)}} atomic cannon. strategic nuclear weapon. tactical nuclear weapon. <-- [[rocket]] --> P2.3.1.3.23.11 ROCKET N. rocket, missile, self-propelled missile. ballistic missile; guided missile; homing missile. air-to-air missile; ground-to-air missile; surface-to-air missile, SAM; air-to-ground missile. {{has_subtype(ballistic missile)}} intercontinental ballistic missile, ICBM; intermediate range ballistic missile, IRBM; short-range missile. {{has_subtype(ballistic missile)}} {{origin_of(Germany)}} "V2", "V-2". bazooka rocket, bazooka shell. {{has_subtype(guided missile)}} buzz bomb, "V-1", robot bomb; heat-seeking missile; TOW missile; cruise missile. {{has_subtype(heat-seeking missile)}} sidewinder; redeye. P2.3.1.3.24 LIFTING DEVICE N. {{function_of(lift, P2.4.2.3.12.1, R307)}} lifting device. {{has_subtype: lever &c. R633}}. {{uses(construction)}} crane, derrick. hoist. {{part_of(rope/cable)}} windlass, capstan, winch. {[of(silt)]} dredge, dredger, dredging machine. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} elevator, lift[Brit]. {{has_subtype(elevator)}} {{has_subtype(room)}} cab, car, elevator car. {{has_function(elevator): lift[obj=person]}}. {{has_subtype(elevator)}} {{function_of(suspend[obj=cab])}} cable, hoist cable. {{has_subtype(elevator)}} {{property_of(small)}} dumbwaiter. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(staircase)}} {{property_of(moving): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, escalator}}. <-- we close the physical object section with something typically thought of as having no use at all! [[garbage]] --> P2.3.1.4 WASTE N. {{property_of(worthlessness, M9.2.4.8.1)}} waste. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(solid)}} {{has_subtype(discarded object)}} garbage, discard, trash, refuse, rubbish, discards[collective]. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(pile, @R72)}} trash pile; garbage dump. {{has_subtype(garbage dump)}} sanitary landfill. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} liquid waste. {{has_subtype(liquid waste)}} sewerage. {{property_of: feces, @P2.8.4}}. {{property_of}} {{component_of(feces, @P2.8.4)}} dunghill. {{property_of}} midden, bog, sink, laystall[obs3], colluvies[obs3], mixen[obs3]. {{uses(defecation, @R299)}} privy, jakes, latrine, toilet, john, head; cess[obs3], cesspool; sump, sough, cloaca; Cloacina; dust hole. {{has_subtype(conduit, R350)}} {{function_of(remove[obj=liquid waste])}} drain. {{has_subtype(conduit, R350)}} {{function_of(remove[obj=sewerage])}} sewer, common sewer. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(toxic): toxic waste, @R659a}}. {{part_of(toxic waste)}} toxic waste site. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(relinquishment, R782)}} {{mcauses(worthlessness[of=$object, @R3a], M9.2.4.8.1/obsolescence[2][of=$object, @R3a], @R614/uselessness[of=$object, @R3a], R645)}} discarding[of=$object, @R3a], throwing out[of=$object, @R3a], throwing away[of=$object, @R3a], disposal[of=$object, @R3a]. {{has_high_quantity(discarding)}} dumping. {{has_subtype(discarding): recycling, @R677}}. {{&location_of}} {{has_subtype(container, R191)}} {{function_of(put[ptnt=waste], @R184)}} garbage bin, waste bin. {{has_subtype(garbage bin)}} waste bucket, circular file[coll]; garbage pail, garbage can. {{has_subtype(garbage bin)}} {{property_of(large)}} dumpster. {{forms(discard[ptnt=physical object])}} discarded object, discards[pl]. {{has_subtype(discarded object)}} {{forms(jettison)}} {{property_of(solid, @R321): jetsam}}. V. {{formed_by(garbage)}} {{has_subtype(relinquish, R782)}} {{has_subtype(eject, @R297)}} {{mcauses(worthlessness[of=$object, @R3a], M9.2.4.8.1/obsolescence[2][of=$object, @R3a], @R614/uselessness[of=$object, @R3a], R645)}} discard, throw out, throw away, get rid of, heave, dispose of, chuck[colloq.], chuck out[colloq.]. cast off, turn off, cast out, cast out of doors, cast aside, cast away, pitch away, fling away, throw aside, put away, dismiss. cast to the winds, throw to the winds, sweep to the winds, scatter to the winds, cast behind; cast adrift; throw to the dogs, pitch aside, pitch to the dogs, fling aside, fling to the dogs, cast to the dogs. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(clean, R652a)}} sweep away, brush away. {{has_subtype(discard[from=boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3])}} jettison, cast overboard, heave overboard, throw overboard, fling overboard, pitch overboard. throw in the garbage, throw in the garbage bin. {{has_large_quantity(discard)}} dump. Adj. {{has_property(garbage)}} discarded, thrown out, thrown away. cast-off. <-- ============================================================= --> <-- ANIMATE OBJECTS = LIVING OBJECTS. much of the animate section was simply reorganized from Roget without a serious attempt at supplementation. We will try to use the NLM thesaurus for this section and the medical section. For this classification, an animate organic object will be either a living thing (organism) itself, or some part of it (tissue, cell) which exhibits properties of life --> <-- [[animate]] (excludes robots & aliens) (except sensation, R382-389, R402-405, R420-427 R445 optical instr., R417 Musical Instr.) R359. Life, R360 death, and R361 killing --> P2.3.2 ANIMATE ORGANIC OBJECTS (R357 TO R449) N. {{property_of(life)}} animate organic object. <-- R358, inorganization moved to P2.3.1.1.1 NATURAL OBJECTS GENERALLY -[[organism]] --> <-- ( VITALITY In General ) 357. Organization. 358. Inorganization 362. Corpse 363. Interment 654. Health 655 Disease 656. Salubrity 657. Insalubrity There should be a separate entry for "cell" --> P2.3.2.1 ORGANISM (R357 TO R371) #357. Organism. N. organism, living thing, form of life, living being, living organic object, living organism. {{member_of}} life, organized world, organic world, organized nature; living nature, animated nature, organization. {{constitutes}} biomass. {{studied_in: biology; natural history}}. {{exhibits: behavior, R692}}. {{has_process: biological function, P2.6.4.1}}. {{has_process: reproduction, P2.6.4.1.1.2.1}}. {{&has_part: @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, sex organ, reproductive structure}}. eukaryote; prokaryote. {{has_subtype(organism)}} lower organism; higher organism. {{has_conceptual_part: structure &c. R329}}. {{has_subtype: animal[1], P2.3.2.1.1; plant, R367, P2.3.2.1.2; microbe, P2.3.2.5}}. {{property_of(minute)}} {{location_of(surface[of=water, R337], R220)}} neuston[pl]. {{has_developmental_form: @R362, corpse, remains, organic remains, fossil}}. {{has_part(higher organism): tissue; organ}}. {{has_part: cell, P2.3.2.2.2}}. {{has_part(higher organism): eukaryotic cell}}. {{has_part(higher organism)}} {{has_subtype(frame[1], @R240)}} skeleton. {{has_subtype(biology): zoology &c. R368; botany, R369; microbiology, @P2.3.2.5}}. {{has_conceptual_part(zoology/medicine): @P2.3.2.2.1.1, anatomy, physiology}}. {{has_conceptual_part(biology): physiology, P2.6.4.5.2}}. {{job_of(natural history): naturalist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1}}. {{has_conceptual_part(physiology): organic chemistry}}. {{has_subtype(cell): gamete, gametangium[obs3], germ cell, germinal matter}}. {{has_subtype(germ cell): spermatozoon, sperm, spermary[obs3]; ovum}}. {{has_subtype(organism)}} {{has_subtype(mixture)}} zygote, merozygote, hybrid. lichen. {{has_member(lichen): alga, @P2.3.2.1.3.3; fungus, P2.3.2.1.3.2}}. {{has_part(lichen)}} thallus; rhizoid. <-- archegenesis[obs3] &c. (production) R161; antherozoid[obs3], bioplasm[obs3], biotaxy[obs3], , dysmeromorph[obs3]. , trophoplasm[obs3], vertebration[obs3], zoogloea[obs3]. --> Adj. organic, organized. cellular. eukaryotic; prokaryotic. {{has_subtype(cellular)}} protoplasmic, cytoplasmic; vacuolar; nuclear; nucleolar; chromosomal. <-- karyoplasmic[obs3], unsegmentic[obs3], , zoogloeic[obs3], zoogloeoid[obs3]. --> <-- [[corpse]] --> <-- 364. Animality 366. Animal 368. Zoology 370. Cicuration (365,367,369 to P2.3.2.1.2 Plants) --> <-- reference R372 mankind, R373 man, R374 woman under b. humans generally inhabitant, R188 abode R189 many of R188 words to HROLE category, except those that refer to animals too. Cross-referece specifically human abodes under shelter (POSHELT) (manufactured objects) Shellfishes (symb. ANSHELL) Snakes (symb. ANSNAKE) Other reptiles (symb. ANREPT) c. Humans (symb. ANHUM) Ref. P2.3.2.3 --> <-- [[animal]] --> P2.3.2.1.1 ANIMAL (R366) #366. Animal. N. {{property_of(animality, R364)}} {{has_subtype(living thing)}} animal[1]; fauna. {{has_subtype_x: human, P2.3.2.3; non-human animal}}. {{synonym_of(non-human animal)}} {{property_of(non-human)}} beast, brute creation, animal[2], brute, creature, critter [US dialect], wight, created being, dumb animal, dumb creature, zoophyte. {{has_subtype(beast)}} creeping thing. {{member_of(beast)}} animal life. {{topic_of(animal life)}} bestiary. {{member_of}} animal kingdom. {{&member_of}} {{member_of(elephant/cow/bull/bison)}} herd. {{has_subtype}} {{habitat_of(land, R342)}} land animal. {{contrast_to(land animal)}} {{habitat_of(body of water)}} aquatic animal. {{has_subtype(aquatic animal): fish, P2.3.2.1.1.1.3; aquatic mammal}}. {{contrast_to(land animal): bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2}}. {{has_subtype}} egg-laying animal. <-- we need to say that an "egg-laying animal" lays an egg only if it is mature and female. We don't yet have such contingency specifications --> {{has_subtype(egg-laying animal)}} {{property_of(female)}} {{property_of(mature)}} mature female egg-laying animal. {{produces(mature female egg-laying animal): egg[2]}}. {{has_subtype(egg-laying animal): egg-laying mammal, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.2}}. {{&has_part}} {{has_requirement(flying, @R264)}} wing. {{&has_property}} {{has_subtype(difference, R15)}} dimorphism, sexual dimorphism. {{has_subtype}} chordate. {{&has_part(animal[1], R366): nervous system}}. {{has_subtype(non-human animal)}} {{property_of(wild, @R359)}} wild animal, wildlife[plur]. {{has_subtype(wild animal)}} {{has_patient(hunting, @R622): game animal, @R622}}. {{has_subtype(non-human animal)}} {{property_of(controlled[by=person, P2.3.2.3], @R751)}} captive animal, animal in captivity. {{has_subtype(captive animal)}} {{property_of(tame)}} zoo animal; experimental animal; circus animal; working animal. {{has_subtype(captive animal): domestic animal, P2.3.2.1.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(domestic animal): @P2.3.2.1.1.3, pet animal, farm animal, show animal}}. {{&has_location(farm animal): farm; feed lot}}. {{has_subtype(farm animal)}} food animal, livestock[pl]; draft animal. {{has_subtype(working animal): draft animal; circus animal}}. {{has_subtype(working animal): beast of burden, P2.3.2.2.1.1, R271}}. {{has_subtype}} male animal, male. {{!!has_property(male animal)}} maleness. {{has_subtype}} female animal, female. {{has_property(female animal)}} femaleness. {{exhibits(female animal): bear[obj=young, @R366], @R163}}. {{exhibits(male animal): impregnate[obj=female animal], @R163}}. {{has_subtype}} {{produced_by(venom, @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} venomous animal. {{has_subtype(chordate): vertebrate, P2.3.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(chordate)}} lancet; tunicate. {{has_subtype: invertebrate, P2.3.2.1.1.2}}. {{alternative_to(invertebrate): vertebrate, P2.3.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(vertebrate, P2.3.2.1.1.1): mammal; bird; reptile; amphibian; fish}}. {{has_subtype(invertebrate, P2.3.2.1.1.2): crustacean, shellfish, mollusk; worm; insect; arthropod}}. {{property_of(smallness/microscopic): microbe, animalcule &c. R193}}. {{has_subtype(fish)}} trout, bass, tuna, muskelunge, sailfish, sardine, mackerel. [classification by number of feet] biped; quadruped; centipede, millipede. [plural] game, ferae naturae[Lat]; beasts of the field; fowls of the air; denizens of the sea. {{has_subtype(mammal)}} {{property_of(grazing)}} cattle, kine[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cattle)}} ox; bull, bullock; cow; diary cow, milch cow; calf, heifer; shorthorn; longhorn. {{has_subtype(male animal)}} {{property_of(neutered)}} {{not_part_of(testicle): capon; ox; gelding; steer, stot[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype(pet animal)}} dog; cat, feline, puss, pussy, pussy cat. {{has_subtype(dog)}} hound; whelp, cur, mongrel; house dog; watch dog; sheep dog, shepherd's dog; sporting dog; fancy dog; lap dog, toy dog; bull dog, bulldog; badger dog; mastiff; blood hound; grey hound, greyhaound; stag hound; deer hound; fox hound; otter hound; harrier; beagle; spaniel; pointer; setter; retriever; Newfoundland; water dog, water spaniel; pug; poodle; turnspit; terrier; fox terrier; Skye terrier; Dandie Dinmont; collie. {{has_subtype(dog)}} {{exhibited_by(fighting)}} fighting dog. {{has_subtype(fighting dog)}} pit bull. {{has_developmental_form(dog)}} {{property_of(young): pup, puppy}}. {{&member_of(dog)}} {{uses(police, @R965/army, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} canine corps, "K-9 corps". {{has_subtype(cat)}} grimalkin[obs3]; gib cat, tom cat. {{property_of(undesirable)}} pest, vermin, varmint[Western US]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(young, R127)}} young animal, young[pl]. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(fowl)]} nestling, chicken, pullet. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {{has_developmental_form(insect)}} egg; larva; chrysalis; pupa; nymph, nympha[obs3]. {{has_subtype(larva)}} {[of(butterfly/moth)]} caterpillar. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(frog)]} tadpole. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} whelp. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} cub. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(cow/bison/elephant/whale)]} calf. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(horse)]} colt; foal. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(dog/seal/rat)]} pup, puppy. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(cat)]} kitten. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(sheep)]} lamb, lambkin[obs3]. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} {[of(fish)]} fry; codlin, codling; smolt. {{has_subtype(young animal)}} aurelia[obs3], cocoon, orphan, staddle[obs3]. Adj. animal, zoological. {{!!has_property(male animal)}} male. {{!!has_property(female animal)}} female. {{!!has_property(non-human)}} bestial. {[referring_to(horse)]} equine. {[referring_to(cow)]} bovine. vaccine. {[referring_to(dog/wolf/canid/fox)]} canine, "K-9"[abbr.], "K9"[abbr]. {[referring_to(fox)]} foxy. {[referring_to(cat)]} feline. {[referring_to(fish)]} fishy, piscatory[obs3], piscatorial. {[referring_to(mollusc)]} molluscous[obs3]. {[referring_to(worm)]} vermicular. {[referring_to(fowl)]} gallinaceous. rasorial[obs3], solidungulate[obs3], soliped[obs3]. P2.3.2.1.1.1 Vertebrate N. vertebrate, animal with a backbone. P2.3.2.1.1.1.1 Amphibian N. amphibian. frog; toad. {{has_subtype(frog)}} tree frog; bullfrog; leopard frog; green frog; spring frog. {{has_subtype(toad)}} midwife toad; Surinam toad; South African clawed toad. salamander. {{has_subtype(salamander)}} newt. {{has_subtype(newt)}} eft. <-- [[bird]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.2 Bird N. {{part_of(feather)}} {{part_of(wing)}} {{&exhibited_by(flight)}} {{has_subtype(egg-laying animal)}} bird, avis[Lat.], feathered friend. black game, black grouse; blackcock[obs3], grouse, plover, rail, snipe. {{member_of}} flock; aves, feathered tribes. {{has_subtype(bird)}} feathered songster; singing bird, dicky bird; warbler; aberdevine[obs3], cushat[obs3], ringdove[obs3], siskin, wood pigeon. game bird. {{exhibited_by(eat[obj=seed])}} seed-eater. {{exhibited_by(eat[obj=insect])}} insect-eater, insectivore. {{exhibited_by(eat[obj=bird, P2.3.2.1.1.2/animal[1], R366])}} raptor, bird of prey. {{has_subtype(mature female egg-laying animal)}} {{has_subtype(bird)}} {{property_of(mature + female)}} mature female bird. {{has_subtype(bird of prey)}} owl; eagle; hawk; buzzard, vulture. {{has_subtype(hawk)}} kestrel; chicken hawk; nighthawk; pigeon hawk; gyrfalcon; harrier, harrier hawk; falcon; fish hawk, osprey; caracara. {{has_subtype(vulture)}} black vulture; turkey vulture; condor. {{has_subtype(condor)}} California condor; Andes condor. {{has_subtype(eagle)}} golden eagle; bald eagle; martial eagle. {{has_subtype(domestic animal)}} {{derived_from(food)}} poultry. swan. {{has_developmental_form(swan)}} {{property_of(young)}} cygnet. albatross; anhinga; auk; avocet; barbet; bee-eater; bird of paradise; bittern; blackbird; blackcap chickadee, blackcap; bluebird; blue jay; bobolink; bobwhite; booby; bowerbird; bullfinch; bunting; bushtit; bustard; butcher bird, butcherbird; canary; caracara; cardinal, cardinal bird; cassowary; catbird; cattle egret; cedar waxwing; chat; chimney swift; chipping sparrow; cliff swallow; cackatiel; cockatoo; cormorant; coot; cowbird; crake; crane; creeper; crossbill; crow; cuckoo; curlew; darter[Anhinga melanogaster]; dotterel; egret; finch; firetail; flamingo; flicker; flycatcher; friarbird; frigate bird, frigatebird; fulmar; gallinule; gannet; gnatcatcher; godwit; goldfinch; goshawk; grackle; grebe; grosbeak; guillemot; gull, seagull; hermit thrush; heron; honeyeater; honey creeper; hornbill; house finch; purple finch; hummingbird; ibis; indigo bunting; jacana, lotusbird; jackdaw; jaeger; jay, bluejay; junco, snowbird; kea; killdeer; kingbird; kingfisher; kite; kittiwake; kookaburra; lapwing; lark; loon; lovebird; lyrebird; macaw; magpie; mannikin; marabou, marabou stork; martin; meadow lark; miner; moa; mockingbird; monarch; mute swan; myna, mynah; night heron; nightingale; nuthatch; origma, rock warbler; oriole; ouzel, water ouzel; oystercatcher; parakeet; lorikeet; pardalote; parrot; pelican; peregrine falcon; petrel; phalarope; phoebe; pipit; pitta; plover; pratincole; prion; puffin; purple martin; quetzal; rail; raven; razorbill; red-headed woodpecker; red-bellied woodpecker; redpoll; riflebird; ringdove; roadrunner; robin; rook; rosella; sanderling; sandpiper; scarlet tanager; sea duck; secretary bird; shearwater; shoebill; shrike; skua; snipe; snow bunting; song sparrow; spinebill; spoonbill, roseate spoonbill; starling; stint; stilt; stork; sunbird; swallow; swift; tanager; tern; thrasher; thrush; tit; titmouse; tufted titmouse; toucan; towhee; treecreeper; trumpeter swan; turtledove; veery; vireo; warbler; waxwing; weaverbird; whippoorwill; whistler; whiteface; woodcock; woodpecker; wren; wydah; zebra finch; yellowthroat. {{has_subtype(macaw)}} scarlet macaw. {{has_subtype(flicker)}} {{has_subtype(woodpecker)}} yellow-shafted flicker, yellowhammer. {{origin_of(Australia)}} figbird [Sphecotheres viridis]; currawong; Australian raven [Corvus coronoides]. {{has_subtype(owl)}} barn owl; hoot owl, horned owl, great horned owl; screech owl. {{has_subtype(dove)}} mourning dove. {{has_subtype(crane)}} sarus crane [Grus antigone]; brolga [Grus rubicundus]. {{has_subtype(penguin)}} king penguin; royal penguin; little penguin; Adelie penguin. {{property_of(extinct)}} dodo; passenger pigeon. {{property_of(extinct + prehistoric)}} Archaeopteryx. {{has_subtype(flightless bird)}} {{not_exhibited_by(flight)}} rhea; kiwi; emu; penguin; ostrich. {{has_subtype(woodpecker)}} sapsucker, yellow-bellied sapsucker. <-- [[fowl]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.2.1 fowl N. fowl, volaille. {{has_subtype(fowl)}} {{order_of(galliniformes)}} gallinaceous bird. {{has_subtype(gallinaceous bird): pheasant; turkey; grouse; chicken; partridge}}. {{has_subtype(fowl)}} {{derived_from(food)}} domestic fowl, poultry. {{has_subtype(domestic fowl)}} chicken, poulet [Gallus gallus]; duck; goose; turkey [Meleagris gallopavo]. guinea fowl, guinea hen; peafowl. {{order_of(Columbiformes)}} {{family_of(Columbidae)}} dove; pigeon. {{has_subtype(pigeon)}} {{property_of(young)}} squab. Cornish hen, Rock Cornish hen. {{has_subtype(duck)}} domestic duck, barnyard duck; wild duck. {{has_subtype(wild duck)}} mallard; wood duck; eider, eider duck; merganser; teal, teal duck. {{has_subtype(fowl)}} {{has_subtype(game bird)}} partridge; pheasant; quail; ptarmigan. {{has_subtype(fowl)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} cock. {{has_subtype(fowl)}} {{property_of(female)}} hen. {{has_subtype(chicken)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} rooster, cock of the roost, chanticleer. {{has_subtype(turkey)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} turkey cock, gobbler, tom, tom turkey. {{has_subtype(chicken)}} bantam; chick; Rhode Island red; Dominique, Dominick; Orpington. {{has_subtype(hen)}} layer. dunghill cock, barn door fowl; partlet[obs3]. {{has_subtype(chicken)}} {{property_of(young)}} pullet. {{has_subtype(goose)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} gander. {{has_subtype(peafowl)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} peacock. {{has_subtype(peafowl)}} {{property_of(female)}} peahen. {{has_subtype(partridge)}} ruffed grouse, quail, bobwhite. {{has_subtype(goose)}} {{has_subtype(wild animal)}} Canada goose. {{has_subtype(chicken)}} {{has_subtype(food, R298): @P2.3.2.1.1.1.2.1, broiler; fryer, pullet; roaster; capon; stewing chicken}}. {{has_subtype(roaster)}} oven stuffer, oven stuffer roaster. {{has_subtype(turkey)}} {{has_subtype(trade name)}} Butterball. <-- see also the files in d:\wordnet4\fish, from the Wordnet classification [[fish]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.3 Fish N. fish. game fish; food fish; rough fish. {{part_of(bone)}} bony fish. {{not_part_of(bone)}} cartilaginous fish, chondrichthian. {{has_class(cartilaginous fish)}} Chondrichthyes. jawless fish. {{has_subtype(jawless fish)}} cyclostome. {{property_of(adherence, R327)}} remora. {{has_subtype(food fish): anchovy; eel; mullet; schrod, scrod; haddock; hake; trout; salmon; shad; smelt; tuna; sardine; flounder; fluke; mackerel; catfish}}. {{has_subtype(game fish): trout; salmon; bass; bluefish; muskellunge; sailfish}}. tuna; barracuda; bass; blue fish; trout; bullhead; carp; catfish; cod, codfish; darter; devilfish; flounder, flatfish; fluke; lungfish; sailfish; herring; loach; mackerel; mudfish; pike; piranha; hake; halibut; grouper; sardine; porgy; salmon; sturgeon; beluga; sunfish; tarpon; walleye, walleye pike; whitefish; sawfish; muskellunge; perch; pickerel. angle fish; goldfish; gourami; tetra; goby; puffer. {{has_subtype(cartilaginous fish)}} {{property_of(cartilaginous)}} shark; manta, manta ray. eel. {{has_subtype(shark)}} hammerhead shark; grey nurse shark; great white shark; spiny dogfish shark; thresher shark; make shark; blue shark; whale shark. {{has_subtype(eel)}} electric eel. lamprey. P2.3.2.1.1.1.4 Reptile N. reptile, reptilian. {{has_part}} scale, reptilian scale. {{has_location(reptilian scale): surface}}. {{has_main_component(reptilian scale): keratin}}. crocodilian; snake, serpent; turtle; lizard. {{has_subtype(crocodilian)}} alligator; crocodile; gavial; cayman. {{has_subtype(snake)}} {{property_of(venomous)}} viper; asp, aspick[obs3]; adder. {{property_of(extinct)}} saurian; dinosaur. {{has_subtype(snake)}} {{property_of(venomous)}} {{part_of($rattle)}} rattlesnake, rattler. &&{{has_location($rattle): tail}}. {{has_subtype(snake)}} {{property_of(venomous)}} cobra; copperhead; water moccassin, cotttonmouth, cottonmouth water moccassin; mamba; krait. basilisk; gila monster; chameleon; gecko. {{has_subtype(snake)}} {{exhibited_by(squeeze[obj=prey])}} constrictor, boa. {{has_subtype(constrictor)}} boa constrictor; anaconda; python. {{has_subtype(rattlesnake)}} diamondback, diamondback rattlesnake; sidewinder. {{has_subtype(snake)}} garter snake; black snake; king snake; hog-nose snake; horned viper; milk snake; puff adder; water snake. <-- Wherever we are not certain of the systematic biological class of a mammal, it is included in the main section. Eventually, these should be moved to their true biological class. Note that "mammary gland" is only attributed to female mammal. We mean a functioning mammary gland. [[mammal]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.5 Mammal N. {{has_part(hair)}} mammal. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(female)}} female mammal. {{has_part(female mammal): mammary gland, @P2.3.2.2.3.2}}. {{has_subtype: human, P2.3.2.3}}. {{has_subtype}} {{habitat_of(body of water)}} marine mammal. {{has_subtype(marine mammal): cetacean, P2.3.1.1.1.5.4.1; sirenian, P2.3.1.1.1.5.4.2}}. {{has_subtype(wild animal)}}{{has_subtype(mammal)}} anteater; agouti; alpaca; burro; bush baby; caracal; chamois; badger; bandicoot; dingo; sambar[obs3]; yak, zebu; panda. pig, swine, boar, hog, sow; tag, teg[obs3]. {{has_subtype(mammal)}} {{property_of(grazing): ungulate, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6}}. llama; mink; sable. {{has_subtype(panda)}} {{property_of(large)}} giant panda. {{has_subtype(wild pig)}} {{origin_of(Indonesia)}} babirusa. {{has_subtype(buffalo)}} cape buffalo; water buffalo. {{has_subtype(wild ox)}} {{origin_of(Southeast Asia)}} banteng. {{has_subtype(anteater): echidna, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.2}}. {{has_subtype: carnivore, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.1}}. {{has_subtype: egg-laying mammal, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.2}}. {{has_subtype: marsupial mammal, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.3}}. {{has_subtype: aquatic mammal, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.4}}. {{has_subtype: rodent, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.4}}. {{has_subtype: ungulate, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6}}. {{has_subtype: pachyderm, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.7}}. {{has_subtype: primate, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.8}}. {{property_of(flying)}} bat. {{has_order(bat)}} Chiroptera. {{not_part_of(tooth, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1)}} edentate. {{has_order(edentate)}} edentata. {{has_subtype(edentate)}} armadillo; sloth; anteater. {{has_subtype(sloth)}} {{property_of(large)}} giant ground sloth. {{has_subtype(sloth)}} two-toed sloth, unau; three-toed sloth. {{has_subtype(anteater)}} aardvark, antbear; pangolin. <-- in the following, the relation "function_of" is used for riding horses, although it is usually used for artifacts. The function is "traveling", i.e. the transportation of people. --> <-- [[carnivore]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.1 Carnivore N. {{exhibited_by(eats[obj=meat, P2.3.1.3.2.3])}} carnivore. <-- not all carnivores hunt -- some are scavengers. --> {{&exhibits: hunting, @R622}}. canid. {{has_family(canid)}} Canidae. {{has_subtype(canid)}} fox, Reynard, vixen[female]; coyote. {{has_subtype(canid): dog; wolf}}. {{has_subtype(canid)}} {{origin_of(Africa)}} jackal. hyena. coon, raccoon. {{similar_to(raccoon)}} {{origin_of(America)}} kinkajou. bear, ursine. {{has_family(bear)}} Ursidae. {{has_subtype(bear)}} brown bear[Ursus arctos]; black bear. {{has_subtype(brown bear)}} grizzly bear[Ursus arctos horribilis], grizzly. {{has_subtype(bear)}} polar bear. {{has_subtype(brown bear)}} {{location_of(Kodiak Island)}} Kodiak bear. {{has_property(polar bear): color[val=white]}}. {{origin_of(tropical America)}} {{similar_to(raccoon)}} coati. wolverine, glutton. ringtail, civet cat. viverid. {{has_family(viverid)}} Viveridae. {{has_subtype(viverid)}} civet; genet; mongoose. weasel. {{similar_to(weasel)}} fisher; marten. {{has_subtype(weasel)}} ermine; polecat; skunk. {{has_property(skunk): color[val=black+white]}}. {{produces(skunk)}} skunk scent. {{has_part(skunk): $scent gland}}. &&{{has_function($scent gland): secrete[obj=skunk scent]}}. {{has_property(skunk scent): stench, R401}}. {{has_subtype(polecat)}} ferret. {{has_subtype: raptor, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.2}}. Adj. {{has_property(carnivore)}} carnivorous. raptorial. viverid. <-- [[cat]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.1.1 Feline N. feline, cat. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(large)}} big cat [informal]. {{has_part: @P2.3.2.2.3.2, coat, fur}}. {{has_subtype(wild animal)}} lion [Panthera leo]; tiger; panther; leopard; catamount, mountain cat; wildcat[Felis sylvestris]; serval, serval cat[Felis serval]. {{member_of(lion)}} pride. {{origin_of(Central America+South America)}} {{similar_to(ocelot)}} margay [Felis wiedii]. {{origin_of(Africa)}} {{property_of(swift)}} cheetah [Acinonyx jubatus]. {{has_part(serval): $coat, @P2.3.2.2.3.2}}. &&{{has_property($coat): color[val=tawny + black-spotted]}}. {{has_subtype(catamount)}} lynx; bobcat. {{has_subtype(domestic animal)}} cat, house cat. {{has_subtype(leopard)}} {{origin_of(central Asia)}} snow leopard, ounce [Panthera uncia]. civet cat; ocelot. jaguar; mountain lion, puma, cougar [Felis concolor]. {{property_of(long-legged + color[val=reddish-brown] + nocturnal)}} caracal[Felis caracal, Lynx caracal]. {{has_subtype(cat): pet cat, @P2.3.2.1.1.3}}. Adj. feline, cat-like, catty. P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.2 Egg-laying mammal N. {{exhibited_by(lay[obj=egg])}} egg-laying mammal, monotreme. platypus, duckbilled platypus, duckbill[Ornithorhyncus anatinus]. {{origin_of(Australia/Tasmania/New Guinea)}} echidna, spiny anteater[Tachyglossus aculeatus]. Adj. {{has_property: oviparous}}. P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.3 Marsupial mammal N. {{part_of(pouch)}} marsupial mammal, marsupial. kangaroo; wallaby; wallaroo. opossum, possum. koala, koala bear. Tasmanian devil; Tasmanian wolf. wombat; phalanger. {{has_family(wombat)}} Vombatidae. Adj. marsupial. P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.4 Aquatic mammal N. {{habitat_of(body of water, P2.3.1.1.6.1)}} aquatic mammal. {{has_subtype(carnivore, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.1)}} {{habitat_of(ocean)}} {{exhibited_by(eats[obj=mollusk])}} walrus. {{has_subtype(carnivore, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.1)}} {{EXHIBITED_by(eats[obj=fish])}} seal; sea lion. P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.4.1 Cetacean N. cetacean. {{has_order(cetecean)}} Cetacea. {{habitat_of(ocean)}} whale. {{part_of(tooth, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1)}} dolphin; porpoise. {{has_subtype(whale)}} cachalot, sperm whale; blue whale; right whale; humpback whale; narwhal; beluga, white whale [Delphinapterus leucas]; killer whale. Adj. cetacean. P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.4.2 Sirenian N. sirenian. {{has_order(sirenian)}} Sirenia. {{property_of(herbivorous)}} manatee; dugong, sea cow. <-- {{exhibited_by(eats[obj=plant, R367, P2.3.2.1.2])}} --> <-- [[rodent]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.5 Rodent N. rodent. {{has_order(rodent)}} Rodentia. rat; mouse; squirrel; hamster. {{has_subtype(squirrel)}} gray squirrel; ground squirrel; flying squirrel; red squirrel; chickaree. {{has_subtype(rat)}} wharf rat, Norwegian wharf rat [Rattus norvegicus]. {{has_subtype}} {{&uses(research)}} {{not_part_of(tail)}} guinea pig[Cavia porcellus]. vole; muskrat; lemming; jerboa. {{has_part(jerboa): $tail}}. &&{{has_property($tail): long}}. {{has_subtype(mouse)}} house mouse; field mouse. {{has_subtype(field mouse)}} wood mouse; pine mouse; deer mouse; kangaroo rat, kangaroo mouse; jumping mouse; meadow mouse. {{has_subtype(hamster)}} Syrian hamster, golden hamster [Mesocricetus auratus]. groundhog, woodchuck; chipmunk; gopher, pocket gopher; prairie dog. {{similar_to(woodchuck)}} marmot. {{has_family(gopher)}} Geomyidae. beaver. gerbil. {{has_subtype(gerbil)}} {{origin_of(Mongolia/China)}} Mongolian gerbil [Meriones unguiculatis]. {{origin_of(South America)}} chinchilla. {{origin_of(South America)}} {{property_of(short-haired)}} cavy. {{part_of($bristle)}} {{property_of(large)}} porcupine. &&{{has_property($bristle): sharp + erectile}}. <-- [[ungulate]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6 Ungulate N. {{part_of(hoof)}} ungulate. {{part_of(toe[num=even])}} ruminant. {{has_subtype(ruminant)}} cow; sheep; bison; camel; goat; camelopard, giraffe; moose; antelope. {{has_subtype(sheep)}} lamb, lambkin[obs3]; ewe; ram, tup. {{has_subtype(sheep)}} merino. {{property_of(small)}} hyrax; rock hyrax. {{has_subtype(antelope)}} {{origin_of(Africa/Asia)}} gazelle. {{has_subtype(antelope)}} {{origin_of(North America)}} pronghorn altelope, pronghorn. {{has_subtype(sheep)}} bighorn sheep. {{has_subtype(sheep)}} {{origin_of(Uzbekistan)}} karakul. deer. {{has_subtype(ungulate)}} {{property_of(grazing)}} bison, buffalo; aurochs, wisent. {{has_family(deer)}} Cervidae. {{has_subtype(deer)}} stag, hart, buck, doe, roe; caribou, reindeer; elk; moose. {{has_subtype(deer)}} mule deer; Virginia deer, white-tailed deer[Odocoileus virginianus]; musk deer; fallow deer [Cervus dama]; Javan rusa [Cervus timoriensis russa]. {{has_part(deer)}} {{location_of(head)}} antler[num=2]. {{has_property(antler): deciduous}}. {{part_of(toe[num=odd])}} horse; zebra. {{has_subtype(pachyderm, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.7)}} rhinoceros. {{has_subtype(camel)}} Bactrian camel; dromedary. {{has_part(Bactrian camel): hump[num=2]}}. {{has_part(dromedary): hump[num=1]}}. musk ox, musk-ox; wild ox. {{has_subtype(wild ox)}} {{origin_of(India/Southeast Asia)}} gaur. {{origin_of(Africa)}} springbok; oryx; hartebeeste; wildebeest, gnu; blck wildebeest, white-tailed gnu; waterbuck, defassa, common waterbuck [Kobus ellipsiprymnus]; kob, puku; lechwe; vaal rhebok; reedbuck; ibex; okapi; impala; duiker; topi, sassaby, korrigum, tiang, hirola, Hunter's antelope[Damaliscus lunatus]. {{has_subtype(reedbuck)}} mountain reedbuck; bohor reedbuck; common reedbuck. {{has_subtype(antelope)}} {{property_of(small)}} dik-dik; royal antelope; suni. {{has_subtype(antelope)}}{{origin_of(Africa)}} steenbok, steinbok [Raphicerus campestris]; grysbok; oribi; beira; klippspringer; bushbuck; addax; bluebuck; roan antelope. {{has_subtype(bushbuck)}} nyala; sitatunga; lesser kudu; greater kudu; koodoo, kudu; eland. {{has_subtype(oryx)}} {{origin_of(southern Africa)}} gemsbok [Oryx gazella]. {{has_subtype(gazelle)}} {{origin_of(Africa)}} Thomson's gazelle, tommy[Gazella thomsoni]; Grant's gazelle [Gazella granti]; edmi, Cuvier's gazelle [Gazella gazella]; rhim, Loder's gazelle [Gazella leptoceros]; dibatag, Clarke's gazelle; gerenuk, Waller's gazelle. {{has_subtype(gazelle)}} {{origin_of(Ethiopia/Somalia)}} Speke's gazelle [Gazella spekei]. {{has_subtype(gazelle)}} {{origin_of(North Africa/Middle East)}} Dorcas gazelle [Gazella Dorcas]. swine. {{has_family(swine)}} Suidae. {{has_subtype(swine)}} wild pig, boar. {{has_subtype(swine)}} {{origin_of(Africa)}} wild boar[Sus scrofa]; wart hog [Phacochoerus aethiopicus]; giant forest hog; bush pig, red river hog. {{property_of(young)}} {{has_developmental_form(swine)}} pig. {{has_subtype(ass, @P2.3.2.1.1.3.2)}} {{origin_of(Asia)}} onager; kiang. Adj. ungulate, hooved. {{has_property(horse)}} equine, horsey, horselike, hippic. {{has_property(donkey)}} asinine; mulish. {{has_property(swine)}} porcine; piggish. <-- [[elephant] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.7 Pachyderm N. pachyderm. {{has_part(pachyderm): $skin, @R1002}}. &&{{has_property($skin): thick, @R202a}}. elephant. {{property_of(extinct)}} mammoth, wooly mammoth; mastadon. {{has_order(elephant)}} Proboscidae. {{origin_of(Africa)}} {{has_subtype(elephant)}} African elephant [elephas maximus]. {{has_subtype(ungulate, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6)}} hippopotamus. {{has_subtype(hippopotamus)}} hippopotamus[Hippopotamus amphibius]; pigmy hippopotamus [Choeropsis liberiensis]. <-- [[primate]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.8 PRIMATE N. Primate. monkey; ape; baboon; prosimian. {{has_subtype: man, P2.3.2.3}}. potto. {{has_subtype(prosimian)}} loris; galago, bushbaby; slow loris. {{has_subtype(prosimian)}}{{origin_of(Madagascar)}} lemur; aye-aye [Daubentonia madagascariensis]. {{has_subtype(prosimian)}}{{origin_of(Madagascar)}} {{part_of($tail)}} indri. &&{{has_property($tail): rudimentary, stubby, very short}}. {{has_subtype(lemur)}} black lemur; red-bellied lemur; mongoose lemur; ruffed lemur; ring-tailed lemur; weasel lemur; grey gentle lemur; broad-nosed gentle lemur; lesser mouse-lemur; coquerel's mouse lemur; greater dwarf lemur; fat-tailed dwarf lemur; hairy-eared dwarf lemur; fork-crowned dwarf lemur. {{has_subtype(indri)}} avahi[Avahi laniger]. {{has_genus(baboon)}} Papio. {{has_subtype(baboon)}} baboon[Papio cynocephalus]; hamadryas [Papio hamadryas]; drill [Papio leucophaeus, Mandrillus leucophaeus]; mandrill [Papio sphinx, Mandrillus sphinx]. {{has_subtype(baboon)}} {{origin_of(Ethiopia)}} gelada, gelada baboon [Papio gelada]. {{former_name_of(Papio gelada)}} Theropithecus gelada. {{has_subtype(monkey)}} spider monkey; rhesus monkey; colobus monkey; capuchin monkey; squirrel monkey; howling monkey; marmoset; proboscis monkey; vervet. {{has_subtype(ape)}} chimpanzee; gorilla; orangutan, orang-utan[Pongo pygmaeus]. {{has_subtype(ape)}}{{origin_of(Southeastern Asia)}} gibbon. {{has_genus(gibbon)}} Hylobates. {{has_subtype(gorilla)}} mountain gorilla. {{has_subtype(marmoset)}} {{origin_of(Southeastern Brazil)}} golden lion tamarin [Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia]. P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.9 INSECTIVORE N. {{exhibited_by(eats[obj=insect])}} insectivore. {{has_order(insectivore)}} Insectivora. mole; shrew. hedgehog. P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.10 LAGOMORPH N. lagomorph. {{has_order(lagomorph)}} Lagomorpha. rabbit, bunny[coll]; hare; pika. {{has_subtype(rabbit)}} cottontail rabbit, cottontail; jack rabbit. {{property_of(masculine)}} {{has_subtype(rabbit)}} male rabbit. {{has_subtype(male rabbit)}} {{property_of(castrated)}} lapin. {{has_subtype(bunny)}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Easter bunny. <-- [[invertebrate]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.2 INVERTEBRATE N. invertebrate. arthropod; crustacean; mollusk, mollusc, shellfish; sponge; worm; echinoderm; platyhelminth, flatworm; coelenterate. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(small)}} {{part_of(leg[num=>5])}} {{exhibited_by(crawl)}} bug[coll]. {{has_subtype(bug): insect; arthropod}}. {{has_subtype(arthropod)}} tardigrade; mandibulate; chelicerate. {{has_subtype(arthropod): insect, P2.3.2.1.1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(chelicerate)}} arachnid; horseshoe crab. {{has_subtype(arthropod)}} {{property_of(extinct)}} trilobite. {{has_phylum(arthropod)}} Arthropoda. {{has_subphylum(trilobite)}} Trilobita. {{has_subphylum(mandibulate)}} Mandibulata. {{has_subphylum(chelicerata)}} Chelicerata. {{has_part(mandibulate)}} antenna[num=2/4]. {{has_part(mandibulate)}} mandible. {{has_subtype(mandibulate)}} crustacean; millipede; centipede; grasshopper; butterfly. {{&has_developmental_form(crustacean)}} {{has_subtype(larva)}} nauplius. {{has_subtype(crustacean)}} crab; lobster; shrimp; barnacle; sowbug. {{has_subtype(crustacean)}} {{habitat_of(freshwater)}} {{similar_to(lobster)}} crayfish, crawdad[regional]. {{exhibits(crustacean): regeneration; molting}}. {{has_subtype(arachnid)}} spider; scorpion; mite; tick; harvestman, daddy longlegs. {{has_subtype(crustacean)}} lobster; shrimp; crab; wood louse; water flea; barnacle. {{has_class(centipede)}} Chilopoda. {{has_subtype(mollusk)}} gastropod; cephalopod. {{has_subtype(cephalopod)}} octopus; squid; cuttlefish; chambered nautilis. {{has_part(octopus/squid)}} tentacle. {{has_class(gastropod)}} Gastropoda. {{has_subtype(gastropod)}} {{part_of(shell[num=1])}} univalve, univalve mollusk. {{has_subtype(gastropod)}} {{not_part_of(shell)}} slug. {{alternative_to(univalve)}} {{part_of(shell[num=2])}} bivalve, bivalve mollusk. {{has_subtype(univalve mollusk)}} snail. {{has_subtype(snail)}} periwinkle. {{has_genus(periwinkle)}} Littorina. {{has_subtype(bivalve mollusk)}} clam; oyster; mussel. annelid. {{has_phylum(annelid)}} Annelida. {{has_subtype(annelid)}} segmented worm, helminth; leech. {{has_subtype(worm)}} roundworm, nematode; flatworm, platyhelminth. {{has_subtype(segmented worm)}} earthworm. {{has_subtype(platyhelminth)}} planarian; fluke; tapeworm. {{has_subtype(coelenterate)}} jellyfish; coral; sea anemone. <-- [[insect]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.2.1 INSECT N. insect. {{has_subtype(insect)}} ant, emmet[obs2]; fly; mosquito; bee, honeybee; wasp. {{exhibits: metamorphosis, @R140}}. {{has_subtype(ant)}} army ant; fire ant; leaf-cutter ant. {{exhibits(fire ant): sting, @R378}}. {{property_of(fire ant): aggressive, @R716; fierce, @P173; omnivorous, @R298a}}. {{has_genus(fire ant)}} Solenopsis. {{exhibits(leaf-cutter ant): cut[obj=leaf, @R367], @P2.8.1}}. {{exhibits(leaf-cutter ant): carry[obj=leaf, @R367], @R270}}. {{has_subtype(bee)}} drone; queen, queen bee; worker. {{produces(honeybee)}} honey. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(flying, @R264)}} {{part_of(wing, @R366)}} flying insect. {{member_of(flying insect)}} swarm. {{member_of(bee)}} bevy. {{has_subtype(metamorphosis)}} incomplete metamorphosis; complete metamorphosis. {{has_developmental_form(incomplete metamorphosis)}} egg; nymph; adult. {{has_developmental_form(complete metamorphosis)}} egg; larva; pupa; adult. {{has_subtype(larva)}} {[of(beetle)]} grub. {{has_subtype(larva)}} {[of(fly)]} maggot. {{has_subtype(larva)}} {[of(mosquito)]} wiggler. {{has_subtype(larva)}} {[of(butterfly/moth)]} caterpillar. {{&secretes}} insect hormone. {{has_subtype(insect hormone)}} juvenile hormone. bumblebee; yellow jacket. beetle; aphid; blowfly; boll weevil; borer; cicada; chinch, chinch bug; chigger; roach, cockroach, cucaracha[Sp], tarakan[Rus]; cricket; dobsonfly; dragonfly; dung beetle, scarab, scarab beetle; earwig; firefly, june bug; flea; gadfly; glowworm; gnat; grasshopper; hornet; Japanese beetle; katydis; lacewing; ladybug, ladybird; leafhopper; locust; louse; manits, praying mantis; mayfly; mealybug, mealy bug; midge; mosquito; pill bug; potato beetle, potato bug; silverfish; sow bug; squash bug; stag beetle; stinkbug; termite; thrips; water bug; weevil; wood tick. {{member_of(termite)}} termite colony. {{member_of(ant)}} ant colony. {{has_subtype(louse)}} chewing louse; sucking louse. damselfly; deer fly; botfly; fruit fly, drosophile; horsefly; housefly; tsetse fly. {{has_subtype(insect)}} lepidoptera. {{has_subtype(lepidoptera)}} butterfly; moth. {{has_subtype(moth)}} bagworm; Cecropia. {{has_family(bagworm)}} Psychidae. {{has_subtype(bagworm)}} {{property_of(destructive)}} Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis. {{has_subtype(butterfly)}} monarch; swallowtail. <-- Zoology -- belongs at P2.6.4!! --> <-- [[pet]] --> P2.3.2.1.1.3 DOMESTIC ANIMAL N. domestic animal, domesticated animal, tamed animal. {{has_subtype}} show animal. {{has_subtype}} {{habitat_of(home, P1.2.3.2.4.1)}} pet, pet animal. {{location_of(farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7/range, @R342)}} flocks and herds, live stock, livestock. {{has_subtype(domestic animal)}} breed, variety, line. {{has_property(breed)}} pedigree, lineage, ancestry. {{has_subtype: beast of burden, P2.3.2.1.1.3.2}}. {{has_subtype(livestock)}} {{location_of(farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7)}} barnyard animal, farm animal. {{location_of(range, @R342)}} range animal, grazing animal. {{location_of(laboratory)}} laboratory animal, experimental animal. {{location_of(circus)}} circus animal. {{location_of(zoo/menagerie)}} zoo animal. {{has_subtype(pet)}} {{has_subtype(cat, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.1.1)}} pet cat, pussycat[coll], kittycat[coll], kitty[coll], puss[coll], pussy[coll]. {{has_subtype(pet)}} pet dog. {{has_subtype(pet)}} pet bird; pet fish; pet rodent. {{has_subtype(pet)}} exotic pet; pet insect. {{has_subtype(pet insect)}} {{has_subtype(group)}} ant colony. {{has_subtype(pet insect)}} pet beetle; ant farm[plur]. {{has_subtype(exotic pet)}} pet snake; pet monkey; pet panther, pet cougar. {{has_subtype(pet rodent)}} hamster; gerbil; mouse. {{has_subtype(pet fish)}} goldfish; tropical fish; piranha. {{has_subtype(tropical fish)}} angel fish; zebra fish; tetra. {{has_subtype(swine)}} {{has_subtype(farm animal)}} hog. {{has_property(hog): weight[val=>120 pounds]}}. {{has_subtype(pet cat)}} {{has_instance(breed)}} Siamese; Abyssinian; Manx; Miane coon; Angora; Persian; Burmese; Russian blue; British blue; Singapura. Adj. {{required_for(pedigree)}} pedigreed. <-- [Animal husbandry, R370 -- The economy or management of animals. Moved under M7.3.5.4.1.2.2, agriculture] --> P2.3.2.1.1.3.1 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.1.1.3.2 BEAST OF BURDEN [[BEAST]] N. beast, beast of burden. cattle; horse. {{has_subtype(horse)}} pack horse, draft horse; cart horse, dray horse, post horse; Arab, Arabian horse; blood horse, galloway[obs3], charger, courser, racer, hunter, jument[obs3]; pony; barb, roan, jade, hack, bidet, pad, cob, tit, punch, roadster, goer[obs3]; ketch; Shetland pony, shelty, sheltie; garran[obs3], garron[obs3]; jennet, genet[obs3], bayard[obs3]; creature, critter [rural U.S.]; cow pony, Narraganset, waler[obs3]. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{property_of(untrained)}} bronco, bronc, mustang, broncho[obs3]. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{function_of(traveling, R266)}} saddle horse, cayuse [U.S.], nag, palfrey. {{has_subtype(saddle horse)}} quarter horse. {{has_property(quarter horse): endurance, @P2.2.3.5.3.6; swiftness, @R274}}. {{has_subtype(saddle horse)}} {{function_of(traveling, R266)}} {{purpose_of(horse racing, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1)}} racehorse, thoroughbred. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{property_of(young)}} colt, foal. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{property_of(female)}} mare. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{property_of(female)}} {{property_of(young)}} filly. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} stallion; stud. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{property_of(neutered male)}} gelding. {{has_subtype(horse)}} {{property_of(fictional)}} Pegasus; Bucephalus; Rocinante. ass, donkey, jackass, cuddy[Brit. dial.]; mule; hinny; sumpter horse, sumpter mule. {{has_subtype(donkey)}} burro, ladino [obs3]. {{has_subtype: reindeer, caribou}}. {{has_subtype: camel, dromedary}}. {{has_subtype: llama}}. {{has_subtype: elephant}}. {{has_subtype(bird)}} carrier pigeon. Adj. equine; asinine. elephantine. P2.3.2.1.1.4 CORPSE #362. Corpse. N. {{has_developmental_form(organism)}} {{property_of(dead, @R360)}} corpse, carcass, cadaver, dead organism, dead meat[coll]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(human)}} dead person, deceased, dead man, departed, corse[obs3], stiff[coll]. food for worms[poetic], food for fishes[poetic]. [plural] the dead. remains, mortal remains, organic remains. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(decomposed)}} bones, skeleton, skeletal remains, dry bones. {{has_subtype}} relic, relics, reliquiae[Lat]. {{has_metaphor}} dust, ashes, earth, clay. {{has_subtype(corpse)}} {{property_of(dry/mummified)}} mummy. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ancient/fossilized)}} fossil. carrion. shade, ghost, manes. Adj. cadaverous, corpse-like; defunct; unburied &c. R363; sapromyiophyllous[obs3]. P2.3.2.1.1.R1 ANIMALITY #364. Animality. N. {{has_property(animal, P2.3.2.1.1)}} animal life, animality, animation, animalness, animalization[obs3]. {[of(human)]} corporeal nature, animal nature, animal side. {[of(human)]} {{has_contrast(animal nature): spiritual nature, soul}}. {{exhibits: locomotion, @P2.4.2}}. {{has_process}} breathing. {{property_of}} flesh, flesh and blood. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.2.3.1, body, physique}}. {{exhibits(body): strength, R159}}. Adj. fleshly; corporeal. <-- (SYMB. ANPLANT) [[PLANT]] 365. Vegetability R367. Vegetable 369. Botany 371. Agriculture --> P2.3.2.1.2 PLANT (R365, R367, R369, R371) #367. Plant. N. {{property_of(vegetability, R365)}} vegetable, plant[wn3]; flora[pl], vegetable kingdom[pl], verdure, plant life. still life. {{exhibits}} growth. {{has_beginning(growth[of=seed, P2.6.4.1.1.2.1])}} germination, upgrowth[obs3]. {{has_beginning(growth[of=flower/leaf])}} budding, gemmation[obs3]. {{not_exhibits: traveling}}. {{has_subtype}} pulse, legume. {{has_subtype}} {{produced_by(seed, P2.6.4.1.1.2.1)}} seed plant, spermatophyte, phanerogam. {{has_developmental_form(seed plant)}} {{property_of(very young)}} seedling. {{has_subtype(seed plant): gymnosperm, P2.3.2.1.2.4}}. {{has_subtype(seed plant): angiosperm, P2.3.2.1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(gymnosperm)}} progymnosperm; welwitschia, Welwitschia mirabilis; cycad; seed fern, pteridosperm. {{has_subtype(cycad)}} sago palm, Cycas revoluta. {{has_subtype(sago palm)}} false sago, fern palm, Cycas circinalis. {{has_part: $cell, plant cell}}. &&{{has_part($cell): $wall, cell wall}}. &&{{location_of($wall): cell surface}}. &&{{has_main_component($wall): cellulose}}. {{studied_in: botany, R369}}. {{part_of(vascular system)}} vascular plant, tracheophyte. {{not_part_of(vascular system)}} bryophyte. {{has_subtype(bryophyte)}} moss, conferva[obs3]; liverwort; hornwort. {{has_subtype(vascular plant)}} club moss; horsetail. vine; creeper; herb, herbage. {{property_of(monocotyledonous, @P2.3.2.1.2.1 + herbaceous)}} grass. {{has_family(grass)}} Graminae. {{has_subtype(grass)}} turf, lawn grass; cereal grass. {{&has_part}} {{property_of(filamentous)}} {{biofunction_of(support)}} tendril. scrub; boscage, bosk[obs3], bosque[obs3], ceja[Sp], chaparal, motte [obs3][U.S.]. fern, bracken; furze, gorse, whin; pasture, pasturage; turbary[obs3]. sedge, rush. {{has_subtype(plant)}} {{property_of(unwanted, @R647)}} weed. alfalfa, alfilaria[obs3], banyan; blow, blowth[obs3]. pin grass, timothy; yam; yew. {{has_subtype}} shrub, bush[1]. {{has_subtype: tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3}}. {{has_subtype: flowering plant, P2.3.2.1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: mushroom, @P2.3.2.1.3.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(indoors)}} houseplant. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(poisonous)}} poisonous plant. {{has_subtype}} {{not_part_of(root)}} {{behavior_of(grow[loc=on plant, R367])}} air plant, epiphyte, aerophyte, epiphytic plant. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(rock)}} {{behavior_of(grow[loc=on rock])}} lithophyte, lithophytic plant, rupestral plant. {{has_subtype}} {{produced_by(spore)}} {{not_produced_by(seed)}} cryptogam. monocarp, monocarpic plant, monocarpous plant; autophyte, autophytic plant; myrmecophyte. {{has_developmental_form(moss/liverwort)}} {{has_subtype(generation)}} sporophyte; gametophyte. {{has_subtype(fern/club moss): sporophyte; gametophyte}}. {{has_part(fern)}} {{has_subtype(reproductive structure, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1)}} sorus. {{has_member(sorus)}} sporangium, sporangia[pl]. {{has_property(gametophyte): haploid}}. {{has_property(sporophyte): diploid}}. {{&has_location: park, arboretum @R371}}. {{&member_of}} brake, coppice, thicket. {{&has_location}} chase. {{&has_location}} bush[2], wild, outback[Australia]. {{&has_location}} prairie. {{&has_location}} heath, heather. {{has_part(vascular plant)}} root; stem; foliage, ramage[obs3], tigella[obs3]. {{has_part}} {{function_of(support[obj=leaf])}} {{connected_to(leaf)}} petiole. {{&has_part}} shoot, spray; twig. {{has_part(plant, R367)}} {{has_member(foliage)}} leaf. {{forms(cut[obj=leaf])}} {{has_partition(leaf)}} cut leaf, piece of leaf. {{has_member(foliage): flower, @P2.3.2.1.2.1}} . Adj. vegetable, vegetal, vegetive[obs3], vegitous[obs1]; herbaceous, herbal; botanic[obs3]. verdant, verdurous. {{has_property(wooded area)}} woodsy, wooded, sylvan, silvan[obs3], woody. arboreal, arborary[obs3], arborical[obs1]. {{has_similarity(tree)}} tree-like, arboreous, arborescent. floral; mossy; lignous[obs3], ligneous; wooden; leguminous; vosky[obs3], cespitose[obs3], grassy, turf-like, turfy; endogenous, exogenous. Phr. "green-robed senators of mighty woods" [Keats]; "this is the forest primeval" [Longfellow]. <-- R371, agriculture, moved to "Productive activity, M --> <-- [[flower]] --> P2.3.2.1.2.1 FLOWERING PLANT N. {{has_subtype(seed plant)}} flowering plant, angiosperm. {{has_subtype}} monocot, monocotyledon, monocotyledone, liliopsid; dicot, dicotyledon, dicotyledone, magnoliopsid. {{has_subtype(dicot)}} legume; Linaceae, flax family; Portulacaceae, parslane family; jiqui, Malpighia obovata; barbados cherry, acerola, Surinam cherry, Malpighia glabra; Cyrilliaceae, family Cyrilliaceae, cyrilla family, titi family; Thymelaeaceae, mezereon family; Valerianaceae, valerian family. {{has_subtype(dicot)}} {{has_subtype(herb)}} plantain, Plantaginaceae, plantain family. {{has_subtype(legume)}} pea; clover; bean; peanut. {{has_subtype(parslane)}} spring beauty. {{has_subtype(spring beauty)}} Carolina spring beauty. {{has_subtype(mezereon)}} mezereon; leatherwood; spurge laurel, wood laurel. {{has_subtype(monocot)}} banana, Musa sapientum; plantain, Musa paradisiaca. {{has_subtype(monocot): lily; tulip; hyacinth; onion; trillium; orchid; daffodil}}. {{has_subtype(monocot)}} grass, Graminae family; wheat; rye; oats; corn; sugarcan; bamboo. {{has_subtype(monocot)}} arum; skunk cabbage; jack-in-the pulpit. {{has_subtype(monocot): @P2.3.2.1.2.3, palm, palmae, coconut palm, date palm, palmetto}}. {{has_subtype(monocot): corn}}. {{has_part}} {{property_of(beauty)}} flower, blossom, bine[obs]. annual; perennial, biennial, triennial; exotic. {{has_subtype(flower)}} {{property_of(small)}} floret. {{has_subtype(flower)}} wildflower, flow'ret gay[poet.]. {{has_subtype(flower)}} {{has_subtype}} rose; lily; anemone; asphodel; buttercup; crane's bill; daffodil; tulip; tiger lily, day lily; begonia; marigold; geranium; lily of the valley; periwinkle; rhododendron; windflower; hyacinth; orchid. {{has_subtype(periwinkle)}} myrtle [Vinca minor]; Madagascar periwinkle [Vinca rosea, Catharanthus roseus]. {{produces(Madagascar periwinkle)}} {{has_subtype(alkaloid)}} {{has_subtype(anticancer agent)}} Vinca alkaloid. zinnia. {{has_subtype(herb)}} ranunculus. {{has_subtype(herb)}} hemp, Cannabis sativa. lesser celandine, pilewort, Ranunculus ficaria. pheasant's-eye, pheasant's eye, Adonis annua. anemone, windflower. {{has_subtype(anemone)}} wood anemone, Anemone nemorosa; wood anemone, Anemone quinquefolia; Alpine anemone, mountain anemone, Anemone tetonensis; Canada anemone, Anemone Canadensis; thimbleweed, Anemone cylindrica. {{has_subtype(thimbleweed)}} longheaded thimbleweed, Anemone riparia; Virginia thimbleweed, Anemone virginiana. rue anemone, Anemonella thalictroides. columbine, aquilege. {{has_subtype(columbine)}} meeting house, honeysuckle, Aquilegia canadensis; blue columbine, Aquilegia coerulia, Aquilegia scopulorum calcarea; granny's bonnets, Aquilegia vulgaris. rocket larkspur, Consolida ambigua, Delphinium ajacis. delphinium. {{has_subtype(delphinium)}} larkspur. nigella. {{has_subtype(nigella)}} love-in-a-mist, Nigella damascena; fennel flower, Nigella hispanica; black caraway, black cumin, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, Nigella sativa. peony. gloxinia. {{has_subtype(gloxinia)}} Canterbury bells, Gloxinia perennis; florist's gloxinia, Sinningia speciosa, Gloxinia spesiosa. calla lily, calla, arum lily, Zantedeschia aethiopica. {{has_subtype(calla lily)}} pink calla, Zantedeschia rehmanii; golden calla. baby's breath, babies'-breath, Gypsophila paniculata. silene, campion. {{has_subtype(campion)}} red campion, red bird's eye, Silene dioica, Lychnis dioica; white campion, evening lychnis, white cockle, bladder campion[1], Silene latifolia, Lychnis alba; bladder campion[2], Silene uniflora, Silene vulgaris; wild pink, Silene caroliniana. lychnis, catchfly. ragged robin, cuckoo flower, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Lychins floscuculi. scarlet lychnis, maltese cross, Lychins chalcedonica. mullein pink, rose campion, gardener's delight, dusty miller, Lychnis coronaria. soapwort, hedge pink, bouncing Bet, bouncing Bess, Saponaria officinalis. cowherb, cow cockle, cow-cockle, Vaccaria hispanica, Vaccaria pyramidata, Saponaria vaccaria. pink. {{has_subtype(pink)}} sweet William, Dianthus barbatus; carnation, clove pink, gillyflower, Dianthus caryophyllus; china pink, rainbow pink, Dianthus chinensis; Japanese pink, Dianthus chinensis heddewigii; maiden pink, Dianthus deltoides; cheddar pink, Diangus gratianopolitanus; button pink, Dianthus latifolius; cottage pink, grass pink, Dianthus plumarius; fringed pink, Dianthus supurbus. sandwort. {{has_subtype(sandwort)}} mountain sandwort, mountain starwort, mountain daisy, Arenaria groenlandica; pine-barren sandwort, longroot, Arenaria caroliniana; seabeach sandwort, Arenaria peploides; rock sandwort, Arenaria stricta; thyme-leaved sandwort, Arenaria serpyllifolia. fig marigold. ice plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. four o'clock, four-o'clock, marvel of Peru, marvel-of-Peru, false jalap, Mirabilis jalapa. four o'clock, Mirabilis laevis. violet. {{has_subtype(violet)}} damask violet, Dame's violet, sweet rocket, Hesperis matronalis. sweet alyssum, sweet alison, Lobularia maritima. stock, gillyflower. poppy. {{has_subtype(poppy)}} Iceland poppy, Papaver alpinum; western poppy, Papaver californicum; prickly poppy, Papaver argemone; Iceland poppy, arctic poppy, Papaver nudicaule; oriental poppy, Papaver orientale; corn poppy, field poppy, Flanders poppy, Papaver rhoeas; opium poppy, Papaver somniferum; celandine, greater celandine, swallowwort, swallow wort, Chelidonium majus; California poppy, Eschscholtzia californica; golden cup, Mexican tulip poppy, Hunnemania fumariifolia; plume poppy, bocconia, Macleaya cordata; blue poppy, Meconopsis betonicifolia; Welsh poppy, Meconopsis cambrica; creamcups, Platystemon californicus; wind poppy, flaming poppy, Stylomecon heterophyllum, Papaver heterophyllum; celandine poppy, wood poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum. corydalis. {{has_subtype(corydalis)}} Roman wormwood, rock harlequin, Corydalis sempervirens; fumewort, Corydalis solida. horn poppy, horned poppy, yellow horned poppy, sea poppy, Glaucium flavum. aster. {{has_subtype(aster)}} heath aster[1], Aster ericoides; heath aster[2], Aster arenosus; Michaelmas daisy, New York aster, Aster novi-belgii; whorled aster, Aster acuminatus; wood aster; heart-leaved aster, Aster cordifolius; white wood aster, Aster divaricatus; large-leaved aster, Aster macrophyllus; prairie aster, Aster turbinellis; white prairie aster, Aster falcatus; goldilocks, goldilocks aster, Aster linosyris, Linosyris vulgaris; sea aster, sea starwort, Aster tripolium; annual salt-marsh aster; perennial salt marsh aster; upland white aster, Aster ptarmicoides; stiff aster, Aster linarifolius; bushy aster, Aster dumosus; New England aster, Aster novae-angliae; Short's aster, Aster shortii; Lowrie's aster; panicled aster; flat-topped white aster; rush aster; Schreiber's aster; small white aster; bog aster; southern aster; narrow-leaved white-topped aster; tradescant's aster; starved aster, calico aster; arrow leaved aster; wavy-leaved aster; azure aster; smooth aster; late purple aster; crooked-stemmed aster; purple-stemmed aster; Eastern silvery aster; aromatic aster; Western silvery aster; willow aster; rough-leaved aster. African daisy. blue-eyed African daisy, Arctotis stoechadifolia, Arctotis venusta. calendula. {{has_subtype(calendula)}} common marigold, pot marigold, ruddles, Scotch marigold, Calendula officinalis. China aster, Callistephus chinensis. daisy. {{has_subtype(daisy)}} common daisy, English daisy, Bellis perennis. chrysanthemum, mum[coll]. {{has_subtype(chrysanthemum)}} corn marigold, field marigold, Chrysanthemum segetum; crown daisy, Chrysanthemum coronarium; chop-suey greens, tong ho, shun giku, Chrysanthemum coronarium spatiosum; florist's chrysanthemum, florists' chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandifloruom, Chrysanthemum morifolium. golden aster. {{has_subtype(golden aster)}} Maryland golden aster, Chrysopsis mariana; grass-leaved golden aster; prairie golden aster; sickleweed golden aster. strawflower, Helichrysum bracteatum, genus Uvularia. everlasting, genus Anaphalis. cotton rose, cudweed, genus Filago. heliopsis, ox-eye, oxeye. common sunflower, Helianthus annuus. oxeye daisy, ox-eyed daisy, marguerite, moon daisy, white daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. African daisy, yellow ageratum, Lonas indora, Lonas annua. coneflower. {{has_subtype(coneflower)}} black-eyed Susan[1], Rudbeckia hirta; black-eyed Susan[2], Rudbeckia serotina. shortia. {{has_subtype(shortia)}} oconee bells, Shortia galacifolia. wandflower, Sparaxis tricolor. commelina. African violet, Saintpaulia ionantha. Cape primrose. scorpionweed, scorpion weed, phacelia. California bluebell, Phacelia campanularia. California bluebell, whitlavia, Phacelia minor, Phacelia whitlavia. fiddleneck, Phacelia tanacetifolia. calceolaria, slipperwort. verbena, vervain. Adj. flowering, angiospermous. {{has_property(monocotyledone)}} monocotyledonous. {{has_property(dicotyledone)}} dicotyledonous. <-- end flower[wn] (after angiosperm) --> P2.3.2.1.2.1.1 WILDFLOWER N. wildflower, wild flower. sagebrush buttercup, Ranunculus glaberrimus. pasqueflower, pasque flower. {{has_subtype(pasque flower)}} American pasqueflower, Eastern pasque flower, wild crocus, lion's beard, prairie anemone, blue tulip, American pulsatilla, Pulsatilla patens, Anemone ludoviciana; Western pasqueflower, Pulsatilla occidentalis, Anemone occidentalis; European pasqueflower, Pulsatilla vulgaris, Anemone pulsatilla. meadow rue; oxeye, ox eye. {{has_subtype(oxeye)}} woodland oxeye, Buphthalmum salicifolium. hawkbit. {{has_subtype(hawkbit)}} fall dandelion, Leontodon autumnalis. goldenrod. {{has_subtype(goldenrod)}} Blue Mountain tea, sweet goldenrod, Solidago odora; gray goldenrod, Solidago nemoralis; dyer's weed, Solidago rugosa; silverrod, Solidago bicolor; seaside goldenrod, beach goldenrod, Solidago sempervirens; Canadian goldenrod, Solidago canadensis; tall goldenrod; rough-stemmed goldenrod; Boott's goldenrod; Elliott's goldenrod; zigzag goldenrod, broad leaved goldenrod; showy goldenrod; Ohio goldenrod. Indian pipe, waxflowerl, Monotropa uniflora. pinesap, false beachdrops, Monotropa hypopithys. snow plant, Sarcodes sanguinea. wild carrot, Queen Anne's lace, Daucus carota. fireweed. {{has_subtype}} {{origin_of(Alaska)}} monkey flower; bog cranberry; crowberry; giant firewood; monk's hood; saxifrage; chocolate lily; arctic poppy; purple aster; shooting star; red columbine; wild delphinium; bog rosemary; marsh marigold; yarrow; star flower; cloud berry; blue flax; arnica; lousewort; sweet bedstraw; strawberry blite; calypso; yellow anemone; nootka lupine; pink corydalis; trailing raspberry; goat's beard; wild geranium; pacific silverleaf; Alaska forget-me-not; dryas; pootschki, cow parsnip; red comarum; chiming bells; moss pink, alpine swertia; grass of parnassus; tundra rose; alaska iris; twin flower; beach pea; dew berry; dwarf firewood; broadleaf gentian; single delight; spring violet; sitka burnett; pink valerian; yellow paintbrush; pyrola; yellow violet; jacob ladder; alaska rose; camass lily; arctic cotton; dwarf dogwood; arctic chrysanthemum; harebell; pink plumes; labrador tea. P2.3.2.1.2.2 PRICKLY PLANT #367a. Prickly plant. N. {{has_subtype(plant, R367)}} {{property_of(prickly)}} prickly plant. brier, briar, bramble, thistle; cactus; goose grass, hairif[obs3], hariff, flax comb, hackle, hatchel[obs3], heckle; beggar's lice. {{has_part}} {{property_of(sharpness): @P2.3.1.3.12.4.2, thorn; spine, needle; beard, chevaux de frise[Fr], comb; awn, bur, burr; catchweed[obs3], cleavers, clivers[obs3]}}. tag thorn, bristle; Adam's needle[obs3], bear grass [U.S.], tine, yucca. <-- [ref: prickly animal, porcupine, hedgehog]. --> <-- [[tree]] --> P2.3.2.1.2.3 TREE N. tree. {{&member_of(tree): @P2.3.1.1.6.2.6, forest, timber, woods, wood, woodland, woodlands, timberland}}. {{&member_of(tree): @P2.3.1.1.6.2.6, grove, greenwood, copse, spinney}}. {{&member_of(tree): @P2.3.1.1.6.2.6, jungle, rain forest, tropical rain forest, temperate rain forest}}. {{&has_location(tree)}} wooded area. {{has_part(tree)}} branch, bough. {{has_subtype(branch)}} {{connected_to(trunk)}} limb, primary branch. {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{derived_from(lumber)}} timber tree. {{has_subtype(shadowing body, @P2.6.1.5.R1)}} {{has_subtype(tree)}} shade tree. {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{not_produced_by(flower)}} gymnospermous tree. {{has_subtype(gymnospermous tree)}} gnetum, Gnetum gnemon; ginkgo, gingko, maidenhair tree, Ginkgo biloba; conifer, coniferous tree. {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{produced_by(flower): @P2.3.2.1.2.3.2, flowering tree, angiospermous tree}}. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(stem)}} trunk. {{member_of(bush, @P2.3.2.1.2)}} underbrush, underwood, brushwood. {{has_developmental_stage(tree)}} {{property_of(young)}} sapling. {{has_subtype(timber tree)}} {{excl}} hardwood; softwood. <-- the remainder of this section is the hierarchy drived from the Wordnet system --> {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{has_subtype(house plant)}} {{property_of(small)}} bonsai. {{has_subtype(tree)}} yellowwood, yellowwood tree; gum tree. {{has_subtype(gum tree)}} liquidambar; sweet gum, sweet gum tree, American sweet gum, Liquidambar styraciflua; eucalypt; water gum; black gum, Nyssa sylvatica [E. US]. fig tree. cabbage tree, grass tree, Cordyline australis. prickly ash, toothache tree, sea ash, Zanthoxylum americanum. Hercules'-club, Hercules'-clubs, Hercules-club, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis. longan, lungen, longanberry, Dimocarpus longan, Euphoria litchi, Nephelium longana. white mangrove, Avicennia officinalis. {{has_subtype(conifer)}} fir, true fir; cedar, true cedar; spruce; hemlock; Cathaya; cypress; King William pine, Athrotaxis selaginoides; metasequoia, dawn redwood, Metasequoia glyptostrodoides; keteleeria; arborvitae; araucaria; dammar pine; plum-yew; podocarp; rimu, imou pine, red pine, Dacrydium cupressinum; yew; westland pine, silver pine, Lagarostrobus colensoi, Dacrydium colensoi; huon pine, Lagarostrobus franklinii, Dacrydium franklinii; Japanese umbrella pine, Sciadopitys verticillata. {{has_subtype(conifer): @P2.3.2.1.2.3.1, pine, pine tree, true pine}}. {{has_subtype(fir)}} silver fir; amabilis fir, white fir, Pacific silver fir, red silver fir, Christmas tree[1], Abies amabilis; European silver fir, Christmas tree[2], Abies alba; white fir, Colorado fir, California white fir, Abies concolor; balsam fir, balm of Gilead, Abies balsamea; Fraser fir, Abies fraseri; lowland fir, lowland white fir, giant fir, grand fir, Abies grandis; Alpine fir, subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa; Santa Lucia fir, bristlecone fir, Abies bracteata, Abies venusta. {{has_subtype(cedar)}} cedar of Lebanon, Cedrus libani; deodar, deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara; Atlas cedar, Cedrus atlantica. {{has_subtype(cedar)}} Chilean cedar, Austrocedrus chilensis; incense cedar, red cedar, Calocedrus decurrens, Libocedrus decurrens; southern white cedar, coast white cedar, Atlantic white cedar, white cypress, white cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides; Oregon cedar, Port Orford cedar, Lawson's cypress, Lawson's cedar, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana; yellow cypress, yellow cedar, Nootka cypress, Alaska cedar, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis; Japanese cedar, Japan cedar, sugi, Cryptomeria japonica; incense cedar. {{has_subtype(spruce)}} Norway spruce, Picea abies; weeping spruce, Brewer's spruce, Picea breweriana; Engelmann spruce, Engelmann's spruce, Picea engelmannii; white spruce, Picea glauca; black spruce, Picea mariana, spruce pine; Siberian spruce, Picea obovata; oriental spruce, Picea orientalis; Colorado spruce, Colorado blue spruce, silver spruce, Picea pungens; red spruce, eastern spruce, yellow spruce, Picea rubens. {{has_subtype(hemlock)}} eastern hemlock, Canadian hemlock, spruce pine, Tsuga canadensis; Carolina hemlock, Tsuga caroliniana; mountain hemlock, black hemlock, Tsuga mertensiana; western hemlock, Pacific hemlock, west coast hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla; douglas fir, douglas spruce, douglas pinel, douglas hemlock, Oregon pine, red fir; big-cone spruce, big-cone douglas fir, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa; green douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii. {{has_subtype(cypress)}} bald cypress; juniper; sequoia. {{has_subtype(bald cypress)}} bald cypress, swamp cypress, pond bald cypress, Taxodium distichum; pond cypress, Taxodium ascendens; Montezuma cypress, Mexican swamp cypress, Taxodium mucronatum; ahuehuete; sandarac, sandarac tree, Tetraclinis articulata, Callitris quadrivalvis. {{has_subtype(cypress)}} gowen cypress, Cupressus goveniana; Santa Cruz cypress, Cupressus abramsiana; Arizona cypress, Cupressus arizonica; Guadalupe cypress, Cupressus gualalupensis; Monterey cypress, Cupressus macrocarpa; Mexican cypress, cedar of Goa, Portuguese cypress, Cupressus lusitanica; Italian cypress, Mediterranean cypress, Cupressus sempervirens. {{has_subtype(cypress)}} cypress-pine, cypress pine; Port Jackson pine, Callitris cupressiformis; black cypress pine, red cypress pine, Callitris endlicheri, Callitris calcarata; white cypress pine, Callitris glaucophylla, Callitris glauca; stringybark pine, Callitris parlatorei. {{has_subtype(juniper)}} eastern red cedar, pencil cedar, Juniperus virginiana; southern red cedar, Juniperus silicicola; dwarf juniper[1], savin, Juniperus sabina; common juniper, Juniperus communis; ground cedar, dwarf juniper[2], Juniperus communis depressa; creeping juniper, Juniperus horizontalis; Mexican juniper, drooping juniper, Juniperus flaccida. {{has_subtype(sequoia)}} California redwood, coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens; giant sequoia, big tree, Sierra redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sequoia gigantea, Sequoia Wellingtonia. {{has_subtype(arborvitae)}} western red cedar, canoe cedar, Thuja plicata; American arborvitae, northern white cedar, white cedar, Thuja occidentalis; Oriental arborvitae, Thuja orientalis, Platycladus orientalis; hiba arborvitae, Thujopsis dolobrata. {{has_subtype(araucaria)}} monkey puzzle, chile pine, Araucaria araucana; norfolk island pine, Araucaria heterophylla, Araucaria excelsa; new caledonian pine, Araucaria columnaris; bunya bunya, Araucaria bidwillii; hoop pine, moreton bay pine, Araucaria cunninghamii. {{has_subtype(dammar pine)}} kauri, kaury, kauri pine, Agathis australis; amboina pine, amboyna pine, Agathis dammara, Agathis alba; dundathu pine, queensland kauri, smooth bark kauri, Agathis robusta. {{has_subtype(podocarp)}} South-African yellowwood, yellowwood, Podocarpus latifolius; yacca, yacca podocarp, Podocarpus coriaceus; miro, black pine[1], Prumnopitys ferruginea, Podocarpus ferruginea; matai, black pine[2], Prumnopitys taxifolia, Podocarpus spicata; plum-fruited yew, Prumnopitys andina. {{has_subtype(yew)}} California nutmeg, nutmeg-yew, Torreya californica; stinking cedar, stinking yew, Torrey tree, Torreya taxifolia; Old World yew, English yew, Taxus baccata; Pacific yew, California yew, western yew, Taxus brevifolia; Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata; Florida yew, Taxus floridana; New Caledonian yew, Austrotaxus spicata; white-berry yew, Pseudotaxus chienii. {{produces(Pacific yew)}} {{has_subtype(anticancer agent)}} taxol. <-- end gymnospermous tree --> sterculia. {{has_subtype(sterculia)}} Panama tree, Sterculia apetala; kalumpang, Java olives, Sterculia foetida. P2.3.2.1.2.3.1 PINE TREE N. pine tree. {{has_subtype(pine tree)}} pinon, pinyon, nut pine; pinon pine, Mexican nut pine, Pinus cembroides; Rocky mountain pinon, Pinus edulis; single-leaf, single-leaf pine, single-leaf pinyon, Pinus monophylla; Parry's pinyon, Pinus quadrifolia, Pinus parryana; California single-leaf pinyon, Pinus californiarum; spruce pine, Pinus glabra; pitch pine, northern pitch pine, Pinus rigida; pond pine, Pinus serotina; stone pine, umbrella pine, nut pine, Pinus pinea; Swiss pine, Swiss stone pine, arolla pine, nut pine, Pinus cembra; Swiss mountain pine, mountain pine, dwarf mountain pine, mugho pine, mugo pine, Pinus mugo; ancient pine, Pinus longaeva; ponderosa, ponderosa pine, western yellow pine, bull pine, Pinus ponderosa; Jeffrey pine, Jeffrey's pine, black pine[1], Pinus jeffreyi; shore pine, lodgepole, lodgepole pine, spruce pine, Pinus contorta; Sierra lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta murrayana; loblolly pine, frankincense pine, Pinus taeda; jack pine, Pinus banksiana; swamp pine; longleaf pine, pitch pine, southern yellow pine, Georgia pine, Pinus palustris; shortleaf pine, short-leaf pine, shortleaf yellow pine, Pinus echinata; red pine, Canadian red pine, Pinus resinosa; Scotch pine, Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris; scrub pine, Virginia pine, Jersey pine, Pinus virginiana; Monterey pine, Pinus radiata; bristlecone pine, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata; table-mountain pine, prickly pine, hickory pine, Pinus pungens; knobcone pine, Pinus attenuata; Japanese red pine, Japanese table pine, Pinus densiflora; Japanese black pine, black pine[2], Pinus thunbergii; Torrey pine, Torrey's pine, soledad pine, gray-leaf pine, sabine pine, Pinus torreyana; white pine; celery pine; larch. {{has_subtype(white pine)}} American white pine, eastern white pine, weymouth pine, Pinus strobus; western white pine, silver pine, Pinus monticola; southwestern white pine, Pinus strobiformis; limber pine, Pinus flexilis; whitebark pine, whitebarked pine, Pinus albicaulis. {{has_subtype(celery pine)}} celery top pine, celery-topped pine, Phyllocladus asplenifolius; tanekaha, Phyllocladus trichomanoides; Alpine celery pine, Phyllocladus alpinus. {{has_subtype(larch)}} American larch, tamarack, black larch, Larix laricina; western larch, western tamarack, Oregon larch, Larix occidentalis; subalpine larch, Larix lyallii; European larch, Larix decidua; Siberian larch, Larix siberica, Larix russica; golden larch, Pseudolarix amabilis. P2.3.2.1.2.3.2 FLOWERING TREE N. flowering tree, angiospermous tree. {{has_subtype: oak, P2.3.2.1.2.3.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(flowering tree)}} {{produced_by(fruit): fruit tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3.2.1}}. acacia; ailanthus; alder; Australian nettle, Australian nettle tree; balsa, Ochroma lagopus; baobab, monkey-bread tree, Adansonia digitata; bastard lignum vitae, Guaiacum sanctum; bean tree; beech; birch; black mangrove[1], Aegiceras majus; black mangrove[2], Avicennia marina; bocconia, tree celandine, Bocconia frutescens; bonduc, bonduc tree, Caesalpinia bonduc; bottletree; brazilian ironwood, Caesalpinia ferrea; brazilwood, peach wood, pernambuco wood, Caesalpinia echinata; buckthorn; bush willow[1], Combretum appiculatum; bush willow[2], Combretum erythrophyllum; cacao, chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao; calabash, calabash tree, Crescentia cujete; candlenut, varnish tree, Aleurites moluccana; canistel, Pouteria campechiana nervosa; cashew, Anacardium occidentale; chaulmoogra, chaulmugra, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Taraktagenos kurzii, Taraktogenos kurzii; cherry laurel, laurel cherry, mock orange, wild orange, Prunus caroliniana; chinaberry, chinaberry tree, China tree, azedarach, Melia azedarach; cinchona, chinchona; coffee, coffee tree; cream-of-tartar tree, sour gourd, Adansonia gregorii; dillenia; divi-divi, Caesalpinia coriaria; dogwood, cornel; durian, durion, Durio zibethinus; ebony, Diospyros ebenum; fever tree; gamboge tree, Garcinia hanburyi, Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia gummi-gutta; giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin, Chrysolepis chrysophylla, Castanea chrysophylla, Castanopsis chrysophylla; Guinea pepper, negro pepper, Xylopia aethiopica; hazel, Pomaderris apetala; holly; hop hornbeam; hornbeam; horsechestnut, horse-chestnut, horse chestnut; Hydnocarpus wightiana, Hydnocarpus laurifolia; ilang-ilang, ylang-ylang, Cananga odorata; irontree, ironwood; Judas tree, love tree, Circis siliquastrum; kapok, ceiba tree, silk-cotton tree, white silk-cotton tree, Bombay ceiba, God tree, Ceiba pentandra; katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum; Kentucky yellowwood, gopherwood, Cladrastis lutea, Cladrastis kentukea, yellowwood; kola, kola nut, kola nut tree; laurel; lignum vitae, Guaiacum officinale; linden, basswood, lime; locust tree, locust; looking glass tree, Heritiera macrophylla; looking-glass plant, Heritiera littoralis; macadamia, macadamia nut, Macadamia ternifolia; magnolia; mahogany, mahogany tree; mangrove, Rhizophora mangle; maple; marmalade tree, mammee, sapote, Calocarpum zapota, Pouteria zapota; mountain ash; mountain ebony, orchid tree, Bauhinia variegata; myrtaceous tree; myrtle; nut tree; oak chestnut; palm, palm tree; palo santo, Bulnesia sarmienti; pandanus, screw pine; paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera; para rubber tree, caoutchouc tree, Hevea brasiliensis; Peruvian balsam, Myroxylon pereirae, Myroxylon balsamum pereirae; physic nut, Jatropha curcus; Pipturus albidus; pistachio, Pistacia vera; plane tree; poplar, poplar tree; Queen's crape myrtle, pride of India, Lagerstroemia speciosa; red beech, brown oak, booyong, crow's foot, stave wood, silky elm, Heritiera trifoliolata, Terrietia trifoliolata; red silk-cotton tree, simal, Bombax ceiba, Bombax malabarica; redbud, Cercis canadenis; rewa-rewa, rewa rewa, New-Zealand honeysuckle; royal poinciana, flamboyant, flame tree[1], peacock flower, Delonix regia, Poinciana regia; sandalwood, Santalum album; satinleaf, satin leaf, caimitillo, damson plum, Chrysophyllum oliviforme; silver bell; sorrel tree, sourwood, titi, Oxydendrum arboreum; souari; southern beech, evergreen beech; Spanish elm, Equador laurel, salmwood, cypre, Cordia alliodora; spice tree; star anise, Chinese anise, Illicium verum; sterculia; sweetleaf, Symplocus tinctoria; tanbark oak, Lithocarpus densiflorus; terebinth, Pistacia terebinthus; titi, buckwheat tree, Cliftonia monophylla; tolu tree, tolu balsam tree, Myroxylon balsamum, Myroxylon toluiferum; trumpetwood, trumpet tree, snake wood, imbauba, Cecropia peltata; tulip tree, tulip poplar, yellow poplar, canary whitewood, Liriodendron tulipifera; tung tree, tung, tung-oil tree, Aleurites fordii; white mangrove, Laguncularia racemosa; willow; winter's bark, winter's bark tree, Drimys winteri. {{has_subtype(horse chestnut)}} buckeye, Aesculus hippocastanum. <-- end main paragraph for angiospermous tree, flowering tree --> {{has_subtype(acacia)}} shittah, shittah tree; black wattle, Acacia auriculiformis; huisache, cassie, mimosa bush, sweet wattle, sweet acacia, scented wattle, Acacia farnesiana; golden wattle, Acacia pycnantha; silver wattle, mimosa, Acacia dealbata; fever tree, Acacia xanthophloea. {{has_subtype(bottletree)}} flame tree[2], flame durrajong, Brachychiton acerifolius, Sterculia acerifolia; flame tree[3], broad-leaved bottletree, Brachychiton australis; kurrajong, currajong, Brachychiton populneus; Queensland bottletree, narrow-leaved bottletree, Brachychiton rupestris, Sterculia rupestris. {{has_subtype(beech)}} common beech, European beech, Fagus sylvatica; copper beech, purple beech, Fagus sylvatica atropunicea, Fagus purpurea, Fagus sylvatica purpurea; weeping beech, Fagus pendula, Fagus sylvatica pendula; American beech, white beech, red beech, Fagus grandifolia, Fagus americana. {{has_subtype(chestnut)}} American chestnut, American sweet chestnut, Castanea dentata; European chestnut, sweet chestnut, Spanish chestnut, Castanea sativa; Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima; Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata; Allegheny chinkapin, eastern chinquapin, chinquapin[1], dwarf chestnut, Castanea pumila; Ozark chinkapin, Ozark chinquapin, chinquapin[2], Castanea ozarkensis. {{has_subtype(birch)}} yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula leutea; American white birch, paper birch, canoe birch, Betula cordifolia, Betula papyrifera; gray birch, American gray birch, Betula populifolia; silver birch, common birch, European white birch, Betula pendula; downy birch, white birch, Betula pubescens; black birch[1], river birch, red birch, Betula nigra; sweet birch, cherry birch, black birch[2], Betula lenta; Yukon white birch, Betula neoalaskana; swamp birch, water birch, mountain birch, Western paper birch, Western birch, Betula fontinalis; Newfoundland dwarf birch, American dwarf birch, Betula glandulosa. {{has_subtype(alder)}} common alder, European black alder, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus vulgaris; gray alder, Alnus incana; seaside alder, Alnus maritima; white alder, mountain alder, Alnus rhombifolia; red alder, Oregon alder, Alnus rubra; speckled alder, Alnus rugosa; smooth alder, hazel alder, Alnus serrulata; green alder[1], Alnus veridis; green alder[2], Alnus veridis crispa, Alnus crispa. {{has_subtype(hornbeam)}} European hornbeam, Carpinus betulus; American hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana. {{has_subtype(locust tree, locust)}} honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos; water locust, swamp locust, Gleditsia aquatica; courbaril, Hymenaea courbaril; black locust, yellow locust, Robinia pseudoacacia; clammy locust, Robinia viscosa; kowhai, Sophora tetraptera. {{has_subtype(palm tree)}} sago palm; feather palm; fan palm; calamus; fishtail palm; coconut palm, coco palm, cocoa palm, coconut tree, Cocos nucifera; corozo, corozo palm; cabbage palm[1], Euterpe oleracea; cabbage palm[2], cabbage tree, Livistona australis; nipa palm; royal palm, Roystonea regia; cabbage palm[3], Roystonea oleracea. {{has_subtype(calamus)}} rattan, rattan cane, rattan palm, Calamus rotang; lawyer cane, Calamus australis. {{has_subtype(fan palm)}} palmetto; palmyra, palmyra palm, toddy palm, wine palm, lontar, longar palm, Borassus flabellifer; carnauba, carnauba palm, wax palm, Copernicia prunifera, Copernicia cerifera; caranday, caranda, caranda palm, wax palm, Copernicia australis, Copernicia alba; gebang palm, Corypha utan, Corypha gebanga; talipot, talipot palm, Corypha umbraculifera; saw palmetto, scrub palmetto, Serenoa repens; thatch palm, thatch tree, silver thatch, broom palm, Thrinax parviflora; key palm, silvertop palmetto, silver thatch, Thrinax microcarpa, Thrinax morrisii, Thrinax keyensis. {{has_subtype(palmetto)}} cabbage palmetto, cabbage palm[4], Sabal palmetto. {{has_subtype(feather palm)}} coyol; grugru, gru gru, macamba, mbocaya tota, mucaja, Acrocomia aculeata; areca; piassava palm, pissaba palm, Bahia piassava, bahia coquilla, Attalea funifera; wax palm, Ceroxylon andicola, Ceroxylon alpinum; oil palm; babassu, babassu palm, coco de macao, Orbignya phalerata, Orbignya spesiosa, Orbignya martiana; cohune palm, Orbignya cohune; date palm, Phoenix dactylifera; ivory palm, ivory-nut palm, ivory plant, Phytelephas macrocarpa. {{has_subtype(oil palm)}} African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis; American oil palm, Elaeis oleifera. {{has_subtype(areca)}} betel palm, Areca catechu. {{has_subtype(sago palm)}} sugar palm, gomuti, gomuti palm, Arenga pinnata; wine palm, jaggery palm, kitul, kittul, kitul tree, toddy alm, Caryota urens; true sago palm, Metroxylon sagu. {{has_subtype(bullace)}} damson, damson plum. <-- end of fruit tree --> {{has_subtype(coffee tree)}} Arabian coffee, Coffea arabica; Liberian coffee, Coffea liberica; robusta coffee, Rio Nunez coffee, Coffea robusta, Coffea canephora. {{has_subtype(cinchona)}} calisaya, Cinchona officinalis, Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona calisaya; cinchona tree, Cinchona pubescens. {{has_subtype(mahogany tree)}} true mahogany, Cuban mahogany, Dominican mahogany, Swietinia mahogani; Honduras mahogany, Swietinia macrophylla; African mahogany; African scented mahogany, cedar mahogany, sapele mahogany, Entandrophragma cylindricum; Spanish cedar, Spanish cedar tree, Cedrela odorata; Philippine mahogany, Philippine cedar, kalantas, Toona calantas, Cedrela calantas. {{has_subtype(ailanthus)}} tree of heaven, tree of the gods, Ailanthus altissima. {{has_subtype(willow)}} osier; white willow, Huntingdon willow, Salix alba; silver willow, silky willow, Salix alba sericea, Salix sericea; cricket-bat willow, Salix alba caerulea; arctic willow, Salix arctica; weeping willow, Babylonian weeping willow, Salix babylonica; Wisconsin weeping willow, Salix pendulina, Salix blanda, Salix pendulina blanda; pussy willow, Salix discolor; sallow; peachleaf willow, peach-leaved willow, almond-leaves willow, Salix amygdaloides; hoary willow, sage willow, Salix candida; crack willow, brittle willow, snap willow, Salix fragilis; prairie willow, Salix humilis; dwarf willow, Salix herbacea; gray willow, Salix cinerea; arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis; shining willow, Salix lucida; swamp willow, black willow, Salix nigra; bay willow, laurel willow, Salix pentandra; balsam willow, Salix pyrifolia; creeping willow, Salix repens; Sitka willow, silky willow, Salix sitchensis; dwarf gray willow, sage willow, Salix tristis; bearberry willow, Salix uva-ursi. {{has_subtype(osier)}} golden willow, Salix alba vitellina, Salix vitellina; almond willow, black Hollander, Salix triandra, Salix amygdalina; purple willow, red willow, red osier, basket willow, purple osier, Salix purpurea; common osier, hemp willow, velvet osier, Salix viminalis. {{has_subtype(sallow)}} goat willow, florist's willow, pussy willow, Salix caprea. {{has_subtype(poplar)}} balsam poplar, hackmatack, tacamahac, Populus balsamifera; white poplar, white aspen, abele, aspen poplar, silver-leaved poplar, Populus alba; gray poplar, Populus canescens; black poplar, Populus nigra; cottonwood; aspen. {{has_subtype(black poplar)}} Lombardy poplar, Populus nigra italica. {{has_subtype(cottonwood)}} Eastern cottonwood, necklace poplar, Populus deltoides; black cottonwood[1], Western balsam poplar, Populus trichocarpa; swamp cottonwood, black cottonwood[2], downy poplar, swamp poplar, Populus heterophylla. {{has_subtype(aspen)}} quaking aspen, European quaking aspen, Populus tremula; American quaking aspen, American aspen, Populus tremuloides; Canadian aspen, bigtooth aspen, bigtoothed aspen, big-toothed aspen, large-toothed aspen, large tooth aspen, Populus grandidentata. {{has_subtype(maple)}} silver maple, Acer saccharinum; sugar maple, rock maple, Acer saccharum; red maple, scarlet maple, swamp maple, Acer rubrum; moosewood, striped maple, striped dogwood, goosefoot maple, Acer pennsylvanicum; Oregon maple, big-leaf maple, Acer macrophyllum; dwarf maple, Rocky-mountain maple, Acer glabrum; mountain maple, mountain alder, Acer spicatum; vine maple, Acer circinatum; hedge maple, field maple, Acer campestre; Norway maple, Acer platanoides; sycamore, great maple, scottish maple, Acer pseudoplatanus; box elder, ash-leaved maple, Acer negundo; pointed-leaf maple, Acer argutum; Japanese maple, full moon maple, Acer japonicum; Japanese maple, Acer palmatum. {{has_subtype(box elder)}} California box elder, Acer negundo Californicum. {{has_subtype(holly)}} bearberry, possum haw, winterberry, Ilex decidua; inkberry, gallberry, evergreen winterberry, Ilex glabra; mate, Paraguay tea, Ilex paraguariensis; American holly, Christmas holly; low gallberry holly; tall gallberry holly; yaupon holly; deciduous holly; juneberry holly; largeleaf holly; Geogia holly; common winterberry holly; smooth winterberry holly. {{has_subtype(buckthorn)}} cascara buckthorn, bearberry, bearwood, chittamwood, chittimwood, Rhamnus purshianus; Carolina buckthorn, indian cherry, Rhamnus carolinianus; coffeeberry, California buckthorn, California coffee, Rhamnus californicus; alder buckthorn, alder dogwood, Rhamnus frangula; redberry, Rhamnus croceus. {{has_subtype(buckthorn)}} southern buckthorn, shittimwood, shittim, mock orange, Bumelia lycioides; false buckthorn, chittamwood, chittimwood, shittimwood, black haw, Bumelia lanuginosa. {{has_subtype(linden)}} American basswood, American lime, Tilia americana; small-leaved linden, small-leaved lime, Tilia cordata; white basswood, Tilia hertophylla; Japanese linden, Japanese lime, Tilia japonica; silver lime, silver linden, Tilia tomentosa. {{has_subtype(dogwood)}} common white dogwood, eastern flowering dogwood, Cornus florida; red osier, red osier dogwood, red dogwood, American dogwood, redbrush, Cornus stolonifera; silky dogwood, Cornus obliqua; silky cornel, silky dogwood, Cornus amomum; common European dogwood, red dogwood, blood-twig, pedwood, Cornus sanguinea; bunchberry, dwarf cornel, crackerberry, pudding berry, Cornus canadensis; cornelian cherry, Cornus mas. {{has_subtype(nut tree)}} chestnut, chestnut tree; hazelnut, hazel, hazelnut tree; walnut, walnut tree; hickory; pecan, Carya illinoensis, Carya illinoinensis; wingnut; brazil nut, brazil-nut tree, Bertholletia excelsa. {{has_subtype(wingnut)}} Caucasian walnut, Pterocarya fraxinifolia. {{has_subtype(walnut tree)}} black walnut, Juglans nigra; English walnut, Circassian walnut, Persian walnut, Juglans regia; butternut, white walnut, Juglans cinerea. {{has_subtype(hickory)}} pignut, pignut hickory, brown hickory, Carya glabra; shagbark, shagbark hickory, shellbark, Carya ovata; water hickory, bitter pecan; sweet pignut hickory; black hickory; bitternut hickory; pale hickory; mockernut hickory. {{has_subtype(hazelnut tree)}} American hazel, Corylus americana; cobnut, Corylus avellana, Corylus avellana grandis; beaked hazelnut, Carylus cornuta. {{has_subtype(spice tree)}} cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum; cassia, cassia-bark tree, Cinnamomum cassia; allspice, allspice tree, Pimenta dioica. {{has_subtype(plane tree)}} London plane, Platanus acerifolia; sycamore, American sycamore, American plane, buttonwood, Platanus occidentalis; oriental plane, Platanus orientalis. {{has_subtype(laurel)}} true laurel, bay, bay laurel, bay tree, Laurus nobilis; camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora; laurel-tree, red bay, Persea borbonia; sassafras, Sassafras albidum; California laurel, California bay tree, Oregon myrtle, pepperwood, spice tree, sassafras laurel, California olive, mountain laurel, Umbellularia californica. {{has_subtype(bean tree)}} Kentucky coffee tree, Gymnocladus dioica; tonka bean, tonka bean tree, Dipteryx odorata; tamarind, Tamarindus indica; carob, algarroba, Ceratonia siliqua; catalpa, Indian bean. {{has_subtype(Indian bean)}} Catalpa speciosa; Catalpa bignioides. {{has_subtype(magnolia)}} southern magnolia, evergreen magnolia, large-flowering magnolia, bull bay, Magnolia grandiflora; umbrella tree, umbrella magnolia, elkwood, Magnolia tripetala; earleaved umbrella tree, Magnolia fraseri; cucumber tree, Magnolia acuminata; large-leaved magnolia, large-leaved cucumber tree, great-leaved macrophylla, Magnolia macrophylla; saucer magnolia, Chinese magnolia, Magnolia soulangiana; star magnolia, Magnolia stellata; sweet bay, swamp bay, swamp laurel, Magnolia virginiana. P2.3.2.1.2.3.2.1 FRUIT TREE N. fruit tree. {{&member_of(fruit tree): orchard}}. {{has_subtype(fruit tree)}} almond tree; anchovy pear, Grias cauliflora; apricot tree; avocado; bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi; breadfruit, Artocarpus communis, Artocarpus altilis; carambola, carambola tree, Averrhoa carambola; cherry, cherry tree; citrus fruit tree; coco plum, cocoa plum, icaco, Chrysobalanus icaco; custard apple; fig, common fig, Ficus carica; genip, ginep; guava[1], Psidium guajava; guava[2], Psidium littorale; hogplum, yellow mombin, Spondias mombin; jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora; jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus; loquat, Eriobotrya japonica; mammee apple, mammee, mamey, Mammea americana; mango, Mangifera indica; mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana; marang, Artocarpus odoratissima; medlar, Mespilus germanica; mombin, jocote, Spondias purpurea; mulberry, mulberry tree; nectarine, Prunus persica nectarina; olive tree; papaya, pawpaw, Carica papaya; peach, peach tree, Prunus persica; pear, pear tree, Pyrus communis; persimmon, persimmon tree; plum tree; pomegranate, Punica granatum; purple apricot, black apricot, Prunus dasycarpa; quince, Cydonia oblonga; rose apple, Eugenia jambos; sapodilla, Achras zapota; sour cherry, Eugenia corynantha; star apple, caimito, Chrysophyllum cainito; Surinam cherry, pitanga, Eugenia uniflora; wild mango, dika, Irvingia gabonensis. <-- end of main para fruit tree [[fruits]]--> {{has_subtype(almond tree)}} almond, sweet almond, Prunus dulcis, Prunus amygdalus, Amygdalus communis; jordan almond; bitter almond, Prunus dulcis amara, Amygdalus communis amara; dwarf flowering almond[1], Prunus glandulosa; flowering almond[2], oriental bush cherry, Prunus japonica; Russian almond, dwarf Russian almond, Prunus tenella; flowering almond, Prunus triloba. {{has_subtype(apricot tree)}} apricot, common apricot, Prunus armeniaca; Japanese apricot, mei, Prunus mume. {{has_subtype(cherry tree)}} flowering cherry; sweet cherry, bird cherry, Prunus avium; sour cherry, Prunus cerasus; black cherry, rum cherry, Prunus serotina; capulin, Prunus capuli; Catalina cherry, Prunus lyonii; hagberry, European bird cherry, common bird cherry, Prunus padus; pin cherry, Prunus pensylvanica; chokecherry, Prunus virginiana. {{has_subtype(sour cherry)}} amarelle, Prunus cerasus caproniana; morello, Prunus cerasus austera; marasca, marasca cherry, maraschino cherry, Prunus cerasus marasca. {{has_subtype(flowering cherry)}} fuji, fuji cherry, Prunus incisa; oriental cherry, Japanese cherry, Japanese flowering cherry, Prunus serrulata; Japanese flowering cherry, Prunus sieboldii; rosebud cherry, winter flowering cherry, Prunus subhirtella. {{has_subtype(chokecherry)}} western chokecherry, Prunus virginiana demissa, Prunus demissa. {{has_subtype(sweet cherry)}} gean, mazzard, mazzard cherry. {{has_subtype(citrus fruit tree)}} grapefruit, Citrus paradisi; pomelo, shaddock, Citrus maxima, Citrus decumana; sweet orange, Citrus sinensis; sour orange, Citrus aurantium; mandarin orange, Citrus reticulata; kumquat; lemon, Citrus limon; lime, lime tree, Citrus aurantifolia; trifoliate orange, trifoliata, wild orange, Poncirus trifoliata. {{has_subtype(custard apple)}} cherimoya, Annona cherimola; bullock's heart, bullock heart, Annona reticulata; soursop, Annona muricata; sweetsop, Annona squamosa; ilama, Annona diversifolia; pond-apple, Annona glabra; pawpaw, papaw, papaya, Asimina triloba. {{has_subtype(olive tree)}} olive, Olea europaea; black maire, Olea cunninghamii; white maire, Olea lanceolata. {{has_subtype(genip, ginep)}} genipap, marmalade box, Genipa Americana. {{has_subtype(persimmon, persimmon tree)}} Japanese persimmon, kaki, Diospyros kaki; American persimmon, possumwood, Diospyros virginiana; date palm, Diospyros lotus. {{has_subtype(mulberry, mulberry tree)}} white mulberry, Morus alba; black mulberry, Morus nigra; red mulberry, Morus rubra. {{has_subtype(plum tree)}} wild plum; cherry plum, myrobalan, myrobalan plum, Prunus cerasifera; bullace, Prunus domestica insititia, Prunus insititia; common plum, plum, Prunus domestica; big-tree plum, Prunus mexicana; Canada plum, Prunus nigra; Japanese plum, Prunus salicina; Sierra plum, Pacific plum, Prunus subcordata. {{has_subtype(wild plum)}} Allegheny plum, Alleghany plum, sloe, Prunus alleghaniensis; American red plum, August plum, goose plum, Prunus americana; chickasaw plum, hog plum, Prunus angustifolia; holly-leaved cherry, holly-leaf cherry, evergreen cherry, islay, Prunus ilicifolia; beach plum, Prunus maritima. P2.3.2.1.2.3.2.2 OAK N. oak, oak tree. {{has_subtype(seed[of=oak tree], P2.6.4.1.1.2.1)}} acorn. {{has_subtype(oak)}} fumed oak; chestnut oak; white oak; black oak, yellow oak, quercitron, quercitron oak, Quercus velutina; California black oak, Quercus kelloggii; pin oak, swamp oak, Quercus palustris; Nuttall oak, Nuttall's oak, Quercus nuttalli; laurel oak, pin oak, Quercus laurifolia; jack oak, northern pin oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis; shingle oak, laurel oak, Quercus imbricaria; scrub oak; American turkey oak, turkey oak, Quercus laevis; bluejack oak, turkey oak, Quercus incana; European turkey oak, turkey oak, Quercus cerris; scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea; Spanish oak, Quercus texana; post oak, box white oak, brash oak, iron oak, Quercus stellata; overcup oak, Quercus lyrata; willow oak, Quercus phellos; water oak, possum oak, Quercus nigra; live oak; red oak; holm oak, holm tree, holly-leaved oak, evergreen oak, Quercus ilex; cork oak, Quercus suber; Chinese cork oak, Quercus variabilis. {{has_subtype(white oak)}} American white oak, Quercus alba; California white oak, valley oak, valley white oak, roble, Quercus lobata; common oak, English oak, pedunculate oak, Quercus robur; durmast, Quercus petraea, Quercus sessiliflora; bur oak, burr oak, mossy-cup oak, mossycup oak, Quercus macrocarpa; Oregon white oak, Oregon oak, Garry oak, Quercus garryana; Arizona white oak, Quercus arizonica; swamp white oak, swamp oak, Quercus bicolor. {{has_subtype(chestnut oak)}} basket oak, cow oak, Quercus prinus, Quercus montana; swamp chestnut oak, Quercus michauxii; chinquapin oak, chinkapin oak, yellow chestnut oak, Quercus muehlenbergii; dwarf chinkapin oak, dwarf chinquapin oak, dwarf oak, Quercus prinoides. {{has_subtype(scrub oak)}} blackjack oak, blackjack, jack oak, Quercus marilandica; bear oak, Quercus ilicifolia; myrtle oak, seaside scrub oak, Quercus myrtifolia. {{has_subtype(red oak)}} northern red oak, Quercus rubra, Quercus borealis; southern red oak, swamp red oak, turkey oak, Quercus falcata; Shumard oak, Shumard red oak, Quercus shumardii. {{has_subtype(live oak)}} southern live oak, Quercus virginiana; canyon oak, canyon live oak, maul oak, iron oak, Quercus chrysolepis; coast live oak, California live oak, Quercus agrifolia; interior live oak, Quercus wislizenii, Quercus wizlizenii. Phr. "from the acorn grows the mighty oak". P2.3.2.1.2.4 GYMNOSPERM N. {{has_subtype(seed plant)}} gymnosperm. seed fern; cycad; gingko; gnetophyte. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(evergreen)}} conifer. {{has_subtype(conifer)}} {{has_subtype(softwood)}} pine; fir; spruce. P2.3.2.1.2.R1 VEGETABILITY (R365) #365. Vegetability. N. vegetable life; vegetation, vegetability; vegetality[obs3]. V. vegetate, grow roots, put down roots. Adj. rank, lush; vegetable, vegetative, vegetal, vegetive[obs3]. <-- [The science of plants.] --> P2.3.2.1.2.R2 BOTANY (R369) #369. Botany. N. {{studied_in(plant, R367/flora)}} botany. physiological botany; structural botany; systematic botany; phytography[obs3], phytology[obs3], phytotomy[obs3]; vegetable physiology, plant physiology; herborization[obs3]; dendrology, algology[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(fungus/mushroom)}} mycology, fungology[obs3]. <-- flora, romona. ?? --> {{uses: botanical garden &c. (garden) R371; hortus siccus[Lat], herbarium}}. herbal. {{job_of(botany)}} botanist; herbist[obs3], herbarist[obs3], herbalist, herborist[obs3], herbarian[obs3]. V. botanize, herborize[obs3]. Adj. botanical &c. n.; botanic[obs3]. <-- [[microbe]] (includes all "life" categories of the UMLS not included in Animal or Plant) e. microbes, viruses, and indeterminate. (symb. ANMICRO) virus-like agents bacteriophages fungal phages mammalian viruses DNA viruses RNA viruses scrapie-like agents procaryotes gram-positive gram-negative cyanobacteria chemolithotrophs halophiles (non-archaebacteria) mycobacteria archaebacteria eucaryotes yeasts fungi algae (red-brown) --> P2.3.2.1.3 MICROORGANISM N. {{property_of(size[val=microscopic])}} microbe, microorganism, animalcule[obs2]. {{&has_property: unicellular}}. {{studied_in}} microbiology. {{has_conceptual_part(microbiology)}} virology; bacteriology; mycology &c. R369. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(pathogenic)}} {{&caused_by(disease, R655)}} pathogen, pathogenic organism, germ[informal], disease-causing organism, bug[coll]. {{has_subtype(pathogen)}} {{caused_by(harm[to=plant, R367], R659a)}} plant pathogen. {{&has_subtype(pathogen): virus; bacterium; protozoan}}. {{&has_subtype(pathogen)}} parasite. {{&has_subtype(parasite)}} worm, helminth[Med]. {{&has_subtype(parasite)}} protozoan, protozoa[plur]. <-- [[bacterium]] --> P2.3.2.1.3.1 BACTERIUM N. bacterium, bacteria[pl]. aerobe; anaerobe; facultative anaerobe; obligate aerobe; obligate anaerobe. {{shape_of(rod)}} rod, bacillus, rod-shaped bacterium. {{shape_of(sphere)}} coccus, cocci[pl]. {{shape_of(spiral)}} spirillum, spirilla[pl]. {{shape_of(crescent)}} vibroid bacterium, Vibrio. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(intestine, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} intestinal bacterium, enteric bacterium. {{&has_part}} {{shape_of(hair)}} flagellum, flagella[pl]. halophile[Microbiol]; methanogen[Microbiol]; archaebacteria[Microbiol]; microaerophile[Microbiol]. {{has_subtype}} gram-negative bacterium; gram-positive bacterium; gram-variable bacterium. {{has_part(gram-negative bacterium)}} outer membrane. {{has_property}} haploidy. {{has_subtype(enteric bacterium)}} enterobacterium. {{major_component_of(enterobacterium): @P299, feces, dung, manure}}. {{has_subtype(gram-negative bacterium)}} {{has_instance(genus name)}} Campylobacter; Alcaligenes; Bordetella; Flavobacterium; Sphingobacterium; Weeksella; Legionella; Acinetobacter; Moraxella; Branhamella; Neisseria; Psychrobacter; Chryseomonas; Comamonas; Flavomonas; Pseudomonas; Xanthomonas; Agrobacterium; Achromobacter; Alteromonas; Brucella; Francisella; Methylobacterium; Pasteurella; Olligella; Actinobacillus; Haemophilus; Aeromonas; Allomonas; Plesiomonas; Vibrio; Cardiobacterium hominis; Kingella; Eschericia; Shigella; Proteus; Salmonella. {{has_subtype(gram-negative bacterium)}} {{has_instance(species name)}} Chromobacterium violaceum; Eikenella corrodens; Gardnerella vaginalis. {{has_subtype(gram-positive bacterium)}} {{has_instance(genus name)}} Streptococcus, strep; Staphylococcus, staph. {{causative_agent_of(Neisseria gonorrhoeae): gonorrhea}}. {{causative_agent_of(Neisseria meningitidis): cerebrospinal meningitis; pneumonia; septicemia}}. {{causative_agent_of(Vibrio cholerae): cholera}}. <-- [[fungus]] --> P2.3.2.1.3.2 FUNGUS N. fungus, mold, mould[Brit.], fungi[plur]. {{has_kingdom(fungus)}} Fungi. must, mildew, rubigo[obs1]. {{has_causative_agent(plant rust, @R655)}} rust. perfect fungus, fungi perfecti; imperfect fungus, fungi imperfecti. {{has_subtype(fungi perfecti)}} mushroom, toadstool. coenocytic fungus. filamentous fungus. {{alternative_to(filamentous fungus)}} yeast, leaven, ferment, barm[obs3]. dimorphic fungus; slime mold. {{has_subtype(yeast)}} {{&uses(baking/brewing)}} brewer's yeast, baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. {{has_subtype(yeast)}} {{has_subtype(pathogen)}} {{has_causative_agent(thrush/candidiasis)}} Candida, Candida albicans. {{has_beginning(growth[of=yeast])}} budding, gemmation[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} powdery mildew; black spot; wheat rust. <-- we are using the five-kingdom classification system --> P2.3.2.1.3.3 PROTIST N. protist. {{has_kingdom(protist)}} Protista. dinoflagellate; euglena; diatom; alga, algae[pl]; ameba, amoeba, amebae[pl]; flagellate; paramecium, paramecia[pl]. {{has_subtype(alga)}} red alga; brown alga; green alga. <-- [[virus]] --> P2.3.2.1.3.4 VIRUS N. {{component_of(nucleic acid + protein)}} {{has_subtype(parasite)}} virus, filterable virus. {{has_subtype}} {{component_of(DNA)}} DNA virus. {{has_subtype}} {{component_of(RNA)}} RNA virus. {{has_subtype(RNA virus)}} rhabdovirus, picornavirus. {{has_subtype(DNA virus)}} herpesvirus; cytomegalovirus, CMV. {{has_subtype(herpes virus)}} Herpes simplex; Herpes zoster. {{host_for(bacterium)}} bacteriophage, phage. {{has_subtype(bacteriophage)}} temperate bacteriophage. {{has_subtype(temperate bacteriophage)}} lambda. {{has_subtype(bacteriophage)}}{{host_for(Eschericia coli)}} coliphage. {{has_subtype(coliphage)}} T-even phage; T-odd phage. {{has_subtype(T-even phage)}} "T2"; "T4"; "T6". {{has_subtype(T-odd phage)}} {{property_of(resistant[to =dessication])}} "T1". {{has_subtype(RNA virus)}} {{has_causative_agent(common cold)}} rhinovirus. {{has_causative_agent(polio)}} poliovirus. <-- this is not really an organism, but behaves like one. Perhaps it should be under "pathogen" --> P2.3.2.1.3.5 prION N. {{constitutes(protein)}} prion, slow virus, scrapie-like agent. {{causative_agent_of: @R655, scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia}}. P2.3.2.2 ORGANISM PART N. organism part. P2.3.2.2.1 TISSUE N. {{has_part(higher organism)}} tissue, living tissue. {{has_subtype: piece of tissue}}. {{has_part: cell, P2.3.2.2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(soft)}} {{not_contained_in(bone/cartilage)}} soft tissue. muscle. {{has_subtype(soft tissue): organ, @P2.3.2.2.3.2}}. <-- [[cell]] --> P2.3.2.2.2 CELL N. {{has_part(organism)}} cell, living cell. eukaryotic cell; prokaryotic cell. {{has_subtype(eukaryotic cell)}} nerve cell, nerve, neuron, neuronal cell; glial cell, glia[pl]. {{has_part(nerve cell)}} dendrite; axon; synapse. {{has_function(nerve cell): transmit[obj=nerve impulse, @M8.1.3.2.1.1]}}. {{has_part(cell)}} protoplasm, cytoplasm; cell wall; membrane, cell membrane. {{has_subtype(eukaryotic cell)}} animal cell; plant cell. {{has_subtype(cell membrane)}} cytoplasmic membrane; outer membrane; eukaryotic cell membrane. {{has_part(eukaryotic cell)}}{{has_subtype(cell membrane)}} eukaryotic cell membrane. {{has_component(cell membrane): phospholipid; protein}}. {{rel_loc_of(cell wall/cell membrane)}} cell surface. {{&has_part(cytoplasm)}} vacuole. {{has_part(eukaryotic cell)}} nucleus; nucleolus. {{has_part(nucleus)}} chromosome. {{consists_of(chromosome)}} chromatin. {{has_part(chromatin)}} {{has_subtype(polymer)}} genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. {{has_part(chromatin)}} {{property_of(basic)}} histone. {{has_component(cell)}} protein, albumen[obs2]. {{has_subtype(eukaryotic cell)}} gamete, gametangium[obs3], germ cell, germinal matter. {{has_subtype(germ cell)}} {{has_subtype(animal cell)}} spermatozoon, sperm, spermary[obs3]; ovum. {{has_subtype(animal cell)}} blood cell. {{has_subtype(blood cell)}} red blood cell, erythrocyte; white blood cell, leukocyte. {{has_developmental_form(red blood cell)}} erythroblast[Physiol]. {{has_developmental_form(erythrocyte/leukocyte)}} stem cell. {{has_subtype(leukocyte)}} lymphocyte. {{has_subtype(lymphocyte)}} polymorphonuclear lymphocyte; macrophage. P2.3.2.2.3 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE [[BODY]] N. anatomical structure. {{studied_in: anatomy, morphology}}. {{studies(antomy): body, P2.3.2.2.3.1; body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2}}. {{has_conceptual_part(anatomy)}} morphology. P2.3.2.2.3.1 BODY #1001. Body. N. {{part_of(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} body, corpus[Lat]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(self, M1.1/other, M1.2)}} human body; tenement of clay[poetic], this mortal coil[poetic]; person. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(weight, @P2.2.1.5)}} weight, body weight. {{has_property(human body)}} physique, build, shape, figure; frame, form. {{property_of(dead): @R362, corpse, carcass}}. {{alternative_to: soul; mind}}. {{has_biofunction: @P2.6.4.5.2, physiological function, body function}}. Phr. "mens sana in corpore sano" [Lat: a sound mind in a sound body]. <-- By default, not all parts listed here will necessarily be present in every animal. Perhaps we should specify vertebrate body parts and invertebrate? Unless otherwise specified, the default is mammalian body parts; but some arthropod parts are included. [[bodypart]] --> P2.3.2.2.3.2 Body Part #1002. Body Part. N. {{has_part(body)}} body part, bodypart. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(mammal)}} mammalian body part. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(bird)}} avian body part. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(vertebrate)}} {{property_of(hard): skeleton, @R357}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(vertebrate)}} {{property_of(hard)}} gristle, cartilage. {{has_part(skeleton, @R357): bone, P2.3.2.2.3.2.1}}. {{has_subtype}}{{location_of(interior[of=body])}} heart. {{has_part(heart)}} ventricle. {{has_biofunction(heart): pump[ptnt=blood], @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. <-- this "belly" is the exterior appearance of the front of the abdomen; the organ is below under "organs" --> {{has_part(abdomen)}} {{rel_loc_of(front)}} belly. {{has_subtype(belly)}} {{property_of(protuberant, @R250)}} potbelly, paunch. {{has_subtype(paunch)}} beer belly[colloq]. {{has_subtype}}{{location_of(interior[of=body]): @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2, vitals, viscera, entrails, bowels, belly, intestines, guts}}. {{has_part(female mammal)}} womb. lap. {{has_subtype}} {{secreted_by(chemical substance)}} gland. {{has_part(female mammal)}} {{has_subtype(gland)}} {{secreted_by(milk, @P2.3.1.3.2.10)}} mammary gland. {{has_part(female mammal)}} {{has_location(growth[of=fetus, @R129], @R359)}} uterus. {{has_subtype(fluid, @R333)}} body fluid. {{&has_property(body fluid)}} serosity. {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} lymph; humor; chyle[Med]; synovial fluid. {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} {{location_of(prostate gland)}} prostatic fluid. {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} {{has_subtype(secretion[2], @R299)}} {{produces(ejaculation, @R297)}} {{major_component_of(prostatic fluid)}} {{important_component_of(semen)}} ejaculate. {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} {{contains(blood vessel)}} blood. {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} {{major_component_of(blood)}} {{produces(menstruation)}} {{location_of(vagina)}} menstrual fluid, menstrual flow. {{has_subtype(body fluid): milk, @P2.3.1.3.2.10}}. {{has_component(ejaculate): semen; prostatic fluid}}. {{has_component(blood)}} serum. {{has_component(blood): red blood cell; white blood cell}}. {{has_component(red blood cell)}} {{has_subtype(protein)}} {{function_of(transport[obj=oxygen])}} hemoglobin, haemoglobin, hematoglobin[obs3]. {{has_component(muscle)}} myoglobin. {{has_part(hemoglobin/myoglobin)}} {{has_subtype(porphyrin)}} heme, haem. {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} {{&produces(wound/ulcer)}} discharge; ichor[Med]; rheum; pus. {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} mucus, phlegm. <-- the "joints" are usually thought of as parts of the limbs. The joints that connect the limb to the torso may be considered external to the limb itself, so are not included in the "joint" section. --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(joint, R43)}} joint, body joint. {{has_subtype(joint)}} {{function_of(join[ptnt=torso + arm])}} shoulder joint. {{has_subtype(joint)}} {{function_of(join[ptnt=torso + leg])}} hip joint. {{has_subtype(joint)}} {{function_of(join[ptnt=thigh + lower leg])}} knee. {{has_subtype(joint)}} {{function_of(join[ptnt=upper arm + lower arm])}} elbow. {{has_subtype(skeleton, @R357)}} {{has_part(arthropod)}} {{property_of(hard)}} exoskeleton. {{has_major_component(exoskeleton): chitin}}. {{has_part(arthropod): $leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3}}. &&{{has_part($leg): joint}}. head, headpiece, pate, noddle[obs3], noggin, sconce, upper story. {{contains(head)}} {{has_subtype(organ)}} {{function_of(thought)}} {{has_part(central nervous system)}} brain, organ of thought. {{has_part(brain)}} cerebrum; cerebellum; medulla, medulla oblongata; pituitary gland; hypothalamus; frontal lobe; parietal lobe; corpus callosum. {{has_part(brain, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{has_subtype(cell, P2.3.2.2.2): @P2.3.2.2.2, neuron, neuronal cell; glial cell}}. {{requires(thought)}} {{has_subtype(biochemical reaction)}} {{analogous_to(electrical signal transmission)}} neuronal signal transmission. {{has_part(neuron)}} {{exhibited_by(neuronal signal transmission)}} synapse. {{requires(neuronal signal transmission)}} {{has_subtype(biochemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1): neurotransmitter}}. {{connected_to(head)}} neck. {{has_subtype}} {{rel_loc_of(surface)}} {{has_subtype(covering[for=body], R223)}} {{shape_of(sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{property_of(flexible, @R324)}} skin. {{has_part(skin)}} {{rel_loc_of(inside)}} dermis, corium, cutis. epidermis. {{has_subtype(skin[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} human skin. {{has_property(human skin): color[val=white/flesh color/pink/tan/brown/black/red/yellow]}}. {{has_part(mammal)}} {{shape_of(filamentous)}} {{connected_to(skin)}} {{main_component_of(protein)}} {{rel_loc_of(surface)}} hair[1][collective]. <-- one hair is a strand --> {{has_member(hair)}} {{has_subtype(fiber, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} hair[2][num=>10000], strand of hair. {{has_unit(hair)}} strand. {{has_part(hair)}} {{property_of(projecting[from=skin], @R250)}} projecting hair, visible hair. {{has_part(hair)}} {{location_of(inside[of=skin])}} root, hair root. {{produced_by(hair)}} {{location_of(skin)}} hair follicle, follicle. {{has_subtype(hair[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{location_of(crown)}} head hair, hair[3]. {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{location_of(head[of=horse/lion])}} {{property_of(long, @R200d)}} mane. {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{location_of(face)}} facial hair. {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{location_of(torso/limb)}} body hair. {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{location_of(pubic region)}} pubic hair. {{has_subtype(facial hair)}} {{property_of(coarseness)}} beard, shag, brush, imperial. {{has_member(beard)}} {{has_subtype(strand of hair)}} whisker. {{has_subtype(facial hair)}} {{{have_between(nose + uper lip)}}} mustache, moustache; mustachio, moustachio. {{has_subtype(beard)}} goatee. {{has_part(head hair)}} {{member_of(hair[2])}} lock, curl, tuft, ringlet; beaucatcher[obs3], scalp lock. {{has_subtype(lock)}} {{property_of(long)}} tress, lovelock. {{&has_shape(tress): braid, @R219}}. {{&uses(curling[ptnt=hair], @R245)}} {{has_subtype(paper, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} curl paper. <-- pelt[1] includes the hair, pelt[2] has no hair --> {{has_subtype(skin[of=beast, @R366])}} {{has_subtype(mammalian body part)}} {{part_of(hair[num=>1000])}} pelt[1]. {{has_subtype(skin[of=beast, @R366])}} {{has_subtype(mammalian body part)}} {{not_part_of(hair)}} pelt[2]. {{has_subtype(skin[of=beast, @R366])}} hide. {{has_subtype(hide)}} {{connected_to(skin[of=mammal])}} {{member_of(hair)}} fur, coat. {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{property_of(stiff)}} bristle. {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{location_of(eyelid)}} eyelash. {{has_subtype(filament)}} cilium, cilia[pl]; pilus, pili[pl]; fimbria, fimbriae[pl]; villus, villi[pl]. {{has_subtype}} {{member_of(nerve, @P2.3.2.2.2)}} nervous system. {{has_subtype(nervous system)}} central nervous system; autonomic nervous system; peripheral nervous system. {{has_part(central nervous system)}} spinal chord. <-- attached to skin??? --> {{function_of(sensation, M6.1)}} sensorium[obs3], sensory apparatus. {{has_subtype(avian body part)}} {{location_of(skin)}} {{shape_of(sheet)}} {{property_of(light, @R320)}} {{property_of(horny/keratinous)}} feather. {{has_part(feather)}} {{rel_loc_of(center, R222)}} {{property_of(hard, R323)}} {{shape_of(cylinder)}} quill. {{has_part(feather)}} {{property_of(soft, R324)}} vane. {{connected_to(neck)}} torso, trunk. {{has_part(torso)}} bosom, breast; abdomen. {{has_part(torso)}} {{connected_to(neck)}} shoulder. {{connected_to(torso): limb, P2.3.2.2.3.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(soft tissue): body organ, P2.3.2.2.3.2.2}}. {{location_of(front of torso)}} chest. {{has_part(torso)}} {{rel_loc_of(front)}} front of torso. {{has_part(front of torso)}} {{rel_loc_of(middle)}} belly, corporation[obs2], pot belly, gut[coll]. {{has_part(torso)}} {{rel_loc_of(back)}} back, back of torso. {{has_part(torso)}} {{rel_loc_of(top)}} withers, shoulder. {{has_part(torso)}} {{rel_loc_of(lower end)}} hip[num=2]; lower torso. {{has_part(lower torso)}} {{rel_loc_of(front)}} pubic region, pubic area. {{has_part(lower torso)}} {{adjacent_to(hip)}} buttocks, ass[vulg], bottom, behind, bum[coll.], tush[coll], rear, rear end[coll], dupa[Polish]. {{has_part(buttocks)}} cheek[num=2]. {{location_of(buttock)}} {{has_subtype(opening, @R260)}} {{has_part(alimentary canal)}} anus, asshole[vulg]. {{has_part(head)}} {{rel_loc_of(front)}} face, mug[informal]. <-- the face forms a coordinate system with the forehead at "top" --> {{has_part(face)}} {{rel_loc_of(at the top of[loc=face], @R183)}} forehead, brow. {{has_part(face)}} {{surrounded_by(mouth)}} lip[num=2]. {{has_part(head)}} {{adjacent_to(forehead)}} {{rel_loc_of(side[loc=head])}} temple[num=2]. {{has_part(face)}} {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{rel_loc_of(above[loc=eye], @R183)}} eyebrow. {{has_part(face)}} {{has_subtype(hair)}} {{{have_between(nose + upper lip): @R1002, mustache, mustachio}}}. {{has_part(face)}} {{rel_loc_of(center[loc=face], @R222)}} {{rel_loc_of(below[loc=eye], @R183)}} {{rel_loc_of(above[loc=mouth], @R183)}} {{function_of(breathing, @P2.6.4.1.1/olfaction)}} nose. {{has_part(face)}} {{has_subtype(visual organ, @R441)}} {{function_of(vision, P2.6.4.1.1.1.1)}} eye, orbs[pl][coll.], optics[pl][obs2]. {{synonym_of(eye)}} {[in_frame(viewing, @R441)]} naked eye, unassisted eye. {{has_part(eye)}} retina; pupil, iris; lens, cornea; white; blind spot. {{has_part(eye)}} {{has_subtype(cover, R223)}} eyelid. {{has_subtype(eye)}} {{property_of(ugly)}} saucer eyes, goggle eyes, gooseberry eyes. {{has_part(face)}} {{has_subtype(orifice, @R260)}} mouth. {{has_subtype(mouth[of=beast])}} muzzle, snout. {{has_subtype(mouth[of=invertebrate])}} sucker. {{has_part(head)}} {{rel_loc_of(at the top of[loc=head], @R183)}} crown. {{has_part(head)}} {{function_of(hearing)}} ear, auricle, lug, acoustic organs, auditory apparatus. {{has_part(ear): eardrum, tympanum, tympanic membrane}}. {{location_of(neck)}} {{biofunction_of(breathing, @P2.6.4.1.1)}} throat, gullet, weasand[obs3], wizen[obs3]. {{location_of(neck)}} {{biofunction_of(breathing, @P2.6.4.1.1)}} trachea, windpipe. {{biofunction_of(breathing, @P2.6.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(orifice, R260)}} spiracle, vent. {{part_of(spiracle): arthropod}}. {{has_subtype(spiracle)}} {{has_part(marine mammal)}} blowhole. {{location_of(trachea)}} {{biofunction_of(voice, R580)}} larynx. {{location_of(larynx)}} {{biofunction_of(voice, R580)}} vocal chord, vocal chords[pl]. {{location_of(throat)}} {{biofunction_of(speaking, R582)}} tongue. {{location_of(throat)}} tonsils. {{function_of(breathing, @P2.6.4.1.1)}} {{location_of(lung, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} bronchus, bronchi, bronchia[Med]. {{synonym_of(nose)}} {{location_of(face)}} {{property_of(convexity, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(orifice, R260)}} proboscis, nose, neb, beak, snout, nozzle, schnoz[coll]. {{has_part(head)}} {{has_subtype(bone)}} skull, scull, cranium, pericranium[Med], brainpan[obs3]. muscle. {{has_subtype(muscle)}} {{connected_to(skeleton)}} skeletal muscle. {{part_of(skeletal muscle)}} {{part_of(skin)}} flesh. {{has_subtype(flesh)}} human flesh. {{location_of(skin)}} {{property_of(convexity, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(blemish, R848): @R848, pimple, zit [slang]; wen, wheel, papula[Med], pustule, pock, proud flesh, growth, sarcoma, caruncle[obs3], corn, wart, pappiloma, furuncle, polypus[obs3], fungus, fungosity[obs3], exostosis[obs3], bleb, blister, blain[obs3]; airbubble[obs3], blob, papule, verruca}}. {{location_of(skin)}} {{property_of(convexity, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(blemish, R848): @R655, boil}}. {{has_part(chest)}} breast. {{synonym_of(breast)}} {{location_of(chest)}} {{property_of(convexity, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} teat, tit [vulgar], titty [vulgar], boob [vulgar], knocker[vulgar], pap, dug, mammae, mammilla[obs3]. {{has_part(breast)}} nipple, papilla. {{function_of(digest[obj=food])}} digestive system. {{has_part(digestive system)}} alimentary canal. {{has_part(alimentary canal)}} {{rel_loc_of(front end): mouth}}. {{has_part(alimentary canal): intestine, P2.3.2.2.3.2.2}}. {{uses(mammalian reproduction)}} placenta, afterbirth, secundines[Med], afterburden[obs3]. {{has_part(horned animal)}} {{location_of(head)}} {{property_of(sharp + hard)}} {{function_of(fighting, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} horn. {{has_main_component(horn): keratin, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1}}. {{function_of(store[obj=urine], @R636)}} bladder, urinary bladder. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(channel, R350)}} urethra. {{connected_to(urethra): bladder}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(channel, R350)}} ureter. {{between(ureter): kidney, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2 + bladder}}. {{part_of(urethra/bladder/ureter)}} urinary tract. {{hurt_by(urinary tract): urinary tract infection}}. {{has_subtype(cavity)}} {{has_part(arthropod)}} {{location_of(abdomen)}} venter. Adj. body. {[referring_to(pubic region)]} pubic. {[referring_to(cranium)]} cranial. {[referring_to(urethra)]} urethral. {[referring_to(placenta)]} placental. {[referring_to(tongue)]} lingual. {[referring_to(digestive system/digestive organ/digestion)]} digestive. {[referring_to(front of torso)]} ventral. {[referring_to(back of torso)]} dorsal. {[referring_to(cerebrum)]} cerebral. {{&has_property(tress)}} {{has_property(braid, @R219)}} braided. {[referring_to(fimbria)]} fimbrial. Adv. bodily. {[referring_to(uterus)]} uterine. {[referring_to(skin)]} cutaneous, dermal. Pref. {[referring_to(joint)]} arthro-. <-- [[bone]] --> P2.3.2.2.3.2.1 Bone N. {{property_of(hard)}} {{has_part(skeleton)}} {{property_of(calcified)}} bone. {{property_of(convexity, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} {{location_of(head)}} skull. {{property_of(convexity, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} {{location_of(jaw)}} {{property_of(very hard)}} tooth. {{has_subtype(tooth)}} {{has_part(elephant/walrus)}} {{property_of(large, R192 + external, @R220)}} tusk. {{consists_of(tusk)}} ivory. {{has_subtype(human bodypart)}} {{property_of(very hard)}} human tooth. {{has_subtype(human tooth)}} molar; canine, cuspid, dogtooth, eyetooth, canine tooth; incisor; premolar; wisdom tooth; impacted tooth. {{has_subtype(premolar)}} bicuspid. {{has_part(tooth)}} enamel; dentin; pulp, nerve; cementum; root. {{has_subtype(souvenir)}} {{has_subtype(shark bodypart)}} {{has_subtype(tooth)}} shark tooth, shark's tooth. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(tissue)}} {{rel_loc_of(inside[of=bone])}} {{produced_by(red blood cell)}} marrow. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(lower torso)}} hip bone; pubis, pubes, pubic bone. Adj. {{has_property(bone)}} bony, osseous. {[referring_to(tooth)]} dental. {[referring_to(ivory)]} ivory. <-- "organ" is used loosely, including glands [[organ]] --> P2.3.2.2.3.2.2 ORGAN N. organ, body organ. {{biofunction_of(secrete[obj=urine])}} kidney. {{location_of(chest, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{biofunction_of(pump[obj=blood])}} heart. {{location_of(lower torso, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{biofunction_of(digest[obj=food])}} digestive organ. {{has_subtype(digestive organ)}} bowel, gut, vitals[pl], viscera[pl], entrails[pl], bowels[pl], intestines[pl], guts[pl]. <-- this "intestine" is for the part beyond the stomach --> {{location_of(lower torso, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{biofunction_of(assimilate[obj=food])}} intestine. {{part_of(digestive organ)}} digestive tract. {{location_of(torso, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} liver. {{has_subtype(digestive organ)}} {{location_of(gut)}} {{biofunction_of(digest[obj=food])}} stomach, belly, breadbasket, paunch. crop, craw, maw, gizzard. {{biofunction_of(breathing)}} {{location_of(chest, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} lung, lungs[pl], bellows[pl]. pancreas, pancreatic gland; appendix. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(neck, @R1002)}} thyroid, thyroid gland. {{has_part(pancreas)}} islets of Langerhans. {{produces(islets of Langerhans)}} insulin; glucagon. {[of(vertebrate)]} {{uses(reproduction)}} sex organ, reproductive organ, vertebrate sex organ. {{has_subtype(vertebrate sex organ)}} {{has_part(female, @R366)}} ovary. {{has_subtype(vertebrate sex organ)}} {{has_part(male, @R366)}} testicle, testes[pl]. {{has_subtype(vertebrate sex organ)}} {{has_part(male, @R366)}} prostate, prostate gland. {{has_subtype(cell, P2.3.2.2.2)}} {{produces(ovary)}} ovum, egg. {{has_subtype(cell, P2.3.2.2.2)}} {{produces(testicle)}} sperm[pl], spermatozoa[pl], spermatozoon, spermatozoan, sperm cell. {{connected_to(vertebrate sex organ)}} genito-urinary tract, GUT. {{has_part(genito-urinary tract): urinary tract}}. {{has_subtype(vertebrate sex organ)}} mammalian sex organ. {{has_subtype(mammalian sex organ)}} {[of(female)]} vagina, cunt[vulg.], pussy[vulg.]. {{has_subtype(mammalian sex organ)}} {[of(male, @R366)]} {{has_subtype(appendage)}} penis, male organ, prick[vulg.], dick[vulg.], cock[vulg.], tool[vulg.], peter[vulg.]. {{has_part(penis)}} {{rel_loc_of(tip, @P2.3)}} foreskin; glans, glans penis. {{has_symbol(penis)}} phallic symbol, phallus. {{has_part(vagina)}} {{rel_loc_of(external)}} vulva; labia. Adj. {[referring_to(intestine)]} enteric, intestinal. {[referring_to(pancreas)]} pancreatic. {[referring_to(heart)]} cardiac. {[referring_to(kidney)]} renal. {[referring_to(liver)]} hepatic. {[referring_to(penis)]} penile. {[referring_to(phallus)]} phallic. {[referring_to(vagina)]} vaginal. {[referring_to(sperm)]} spermatic. <-- [[limb]] --> P2.3.2.2.3.2.3 LIMB N. {{connected_to(torso)}} limb. {{has_subtype(limb)}} arm, forelimb; leg, hind limb. {{has_part(arm)}} wrist; upper arm. {[of(primate)]} {{uses(holding[2], @R781/grasping[1], @R781/grasping[2], @R781)}} hand. {{constitutes(hand[when=closed])}} fist. {{has_part(hand[of=primate, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.8])}} {{rel_loc_of(tip, @P2.3)}} {{uses(holding, @R781)}} finger[num=5]. {{has_part(hand)}} knuckle[num=5]; palm[num=1]. {{has_part(finger)}} {{rel_loc_of(tip, @P2.3)}} fingertip. {{used_in(finger): touch, R379; grasp, @R781}}. {{has_part(fingertip)}} {{rel_loc_of(tip, @P2.3)}} {{property_of(hard)}} fingernail, nail. {{has_part(toe)}} {{rel_loc_of(tip, @P2.3)}} {{property_of(hard)}} toenail. {{has_subtype_x(finger)}} thumb, big finger; index finger, forefinger; middle finger; ring finger; pinkie, small finger. {{has_part(leg)}} thigh; shin; ankle; foot. {{has_part(foot)}} toe; sole; ball; heel; arch; instep. {{has_subtype(toe)}} big toe. {{has_function(foot): support[obj=ankle]}}. {{has_function(ankle): support[obj=leg]}}. {{has_function(leg): support[obj=torso]}}. {{has_subtype(hand/foot)}} {[of(feline/canine/ursine)]} {{uses(holding, M9.2.1.2)}} {{rel_loc_of(tip[of=leg], @P2.3)}} paw. {[of(beast)]}{{uses(holding, M9.2.1.2)}} wrist, neaf[obs3], neif[obs3]. {{has_subtype(claw)}} {{has_part(cat, @R366)}} {{property_of(retractable, @R283)}} retractable claw. {[of(beast)]} {{uses(holding, M9.2.1.2)}} {{has_part(mouth)}} fangs, teeth. {{has_part(paw)}} {{analogous_to(fingernail)}} claw. {[of(beast)]} {{uses(holding, M9.2.1.2)}} {{has_part(leg/paw)}} {{analogous_to(fingernail)}} claw, talon, nail. {[of(beast)]} {{has_part(leg)}} {{analogous_to(toenail)}} unguis; hoof. {[of(beast)]} {{uses(holding, M9.2.1.2)}} tentacle, tenaculum. <-- =============================================================== ** [[HUMAN]] [[man]] ** =============================================================== --> P2.3.2.3 HUMAN #372a. Person. N. human, human being, man, person, personage, individual, creature, fellow creature, mortal, body, flesh and blood, being, such a one, soul, living soul, earthling. {{has_species}} Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens sapiens. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(prehistoric, @R124)}} troglodyte, caveman. {{evolved_from}} early man. {{has_subtype(early man)}} Cro-Magnon man; Peking man. {{has_species(early man)}} Homo erectus; Homo habilis. {{evolved_from(early man)}} Australopithecus afarensis. party, head, hand; sucker[coll]; quidam[Lat]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(married, @M8.3.1.1.15): married person, P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. {{has_subtype}} {{alternative_to(married person)}} {{not_property_of(married, @M8.3.1.1.15)}} unmarried person. non-spouse. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(dead): @R362, dead person, dead man}}. {{is_a: primate, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.8}}. {{member_of_x(person, P2.3.2.3)}} people, persons; folk, society, community, world. {{member_of_x(anybody[num=all])}} {{has_subtype(all, @R50)}} {{has_subtype(human group, P2.3.2.3.5)}} public, the public, community at large, general public, everyone, everybody. <-- this "nation" is for groups of common origin speaking a common language --> {{member_of}} nation. {{has_property(nation): language[num=1], R560}}. {{part_of(nation[num=>0]): country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1}}. {{has_property(nation)}} nationality. {{has_habitat: @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1, country, state, realm, commonweal, commonwealth, republic}}. {{member_of}} {{habitat_of(country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} body politic. {{has_subtype(public): million &c. (commonalty) R876}}. {{member_of: @R188, population, citizenry}}. {[in_frame(play/drama)]} dramatis personae[Lat][pl]. {{member_of: tribe, clan (paternity) R166}}. {{member_of: family, P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1}}. cosmopolite; lords of the creation; ourselves. {{has_subtype}} {{origin_of(Soviet Union)}} Homo Sovieticus. Adj. human, mortal, personal, individual, national, civic, public, social; cosmopolitan; anthropoid. Pron. somebody, one, someone, some one. {{has_subtype(somebody)}} {{property_of(unspecified, @R78/unrestricted, @R748)}} anyone, anybody. {{member_of_x(anybody[num=all])}} {{has_subtype(all, @R50)}} {{has_subtype(human group, P2.3.2.3.5)}} {{synonym_of(the public)}} everyone, everybody. {{has_part(community at large)}} {{has_subtype(overwhelming majority, @A3.2.5.1.1)}} most everyone, almost everybody. {{has_subtype(everybody)}} all hands, all the world and his wife, N or M, all sorts, everybody and his brother[coll]. Phr. "What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form, in moving, how express and admirable! in action, how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god!" [Hamlet]; "am I not a man and a brother?" [Wedgwood]. <-- we use a somewhat artificial distinction of "mankind" as referring to people as a species or as a social group, and "person" referring to the indvidual properties of human beings. --> <-- 372 mankind 373 man 374 woman (R375 to R449 to M6 Sensation, Perception) --> P2.3.2.3.1 MANKIND R372 TO R374 #372. Mankind. N. {{has_subtype(group)}} man, mankind; human race, human species, human kind, human nature; humanity, mortality, flesh, generation. {{studied_in}} anthropology, anthropogeny[obs3], anthropography[obs3], anthroposophy[obs3]; ethnology, ethnography; humanitarianism. {{has_part(anthropology)}} {{studied_in(evolution[of=man])}} somatology. {{trait_of(humanitarianism)}} humanitarian. Adj. human, mortal. anthropological; ethnological; somatological; humanitarian. P2.3.2.3.2 MAN #373. Man. N. {{property_of(masculinity)}} man, male, he, him, male person; manhood &c. (adolescence) R131; gentleman, sir, master; sahib; yeoman, wight[obs2], swain, fellow, blade, beau, elf, chap, gaffer, good man; husband &c. (married man) R903; "Mr.", mister; boy &c. (youth) R129. [Male animal] cock, drake, gander, dog, boar, stag, hart, buck, horse, entire horse, stallion; gibcat[obs3], tomcat; he goat, Billy goat; ram, tup; bull, bullock. {{produces: androgen, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.3}}. {{property_of(homosexual)}} gay, queen[slang], queer[derog], homosexual, homo, fairy[derog]. V. masculinize. Adj. male, he-, masculine; manly, virile; unwomanly, unfeminine. Pron. he, him, his. Phr. hominem pagina nostra sapit [Lat][Mar.]; homo homini aut deus aut lupus [Lat][Erasmus]; homo vitae commodatus non donatus est [Lat][Syrus]. P2.3.2.3.3 WOMAN #374. Woman. N. {{property_of(femininity)}} woman, female, petticoat. feminality[obs3], muliebrity[obs3]; womanhood &c. (adolescence) R131. {{member_of}} womankind; the sex, the fair; fair sex, softer sex; weaker vessel. mistress. {{property_of(married)}} {{has_subtype(title)}} dame, madam, madame, "Mrs."; lady, donna belle[Sp]. matron, dowager, goody, gammer[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(married): wife, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. {{trait_of(unmarried)}} bachelor girl; old maid. {{trait_of(widowed): widow}}. {{trait_of(divorced): divorcee, @R905, @M8.3.1.1.17}}. feminist, new woman; suffragette, suffragist. {{trait_of(young): girl &c. (youth) R129}}. {{trait_of(saucy, R885)}} hoyden. [Effeminacy] sissy, betty, cot betty [U.S.], cotquean[obs3], henhussy[obs3], mollycoddle, muff, old woman. [Female animal] hen, bitch, sow, doe, roe, mare; she goat, Nanny goat, tabita; ewe, cow; lioness, tigress; vixen. gynecaeum[obs3]. {{produces: estrogen, oestrogen}}. [female relatives] consanguinity &c. R166; paternity &c. R11. {{property_of(homosexual)}} lesbian, dyke[slang]. V. feminize. Adj. female, she-; feminine, womanly, ladylike, matronly, maidenly, wifely; womanish, effeminate, unmanly; gynecic[obs3], gynaecic[obs3]. Pron. she, her, hers. Phr. "a perfect woman nobly planned" [Wordsworth]; "a lovely lady garmented in white" [Shelley]; das Ewig-Weibliche zieht uns hinan [Ger][Goethe]; "earth's noblest thing, a woman perfected" [Lowell]; es de vidrio la mujer[Sp]; "she moves a goddess and she looks a queen" [Pope]; "the beauty of a lovely woman is like music" [G. Eliot]; varium et mutabile semper femina [Lat][Vergil]; "woman is the lesser man" [Tennyson]. P2.3.2.3.4 Dummy N. dummy. <-- human --> <-- [[hgroup]] --> P2.3.2.3.5 HUMAN GROUP N. {{member_of(person[num=>1])}} {{trait_of(cooperation, R709)}} {{has_subtype(group, R72, A2.6.1)}} human group, group. {{has_subtype(group)}}{{!member_of_x(person[num=2])}} couple. {{has_subtype(couple): married couple, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. {{has_subtype}} {{!member_of_x(person[num=>1000000])}} {{&affected_by(social status, @M3.3.2.1.6)}} social class. {{has_subtype(social class)}} caste. <-- meeting[1] is the act of coming together. meeting[2] is the event caused by that coming together --> {{result_of(human group)}} {{has_subtype(gathering, @R72)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(convergence, R290)}} meeting[1], gathering[1], coming together, getting together, assembling, converging. {{&mcaused_by(coming together)}} [transitive] bringing together, gathering[2], assembling[2], calling together. {{has_conceptual_part(meeting[1])}} {{requires(meeting[1])}} {{has_subtype(arrival, R292)}} appearance, showing up. <-- these days, a "meeting place" may be electronic --> {{has_location(meeting)}} {{has_subtype(workplace)}} meeting place. <-- we use "meeting[2]" to mean the event caused by the coming together. This may be used metaphorically to refer to the people participating in the event --> {{has_result(meeting[1], @P2.3.2.3.5)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{&has_location(lecture)}} {{has_result(assembly[1], @R72)}} meeting[2], assembly, gathering[3], assemblage, gemote[obs3]. {{has_subtype(meeting[2])}} conference, convention, congress, conventicle, levee. {{has_subtype(meeting[2])}} {{property_of(large)}} rally. {{has_purpose(rally): increase[obj=enthusiasm, @R602], R35}}. {{has_subtype(meeting place, @P2.3.2.3.5.2)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} meeting hall, meeting room; convention center; council chamber. {{has_subtype(meeting[2]): conclave &c. (council) R696}}. {{has_member(meeting[2])}} {{performed_by(attend[obj=meeting[2]], @R186)}} participant, attendee. {{has_subtype(participant)}} {{has_subtype(delegate, @R758)}} delegate. {{has_member(convention)}} {{has_subtype(participant)}} conferee, conventioneer. {{has_subtype: family, P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1}}. {{has_subtype: council &c. R696, P2.3.2.3.5.3}}. V. {{requires(meet)}} {{has_subtype(come)}} appear, show up, come. {{has_subtype(assemble[1], @R72)}} {{conceptual_part_of(appear)}} assemble, gather. <-- party and team came from different parts of Roget, but have a lot in common. Here party implies antagonism to some other party. Part of Roget's "party" has been moved to "Association". This meaning of "party" is primarily for factions split away from a parent body. A party doesn't necessarily work together, but they have common interests. A team and an association actually work together for their common interests. --> P2.3.2.3.5.1 PARTY (R712) #712. Party. N. {{has_subtype(disputant, R726)}} {{has_participant(dispute, @R713/contest, R720/split, @R713)}} {{trait_of(cooperation, R709)}} {{&has_part(human group)}} party, faction, side, band. {[in_frame(religion, R983)]} denomination, communion. {{has_trait(faction/side): partisanship, R726}}. {{has_subtype: @R166, clan, nation, tribe}}. junto, cabal, camarilla[obs3], camorra[obs3], brigue[obs1]; freemasonry. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.5.5.3, political party}}. {{has_trait: party spirit &c. (cooperation) R709}}. staff. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(member, A2.5.5.2.2): partisan, @R711}}. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(assembling, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} {[with_object(party)]} {{has_subtype(creating)}} forming. {{has_process(forming)}} joining, affiliating, affiliation[1]. {{has_property(partisan)}} {{has_subtype(membership, A2.5.5.2.2)}} membership, affilitation[2]. <-- the party names here to be interpreted as political philosophies; the organized parties are under P2.3.2.3.5.5.3 --> confederates; conservatives; liberals; luddites; socialists; tories; whigs. V. unite, join together; cement a party, form a party &c. n.; associate &c. (assemble) R72; enleague[obs3], federalize, go cahoots . club together &c. (cooperate) R709. {{has_process(joing together)}} join, affiliate. {{has_metaphor(join): enter, @R294}}. Adj. {{trait_of(cooperation, R709)}} [predicate] in league, in partnership, in alliance, in common cause, joined in comon cause &c. n.. banded together, bonded together, linked together, joined together; embattled; as one, with one purpose. confederated, federative, joint, united. Adv. hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, en masse, in the same boat. <-- a team is not merely an assemblage; they have a common goal and work together. ??? "meeting" probably should be elsewhere, under "discussion" --> P2.3.2.3.5.2 TEAM (R712A) #712a. Team. N. {{trait_of(cooperation, R709)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} team, group, crew, gang, squad, knot, band, party. {{&participant_in: contest, R720}}. {{has_subtype}} {{job_of(fight): squad, company, troop, troupe, task force, muster, attroupement[obs3]; army, corps, regiment, brigade &c. (combatants) R726}}. {{has_subtype(crew)}} ship's crew; flight crew. populousness. {{has_trait}} concourse, conflux[obs3], congregation, contesseration[obs1], convergence &c. R290. host &c. (multitude) R102. horde, phalanx; tong, Chinese tong. {{job_of(find[obj=person])}} search party. {{has_subtype(search party)}} posse, posse comitatus[Lat]. {{has_subtype(group): reunion, drawing room, at home; reception, conversazione[It] &c. (social gathering) R892}}. Noah's ark. {{has_subtype(group)}} crowd, throng, group; flood, rush, deluge; rabble, mob, press, crush, cohue[obs3], horde, body; atajo[obs3]. {{has_subtype(group)}} bunch; drive; force, mulada [obs3][U.S.]; remuda[obs3]; roundup [U.S.]; array; bevy; galaxy. {{has_subtype(group of animals)}} swarm; shoal; school; covey; flock; gaggle; herd; drove. collector, gatherer; whip, whipper in. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(formal, @M7.3.5.1.2.1): organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5}}. Freemasons; Knights Templar; Kuklux, Kuklux Klan, KKK. P2.3.2.3.5.3 COUNCIL (R696) #696. Council. N. {{performed_by(direction, R693)}} council, committee, subcommittee, comitia[Lat]. {{&hperforms: debate, deliberation, discussion, @R476}}. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(advise, R695)}} staff, cabinet, chamber, board, bench. {{has_subtype(cabinet)}} President's Cabinet. {{has_job(President's Cabinet): advise[obj=President of the United States]}}. {[of(kingdom)]} court. {{job_of(create[obj=law])}} legislative body. {{has_subtype(legislative body)}} {{&has_subgroup(legislative body)}} lower house; upper house. {{has_subtype(legislative body)}} congress; senatus[Lat]; parliament; chamber of deputies; reichsrath[Germany]; rigsdag, riksdag[obs3], volksraad[Ger]; cortes[Spain]; Oireachtas[Ireland]; storthing; witenagemote[obs3]; junta; divan; musnud[obs3]; sanhedrin; classis[obs3]; Amphictyonic council[obs3]; duma[Russia]; legislative assembly, legislative council; witan[obs3], caput[obs3], consistory, chapter, syndicate; county council; local board. {{has_subtype(upper house)}} senate[U.S.]; House of Lords [U.K.]. {{has_subtype(lower house)}} House of Representatives, House[U.S.]; House of Commons [U.K.]; Dail Eirann[Ireland]. {{member_of(director, R694)}} board of directors, directory, directorate. {{has_subtype: court of appeal &c. (tribunal) R966}}. board of control, board of works; vestry. {{&has_location(deliberation, @R476)}} audience chamber; council chamber; state chamber. cabinet council, privy council; cockpit, convocation, synod; congress, convention, diet, states-general. <-- [formal gathering of members of a council: should be a script] see " discussion"!???--> {{hperforms(council)}} assembly, conference, caucus, conclave, clique, conventicle; meeting, sitting, session, palaver, pourparler, durbar[obs3]; council fire [N.Am.], powwow [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(conference)}} {{property_of(large)}} convention, exhibition. {{has_subtype(session)}} {{property_of(formal)}} formal session, legal session. {{requires(legal session)}} {{has_subtype(majority[of=members], A3.2.5.1.1)}} quorum. <-- primary [U.S.]. ??? , seance --> {{is_a: meeting, assemblage &c. R72}}. {{has_member}} member; senator; member of parliament, "M.P."; councilor, councillor, representative of the people; assemblyman; congressman; councilman; councilwoman; alderman; freeholder. V. assemble, gather together, meet (assemblage) R72; confer, caucus, hold council; huddle [coll.]. Adj. conciliar. legislative, law-making; regulatory; deliberative. senatorial, curule[obs3]; congressional; parliamentary. P2.3.2.3.5.4 FELLOWSHIP N. fellowship. community, body, sodality, solidarity; confraternity; familistere[obs3], family circle, familistery[obs3]; brotherhood, sisterhood. clique, knot, gang, ring, circle, group, crowd, in-crowd, coterie; club, casino[obs2]. {{has_subtype(clique)}} {[in_frame(politics)]} political machine, machine. {{has_instance(political machine)}} Tammany, Tammany Hall [U.S.]. {{has_member(gang/clique)}} one of the gang, one of the boys. {{has_metaphor}} happy family. Phr. that old gang of mine; "Hail! hail! The gang's all here". <-- [[organization]] --> P2.3.2.3.5.5 ORGANIZATION N. {{property_of(formal/organized)}} organization. {{has_conceptual_part: name, R564}}. foundation. {{member_of(worker, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6)}} labor union, union. {{job_of(organize[obj=labor union], @R161)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} labor organizer. {{hperforms(destroy[obj=labor union])}} union-buster. {{member_of(labor union)}} organized labor[collective]. {{hperforms(labor union): @M7.3.5.4.1, collective bargaining, strike}}. {{member_of(labor union)}} labor federation. {{has_instance(labor federation)}} American Federation of Labor, AFL; Congress of Industrial Organizations, CIO; AFL-CIO. {{has_subtype(labor union)}} house union. political organization. {{has_subtype(political organization)}} {{has_subtype(party, P2.3.2.3.5.1): political party, P2.3.2.3.5.5.3}}. {{&hperforms}} {{has_subtype(solicitation[obj=donation[2], @R784], @R765)}} fund-raising. {{uses(fund-raising): fund-raising letter, @R765; fund-raiser, @R892}}. V. {{referring_to(organization)}} organizational. organization-wide. {{&hperforms(organization)}} {{has_subtype(solicitation[obj=donation[2], @R784], @R765)}} {[act_causing(fund-raising)]} raise funds. <-- an association differs from a fellowship in being organized, and is therefore a subtype of "organization", but is not usually commercial. "college" here is in the informal sense of W10 sense 4 [[asociation]] --> P2.3.2.3.5.5.1 ASSOCIATION N. {{not_property_of(commercial, M9.2.3)}} association, society. institute, institution; union; trades union; league, syndicate, alliance, Verein[Ger], Bund[Ger], combination; Turnverein[Ger]. league offensive and defensive, alliance offensive and defensive; coalition; federation; confederation, confederacy. professional association; college. {{has_instance(college)}} {{member_of(cardinal, @R996)}} college of cardinals. {{has_instance(professional association)}} Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL[acron.]. {{has_subtype(institute)}} {{performed_at(study[obj=political issue])}} think tank. voluntary association, volunteer group. social organization, social society. {{has_subtype(social organization)}} service organization, service club. {{has_instance(social organization)}} Freemasons, Masons. {{has_member(Freemasons)}} Mason, Freemason. {{has_subtype(philosophy)}} {{hperforms(Freemason)}} freemasonry, Masonry. non-profit organization, organization not for profit. {{has_instance(service club)}} Lions, Lions Clubs International; Rotary; Kiwanis; Elks, BPOE; Moose; Odd Fellows. {{has_subtype(professional association)}} scientific society. {{has_instance(scientific society)}} American Chemical Society, ACS[1]; American Cancer Society, ACS[2]; Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL; American Society for Microbiology, ASM. brotherhood; fraternity; sorority. {{has_subtype(fraternity)}} college fraternity. {{has_member(college fraternity)}} local chapter. {{has_instance(college fraternity)}} {{has_subtype(honor society)}} Phi Beta Kappa. trading association, Zollverein[Ger]. clan. Adj. fraternal; voluntary, volunteer. non-profit. <-- [[company]] --> P2.3.2.3.5.5.2 COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION N. {{trait_of(commercial, R794)}} business, company, firm, business organization, commercial organization, enterprise, establishment, concern, firms[pl], companies[pl]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(legal person)}} {{property_of(limited liability, @R926)}} corporation, corporate body; joint concern, joint-stock company. partnership, copartnership[obs3]. house. {{has_subtype}} private enterprise[also collective]; government enterprise, national enterprise. guild. {{hcreates}} {{has_product}} {{has_subtype(something of value)}} product, commercial product. {{has_subtype(product): merchandise, R798; service, M7.3.5.4.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(compact[of=firms], R769)}} cartel, trust, syndicate, cahoot, combine [U.S.]; consortium. {{&has_function(cartel): increase[obj=price, R812], R35}}. {{property_of(profitable)}} going concern, profitable business. {{has_part}} department; division. {{has_member}} {{hperforms(manage[obj=company/department/division], R693)}} {{has_subtype(director, R694)}} executive, businessman. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(manufacture[ptnt=drug, P2.3.1.3.4.1], M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} pharmaceutical firm, pharmaceutical company, drug company. V. {{aformed_by(corporation)}} {{has_subtype(legal process, @R963)}} incorporate. Adj. {[referring_to(corporation)]} corporate. {{has_property(corporation)}} incorporated. {[referring_to(department)]} departmental. P2.3.2.3.5.5.3 POLITICAL PARTY N. {{has_subtype(party, P2.3.2.3.5.1)}} political party. {{participant_in: politics, R737b}}. {{has_instance(political party)}} {{origin_of(United States)}} Democratic Party, Democrats; Federalists; Federals; Republican Party, Republicans; Bull Moose Party [ca 1904]. {{has_instance(political party)}} Confederates; Conservatives; Liberals; Luddites; Socialists; Communists. {{has_instance(political party)}} {{origin_of(Great Britain)}} Labor Party, laborites; Tories; Whigs. {{has_instance(political party)}} {{origin_of(Europe)}} Christian Democratic Party, Christian Democrats. <--- Human roles are divided into several main categories, principally family relationships, persons with specific characteristics, and agents. Workers are a subtype of agents, but have been included for convenience in a category at the same level as agent(P2.3.2.3.6.5) [[hrole]]--> P2.3.2.3.6 HUMAN ROLE N. {{property_of(roleness)}} human role. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.2, relative, blood relative, family member, kin, in-law}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6, worker, laborer}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5, doer, agent, actor, protagonist, antagonist}}. thinker. character. P2.3.2.3.6.1 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- HUMAN KINSHIP --> <-- [ref: R9. Relation, A2.1. ABSOLUTE RELATION]. --> <-- [Relations of kindred.] [[HREL]] [[kin]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.2 KIN #11. Kin. N. kin, kinsman, relation, relative, kinfolk[pl], kith and kin[pl]; connection, kindred[collective], blood[metaphorical]. {{member_of: family, P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} sibling, sib. {{has_inverse(sibling): sibling}}. next of kin. {{has_subtype: P2.3.2.3.6.2.2, descendant}}. {{has_trait}} {{has_subtype(relation, R9)}} relationship, kinship; filiation[obs3], affiliation, agnation[obs3], connection, alliance; family connection, family tie, family relation. {{has_subtype(kinship)}} consanguinity, blood relationship, ties of blood. {{!!caused_by(kinship): @R166, parentage; descent; ancestry; heritage}}. {{-!mcauses: nepotism, @R940}}. cousin, first cousin. {{has_subtype(cousin)}}cousin-german; second cousin; half-cousin; third cousin. cousin once removed. distant relative, distant relation. {{has_subtype(distant relative)}} cousin twice removed, cousin three times removed, cousin four times removed. near relation, near relative, close relative. blood relative, one's own flesh and blood. parent. {{has_inverse(parent): child, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. grandparent. {{has_inverse(grandparent): grandchild, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. {{has_property}} fraternity; brotherhood; sisterhood, cousinhood[obs3]. {{member_of}} generation; side. {{member_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1, tribe, race, sept, stock, stirps, nation; strain, breed}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(male, @R366)}} brother; father, grandfather; uncle; half uncle; nephew. <-- ##?? Need to express relation: only one parent in common --> {{has_subtype(brother)}} half brother; stepbrother. {{has_subtype(half brother)}} uterine brother. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(female): daughter, granddaughter}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(female)}} sister; mother; grandmother; aunt; half aunt; niece. <-- ##?? Need to express relation: only one parent in common --> {{has_subtype(sister)}} half sister; stepsister. {{has_subtype(half sister)}} uterine sister. {{isnota}} courtesy aunt; courtesy uncle. {{has_instance(race)}} negro race; Asian race; Caucasian race. {{has_member(negro race)}} {{property_of(black-skinned)}} negro, black, blackamoor, person of color, colored person, man of color. {{has_subtype(negro)}} {{habitat_of(United States)}} African-American, Afro-American; nigra, darkie, buck, nigger[derog]; coon [U. S.][derog], sambo[derog], Ethiop[obs2]. {{has_member(Asian race)}} Asian, Asiatic, oriental. {{has_property(negro): skin color[val=black/brown]}}. {{has_property(Asiatic): skin color[val=yellow]}}. {{has_property(American Indian): skin color[val=red]}}. {{has_property(Caucasian): skin color[val=white/pink/tan]}}. {{has_property(middle easterner): skin color[val=dark/brown]}}. V. be related to, be kin to, be consanguineous with. claim relationship with, claim kinship with. have a relationship to, have kinship to, have a family connection with; be consanguineous, be of the same blood, be of the same lineage. Adj. related, akin, consanguineous, of the blood, family, kindred; cognate, connate; fraternal. collateral, allied; affiliated. intimately related, nearly related, closely related. remotely related, distantly related. german, related through both parents. agnate, consanguine[Law], related on the male side; agnatic. uterine, related through the mother. related by marriage. {{has_property(African-American)}} Afro-American. Prep. related to, akin to. <-- was P2.3.2.3.6.4.32 --> P2.3.2.3.6.2.1 FIRSTBORN N. {{property_of(seniority, @R128, @P2.2.3.5.3.2)}} firstling, firstborn; oldest, eldest; ichiro[Jap], ichiban[Jap]. <-- Note that child here refers to a familial relationship, and this "child" may be an adult; the "child" meaning a young person is at P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.4 --> P2.3.2.3.6.2.2 DESCENDANT N. {{performed_by(posterity)}} descendant; butcha[obs3]; bantling, scion; acrospire[obs3], plumule[obs3], shoot, sprout, olive-branch, sprit[obs3], branch; off-shoot, off-set; ramification. {{has_subtype(children)}} {{produces(multiple birth, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1)}} twins; triplets; quadruplets, quintuplets; sextuplets. {{affected_by: heredity, @P2.6.4.2}}. {{member_of}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} generation. {{has_subtype(generation)}} succeeding generation, later generation. {{has_subtype(succeeding generation)}} first generation, "F1", next generation, rising generation, following generation. {{has_member(first generation)}} child, children[pl]; heir, heiress, successor; heir-apparent, heir-presumptive; chip off the old block. <-- here we could use recursive functions --> {{has_subtype(later generation)}} {{has_subtype(first generation[of=first generation])}} second generation, "F2". {{has_subtype(later generation)}} {{has_subtype(first generation[of=second generation])}} third generation. {{has_subtype(later generation)}} {{has_subtype(first generation[of=third generation])}} fourth generation. {{has_member(second generation)}} grandchild. {{has_member(third generation)}} great-grandchild; great-granddaughter; great-grandson. {{plural}} [collective] posterity, progeny, breed, issue, offspring, brood, litter, seed, farrow, spawn, spat, heirs. {{has_subtype(child)}}{{has_subtype(male, R373)}} son. {{has_subtype(child)}}{{has_subtype(female, R374)}} daughter. {{has_subtype(grandchild)}}{{has_subtype(male, R373)}} grandson. {{has_subtype(grandchild)}}{{has_subtype(female, R374)}} granddaughter. {{has_subtype(child)}} {{begets(unmarried parent, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3)}} illegitimate child, bastard, love child. <-- Note the recursive definition of ancestor. For this terminology, ancestors start with great-grandparents. [[parent]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.2.3 PARENT N. parent. {{!!begets(parent): child, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. {{reciprocal_of(parent): child, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(parent)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} father, sire, dad, papa, paterfamilias, abba[obs3]; genitor, progenitor, procreator. {{has_property(parent): age[val=>parent^child^age]}}. {{has_subtype_x}} natural parent; adoptive parent; stepparent; foster parent. {{has_subtype(natural parent)}} {{property_of(female)}} birth mother, natural mother. {{has_subtype(stepparent)}} stepmother; stepfather. {{begotten_by(parent)}} grandparent. {{has_subtype(grandparent)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} grandsire[obs3], grandfather. {{begotten_by(grandparent)}} {{has_subtype(ancestor)}} great-grandparent. {{has_subtype(great-grandparent)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} great-grandfather. <-- thie recursive definition does not make any provision for chain termination! ??? --> {{begets(ancestor)}} ancestor, forbear, forefathers[pl], forbears[pl]. {{reciprocal_of(ancestor): descendent}}. {{has_subtype(ancestor)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} patriarch. {{has_subtype(parent)}} {{property_of(female)}} mother, dam, mamma, materfamilias[Lat]. {{has_subtype(grandparent)}} grandmother. {{has_subtype(great-grandparent)}} {{property_of(female)}} great-grandmother. {{&has_member(one-parent household, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1)}} divorced parent. {{&has_member(one-parent household, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1)}} {{has_subtype(parent)}} {{property_of(unmarried)}} widowed parent; single parent, unmarried parent. <-- We consider "family" as those whose relationship we can (usually) trace; thus we arbitrarily halt the "family" relationship at the level of "clan" and the higher units are under "kin", above. [[family]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1 FAMILY N. {{has_subtype(human group)}} {{member_of(kin, P2.3.2.3.6.2)}} family, family unit. {{is_a}} living unit. {{part_of}} household. {{part_of}} extended family. {{part_of(extended family)}} {{member_of(ancestor, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3 + grandparent, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3 + parent, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3 + child, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2 + descendant, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2)}} house, stem, strain, breed, trunk, tree, stock, pedigree, lineage, line, stirps. <-- a clan is a group of families whose heads are descended from a common ancestor. The last relation in this frame is redundant. By this definition, the common ancestor and all intermediates (alive or dead) are considered part of the clan. --> {{part_of($extended family[num>1])}} clan. &&{{has_member($extended family[num=all]): $ancestor, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3}}. &&{{has_member($extended family[num=all]): descendent[of=$ancestor], @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. {{part_of(clan)}} tribe, sept; race, stock, nation. {{has_subtype(tribe)}} {{member_of(American Indian, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.59.1)}} Indian tribe. {{has_subtype(Indian tribe)}} Algonquin tribe, Algonquins; Cherokee tribe, Cherokees; Sioux tribe, Sioux; Choctow tribe, Choctow; Apache tribe, Apache; Mohawk tribe, Mohawk; Hopi tribe, Hopi; Seminole tribe, Seminoles; Navaho tribe, Navahos; Ute tribe, Utes; Chippewa tribe, Chippewas; Lenni Lenape tribe, Lenni Lenapes; Rahwac tribe, Rahwacs; Cayuga tribe, Cayugas. {{has_subtype}} nuclear family; atypical family; childless couple. {{has_subtype(nuclear family)}} typical family. {{has_member(typical family): biological father [num=1]; biological mother[num=1]; child[num=1-25][avnum=2]}}. {{has_part(typical family): married couple, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. {{has_member}} head, head of the family. {{has_member(typical family)}} {{has_subtype(head of the family): father, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(atypical family)}} one-parent household. {{has_subtype(atypical family)}} informal living unit. {{has_part(informal living unit)}} unmarried couple. {{has_member(unmarried couple)}} significant other, lover. {{has_subtype(significant other): man, P2.3.2.3.2; woman, P2.3.2.3.3}}. P2.3.2.3.6.3 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [person who is ...; person who does ...(character)] human mental properties, e.g. courage, cowardice generally under volition --> <-- [ref: P2.2.3 traits, characteristics of humans (@TRAIT)]. Where to ... individual, one of a kind? be unique; not follow the herd, march to one's own drummer. [[htype]].--> P2.3.2.3.6.4 HUMAN TYPE N. {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} human type, character, type, stereotype, type of person, certain type of person; cliche. V. be typical, be stereotypical, typify. categorize, stereotype. {{has_subtype(categorize): @R872, stigmatize, brand}}. Adj. typical, stereotypical. typed, stereotyped; categorized. <-- PERSON WITH SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS, GENERALLY --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.1 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.4.2 PHYSICAL TYPE N. physical type. <-- W.H. Sheldon's classifications (1940) --> {{property_of(husky+muscular)}} mesomorph. {{property_of(heavy+rounded)}} endomorph. {{property_of(light+non-muscular)}} ectomorph. Adj. mesomorphic; endomorphic; ectomorphic. P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.1 GIANT N. {{property_of(hugeness)}} giant. monster, mammoth, behemoth; colossus. {{has_metaphor}} cachalot, whale, porpoise, leviathan, elephant, hippopotamus. [coll] thumper, whooper, spanker, strapper. {{has_instance}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Brobdingnagian; Antaeus; Gog and Magog; Gargantua; Cyclops. {{has_instance}} Goliath. "Triton among the minnows" [Coriolanus]. Adj. giant, gigantic, colossal. brobdingnagian, cyclopean. <-- [PERSON WITH PARENTS OF DIFFERENT RACES] THE PARENT CONCEPT IS ALSO USED OF ANIMALS. --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.2 HYBRID N. {{has_subtype(mixture, R44)}} {{has_subtype(animal[1], R366)}} hybrid, cross, crossbreed, mongrel; random breed, half-breed. half-blood, half blood, half-caste; mulatto; mestizo; metis[Lat]. Eurasian; quadroon; octoroon; quintroon; terceron[obs3]; quarteron[obs3]; quinteron[obs3] &c.; griffo[obs3], zambo[obs3]; cafuzo[obs3]; fustee[obs3], fustie[obs3]; griffe, ladino[obs3], mestee[obs3]; zebrule[obs3][U. S.]; catalo[obs3]. <-- ; sacatra ?? --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.3 MIDGET N. midget, dwarf, small person, short person; runt. pygmy, pigmy[obs3]. {{member_of(pygmy)}} {{has_subtype(race)}} pygmy race, pygmies. elf[fig], gnome[fig]. Liliputian, chit, pigwidgeon[obs3], urchin; atomy[obs3], dandiprat[obs3]; doll, puppet. Tom Thumb, Hop-o'-my-thumb[obs3]; manikin, mannikin; homunculus; dapperling[obs3], cock-sparrow[obs2]. Adj. undersized, dwarf, midget; Lilliputian. <-- [[baby]] P2.3.2.3.6.4.5 [[child]]--> P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.4 YOUNG PERSON (R129) #129. Young person. N. {{trait_of(youth, R127, P2.2.3.5.3.1)}} {{antonym_of(adult)}} young person, minor, person of minor age; child, youngster, youth, juvenile, children[pl], bairn[Scot.], little one, kid, small fry[coll], moppet. {{trait_of(very young)}} infant, babe, baby, babe in arms; nurseling, suckling, yearling, weanling; papoose, bambino; tot, tyke, bantling, toddler[beginning to walk]. {{has_subtype(infant)}} {{property_of(new)}} new-born baby, neonate[Med]; premature baby, preemie[coll]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unborn)}} foetus, fetus; embryo; "bun in the oven"[coll], baby on the way. {{property_of(ill-mannered, @R895)}} brat, urchin, chit, spoiled brat, enfant terrible[Fr.], bratling[obs3]. orphan. {{property_of(preadolescent)}} preadolescent. {{has_property(preadolescent): $age}}. &&{{{has_relative_value(preadolescent^age + teenager^age): "0.7-0.99"}}}. {{!!is_a(orphan): child[of=$parent[num=2], P2.3.2.3.6.2.3], @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. &&{{!!has_property($parent[num=both]): dead, @R360}}. {{property_of(homeless, @R804)}} street arab, gamin[masc], gamine[fem]. {{property_of(abandoned, @R782 + homeless, @R804)}} waif, abandoned child, foundling[infant]. {{property_of(lawless, @R945)}} juvenile delinquent. {{&member_of(teenager)}} {{has_subtype(gang, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.2)}} {{location_of(street)}} street gang. elf[coll]. {{has_subtype(negro)}} pickaninny. {{property_of(male, @R366)}} boy, lad, stripling, youngun[coll], whipper-snapper, younker[obs3], callant[obs3], whipster[obs3], whiffet [obs3][U.S.]. {{property_of(female)}} girl, lass, lassie. {{property_of(female)}} damsel, demoiselle; maid, maiden, virgin[obs2]; wench; nymph, grisette[French]; filly[coll]; colleen; muchacha[Sp]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(male, @R366): @R541, schoolboy, hopeful, cadet}}. {{property_of(awkward, @R647)}} hobbledehoy. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(female): @R541, schoolgirl, coed}}. {{trait_of(adolescence, @P2.2.3.5.3.3)}} teen, teenager, adolescent. {{has_subtype(teenager)}} {{property_of(female)}} teenybopper[coll], bobbysoxer[coll]; junior miss. {{property_of(female)}} {{trait_of(boisterous, @R825)}} tomboy, hoyden. scion, descendent, heir. {{property_of(male, @R366)}} {{has_subtype(title)}} master. {{property_of(female)}} {{has_subtype(title)}} miss, missy. <-- [ref: age, R128, P1.1.2.2 TIME RELATIVE TO A PERIOD]. --> Adj. childish, puerile, juvenile. infantile, infantine[obs3]; boyish; girlish; babyish, kittenish. baby; newborn, unfledged, new-fledged. immature, callow. teen, teenage. {{preceded_by(teenage)}} preadolescent, prepubescent, prepubertal. in the cradle, in swaddling clothes, in long clothes, in arms, in leading strings; at the breast; in one's teens. P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.5 ADULT N. {{property_of(adulthood, R131a, P2.2.3.2.4)}} adult, grown-up, mature person. {[in_frame(law)]} a person in his majority. {{has_subtype(woman, R374)}} no chicken[coll.], no spring chicken[coll.]. {{has_subtype: man &c. R373; woman &c. R374}}. P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.5.1 OLD PERSON (R130) #130. Old person. N. {{has_subtype(adult, P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.5)}} {{property_of(old, R124)}} old person, old timer, veteran; elder, elders. {{property_of(male, @R366)}} old man, seer, patriarch, graybeard; grandfather, grandsire; gaffer. {{property_of(female)}} old lady, old woman, matriarch, gammer, grammer[Brit], grandam, granny, grandmother. {{has_subtype(old lady)}} {{property_of(ugly)}} crone, hag, witch. sexagenarian; octogenarian; nonagenarian; centenarian. old stager. {{trait_of(old-fashioned)}} fogy, fogey, old fogey[derog]. {{has_metaphor}} Methuselah, Nestor, old Parr, preadamite[obs3]; pantaloon. {{has_subtype: dotard, @R501}}. {{has_subtype: forefathers &c. (paternity) R166}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(illness)}} crock[derog]; crut[derog]. <-- [ref: age, R128, P1.1.2.2 TIME RELATIVE TO A PERIOD]. --> Phr. "superfluous lags the veteran on the stage" [Johnson]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.3 STRANGER N. {{property_of(extraneousness/unfamiliarity)}} alien, stranger. intruder, interloper, newcomer, novus homo[Lat]; outsider, other, they, them. foreigner; immigrant; emigrant; creole; Africander[obs3]. {{has_subtype(foreigner/immigrant)}} [derogatory] Dago, wop; mick; polak; greaser; chink, slant, slope; jap; frog; yid, kyke. [derogatory] wog[Brit]; goy[Yiddish], goyim[pl][Yiddish]. Easterner [U.S.], Dutchman, tenderfoot. P2.3.2.3.6.4.4 DEPENDANT N. dependant, dependent. pensioner, pensionary[obs3]. client; hanger on, satellite; parasite &c. (servility) R886; led captain. ward, protege[Fr]. [derog] puppet, tool, creature. P2.3.2.3.6.4.5 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- R492 Scholar, R493 Ignoramus, R500 Sage, R501 Fool, and R504 Madman refer to M5.5 results of reasoning [[scholar]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.6 SCHOLAR R492 #492. Scholar. N. {{trait_of(knowledge, R490)}} scholar, savant. learned man, intellectual, literary man; homo multarum literarum[Lat]; man of learning, man of letters, man of education, man of genius. pundit; connoisseur. academician, academist[obs3], gownsman; professor; graduate, wrangler[obs2]; master; master of arts; doctor; licentitate. master of math; clerk; sophist, sophister[obs3]; grammarian; litterateur[Fr], literati, dilettanti, illuminati[It], cogniscenti[It]; fellow, Hebraist; mullah; munshi[obs3]; Sanskritish; sinologist, sinologue[obs3]. wiz; rocket scientist[coll]. {{has_subtype: philosopher}}. {{has_metaphor}} Mezzofanti; admirable Crichton; Mecaenas. {{has_subtype: teacher, rabbi &c. R540}}. bookworm, helluo librorum[Lat]; book lover, bibliophile, avid reader, bibliomaniac[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(female)}} bluestocking, bas-bleu[Fr]. bigwig, learned Theban, don; Artium Baccalaureus[Lat][obs3], Artium Magister[Lat]. antiquarian, antiquary; archaeologist; paleontologist. {{similar_to: sage &c. (wise man) R500}}. pedant, doctrinaire; pedagogue, "Dr. Pangloss"; pantologist[obs3], criminologist. schoolboy &c. (learner) R541. {{has_subtype: scientist, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9}}. {{has_result(learning, R539, @M8.1.2): knowledge, R490}}. {{has_instance(philosopher)}} {{property_of(dead[yr=1994])}} Pierre Abelard; Albertus Magnus; Thomas Aquinas; Aristotle; Augustine, Saint Augustine of Hippo, Saint Augustine; Roger Bacon; Francis Bacon; Confucius, Kung Fu-Tse; Mencius, Meng Fu-Tse; Democritus; Dewey; Duns Scotus; Descartes; Albert Einstein; Epicurus; Frege; Hegel; Heidegger; Hobbes; Hume; Kant; Kierkegaard; Leibnitz; Joh Stuart Mill; Marx; Montague; Ockham, William of Ockham; Max Planck; Pascal; Plato; Santayana; Sartre; Schopenhauer; Socrates; Spencer; Spinoza; Bertrand Russel; Whitehead. Adj. learned &c. R490; brought up at the feet of Gamaliel[obs2]. Phr. "he was a scholar and a ripe and good one" [Henry VIII]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.6.1 LINGUIST N. linguist. polyglot. lexicographer, lexicologist, glossographer, verbarian[obs3]. glossolinguist, philologist; philologer[obs3]. semanticist, semiotician; etymologist. paleolinguist; epigrapher, epigraphist. {{has_instance}} {{property_of(famous+dead)}} Noah Webster; Peter Roget. Phr. "the manifold linguist" [All's Well That Ends Well]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.7 IGNORAMUS R493 #493. Ignoramus. N. {{trait_of(ignorance, M5.5.9)}} ignoramus, dunce, dope. {{&mcaused_by: stupidity, R499}}. wooden spoon[coll]; no scholar[litotes]. <-- [insulting terms for ignorant person: see also imbecility R499, folly R501] --> [derogatory] moron, imbecile, idiot; dullard, dotard, numskull, numbskull; fool, jerk, nincompoop; airhead, twit; asshole [vulgar]. {{trait_of(superficial knowledge)}} sciolist[obs3], smatterer, dabbler, half scholar; charlatan. {{trait_of(pretense[obj=wisdom])}} wiseacre, smart aleck, smartass[coll]. {{trait_of(unintellectual/materialistic, @R954a)}} Philistine, Philister[obs3]. {{has_subtype: greenhorn &c. (dupe) R547}}. {{has_subtype: novice, tyro &c. (learner) R541}}. {{has_subtype: lubber &c. (bungler) R701}}. <-- pedant &c. R492. ?why here??? --> fool &c. R501. Adj. bookless[obs3], shallow. {{synonym_of: ignorant &c. R491}}. Phr. "a wit with dunces and a dunce with wits" [Pope]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.8 SAGE (R500) #500. Sage. N. {{has_result(learning, R539, @M8.1.2)}} sage, wise man, guru; genius; master mind, master spirit of the age; intellectual, longhair, highbrow, thinker, longhead[obs3]. authority, oracle, luminary, shining light, esprit fort. {{has_metaphor}} magnus Apollo[Lat][obs3], Solon, Solomon, Nestor, Magi, "second Daniel". {{similar_to: R492, P2.3.2.3.6.4.6, scholar}}. {{similar_to: expert &c. R700}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_by(mysticism): wizard &c. R994}}. [Ironically] wiseacre, bigwig, know-it-all; poor man's Einstein. Adj. sagacious, wise &c. R498. venerable, reverenced, emeritus. Phr. barba tenus sapientes[Lat]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.9 MADMAN (R504) #504. Madman. N. {{trait_of(insanity, R503)}} madman, lunatic, maniac, bedlamite[obs3], candidate for Bedlam, raver[obs3], madcap, crazy; energumen[obs3]. madwoman. monomaniac; dipsomaniac; automaniac[obs3]; crank, Tom o'Bedlam. {{performed_by(steal[mode=compulsively])}} kleptomaniac. hypochondriac; depressed person, seek sorrow, self-tormentor, heautontimorumenos[obs3], malade imaginaire[Fr], medecin tant pis[Fr]; croaker, pessimist; mope. obsessive-compulsive; manic-depressive; psychotic; neurotic; paranoid; schizophrenic. <-- note that fool generally, R501, expresses lack of wisdom. The specific fool who is easily duped is a subtype, under dupe, R547. See ignoramus, R493, at 4.7 above. A mentally deficient person is placed under P2.3.2.3.6.4.10.2, simpleton [[fool]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.10 FOOL (R501) #501. Fool. N. fool, tomfool, donkey, ass; ninny, ninnyhammer[obs3]; blockhead, chowderhead, chucklehead[obs3]; dolt, booby, Tom Noddy, tomnoddy, looby[obs3], hoddy-doddy[obs3], noddy, nonny, noodle, nizy[obs3], owl; goose, goosecap[obs3]; gaby[obs3]; radoteur[obs3], nincompoop, badaud[obs3], zany. trifler, babbler; pretty fellow. child, baby, infant, innocent, milksop, sop. oaf, lout, loon, lown[obs3], dullard, doodle, calf, colt, buzzard, block, put, stick, stock, numps[obs3], tony. bull head, dunderhead, addlehead[obs3], blockhead, dullhead[obs3], loggerhead, jolthead[obs3], jolterhead[obs3], beetlehead[obs3], beetlebrain, grosshead[obs3], muttonhead, noodlehead, giddyhead[obs3]; numbskull, thickskull[obs3]; lackbrain[obs3], shallowbrain[obs3]; dimwit, halfwit, lackwit[obs3]; dunderpate[obs3]; lunkhead. clod, clod-hopper, lummox, rube [U.S.]; clod-poll, clot-poll, clot-pate; bull calf; gawk, Gothamite; men of Boeotia, wise men of Gotham, sawney[obs3][U.S.], gowk[obs3]. un sot a triple etage[Fr], sot; jobbernowl[obs3], changeling, mooncalf, gobemouche[obs3]. driveler; old fogey, old woman, crock; crone, grandmother; cotquean[obs3], henhussy[obs3]. greenhorn &c. (dupe) R547; dunce &c. (ignoramus) R493; lubber &c. (bungler) R701; madman &c. R504. one who will not set the Thames on fire; one who did not invent gunpowder, qui n'a pas invente' la poudre [Fr]; no conjuror. Phr. fortuna favet fatuis[Lat]; les fous font les festinas et les sages les mangent [Fr]; nomina stultorum parietibus harrent [Lat]; stultorum plena sunt omnia [Lat][Cicero]. <-- a person who is easy to deceive or take advantage of [[dupe]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.10.1 DUPE (R547) #547. Dupe. N. {{facilitated_on(deception, R545)}} dupe, mark, patsy, chump, gull, sucker, fish. fall guy, fool, schlemiel, mug, gudgeon, gobemouche[obs3], cull[obs2], cully[obs3]. victim, pigeon, April fool; jay, sucker; fall guy. laughingstock &c. R857; Cyclops, simple Simon, flat; greenhorn; puppet, cat's paw. V. [intransitive] be the dupe of, be deceived &c. R545; fall into a trap; swallow the bait, nibble at the bait; bite, catch a Tartar. Adj. credulous &c. R486; mistaken &c. (error) R495. P2.3.2.3.6.4.10.2 SIMPLETON N. {{trait_of(imbecility, R499)}} simpleton, incompetent, mental defective, mentally deficient person, mentally defective person, witling[obs3], dizzard[obs3]. retarded person, retard, mentally retarded person, mentally challenged person. moron; idiot; imbecile. neurologically impaired person. {{trait_of(senility, @R499)}} senile person, dotard. V. be simple, be retarded, be mentally retarded; be incompetent, be mentally incompetent. dote, be senile. Adj. incompetent, mentally deficient. retarded. senile, in one's dotage, doting. non compus mentis [Lat]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.11 Dummy. N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.4.12 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.4.13 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [Object and cause of ridicule.] --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.14 LAUGHINGSTOCK (R857) #857. Laughingstock. N. {{trait_of(ridiculousness)}} laughingstock, jestingstock[obs3], gazingstock[obs3]; butt, game, fair game; April fool &c. (dupe) R547. original, oddity; queer fish, odd fish; quiz, square toes; old monkey, old fogey, fogey monkey, fogy monkey; buffoon &c. (jester) R844; pantomimist &c. (actor) R599. schlemiel. jest &c. (wit) R842. Phr. dum vitant stulti vitia in contraria currunt[Lat]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.15 PERFECTIONIST <-- ?? how to indicate traits in context? --> N. {{trait_of(fastidiousness @M3.3.2.3)}} perfectionist, nitpicker[coll.], fussbudget[coll.]. {[in_frame(social status)]} snob. {[in_frame(eating)]} {{trait_of(epicurism): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24, epicure, gourmet, gastronome}}. {[in_frame(sexual mores)]}{{trait_of(prudery)}} prude, puritan, prig. P2.3.2.3.6.4.16 KNAVE R941 #941. Knave. N. {{trait_of(dishonor, R940)}} knave, rogue; Scapin[obs3], rascal; barrater[obs3], barrator[obs3]; shyster [U.S..]. traitor, betrayer, archtraitor[obs3], conspirator; reptile, serpent, snake in the grass, wolf in sheep's clothing; sneak, Jerry Sneak; tattler, squealer, tell-tale, canary[coll]; trimmer, fence-sitter; truant, recreant, mischief-maker; renegade &c. (tergiversation) R607; sycophant &c. (servility) R886. {{similar_to: @R949, villain, bad man, blackguard}}. {{has_trait: Improbity, dishonesty, dishonor, R940}}. {{has_metaphor}} Lazarillo de Tormes. {{has_metaphor(betrayer)}} Judas, Quisling, Catiline. P2.3.2.3.6.4.17 TWIN N. {{trait_of(similarity, R17, @A2.3)}} twin, fellow companion, pair, mate, identical twin, double, counterpart; brother, sister; one's second self, alter ego, chip off the old block, par nobile fratrum[Lat], Arcades ambo[obs3], birds of a feather, et hoc genus omne[Lat]; gens de meme famille[Fr]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.18 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.4.19 EXPERT #700. Expert. N. {{trait_of(skill, R698, M7.3.2.R1.1)}} expert, proficient, adept, crackerjack, genius, crackajack[obs3]; master, master hand. natural, nice hand, good hand, clean hand. practiced hand, experienced eye, experienced hand, past master. mastermind, master head, guiding spirit, master spirit. cunning blade, sharp blade, sharp fellow; jobber. connoisseur &c. (scholar) R492. {[of(ballet)]} prima ballerina. {[of(opera)]} prima donna. {[of(cooking, @R673)]} chef de cuisine, expert chef. first fiddle, top gun, top sawyer; mahatma [India]. yeoman. dab; dabster[obs3]. picked man; medallist, prizeman[obs3]. veteran; old stager, old campaigner, old soldier, old file, old hand; man of business, man of the world. {[of(marksmanship)]} marksman, sharpshooter, good shot, dead shot, crack shot. rope-dancer, funambulist[obs3], acrobat; cunning man; conjuror &c. (deceiver) R548; wizard &c. R994. safecracker &c. (thief) R792. politician, tactician, strategist. Jack of all trades, pantologist[obs3], admirable Crichton; prodigy of learning. <-- [[champion]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.19.1 CHAMPION N. {{trait_of(superiority, R33)}} {{performed_by_p(win[obj=contest])}} {{has_subtype(expert, R700)}} champion, winner, champ [coll], prizewinner, victor. gold medalist; Olympic champion, olympic medalist. record holder; record breaker; Olympic record holder. paragon, nonpareil, Triton among the minnows, primus inter pares[Lat: first among equals], nulli secundus[Lat: second to none]; captain. {{has_subtype}} conqueror. Adj. champion; top-notch. prizewinning; record-breaking. P2.3.2.3.6.4.20 BUNGLER #701. Bungler. N. {{trait_of(unskillfullness, R699)}} bungler; blunderer, blunderhead[obs3]; marplot, fumbler, lubber, duffer, dauber, stick; bad hand, poor hand, poor shot; butterfingers[obs3]. no conjurer, flat, muff, slow coach, looby[obs3], lubber, swab; clod, yokel, awkward squad, blanc-bec; galoot[obs3]. land lubber; fresh water sailor, fair weather sailor; horse marine; fish out of water, ass in lion's skin, jackdaw in peacock's feathers; quack &c. (deceiver) R548; lord of misrule. sloven, slattern, trapes[obs3]. amateur, novice, greenhorn (learner) R541. Phr. il n'a pas invente' la poudre[Fr]; he will never set the Thames on fire; acierta errando[Lat]; aliquis in omnibus nullus in singulis[Lat][obs3]. <--- DESCENDANT moved to human relations --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.21 DUMMAY P2.3.2.3.6.4.22 CONVERT N. {{has_result(conversion, R144)}} {{trait_of(converted, R144)}} convert, apostate; pervert; renegade, traitor, turncoat. P2.3.2.3.6.4.23 WIMP N. {{trait_of(impotence, R158)}} wimp; cripple, old woman, muff, powder puff, creampuff, pussycat, mollycoddle. eunuch. paper tiger. <-- athlete (generally, not professional) [[athlete]]--> P2.3.2.3.6.4.24 ATHLETE N. {{trait_of(strength, R159)}} athlete, sport, sportsman, jock[coll]; sportswoman. {{has_subtype(athlete): professional athlete, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.5}}. {{&member_of}} team, squad, sports team; sports club. strong man; weight lifter, he-man; hunk; tower of strength; giant refreshed. basketball player, cager. {{prformed_by(mountain climbing, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)}} climber, mountain climber, mountaineer, alpinist. {{&member_of(mountain climber)}} Alpine Club. football player, footballer; hockey player; hurdler; jumper; pentathlete; shot putter; skydiver, parachute jumper; sledder; substitute, reserve, bench warmer[coll], pine rider[coll]; socker player; swimmer, natator, bather; tennis player; vaulter, pole vaulter, pole jumper. jumper. {{has_subtype(jumper)}} broad jumper; pole vaulter; high jumper; hurdler. gymnast, acrobat, tumbler; runner; skier; ice skater, skater. {{location_of(school)}} school athlete. {{has_subtype(school athlete)}} letterman. olympic athlete, Olympian, olympian. {{has_subtype(olympian)}} {{has_subtype(champion)}} olympic champion, gold medalist. {{has_subtype(manager)}} coach; manager; trainer. {{has_subtype(mountain climber)}} alpinist. {{has_subtype(coach)}} baseball coach; football coach. {{has_subtype(baseball coach)}} pitching coach; line coach. {{has_subtype(football coach)}} offensive coordinator; defensive coordinator. {{has_subtype(basketball player)}} center; forward; guard. {{has_subtype(cricketer)}} bowler; wicket-keeper. {{has_subtype(swimmer)}} diver; surfer, surfboarder. {{has_subtype(football player)}} back; kicker; linebacker, line backer; receiver, pass catcher; lineman. {{has_subtype(back)}} fullback; halfback, running back; quarterback, signal caller, field general; tailback; wingback. {{has_subtype(quarterback)}} passer, forward passer. {{has_subtype(kicker)}} dropkicker; place-kicker; punter. {{has_subtype(lineman)}} center; end; guard; tackle. {{has_subtype(end)}} split end; tight end. {{has_instance(strong man)}} superman; Atlas; Hercules; Antaeus; Samson; Cyclops; Goliath. {{has_instance(strong man)}} Charles Atlas; Arnold Schwarzenegger. {{property_of(mythical): Cyclops; Hercules; Atlas; Antaeus}}. {{property_of(fictional): superman}}. {{property_of(biblical): Samson; Goliath}}. {{has_metaphor: superman, Atlas, Hercules}}. P2.3.2.3.6.4.25 MANIAC N. {{trait_of(violence, R173)}} maniac, berserk, berserker, wild man; homocidal maniac; cutthroat. bully. {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(mythical)}} fury, dragon, demon. {{has_metaphor}} tiger; raging bull. beldame, Tisiphone[obs3], Megaera, Alecto[obs3], madcap, wild beast; fire eater &c. (blusterer) R887. {{similar_to: bad man, R}}. P2.3.2.3.6.4.26 TRANSIENT N. {{trait_of(transience, R111)}} transient, transient boarder, transient guest [U.S.]. hobo, bum[coll], vagrant; homeless person. nomad; wanderer. Adj. transient. nomadic; homeless. P2.3.2.3.6.4.27 UNCLEAN PERSON N. {{trait_of(uncleanness, R653)}} dowdy, drab, slut, malkin[obs3], slattern, sloven, slammerkin[obs1], slammock[obs3], slummock[obs3], scrub, draggle-tail, mudlark[obs3], pig, dust-man, sweep; beast. <-- Friend, here, and auxiliary, at P2.3.2.3.6.5.3, have a lot in common, but are not identical. Friend is a state, or trait, and auxiliary is an action. A friend IS and an auxiliary DOES. The connection between these needs more careful consideration ??? [[friend]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.28 ACQUAINTANCE (R890) #890. Acquaintance. N. {{has_subtype(symmetrical role, @R9)}} {{has_subtype(other, M1.2)}} acquaintance. {{has_case(acquaintance)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): $person, P2.3.2.3}}. &&{{property_of(acquaintance): acquainted[with=$person], @R892}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(well acquainted)}} close acquaintance. <-- "friend" is from the perspective of the person (here, the origin) calling someone else his friend. That other person may not have the same feeling. The symmetrical relationship is labeled "true friend" --> friend. {{has_case(friend)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): $person, P2.3.2.3}}. &&{{exhibits($person, P2.3.2.3): friendship[with=friend], R888}}. {{has_subtype(friend)}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical role)}} true friend. {{has_case(true friend)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): $person, P2.3.2.3}}. &&{{exhibits($person, P2.3.2.3): friendship[with=friend], R888}}. &&{{exhibits(friend): friendship[with=$person], R888}}. {{has_subtype(friend)}} best friend; bosom friend, soulmate, fast friend, friend of one's bosom, alter ego; good friend, close friend; amicus[Lat]; usque ad aras[Lat]; fidus Achates[Lat][obs3]; persona grata. {{has_case(best friend)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): $person, P2.3.2.3}}. &&{{exhibits($person, P2.3.2.3): best friendship[with=best friend[num=1]], @R888}}. {{has_subtype: auxiliary, P2.3.2.3.6.5.3}}. {{has_subtype: favorite, P2.3.2.3.6.5.74; lover, P2.3.2.3.6.5.74.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} neighbor, next-door neighbor. {{has_subtype(acquaintance)}} casual acquaintance, nodding acquaintance. {{has_subtype(acquaintance)}} {{performed_by_p(become acquainted[at=place of business])}} business acquaintance. {{has_case(casual acquaintance)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): $person, P2.3.2.3}}. {{property_of(casual acquaintance): slightly acquainted[with=$person], @R892}}. {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} comrade, companion, mate, familiar, confrere, camarade[obs3], confidante, intimate; old crony, crony; chum; pal; buddy, bosom buddy; playfellow, playmate, childhood friend; bedfellow, bedmate; chamber fellow. fellow companion, boon companion, pot companion. {{trait_of(compassion, R914)}} advocate, partisan, sympathizer, wellwisher, well-wisher; favorer, fautor[obs3], patron, Mecaenas; tutelary saint, good genius. {{has_subtype: ally, auxiliary, R711}}. {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} associate, colleague, compeer. {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} schoolmate, school pal, schoolfellow[obs3]; classfellow[obs3], classman[obs3], classmate; roommate; fellow-man, stable companion. {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} compatriot; fellow countryman, countryman. {{has_subtype(colleague)}} shopmate, fellow-worker, shipmate, messmate[obs3]; copartner, partner. {{has_subtype(partner)}} senior partner; junior partner. {{has_instance(friends)}} Castor and Pollux; Damon and Pythias; Arcades ambo; Pylades and Orestes; Nisus and Euryalus; par nobile fratrum[Lat]. protege. {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{reciprocal_of(guest)}} {{performed_by(receive, @R892)}} host, hostess[fem.]. {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{performed_by(visit, @R892)}} guest, visitor, caller. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.80, best man, maid of honor, matron of honor}}. {{has_metaphor(host)}} Amphitryon[obs3], Boniface. Phr. amici probantur rebus adversis[Lat]; ohne bruder kann man leben nicht ohne Freund[Ger]; " best friend, my well-spring in the wilderness " [G. Eliot]; conocidos muchos amigos pocos[Sp]; " friend more divine than all divinities " [G. Eliot]; vida sin amigo muerte sin testigo[Sp]. P2.3.2.3.6.4.29 ENEMY (R891) #891. Enemy. N. enemy; antagonist; foe, foeman[obs3]; open enemy, bitter enemy; opponent &c. R710; back friend. public enemy, enemy to society. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(army, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} enemy army. {{has_subtype(public enemy)}} wanted person, fugitive. {{has_subtype(wanted person)}} most wanted person, mos wanted. Phr. every hand being against one; " he makes no friend who never made a foe " [Tennyson]. "with friends like that, who needs enemies?"; "Lord protect me from my friends, I can protect myself from my enemies". P2.3.2.3.6.4.30 HUSTLER N. {{property_of(assiduousness, @R682)}} {{trait_of(initiative, R602)}} hustler, man of action, activist, doer. self-starter, person with initiative. {{has_metaphor}} busy bee, beaver, eager beaver. [colloquial] ball of fire, live wire, go-getter, dynamo, human dynamo, spitfire. workaholic, overachiever. new broom, take-charge kind of guy; sharp fellow, sharp blade; devotee, enthusiast; zealot, fanatic; housewife[coll]. meddler, intermeddler, intriguer, busybody, pickthank[obs3]. hummer, live man [U.S.], rustler [U. S.]. good worker, hard worker, top man; mover, a mover and a shaker. P2.3.2.3.6.4.31 MATERIALIST N. {{property_of(materialism, @R316, @P2.1)}} materialist, somatist[obs3]. <-- was firstborn. See P2.3.2.3.6.2.1 --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.32 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.4.33 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [[nobleman]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.4.34 NOTABLE N. {{trait_of(repute, M3.3.2.1.6.1)}} notable, personage, notables[pl], notabilities[pl], notability, somebody. dignitary, worthy; lion, rara avis[Lat], classman[obs3]. {{property_of(famous)}} celebrity, big name. {{performed_by(great deed)}} hero, great man, great, great person, immortal. pillar of the state, pillar of the church, pillar of the community; heavyweight, person to be reckoned with, power, influential person, grand panjandrum[Foote]; big wheel, big shot, very important person, VIP[acron], high muck-a-muck, his nibs. personage of distinction, substantial person, man of distinction, personage of rank, man of rank, personage of mark, man of mark; big bug; big gun, great gun, great card; gilded rooster [U. S.]; magni nominis umbra [Lat][Lucan]; " every inch a king " [Lear]. {{has_subtype(entertainer)}} star. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(wealthy, @R803)}} wealthy person, rich person, the uppercrust[collective], the upperclass[collective], moneyed class[collective], money [collective]. {{has_part(moneyed class)}} old money [people with inherited wealth]. {{has_part(moneyed class)}} nouveau riche, new money. {{has_subtype(wealthy person)}} person of means, well-to-do person; person of substance. {{has_subtype(wealthy person)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} rich man, moneyed man, man of substance, warm man[coll.]. {{has_subtype(wealthy person)}} {{property_of(female)}} wealthy woman, woman of independent means. {{has_subtype(wealthy person)}} {{has_subtype(capitalist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.67)}} rich capitalist, mogul, magnate, tycoon, tippybob[obs3]. {{has_subtype(businessman, @P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)}} {{has_subtype(wealthy person)}} captain of industry. {{has_metaphor(wealthy person)}} Rockefeller; Croesus; Nabob; Idas; Plutus; Dives; Timon of Athens[obs3]; Danae. {{has_subtype(wealthy person)}} {{owned_by(wealth[val=> 1 million dollars])}} millionaire. {{has_subtype(wealthy person)}} {{owned_by(wealth[val=> 1 billion dollars])}} billionaire. P2.3.2.3.6.4.34.1 NOBLE PERSON N. {{trait_of(distinguished)}} {{antonym_of(common person, P2.3.2.3.6.4.35)}} {{property_of(nobility, R875)}} noble, nobleman, person of noble birth; peer, peerage; house of lords, house of peers; lords, lords temporal and spiritual; noblesse; lord, lordling[obs3]; grandee, magnifico[Lat], hidalgo; daimio[Japanese], daimyo[Japanese], samurai[Japanese], shizoku [Japanese]; don, donship[obs3]; aristocrat, swell, three-tailed bashaw[obs3]; gentleman, squire, squireen[obs3], patrician, laureate. {{member_of(noble person)}} gentry, gentlefolk; squirarchy[obs3], better sort magnates, primates, optimates[obs3]; pantisocracy[obs3]. {{has_instance(title, R877)}} {{property_of(male, @R366)}} king &c. (master) R745; atheling[obs3]; prince, duke; marquis, marquisate[obs3]; earl, viscount, baron, thane, banneret[obs3]; baronet, baronetcy[obs3]; knight, knighthood; count, armiger[obs3], laird; signior[obs3], seignior; esquire, boyar, margrave, vavasour[obs3]; emir, ameer[obs3], scherif[obs3], sharif, effendi, wali; sahib; chevalier, maharaja, nawab, palsgrave[obs3], pasha, rajah, waldgrave[obs3]. {{has_instance(title, R877)}} {{property_of(female)}} princess, begum[obs3], duchess, marchioness; countess; baroness; lady, dame; memsahib; "Doa", maharani, rani. celebrity; star, superstar. high life, haute monde[Fr]. {{member_of}} upper classes, upper ten thousand; the four hundred [U. S.]; elite, aristocracy, great folks; fashionable world &c. (fashion) R852. P2.3.2.3.6.4.35 COMMON PERSON N. {{antonym_of(notable, P2.3.2.3.6.4.34)}} common person, common man, average person, average man, average Joe, man in the street, Joe six-pack[coll]. commoner, one of the people, democrat, plebeian, republican, proletarian, proletary[obs3], proletaire[obs3], roturier[obs3], "Mr. Snooks", bourgeois, epicier[Fr], Philistine, cockney; grisette[obs3], demimonde. {{member_of}} bourgeoisie, middle classes; mass of the people, mass of society; "Brown, Jones and Robinson"; rank and file, hoc genus omne[Lat]; the many, the general, the crowd, the people, the populace, the multitude, the million, the masses, the mobility, the peasantry; king Mob; proletariat; fruges consumere nati[Lat], demos[Grk], hoi polloi [Grk], great unwashed; hewers of wood and drawers of water; lumpen proletariat. peasant, countryman; rustic, hayseed, lunkhead [US], chaw-bacon[obs3], tiller of the soil; villain, villein; terrae filius[Latin: son of the land]; serf, kern[obs3], tyke, tike, chuff[obs3], ryot[obs3], fellah; clod, clodhopper; hobnail, yokel, "bog-trotter", bumpkin, rube [U. S.]; plowman, plowboy[obs3]; groundling[obs3]. swain, clown, hind; gaffer, loon, put, cub, Tony Lumpkin[obs3], looby[obs3]. longshoreman[obs2]. upstart, parvenu, skipjack[obs3]; nobody, nobody one knows; hesterni quirites[Lat], pessoribus orti[Lat]; bourgeois gentilhomme[Fr], novus homo[Lat], snob, gent, mushroom, no one knows who, adventurer; man of straw. P2.3.2.3.6.4.36 LOW-CLASS PERSON N. low-class person. beggar, gaberlunzie[obs3], muckworm[obs3], mudlark[obs3], sans culotte, raff[obs3], tatterdemalion, caitiff, ragamuffin, Pariah, outcast of society, tramp, vagabond, bezonian[obs3], panhandler, sundowner[obs3], chiffonnier, Cinderella, cinderwench[obs3], scrub, jade; gossoon[obs3]. Goth, Vandal, Hottentot, Zulu, savage, barbarian, Yahoo; unlicked cub[obs3], rough diamond[obs2]. boor, carle[obs3], churl, lout, underling; gamin; rough; pot-wallopper[obs3], slubberdegullion[obs1]; vulgar fellow, low fellow; cad, curmudgeon. {{member_of}} vulgar herd, common herd. {{member_of}} mob; rabble, rabble rout; chaff, rout, horde, canaille; scum of the people, residuum of the people, dregs of the people, dregs of society; swinish multitude, foex populi[obs3]; trash; profanum vulgus[Lat], ignobile vulgus[Lat]; vermin, riffraff, ragtag and bobtail; small fry. {{member_of}} lower classes, humbler classes, humbler orders. <-- end of: [[character]] --> <-- most of the words referring to people who do certain things have been moved to this group, under. However in a few locations some such words have still been left under main headings referring to what the person does, when there are only a few words in that category. For example giver (person who gives) will be found under giving, R784 --> <-- note that here agent is in the general sense of one who acts, not one who acts on behalf of another. Many of the individual words should have their primary location elsewhere. ???laborer ??? Some of these categories (lawyer, judge) should be moved to human occupations, at P2.3.2.3.6.5.6, above!! ("Teacher might be specialized into "schoolteacher", and that placed under the occupations, but that seems pointless). But that group should also be moved to be a subtype of "agent"!??? --> <-- [Person who does something, generally] [[agent]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5 PERSON WHO DOES SOMETHING #690. Agent. N. {{!!performed_by(action, R680, @M7.3.1)}} {{!!property_of(agency, R170)}} agent, person who does something, doer, actor, performer, perpetrator. {{has_subtype: worker, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6}}. operator; initiator, instigator; executor, executrix; practitioner, worker, stager. {{has_subtype: operator, @R680}}. {{has_metaphor}} bee, ant, busy bee, working bee, termite, white ant. laboring oar, servant of all work, factotum. {{!!performed_by(work, @M7.3.2.5): worker, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6}}. minister &c. (instrument) R631; servant &c. R746; representative &c. (commissioner) R758. deputy, R759. {{has_subtype}}{{performed_by(giving, R784)}} giver, grantor; feoffer[obs3]; settlor; presenter, bestower, awarder; donor, contributor, subscriber; endower. {{has_subtype}}{{performed_by(giving, R784)}} {[in_frame(will)]} devisor. {{performed_by(succession, R63)}} successor. {{has_subtype(successor): descendant, P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. Phr. quorum pars magna fui [Lat][Vergil]; faber est quisque fortunae suae [Lat]. <-- [[leader]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.1 LEADER N. {{performed_by(lead, @R693)}} leader, Fuehrer[Ger], duce[Ital]. {{has_subtype(leader[of=organized activity])}} officiator, presider. {{has_subtype(officiator)}} master of ceremonies. ringleader. demagogue. bellwether, trend-setter. {{performed_by(command, R741)}} commander. {{has_subtype(commander[of=military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1])}} military commander. role model, leader by example, example, file leader, fugleman. inspector, visitor; ranger, surveyor, aedile[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1, agitator, instigator}}. {{has_subtype(leader[of=party, R712])}} corypheus, coryphaeus. <-- supercargo[obs3]; caporal[obs3], choregus[obs3], collector; linkboy[obs3]. --> <-- Many of these words should be moved to director, below??? [[ruler]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.1 RULER (R745) #745. Ruler. N. {{performed_by(govern, R737a)}} {{has_subtype(leader, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1)}} ruler, governor; master. chief, chieftain. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(govern[obj=country], R737a)}} sovereign. lord, lord paramount; liege, liege lord; laird &c. (proprietor) R779; padrone. potentate; suzerain; oligarch. {{property_of(brutal)}} tyrant, dictator, autocrat, despot, strong man. {{hperforms(tyrant): tyranny, dictatorship, despotism, autocracy, authoritarianism, oppression, monocracy, absolutism}}. {{has_subtype(sovereign)}} {[of(monarchy)]} monarch. {{has_subtype(monarch)}} crowned head, king[male], anointed king[male], majesty, imperator[Lat], queen[female]. {[of(empire)]} {{has_subtype(monarch)}} empress[female], emperor[male]. {{has_subtype(monarch)}} hereditary monarch; constitutional monarch. {[of(democracy)]} president; premier. {[of(parliamentary democracy)]} prime minister. {{has_subtype(prime minister)}} {{origin_of(Ireland)}} Taoiseach. {{has_subtype(president)}} {{origin_of(United States of America)}} President of the United States, POTUS. {{has_subtype(successor[of=president], @P2.3.2.3.6.5)}} vice president. {{has_subtype(successor[of=king], @P2.3.2.3.6.5)}} crown prince. boss, cockarouse[obs3], werowance[obs3]. {{has_subtype(chief[of=Algonquin tribe])}} sagamore. sachem, sirdar[obs3]. {[of(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1, commander, commandant; captain]}. lord of the ascendant; cock of the walk, cock of the roost; gray mare; mistress. vizier, grand vizier, eparch[obs3]. protector, stadholder[obs3], judge. caesar[Roman Empire]; kaiser[Ger]; czar, tsar[Russia], czarowitz[obs3]; shah[Persia], padishah[obs3], sophi[obs3]; mogul, great mogul; khan; lama[Tibet]; mikado[Jap], tenno[Jap]; inca, cazique[obs3]; voivode[Poland]; landamman[obs3]; seyyid[obs3]; Abuna[obs3], cacique[obs3], grand seignior. tycoon[Japan], shogun[Japan]. archduke; doge[Venice]; elector; seignior; marland[obs3], margrave. rajah[India]; mandarin[China]; nabob[India], maharajah[India]. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(Mohammedan)}} sultan, soldan[obs1], grand Turk, caliph, imam, imaum[obs3]; pasha; sheik. {{has_subtype}} {{origin_of(Middle East)}} emir; wali; sheik; nizam; nawab; bey. {{has_subtype: @R875, prince, duke}}. [female] sultana; czarina[Russia], czarevna[obs3], czarita[obs3]; princess; infanta; duchess, margravine[obs3]. maharani, rani, rectrix[obs3]. regent, viceroy, exarch[obs3], palatine, khedive, hospodar[obs3], beglerbeg[obs3], three-tailed bashaw[obs3], bashaw[obs3], beg, dey[obs3], scherif[obs3]; tetrarch; satrap; subahdar[obs3]; burgrave[obs3]; collector; commissioner, deputy commissioner, woon[obs3]. the authorities, the powers that be, the government; staff, etat major[Fr], aga[obs3]. sircar[obs3], sirkar[obs3], Sublime Porte. {[of(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1, marshal, field marshal, marechal[obs3]; general, generalissimo; commander in chief, seraskier[obs3], hetman[obs3]; lieutenant general, major general]}. <-- naik[obs3]. --> {{property_of(mythical)}} pendragon. {[of(city)]} mayor. {[of(town)]} {{has_subtype(council, R696)}} town council, city council. {{has_member(town council)}} alderman, councilman, committeeman, councilwoman[female]. [Civil authorities] prefect; chancellor; archon; provost; magistrate; syndic; alcalde[obs3], alcaid[obs3]; burgomaster; corregidor[obs3], seneschal; constable, portreeve[obs3]; dewan[obs3], fonctionnaire[Fr]. officer &c. (executive) R965. {{has_subtype(mayor)}} lord mayor[Great Britain]. {[of(prison)]} warden. consul; proconsul. [Naval authorities] admiral, admiralty; rear admiral; vice admiral; port admiral; commodore; captain, skipper; commander; lieutenant; ensign; mate; master; officer of the day, OD; navarch[obs3]. {{has_job(president)}} {{has_subtype(office, @R737)}} presidency, presidentship[obs3]. {{has_job(magistrate)}} {{has_subtype(office, @R737)}} magistrature[obs3], magistracy. {{has_job(consul/proconsul)}} {{has_subtype(office, @R737)}} consulship. {{has_job(mayor)}} {{has_subtype(office, @R737)}} mayoralty. Phr. da locum melioribus[Lat]; der Furst ist der erste Diener seines Staats [German: the prince is the first servant of his state]; "lord of thy presence and no land beside" [King John]. <-- [[director]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.2 DIRECTOR (R694) #694. Director. N. {{performed_by(direction, R693)}} director, commander, manager; governor, rector. {{has_subtype}} {{job_of(office, @M7.3.5.4.1.4)}} official, person in charge, man in office, person in authority. comptroller. {[of(orchestra)]} conductor, maestro, fugleman[obs3]. {[of(band)]} bandleader. {[of(choir)]} choir director, choirmaster, precentor. {[of(ship, @P2.3.2.3.16.2.3)]} captain, ship's captain, skipper[informal]. {{&assisted_by(ship's captain)}} {{has_subtype(director[of=ship, @P2.3.2.3.16.2.3])}} pilot; helmsman; steersman, steermate[obs3]. wire-puller. {[of(vehicle): driver, P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.1]}. head, head man, head center, boss, head honcho[informal]; principal; president; speaker; chair, chairman, chairwoman, chairperson; superior; mayor &c. (civil authority) R745. {{has_subtype: captain &c. (master) R745}}. statesman, strategist; legislator, lawgiver, politician, statist[obs2], statemonger[obs3]; Minos, Draco; boss [U.S.], political dictator. {{has_subtype: @R967, arbiter, judge}}. {{&member_of: board &c. (council) R696}}. {{has_subtype: master &c. R745}}. {{has_metaphor: guiding star, @R693}}. {{&assisted_by: adviser &c. R695; guide &c. (information) R527b}}. Adv. ex officio. <-- [[advocate]]5.65 --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3 INTERPRETER (R524) #524. Interpreter. N. {{performed_by(explanation, R522)}} interpreter, expositor, expounder, explainer. demonstrator. scholiast, commentator, annotator; metaphrast[obs3], paraphrast[obs3]; glossarist[obs3], prolocutor. spokesman, exponent, spokesperson, speaker, mouthpiece. dragoman, courier, valet de place, cicerone, showman; oneirocritic[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @R522, translator}}. {{has_subtype: oracle &c. R513}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1 PERSUADER N. {{performed_by(persuasion, M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1)}} persuader. {{used_by(inducement, @R616b)}} tempter; seducer, seductor[obs3]. instigator, prompter, agitator, firebrand, incendiary; Siren, Circe; agent provocateur; advocate, champion. {[in_frame(politics, R737b)]} lobbyist. P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.4 ADMINISTRATOR N. {{has_subtype(office holder)}} {{has_subtype(person in authority, @R737)}} administrator, intendant; bureaucrat, functionary, minister, official, red-tapist[obs3]; man in office, Jack in office. superintendent, supervisor, straw boss. foreman, clerk of works; overseer, overlooker[obs3], steward, husband[Brit]; moderator, monitor, taskmaster. secretary, secretary of state; Reis Effendi; bailiff, middleman; landreeve[obs3]; factotum, major-domo[obs3], seneschal, housekeeper, shepherd, croupier; proctor, procurator. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.3, @R758, trustee, factor, agent}}. {{has_subtype: vicar &c. (deputy) R759}}. <-- ??? author should be moved to a proper subtype --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.2 WRITER N. {{performed_by(write[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} writer, penman. scribe, amanuensis, scrivener, secretary, clerk. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(write[obj=calligraphy])}} calligrapher. copyist, transcriber, quill driver. typist, stenographer, word processing secretary, typewriter[obs2]. {{uses: typewriter, pen, pencil, word processor, text editor}}. {{has_subtype: author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1}}. <-- writer here is left as a separate sense from writer generally in P2.3.2.3.6.5.2 [[author]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1 AUTHOR N. {{performed_by(write[obj=book/article])}} author, writer, authoress, litterateur[Fr]. {{has_subtype}} essayist; novelist; short-story writer; diarist; playwright; dramatist; poet; biographer; encyclopedist; lexicographer; scriptwriter; monographer. co-author, coauthor, collaborator. [coll.] pen, scribbler, the scribbling race; literary hack, Grub-street writer; adjective jerker[obs3], diaskeaust[obs3]. hack, hack writer, ink slinger[coll.], penny a liner[coll.], potboiler. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(write[obj=children's book], R590)}} children's author. publicist; copywriter; adman. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(newspaper/magazine/periodical/wire service)]} reporter, journalist, newsman, newswoman; writer for the press, gentleman of the press, representative of the press; columnist. {{has_subtype(editor)}} {{job_of(write[obj=editorial])}} editorialist, editorial writer. {{has_subtype(reporter)}} investigative reporter; correspondent; war correspondent. {{has_subtype(columnist)}} critic, reviewer; science writer, science reporter; travel editor; syndicated columnist. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(critic)}} movie critic; music critic; drama critic; art critic; food critic, restaurant critic; literary critic; dance critic. ghost, ghost writer. editor, subeditor[obs3]. {{has_subtype: playwright &c. R599; poet &c. R597}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.2 HISTORIAN N. {{has_subtype(writer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2)}} historian. chronologer, chronologist, annalist. <-- An auxiliry is anyone who acts together with another to accomplish a common goal, except as boss (which is under leader, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1). deputy and trustee (agent, delegate) are subtypes. [[helper]] P2.3.2.3.6.5.43 --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.3 HELPER (R711) #711. Helper. N. {{trait_of(cooperation, R709, @M8.2)}} {{performed_by(assist, R707)}} helper, associate. auxiliary, assistant, co-worker, confrere, cooperator, collaborator, concomitant, accessory[1]. aide, adjunct. {{has_subtype(aide[of=officer, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1])}} aide-de-camp. {[of(king/emperor)]} {{has_member(royal court)}} courtier. help, help mate, helping hand, ayudante[obs3], coaid[obs3]. recruit; adjuvant, adjutant. coadjutor, coadjutrix[fem]. ally. attendant, fellow. associate, colleague; partner, co-partner. hanger on, fellow-traveller, satellite, shadow. escort; entourage, "cortSge". companion, confidant, pal, buddy, alter ego, fidus Achates[Lat][obs3]. {{&is_a: friend &c. R890}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4, obstetrician, midwife, accoucheur, accoucheuse, nurse-midwife}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.75, mediator, go-between}}. {[in_frame(crime)]} confederate; accomplice; complice; accessory[2], accessory after the fact; particeps criminis[Lat]; socius criminis[Lat]. secretary, clerk, marshal; right-hand, right-hand man, Friday, girl Friday, man Friday, gopher, gofer; candle-holder, bottle-holder; handmaid; servant &c. R746. {{trait_of(gullibility)}} puppet, dupe, tool, cat's-paw, jackal[obs2], stooge, running dog, ame damnee[Fr]; satellite, adherent. {{has_subtype: minister, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.4}}. {{has_subtype: servant &c. R746}}. {{has_subtype: consort, spouse, mate}}. votary; sectarian. friend in need, Jack at a pinch, deus ex machina[Lat], guardian angel, tutelary genius. {{performed_by(encourage + defend)}} supporter, backer[1], advocate, partisan, champion, protagonist, seconder, upholder, abettor, friend at court. {{has_subtype(partisan[of=sports team])}} pompom girl. {[in_frame(theater/entertainment)]} patron, backer[2], angel. {{has_subtype}} {{trait_of(impartial): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.75, mediator, go-between}}. <-- note that people in intermediate levels of authority may be both directors (bosses) and agents (underlings). So, which should be primary??? We will classify them as both, but place them under the heading which seems to be the primary meaning for each word. (e.g., a supervisor usually has a boss of his owm, but the word emphasizes supervision) --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.3.1 DEPUTY #759. Deputy. N. {{has_subtype(substitute[for=represented person], @A6.1.7.1)}} {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} deputy, representative, proxy, delegate, next friend, surrogate, substitute, secondary, locum tenens, badli[obs3]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(person with authority)}} {{performed_by(delegate[obj=authority, R737], @R755)}} represented person. {{has_job: represent[obj=represented person]}}. {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} champion. {{has_subtype: trustee, P2.3.2.3.6.5.3.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(director, R694)}} regent, viceregent, vicar; chancellor, prefect; provost, warden, lieutenant, archon; consul, proconsul; alter ego. vizier, minister. {{has_metaphor}} Tsung-li Yamen[obs3], Wai Wu Pu[obs3]. {{has_subtype: viceroy &c. (governor) R745}}. {{member_of: team, R712a}}. <-- eight, eleven; These words were with "team" in this heading, but how were they used??? --> V. {{hperforms(deputy)}} {{has_subtype(be in authority)}} {{has_subtype(take the place of[obj=represented person], @R147)}} {{has_consequence_o(delegate, @R755)}} represent; stand in the shoes of, walk in the shoes of; stand in the stead of, be deputy, be substitute, be proxy; stand for, appear for, hold a brief for, answer for. ablegate[obs3], accredit. Adj. {{has_property(deputy)}} {{has_consequence_o(delegate, @R755)}} deputized, representing, acting, vice, vice regal; accredited to. Adv. in behalf of. Prep. {{has_marker(represented person): of, for}}. Pref. {{has_symbol(deputy)}} {{&has_part(title, R877)}} {{has_subtype(prefix)}} vice, vice-. P2.3.2.3.6.5.3.1.1 INTERMEDIARY #758. Intermediary. N. {{performed_by(trust, R755)}} intermediary, agent, delegate, go-between, middleman, intermedium[obs3]. consignee, trustee, nominee, committee[obs2]. commissary, commissioner; emissary, envoy, commissionaire[Fr]. {{has_subtype: messenger &c. R534}}. diplomat, diplomatist, diplomate; ambassador, embassador[obs3]; representative, resident, consul; legate, nuncio, internuncio[obs3], charge d'affaires[Fr], attache. {{member_of(diplomat)}} diplomatic corps, corps diplomatique[Fr]; embassy; consulate. plenipotentiary. {[in_frame(law)]} attorney, advocate, solicitor. intruder, interloper, bodkin[obs2]. functionary, placeman[obs3], curator; factor, bailiff. {{has_subtype(intermediary[between=buyer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.49 + seller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1])}} broker, underwriter, commission agent. auctioneer, one's man of business. caretaker; dalal[obs3], dubash[obs3], garnishee, gomashta[obs3]. {{has_subtype(caretaker[of=student])}} proctor. negotiator; under agent, employe. {{has_subtype: referee, arbitrator &c. (judge) R967}}. {{has_subtype: treasurer &c. R801; factotum &c. (director) R694}}. traveler, commis-voyageur[Fr], touter[obs3], commercial traveler, drummer [U.S.], traveling man. {{function_of(collect[obj=money], @P2.3.2.3.6.5.9)}} bagman[perjorative], collection agent; bill collector. newspaper correspondent, own correspondent, special correspondent. P2.3.2.3.6.5.4 LEARNER (R541) #541. Learner. N. {{performed_by(learning, R539)}} learner, scholar, student, pupil; apprentice, prentice[obs3], journeyman; articled clerk; abecedarian, alphabetarian[obs3]; alumnus, eleve[Fr]. beginner, tyro, amateur, rank amateur. recruit, raw recruit, novice, neophyte, inceptor[obs3], catechumen, probationer; seminarian, chela, fellow-commoner; debutant. {{has_subtype(apprentice)}} {[in_frame(clinical medicine)]} intern; resident. {{has_subtype(student)}} {{has_property(male, @R366)}} schoolboy, hopeful, cadet. {{has_subtype(student)}} {{has_property(female)}} schoolgirl, coed. fresh, freshman, frosh; junior soph[obs3], junior; senior soph[obs3], senior; sophister[obs3], sophomore; questionist[obs3]. [college and university students] undergraduate; graduate student; law student; medical student; pre-med; post-doctoral student, post-doc; matriculated student; part-time student, night student, auditor. [group of learners] {{member_of}} class, grade, seminar, form, remove. disciple, follower, apostle, proselyte; fellow-student, condisciple[obs3]. {{has_high_quality}} grinder, crammer; wonk [derogatory], wombat[derogatory]. {{&has_location(learning): school &c. R542}}. V. learn; practise. Adj. in statu pupillari[Lat], in leading strings. Phr. practise makes perfect. <-- R542 school to M9.5 Voluntary Institutions --> <-- [person who calculates: calculate R81] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.5 MATHEMATICIAN N. {{performed_by(calculate)}} {{job_of(mathematics)}} mathematician. arithmetician, calculator, abacist[obs3]. algebraist; statistician, geometer; topologist. accountant, auditor. programmer, computer programmer. {{has_subtype(programmer)}} {{has_subtype(expert)}} hacker. <-- duplicate Scholar removed. Scholar at P2.3.2.3.6.4.6 --> <-- This entry is for paid labor, in the sense of labor one does for a living (not necessarily for wages). [[worker]] Note that laborer has two meanings, a general and a specific (unskilled laborer). also note that although these categories are designations of professional workers, often the same term is applied to non-professionals performing the same type of work. Presence in this category only means that these human types perform an activity which can be done (and usually is done) for pay. We consider that "working man" connotes a low-skill job. This may be a misinterpretation. --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.6 WORKER N. {{performed_by(work, M7.3.2.5)}} worker, laborer, working person. coworker, collaborator, party to, participator in, particeps criminis[Lat], dramatis personae[Lat]; personnel. {{property_of(paid)}} {{performed_by(job, M7.5.4.1.4.1)}} employee. [disparaging] hireling, mercenary, hired gun. {{has_subtype(employee)}} permanent employee; temporary employee, temp; full-time employee; part-time employee; casual employee. {{property_of(skillful)}} mechanic, operative. {{property_of(skillful)}} {{job_of(service, M7.3.2.9.3)}} professional, white collar worker, white-collar worker. {{has_subtype(laborer)}} {{performed_by(manual labor, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{trait_of(unskilled)}} laborer, workman, workingman, manual laborer, drudge, working man, laboring man, working stiff, demiurgus, hewers of wood and drawers of water[pl], navvy[obs3]; hired hand, hand, man, day laborer; charwoman; hack; handyman, lumper[obs3], roustabout; mere tool, beast of burden. journeyman. {{has_subtype(employee)}} contract employee. machinist; mechanician, engineer. artist; architect, designer; builder; mason, bricklayer; carpenter; ganger, platelayer; locksmith. {{has_job}} {{has_subtype(duty, @R686): @M7.3.2.5.4, job, occupation, business, employment, work, line, line of work, livelihood, paid occupation, paying job, gainful employment, situation}}. {{job_of(gemology, @P2.3.1.3.6.7.2)}} gemologist; minerologist. {{has_subtype(minerologist)}} {{has_subtype(amateur)}} rock hound. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1 SELLER N. {{performed_by(sale, R796)}} seller, vender, vendor. {{has_subtype: merchant &c. R797}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(broker, @R758)}} {{has_subtype(manager[of=auction, @R796])}} auctioneer. {{hperforms(auctioneer): direct[obj=auction, @R796], @R693}}. {{has_property(auctioneer): title[val=colonel], R877}}. {{has_subtype: @R779a, possessor, owner}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.1 MERCHANT (R797) #797. Merchant. N. {{has_subtype(seller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1)}} merchant, trader, dealer, monger, chandler, salesman, salesperson; changer; regrater[obs3]; tradesman, tradespeople[pl], tradesfolk[pl]. money broker, money changer, change bureau, cambist[obs3]. retailer; chapman, higgler[obs3]; peddler, pedlar, hawker, huckster, colporteur, camelot[Fr], cadger, Autolycus[obs3]; sutler[obs3], vivandiere[obs3]; costerman[obs3], costermonger[obs3]; tallyman; faker. {{has_subtype: shopkeeper, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.1.1}}. {[sold_by(wine)]} vintner[wn1], wine merchant. {{has_subtype(salesman)}} traveling salesman, door-to-door salesman. {{has_instance(traveling salesman)}} Fuller brush man. {{has_subtype(money changer): bank}}. {{has_worker(lending institution)}} banker, money lender, moneyer[obs3]. {{works_at(banker): bank}}. {{has_subtype(money lender): @R787, usurer, loan shark}}. jobber; broker &c. (agent) R758; buyer &c. R795; seller &c. R796. {[in_frame(stock market)]} stockbroker; mutual fund manager; bear, bull. {{has_subtype: commercial organization, P2.3.2.1.2.1}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.1.1 SHOPKEEPER N. shopkeeper, shopman[obs3]. store clerk, salesperson, sales clerk. manager, store manager; floor manager. {{sold_by(jewelry, @P2.3.1.3.6.7.2)}} jeweler. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.1.2 BOOKSELLER N. {{sold_by(book)}} bookseller. {{has_location: bookstore, bookshop, bookseller's shop}}. publisher; bibliopole[obs3], bibliopolist[obs3]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.1.3 CLOTHIER N. {{job_of(sell clothes)}} clothier. tailor, milliner, haberdasher, costumier, sempstress[obs3], snip; dressmaker, habitmaker[obs3], breechesmaker[obs3]. cobbler, shoemaker; bootmaker. Crispin; friseur[Fr]; cordwainer[obs3], hosier[obs3]; hatter; draper, linen draper, mercer. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.2 ADVERTISER N. {{has_subtype(seller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1)}} advertiser. {{has_agent(advertiser)}} advertising agency. {{has_member(advertising agency)}} advertising executive; adman. {{has_subtype(adman)}} creative adman. {{creates(advertising agency/adman): ad, advertisement, R531}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.2 NEWSCASTER N. {{function_of(report[obj=news, R532])}} newscaster, reporter, journalist, correspondent. foreign correspondent, special correspondent; war correspondent. {{has_subtype(human group)}} news team, news department. anchorman; anchorwoman[obs3]; sportscaster. newsman; newswoman. {{job_of(report[obj=weather])}} weatherman, weather forecaster, weather reporter, weatherperson. on-the-spot reporter. [officials providing news for an organization] press secretary, public relations department, public relations man. {{has_subtype(organization)}} {{function_of(produce[obj= news report])}} United Press International, UPI; Associated Press, AP; The Dow Jones News Service, DJ; The New York Times News Service, NYT[abbr]; Reuters [England]; TASS [Soviet Union]; The Nikkei [Japan]. <-- [[DOCTOR]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4 MEDICAL PRACTITIONER N. medical practitioner, medical professional, health care worker, healer, health professional, health worker. medical attendant. {{trait_of(highly trained, @R537)}} doctor, physician, MD, doc[informal], sawbones[coll], leech[obs2]. {{has_subtype(physician)}} {{uses(ruler, R745)}} chief physician, archiater[obs3]. {{has_subtype(archiater)}} {{origin_of(United States)}} {{has_member(President's Cabinet)}} Surgeon General. obstetrician; gynecologist. accoucheur[Fr], accoucheuse[Fr], midwife; nurse-midwife. oculist, aurist[obs3]; operator. nurse, registered nurse, RN; sister[Australia]. practical nurse, monthly nurse. {{job_of(diagnosis, P2.6.4.8.1)}} diagnostician. {{has_subtype(assistant)}} nurse's aide, candystriper; dresser; orderly. {{has_subtype(nurse)}} male nurse. {{trait_of(highly trained, @R537)}} {{has_subtype(nurse)}} nurse practicioner. veterinarian, vet, animal doctor, horse doctor, horse leech; veterinary surgeon, veterinary doctor, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, DVM[acron.]. {{hperforms(veterinarian): veterinary medicine, P2.6.4.7}}. {{property_of(unscientific, @M3.1.1.2+supernatural, M9.6)}} {{property_of(unlicensed)}} witch doctor, shaman; faith healer; quack; exorcist. {{has_subtype(doctor)}} general practitioner, GP, family practitioner; specialist, medical specialist. {{has_subtype(specialist)}} {{property_of(specialized)}} surgeon; osteopath, osteopathist[obs3]; optometrist, eye doctor; ophthalmologist; oncologist; internist; gastroenterologist; epidemiologist, public health specialist; dermatologist, skin doctor; podiatrist; abortionist; otolaryngologist, ear and throat man; psychiatrist, head shrinker[coll], shrink[coll]. {{hperforms(internist)}} internal medicine. {{hperforms(surgeon)}} surgery. {{hperforms(dermatologist)}} dermatology. {{has_instance}} {{property_of(ancient)}} Aesculapius[obs3], Hippocrates, Galen. chiropractor, bonesetter, bone doctor, bone man[coll]. {{job_of(sell[obj=drug])}} pharmacist, druggist, chemist, apothecary, pharmaceutist[obs3], pharmacopolist[obs3]. {{has_subtype(doctor)}} {{has_subtype(apprentice, R541)}} intern, houseman. {{has_subtype(doctor)}} {{has_subtype(journeyman, R541)}} resident. {{hperforms(resident)}} residency. {{hperforms(intern)}} internship. <-- [ref: medicine P2.6.4.8] --> <-- [[pro]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.5 PROFESSIONAL ATHLETE N. {{job_of(professional sport, @M8.2.2.2.2.2)}} professional athlete, athlete, pro, jock[coll], player. football player; baseball player; basketball player; soccer player; tennis player, tennis pro; hockey player; golf player, golfer, linskman, golfing pro; boxer, prize fighter, professional boxer; professional wrestler, pro wrestler; ice skater, figure skater. {{has_subtype(football player)}} back; lineman; kicker; receiver, pass catcher. {{has_subtype(back)}} quarterback; halfback; fullback; tailback; wingback; linebacker, line backer. {{has_subtype(quarterback)}} passer. {{has_subtype(kicker)}} dropkicker; place-kicker; punter. {{has_subtype(lineman)}} center; end; guard; tackle. {{has_subtype(end)}} split end; tight end. {{has_subtype(soccer player/hockey player)}} goalie. {{has_subtype(manager, R694)}} coach; head coach. {{has_subtype(football coach)}} defensive coordinator; offensive coordinator. {{has_subtype(baseball player)}} pitcher, hurler; fielder; manager; batter, hitter, slugger; major leaguer, minor leaguer; runner. {{member_of(pitcher+catcher)}} battery. batsman. {{has_subtype(runner)}} pinch runner. {{has_subtype(fielder)}} infielder; outfielder. {{has_subtype(infielder)}} catcher; first baseman, first sacker; second baseman, second sacker; third baseman, third sacker; short stop. {{has_subtype(outfielder)}} right fielder; center fielder; left fielder. {{has_subtype(batter)}} designated hitter; pinch hitter; switch-hitter. {{has_subtype(pitcher)}} starter; reliever; leftie, southpaw; rightie; twenty-game winner. {{trait_of(skill)}} ace pitcher, ace hurler. {{has_trait(ace pitcher)}} low earned run average, low ERA. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.6 EXCAVATOR. N. {{created_by(excavation, @P1.2.4.3.1.3)}} excavator, sapper, miner. driller, oil driller. coal miner; diamond miner. {{has_subtype(drudge)}} ditch digger. tunneler, tunnel digger, mole[coll]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7 PROSPECTOR N. {{job_of(search[obj=ore/mineral])}} prospector. oil explorer. {{has_subtype(oil explorer)}} {{property_of(independent)}} wildcatter. {{performed_by(seek[obj=gold])}} gold prospector, gold digger. {{has_subtype(gold prospector)}} {[in_frame(California Gold Rush[yr=1849])]} forty-niner, "'49er". P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.8 LAPIDARY N. {{job_of(gemstone polishing, @P1.2.4.3.2.1)}} lapidary, lapidarian; gemcutter. <-- the entry scientist is for scientific occupations without a separate entry of their own. --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9 SCIENTIST [[SCIENTIST]] N. {{job_of(scientific research, @R461)}} scientist. experimentalist, experimenter, experimentist[obs3]; theoretician. {{has_subtype: physical scientist, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1; social scientist, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.2}}. {{performed_by(scientific research)}} research scientist. {{job_of(engineering)}} engineer, professional engineer. {{has_subtype(engineer)}} electronic engineer; civil engineer; sanitary engineer; chemical engineer; aeronautical engineer, aviation engineer. technician, techie[coll.]. {{member_of}} technical staff. {{member_of(research scientist)}} research staff; research group. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1 PHYSICAL SCIENTIST N. physical scientist. {{job_of(hydrography, @R341, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.1)}} hydrographer. {{job_of(natural history)}} naturalist. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.1 BIOLOGIST N. {{job_of(biology)}} biologist. geneticist. {{has_subtype(geneticist)}} molecular biologist, genetic engineer. {{has_job(molecular biologist)}} molecular biology, genetic engineering. {{hperforms(genetic engineer)}} gene splicing; gene sequencing, sequencing; gene manipulation, fiddling with genes; directed mutation. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.1.1 ZOOLOGIST N. {{job_of(zoology, R368, @P2.3.2.2.1.1)}} zoologist. anatomist; morphologist. physiologist. zoologist; icthyologist; herpetologist; ornithologist; entomologist; anthropologist; helminthologist; paeontologist. Adj. zoological &c. n.. <-- anthropology, ornithology, ichthyology, herpetology, helminthology[Med], entomology, oryctology[obs3], paleontology. taxidermy. --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.1.2 BOTANIST N. {{job_of(botany, R369)}} botanist. herbologist. field botanist. gardener. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.2 PHYSICIST N. physicist. nuclear physicist; solid-state physicist; theoretical physicist. acoustician; astronomer, uranologist, stargazer. {{has_subtype(astronomer)}} astrophysicist; cosmologist. {{has_instance(astronomer)}} {{trait_of(famous+dead)}} Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington; Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gauss; Ptolemy. {{has_instance(physicist)}} {{trait_of(famous+dead)}} Faraday, Michael Faraday; Helmholtz, Hermann von Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz; Newton, Isaac Newton, Sir Isaac; Newton; Ohm, George Simon Ohm. {{has_instance(nuclear physicist)}} {{trait_of(famous+dead)}} Oppenheimer, Robert Oppenheimer; Fermi, Enrico Fermi. {{has_instance(nuclear physicist)}} {{trait_of(famous+dead)}} Einstein, Albert Einstein; Wolfgang Pauli; Schroedinger; Wernher Heisenberg. {{has_instance(theoretical physicist)}} {{trait_of(famous)}} Richard Feynman. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.3 CHEMIST N. chemist. organic chemist; inorganic chemist; biochemist; physical chemist; food chemist; polymer chemist. alchemist. {{has_instance(chemist)}} {{trait_of(famous+dead)}} Dalton, John Dalton; Mendeleev; Karl Fisher; Robert Burns Woodward; Kekule; Arrhenius; Hans Debye; Louis Pasteur. {{has_instance(alchemist)}} {{trait_of(famous+dead)}} Paracelsus. analytical chemist, analyzer, analyst, assayist. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.2 SOCIAL SCIENTIST N. social scientist. psychologist. educator. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.10 ANIMAL CARETAKER N. {{job_of(animal husbandry, M7.3.5.4.1.2.2)}} animal caretaker. {{has_subtype: farmer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.10.1}}. pet owner. zookeeper. shepherd, neatherd[obs3]; trainer. beekeeper, apiarian[obs3], apiarist. breeder. cowboy, cowherd, bull whacker [U.S.], cow puncher [U.S.]; grazier, drover, cowkeeper[obs3], vaquero[Sp.]. {{performed_by(horse shoeing, @R370)}} horse shoer, farrier. {{&performed_by(horse shoeing, @R370): blacksmith, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4, horse doctor, veterinarian, vet, veterinary surgeon, veterinary doctor}}. {{has_subtype(organization)}} humane society; animal shelter. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.10.1 FARMER N. {{job_of(agriculture, M7.3.2.10.2)}} farmer, husbandman, horticulturist. peasant. florist; agricultor[obs3], agriculturist; yeoman, cultivator, tiller of the soil. gardener. forester, woodsman, woodcutter, backwoodsman. granger, homesteader, habitat[obs3]. {{job_of(viticulture)}} viticulturist, vigneron[Fr]. <-- Triptolemus. --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.11 WATCHMAN N. {{job_of(warning, R668)}} sentinel, sentry, guard; watch, watchman, security agent. watch and ward; watchdog, bandog[obs3], housedog[obs3]; patrol, patrolman, vedette[obs3]. {{has_subtype(watchman)}} night watchman. picket, bivouac; lookout. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.7, scout, spy, undercover agent, mole}}. plainclothesman; advanced guard, rear guard. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.11.1 DOORKEEPER N. {{location_of(door, entry)}} {{function_of(hinder[obj=entry], R706)}} doorkeeper, doorman[male], portress[female], warder, beadle, cerberus, ostiary[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(guardian, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.66)}} bouncer. {{has_subtype(doorkeeper)}} {{job_of(examine[obj=ticket, @R760/pass, @R760])}} ticket taker, ticket puncher. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.12 SERVANT #746. Servant. N. {{performed_by(personal service, M7.3.2.5.3)}} {{has_property(roleness[to=master])}} {{has_subtype(employee)}} servant, help. {{has_inverse}} {{has_property(roleness[to=servant])}} {{has_subtype(origin[for=servant], @R9)}} master. domestic servant, domestic. {{has_subtype(domestic)}} retainer, servitor; waiter, lapster[obs3]; butler; livery servant; valet, valet de chambre[Fr]. {{trait_of(servile, R886)}} lackey, menial, footman, flunky, flunkey. follower, henchman. {[of(nobleman)]} subject, liegeman[obs3]; squire, page. {[of(nobleman)]} {{member_of}} retinue[pl], suite[pl], cortege[pl], staff[pl], court[pl]. {[of(monarch, @R745)]} {{has_subtype(court)}} royal court. attache; official. attendant, usher, donzel[obs3], footboy[obs3]; train bearer, cup bearer; equerry, groom; jockey, hostler, ostler[obs3], tiger[ob2]; messenger, cad, gillie[obs3]; barkeeper, bartender; bell boy, boots, boy, counterjumper[obs3]; yardman. herdsman, swineherd. {[of(military officer)]} {{has_subtype(soldier)}} orderly. {[in_frame(hospital)]} {{has_subtype(medical practitioner): orderly}}. seneschal, chamberlain, major-domo[obs3], groom of the chambers, castellan[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{job_of(manage[obj=$real estate], R693)}} bailiff[Brit.]. &&{{owned_by($real estate): master}}. secretary; clerk. agent &c. R758. subaltern, subsidiary; underling, understrapper; man. under secretary, assistant secretary. {{has_subtype(domestic)}} {{property_of(female)}} maid, maidservant; handmaid; confidente[Fr], lady's maid, abigail, soubrette; nurse, biddy, amah[obs3], bonne[Fr], ayah[obs3]; nursemaid, nursery maid; house maid, parlor maid, waiting maid, chamber maid, femme de chambre[Fr]; kitchen maid, scullery maid, scullion, potwalloper[obs3]; femme fille[Fr]; camarista[obs3]. cook, chef de cuisine, cordon bleu[Fr]. maid of all work, servant of all work; laundress, bedmaker[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(scullery maid)}} {{property_of(fictional)}} Cinderella. journeyman, charwoman &c. (worker) R690. {[in_frame(British colony)]} bearer, chokra[obs3], gyp [Cambridge], hamal[obs3], scout [Oxford]. <-- ; khansamah[obs3], khansaman[obs3]; khitmutgar[obs3] ?? --> V. serve; wait upon, attend upon, dance attendance upon, pin oneself upon; squire, tend, hang on the sleeve of; chore [U.S.]. Adj. servile; in the train of; in one's pay, in one's employ; at one's call &c. (obedient) R743; in bonds. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.12.1 PERSON IN BONDAGE N. person in bondage. {{has_property: condition[val=bondage, @R749], R7a}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(personal property)}} slave. serf; vassal. bondsman, bondswoman[obs3]; bondslave[obs3]; ryot[obs3], adscriptus gleboe[Lat]. {{has_subtype(slave)}} {[in_frame(feudalism)]} villian[obs3], villein. helot. {{has_property(serf): condition[val=serfdom, @R749], R7a}}. {{has_property(vassal): condition[val=vassalage, @R749], R7a}}. {{has_property(villein): condition[val=villenage, @R749], R7a}}. {{has_symbol(slavery)}} badge of slavery. {{has_subtype(slave)}} {{has_subtype(woman, R374)}} odalisque[1]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(woman, R374)}} {{has_member(harem, @R961)}} odalisque[2]. {{has_subtype(slave)}} {{job_of(row[obj=galley, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2.2], @R267)}} galley slave. {{has_subtype(slave)}} love slave. <-- ; beadsman[obs3], bedesman[obs3]; sizar[obs3]. ame damnee[Fr], --> {{&uses: bond &c. R752}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.13 TREASURER (R801) #801. Treasurer. N. {{has_worker(treasury, R802)}} {{&has_member(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} treasurer; bursar, bursary; purser, purse bearer; cash keeper, banker; depositary; questor[obs3], receiver, steward, trustee, accountant, Accountant General, almoner, liquidator. paymaster, cashier, teller. financier. Secretary of the Treasury; Chancellor of the Exchequer, minister of finance. {{has_subtype: money changer &c. (merchant) R797}}. <-- [[End of: occupation, job]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.7 INFORMANT N. {{performed_by(@R527b, inform)}} informant, authority, teller, relator, intelligencer[obs3], reporter, delator, exponent, mouthpiece. informer; eavesdropper. {{has_subtype(informer): tattletale, P2.3.2.3.6.5.7.2}}. detective, sleuth. {{has_subtype(detective)}} private detective, gumshoe[coll], private dick[coll.]. {{has_instance(detective)}} {{property_of(fictional)}} Sherlock Holmes; Hercule Poirot. {{has_subtype}} scout. mouchard[obs3], newsmonger; amicus curiae[Lat]. spy, secret agent, undercover agent, spial[obs1]. {{has_subtype(spy)}} plant; double agent. {{has_subtype(plant)}} {{property_of(long-term)}} mole. {{has_subtype: messenger, R534}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.7.1 MESSENGER (R534) #534. Messenger. N. messenger, envoy, emissary, legate; nuncio, internuncio[obs3]; ambassador &c. (diplomatist) R758. marshal, flag bearer, herald, crier, trumpeter, bellman[obs3], pursuivant[obs3], parlementaire[Fr], apparitor[obs3]. courier, runner; dak[obs3], estafette[obs3]; Mercury, Iris, Ariel[obs3]. commissionaire[Fr]; errand boy, chore boy; newsboy. {{uses: mail, overnight mail, express mail, next-day delivery; post, post office; letter bag; delivery service; United Parcel Service, UPS; Federal Express, Fedex}}. {{&uses: telegraph, telephone; cable, wire [electronic information transmission]; carrier pigeon}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.2, reporter, gentleman of the press, representative of the press, penny-a-liner, special correspondent, own correspondent}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.7.2 TATTLETALE N. {{performed_by(disclose[obj=secret, R533], R529, @M8.1.2)}} tattletale, snitch, fink, stool pigeon, canary. V. {{hperforms(stool pigeon): @R529, squeal, snitch, sing[coll.]}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.8 PETITIONER #767. Petitioner. N. {{performed_by(request, M8.1.1.3.5.6)}} petitioner, solicitor, applicant; suppliant, supplicant; suitor, candidate, claimant, postulant, aspirant, competitor, bidder; place hunter, pot hunter; prizer[obs3]; seeker. beggar, mendicant, moocher, panhandler, freeloader, sponger, mumper[obs3], sturdy beggar, cadger; hotel runner, runner, steerer [U.S.], tout, touter[obs3]. [poor person] pauper, homeless person, hobo, bum, tramp, bindle stiff, bo, knight of the road (poverty) R804; hippie, flower child; hard core unemployed; welfare client, welfare case. canvasser, bagman &c. R758; salesman. <-- 5.9 was "dupe", but this was moved to the "character" section, at P2.3.2.3.6.4.10 above. --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.9 COLLECTOR N. collector. {{has_tobject(collect[2], @R72)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{!not_property_of(abundant, @R639)}} collectible item, collectible. stamp collector, philatelist; coin collector, numismatist; butterfly collector. {{forms(collect[2], @R72)}} {{has_subtype(collection[2], @R72)}} collection. {{has_subtype(collection)}} {{member_of(postage stamp)}} stamp collection. {{&has_member(stamp collection)}} {{has_subtype(postage stamp)}} {{property_of(rare, @R83)}} rare stamp. {{has_subtype(collection)}} {{member_of(coin, @R800)}} coin collection. {{&has_member(coin collection)}} {{has_subtype(coin, @R800)}} {{property_of(rare, @R83)}} rare coin. {{has_subtype(minerologist)}} rock collector, mineral collector. {{has_subtype(rock collector)}} {{has_subtype(amateur)}} rock hound. V. {{hperforms(collector)}} collect. Adj. {{has_property(collectible item)}} collectible. <-- [[liar]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.10 DECEIVER (R548) #548. Deceiver. N. deceiver. {{performed_by(lie, @R544)}} liar, prevaricater; fibber, dissembler. {[in_frame(law)]} perjurer, false witness. menteur a triple etage[Fr], Scapin[obs3]. counterfeiter, misrepresenter; falsifier, pervert, distorter; equivocater, quibbler. swindler, fraud, bilkster, victimizer; hoaxer, bamboozler; rogue, knave, cheat. {{has_subtype(swindler)}} {{performed_by(con game, @R545)}} con man, con artist; flimflam man, flimflam artist, hornswoggler. {{has_subtype(swindler): swindler &c. (thief) R792}}. hypocrite; sophist. {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(biblical)}} Pharisee; Judas. {{has_metaphor}} Janus; Pecksniff; Jesuit[obs2][pejorative]; Mawworm[obs3]; Joseph Surface; Tartufe[obs3]; Cagliostro, Fernam Mendez Pinto. serpent, snake in the grass, cockatrice; jilt; shuffler[obs2], stool pigeon. story-teller. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(accomplice, @R711)}} shill, ringer, straw bidder [U.S.], bunko steerer [U.S.], crimp, decoy, decoy duck; jobber, spieler[obs3]. carpetbagger [U.S.], capper [U.S.]; faker; four flusher*, horse coper[obs3]. wolf in sheep's clothing, soi-disant[Fr]. adventurer; ass in lion's skin &c. (bungler) R701. imposter, pretender. quack, charlatan, mountebank; humbug, empiric, quacksalver, man of straw, gypsy[pejorative], saltimbanco[obs3], saltimbanque[obs3], medicaster[obs3], Rosicrucian[obs2]. {{has_subtype(quack)}} snake oil salesman. <-- what do we call a deceiver when the audience is aware of the deception??? --> {{has_subtype(deceiver): illusionist}}. {{has_subtype(imposter): actor &c. (stage player) R599}}. conjuror, juggler, trickster, prestidigitator, jockey. Phr. "saint abroad and a devil at home" [Bunyan]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.1 AFFECTOR N. {{has_low_intensity(P2.3.2.3.6.5.10, deceiver)}} {{performed_by(affectation, R855)}} affector, performer, actor. doctrinaire, dogmatist; lump of affectation, precieuse ridicule[Fr], bas bleu[Fr], blue stocking, poetaster. {{has_subtype: fop, R854}}. prude, puritan. euphuist, mannerist, grimacier[obs3]. prig, purist; pedant, pedagogue, pompous ass[vulg]. {{has_subtype: coquette, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.1.1}}. <-- NOTE: Roget shows a relation to "flatterer, R935" (now at P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.2). The temptation is to indicate a similarity: {{similar_to: flatterer, R935, P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.2}}. But the relationship is closer to a contrast: an affector exaggerates his own qualities, while a flatterer exaggerates someone else's. How do we express such a relation? Should we bother??? --> <-- Roget includes both "fop" and "masher, coquette" in a single section, although they are significantly different. "fop" merely describes a manner of dressing, while "coquette" and "masher" describe behavior toward the opposite sex. Should they have separate sections??? --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.1.1 FOP (R854) #854. Fop. N. {{!property_of(male, @R366)}} fop, fine gentleman; swell; dandy, dandiprat[obs2]; exquisite, coxcomb, beau, macaroni[19th cent.]; blade, blood, buck. {{!property_of(male, @R366)}} man about town, fast man; fribble, jemmy, spark, popinjay, puppy, prig[obs2], petit maitre; jackanapes, jackadandy; man milliner[obs2]; Jemmy Jessamy[obs2], carpet knight; masher, dude. {{!property_of(female)}} fine lady, coquette; flirt, vamp. Adj. dressed to kill; dressed to the nines. P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.2 FLATTERER #935. Flatterer. N. flatterer, adulator; eulogist, euphemist; optimist, encomiast, laudator[Lat], whitewasher. toady, toadeater[obs3]; sycophant, courtier, Sir Pertinax MacSycophant; flaneur[Fr], proneur[Fr]; puffer, touter[obs3], claqueur[Fr]; clawback[obs3], earwig, doer of dirty work; parasite, hanger-on &c. (servility) R886. yes-man, suckup, ass-kisser [vulgar], brown-noser [vulgar], teacher's pet. Phr. pessimum genus inimicorum laudantes [Lat][Tacitus]. <-- [[ref: M9.3.2 R933 Flattery]]. --> <-- 547. dupe (cf. communication of ideas) 548. deceiver (cf. communication of ideas) 559. Artist --> <-- xref engraving, sculpture, painting under art POART --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.11 ARTIST (R559) #559. Artist. N. {{created_by(art, @R554)}} artist. painter, limner, drawer, sketcher, designer, engraver; master, old master; draftsman, draughtsman; copyist, dauber, hack; enamel, enameler, enamelist; caricaturist. historical painter, landscape painter, marine painter, flower painter, portrait painter, miniature painter, miniaturist, scene painter, sign painter, coach painter; engraver; Apelles[obs3]; sculptor, carver, chaser, modeler, figuriste[obs3], statuary; Phidias, Praxiteles; Royal Academician. {{created_by(photograph, P2.3.1.3.6.2)}} photographer, lensman, cameraman, camera technician, camera buff; wildlife photographer. {{has_subtype(photographer)}} {{created_by(movie film, @R599)}} cinematographer; director, film director. Phr. photo safari; "with gun and camera". P2.3.2.3.6.5.12 TRAVELER (R268) #268. Traveler. N. {{performed_by(travel, R266)}} traveler, wayfarer, voyager, itinerant. {{performed_by(be transported, @R270)}} passenger. {{has_subtype(passenger)}} commuter. sightseer. {{has_subtype(traveler)}} {{has_subtype(sightseer)}} tourist. excursionist; explorer, adventurer; hiker, backpacker; bird of passage; gadabout, gadling[obs3]; landloper[obs3]; waifs and estrays[obs3], wastrel, foundling; loafer; palmer; peripatetic; emigrant; fugitive; refugee; booly[obs3]; globegirdler[obs3], globetrotter; vagrant, hobo [U.S.]; runabout, straphanger; swagman, swagsman [Aust.]; trecker[obs3], trekker; zingano[obs3], zingaro[obs3]. pilgrim. {{has_subtype(pilgrim)}} Hadji. {{has_subtype(traveler)}} {{hperforms(walk[while=sleeping, @P2.8.5.1.1], @R266)}} sleepwalker, somnambulist, night walker. {{performed_by(search[obj=lost item])}} {{location_of(beach)}} beach comber. {{performed_by(wander/rove)}} wanderer, rover, straggler, peregrinator[obs3], rambler. {{has_subtype(wanderer)}} {{property_of(homeless)}} vagrant, scatterling[obs3], tramp, tramper, vagabond. {{has_subtype(wanderer)}} {{hperforms(move[obj=home] [mode=frequently])}} nomad; Bohemian; gypsy; Arab; Wandering Jew. {{has_subtype(nomad)}} Bedouin. sleep walker, noctambulist. {{performed_by(carry[obj=package/document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} runner, courier. {{has_instance(courier)}} {{property_of(mythological)}} Mercury; Iris; Ariel. comet. {{performed_by(walk)}} pedestrian, walker, foot passenger. {{performed_by(ride[obj=vehicle])}} rider. {{performed_by(ride[obj=horse])}} rider, horseman, equestrian, cavalier, jockey, roughrider. {{has_subtype(equestrian)}} {{performed_by(train[obj=horse])}} trainer, breaker, horse trainer. {{has_worker(railroad train)}} {{performed_by(assist[obj=driver])}} stoker, fireman. {{&has_worker(railroad train/trolley/tram/bus)}} {{performed_by(assist[obj=driver])}} conductor. guard. prowler; stalker. {{has_subtype: mountaineer, mountain climber}}. Phr. on the road. P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.1 DRIVER N. {{performed_by(drive[obj=vehicle, R272], @R680)}} driver, vehicle driver, vehicle operator. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(drive[obj=automobile, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1], @R680)}} motorist, auto driver. {{has_subtype(motorist)}} {{performed_by(drive[obj=automobile, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1][for=other, M1.2])}} chauffeur. {{has_subtype(chauffeur)}} {{performed_by(drive[obj=taxicab], @R680)}} taxi driver, cabdriver, cabbie[inform.], cabman, hack, hackman. <-- ; voiturier[obs3], vetturino[obs3], condottiere[obs3]--> {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(drive[obj=truck], @R680)}} truck driver, trucker, wheelman, truckman[obs3]. {{performed_by(drive[obj=motorcycle/bicycle], @R680)}} cyclist. {{performed_by(drive[obj=motorcycle], @R680)}} biker, motorcyclist. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(drive[obj=coach], @R680)}} coachman, whip, Jehu. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(drive[obj=chariot], @R680)}} charioteer, chariot driver. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(drive[obj=wagon], @R680)}} wagoner, postilion, postboy[obs3], carter, drayman[obs3]. {{has_subtype}}{{performed_by(drive[obj=horse-drawn vehicle], @R680)}} teamster. engine driver; engineer, gharry-wallah[obs3], gari-wala[obs3], syce[obs3]. <-- [[sailor]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.2 MARINER (R269) #269. Mariner. N. {{performed_by(drive[obj=boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3], @R680)}} sailor, mariner, navigator. seaman, seafarer, seafaring man; dock walloper; tar, jack tar, salt, able seaman, "A. B."; man-of-war's man, bluejacket, galiongee[obs3], galionji[obs3], jolly, midshipman, middy; skipper; shipman[obs3], boatman, ferryman, waterman[obs3], lighterman[obs3], bargeman; bargee[obs3]; boatswain, cockswain[obs3]; coxswain; steersman, pilot. {{performed_by(drive[obj=gondola], @R680)}} gondolier. {{performed_by(propel[obj=boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3], R284)}} {{used_by(oar, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} oar, oarsman; rower. {{has_subtype(warrior, P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} marine. {{has_worker(wharf, @P2.3.1.3.10.8)}} longshoreman. {{member_of: ship's crew, @R712a}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.3 AVIATOR N. airman, aviator, aerial navigator, aeronaut, flier. aviatrix. balloonist, Icarus; aeroplanist[obs3], birdman, man-bird, wizard of the air, navigator, flight attendant, steward, stewardess; parachutist, paratrooper. pilot, test pilot, glider pilot, bush pilot. {{member_of: flight crew, @R712a}}. astronaut, cosmonaut. P2.3.2.3.6.5.13 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.14 INQUIRER N. {{performed_by(inquire)}} inquirer, investigator, inquisitor, inspector, querist[obs3], examiner, catechist; scrutator scrutineer scrutinizer[obs3]; analyst; quidnunc[Lat] &c. (curiosity) R455. P2.3.2.3.6.5.15 ORACLE (R513) #513. Oracle. N. oracle; prophet, prophesier, seer, soothsayer, augur. haruspex; astrologer, star gazer[obs3]; fortune teller, crystal gazer[obs3], witch, geomancer[obs3], aruspex[obs3]; aruspice[obs3], haruspice[obs3]; Sibyl; Python, Pythoness[obs3]; Pythia; Pythian oracle, Delphian oracle; Monitor, Sphinx, Tiresias, Cassandra[obs3], Sibylline leaves; Zadkiel, Old Moore; sorcerer &c. R994; interpreter &c. R524. [person who predicts by non-mystical (natural) means] forecaster, predictor, prognosticator. {{has_subtype(forecaster): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.2, weather forecaster, weatherman}}. Phr. a prophet is without honor in his own country; "you don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows" [Bob Dylan]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.16 PREPARER N. {{performed_by(preparation, R673)}} preparer, pioneer, trailblazer. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(precursor, R64)}} advance man, advance person. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(precursor, R64)}} {{function_of(discover, R480a + inform, @R527)}} scout. {{has_subtype(precursor, R64)}} forerunner, vancourier[obs3], avant-courrier[Fr], avant-coureur[Fr]; leader, outrider, prodrome[obs1], prodromos[obs3], prodromus[obs3]; avant-courier, avant-garde, bellmare[obs3], forelooper[obs3], foreloper[obs3], voorlooper[Afrikaans], voortrekker[Afrikaans]; stalking-horse. van, vanguard, advance guard. sappers and miners, pavior[obs3], navvy[obs3]; warming pan. trainer. {{job_of(prepare[obj=package])}} packer. {{job_of(prepare[obj=ship]): stevedore}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.17 Dummy N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.18 Dummy N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.19 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.20 DETRACTOR #936. Detractor. N. detractor, reprover; censor, censurer; cynic, critic, caviler, carper, word-catcher, frondeur; barracker[obs3]. defamer, backbiter, slanderer, Sir Benjamin Backbite, lampooner, satirist, traducer, libeler, calumniator, dawplucker[obs3], Thersites[obs3]; Zoilus; good-natured friend [satirically]; reviler, vituperator, castigator; shrew &c. R901; muckraker. disapprover, laudator temporis acti [Lat][Horace]. Adj. black-mouthed, abusive &c. R934. <-- [[ref: M9.3.2 R934 detraction]]. --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.21 GOOD MAN #948. Good Man. N. {{trait_of(righteousness, M4.2.2.1.1/probity, M4.2.2.1.3)}} good man, honest man, worthy. {{!hperforms: ethical behavior, @M9.3.3.1}}. good woman, perfect lady, Madonna. model, paragon &c. (perfection) R650; good example; hero, heroine, demigod, seraph, angel; Aristides[obs3]; noble liver[obs2], pattern. brick[coll], trump[coll], gem, jewel, good fellow, prince, diamond in the rough, rough diamond, ugly duckling[obs2]. salt of the earth; one in ten thousand; one in a million; a gentleman and a scholar; pillar of society, pillar of the community, a man among men. {{has_trait: benevolence, M8.3.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: philanthropist, @R910}}. {{has_subtype: innocent &c. R946; saint &c. (piety) R987}}. Phr. "si sic omnes[Lat]!". <-- the difference between Roget's "bad man, wrongdoer" and evildoer are not clear. We need to classify these better.??? 4-23-94 --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.21.1 BENEFACTOR #912. Benefactor. N. {{trait_of(benevolence, R906)}} benefactor, savior, good genius, tutelary saint, guardian angel, good Samaritan; pater patriae[Lat]. auxiliary &c. R711. P2.3.2.3.6.5.22 BAD MAN #949. Bad Man. N. bad man, wrongdoer, miscreant, worker of iniquity; bad example. sinner. {{member_of(sinner): the wicked &c. R945}}. {{has_subtype: evildoer, R913, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(violate[obj=law, R963], @R742)}} lawbreaker. {{has_subtype(lawbreaker): criminal, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.2; thief, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.3; killer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.4}}. villain, scoundrel, rascal, cad, bounder. <-- budmash[obs3], caitiff[obs2] --> bad woman, jade, Jezebel. scamp, scapegrace, rip, runagate, ne'er-do-well, reprobate, scalawag, scallawag. roue[Fr], rake; Sadist; skeesicks[obs3], skeezix [obs3][U.S.]; limb; one who has sold himself to the devil, fallen angel, ame damnee[Fr], vaurien[obs3], mauvais sujet[Fr], loose fish, sad dog; rounder; lost sheep, black sheep; castaway, recreant, defaulter; prodigal &c. R818. blackguard, polisson[obs3], loafer, sneak; rapscallion, rascallion[obs3]; cullion[obs3], mean wretch, varlet, kern[obs3], ame-de-boue[Fr], drole[obs3]; cur, dog, hound[obs2], whelp[obs2], mongrel[obs2]; lown[obs2], loon, runnion[obs3], outcast, vagabond; rogue &c. (knave) R941; ronian[obs3]; scum of the earth, riffraff; Arcades ambo[obs3]. Int. "sirrah!"[obs3]. Phr. Acherontis pabulum[obs3]; gibier de potence[Fr]. <-- This "evildoer" generally excludes concepts directly rlating to criminal activity, which is covered in the next section, 22.2 [Maleficent being] [[MALEFACTOR]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.1 EVIL DOER #913. Evil doer. N. {{has_subtype(wrongdoer, R949)}} {{performed_by(evil, R619, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1)}} evil doer, evildoer, evil worker, malefactor. mischief-maker, marplot; oppressor, tyrant; iconoclast[obs2]. {{similar_to: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.33, @R165, destroyer, Vandal}}. thief &c. R792; murderer, terrorist &c. R361. arsonist, firebrand, incendiary, fire bug [U. S.], pyromaniac. anarchist. {{has_subtype: terrorist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.4}}. savage, brute, ruffian, barbarian, desperado, hoodlum, hood, rowdy, hooligan, tough, ugly customer, mean mother [coll.], ruffian, bludgeon man, mugger, bully, rough, plug-ugly, pug-ugly [U.S.], meanie [jocular], semibarbarian[obs3], caitiff, wretch; Jonathan Wild; hangman; Red Skin[obs2][derogatory], Apache[obs2][derogatory], Mohawk[obs2][derogatory], Mo-hock[obs2][derogatory], Mo-hawk[obs2][derogatory], larrikin[obs3], dangerous classes[collective]. {{has_metaphor}} butcher, cockatrice, scorpion, hornet, basilisk, urchin; tiger[obs2], monster; devil incarnate, demon in human shape, Nana Sahib; hellhound, hellcat, hell-hound, rakehell[obs3]. {{has_metaphor: devil &c. (demon) R980}}. {{has_metaphor}} snake, reptile, viper, serpent, adder, snake in the grass; serpent, cobra, asp, rattlesnake, anaconda[obs2]. {{has_metaphor}} canker-worm, wire-worm; locust, Colorado beetle; alacran[obs3], alligator, caymon[obs3], crocodile, mosquito, octopus; torpedo. bane &c. R663. cutthroat &c. (killer) R461. {{has_subtype}} {{perfromed_by(eat[obj=human flesh, @R1002], R298a)}} cannibal, anthropophagus[obs2], anthropophagist[obs2]. {{has_metaphor: @R980, vampire, ogre, ghoul}}. bloodsucker. {{has_metaphor: gorilla, vulture; gyrfalcon[obs2], gerfalcon[obs2]; wild beast, tiger, hyena; blood-hound, sleuth-hound}}. hag, hellhag[obs3], beldam, Jezebel. monster; Frankenstein's monster. harpy, siren; Furies, Eumenides. Hun, Attila[obs3], scourge of the human race. P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.2 Criminal N. {{performed_by(crime, @R964)}} {{trait_of(criminal, @M7.3.5.1.2)}} criminal, culprit, offender, perpetrator, perp [coll.]. {{has_subtype(criminal)}} delinquent, crook, thug; disorderly person, misdemeanant[Law]; outlaw; scofflaw; vandal; felon[convicted criminal]; convict, prisoner, inmate, jail bird, ticket of leave man; multiple offender. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(child, R129): juvenile delinquent, @R129}}. hoodlum, hood. gangster, mobster. [plural] {{has_subtype(group)}} {{member_of(gangster)}} gang, gang of thieves, theft ring; organized crime, mafia, the Sicilian Mafia, the syndicate, the mob, la cosa nostra [Italian]. {{has_member(Mafia)}} {{has_subtype(criminal)}} Mafioso, Mafiosi[plur.]. Phr. faenum habet in cornu [Lat]; "I am not a crook."[Richard Nixon, Nov.11, 1973]. <-- [[thief]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.3 THIEF #792. Thief. N. {{performed_by(stealing, R791)}} thief, robber, homo triumliterarum[obs3][Lat], pilferer, rifler, filcher[obs3]; crook, hawk, holdup man, hold-up [U.S.], jackleg [obs3][U.S.]. {{performed_by(plagiarize/steal[obj=idea, R453], R791)}} plagiarist. spoiler, depredator, pillager, marauder; harpy, shark, land shark, falcon, mosstrooper[obs3], bushranger[obs3], Bedouin[obs2], brigand, freebooter, bandit, thug, dacoit[obs3]. pirate, corsair, viking, Paul Jones[obs2], buccaneer, buccanier[obs2]; piqueerer[obs1], pickeerer[obs1]; rover, ranger, privateer. {{member_of(pirate)}} pirate crew. {{has_subtype}} {{has_member(private army)}} filibuster. rapparee[obs3], wrecker, picaroon[obs3]; smuggler, poacher; abductor, badger, bunko man, cattle thief, chor[obs3], contrabandist[obs3]; kidnaper, rustler, cattle rustler; sandbagger, sea king, skin, sneak thief, spieler[obs3], strong-arm man [U.S.]. highwayman, Dick Turpin, Claude Duval, Macheath, footpad, sturdy beggar. cut purse, pick purse; pickpocket, light-fingered gentry; sharper; card sharp, card sharper, skittle sharper; thimblerigger. rook, Greek[obs2], blackleg, leg, welsher; defaulter; Autolycus[obs3], Jeremy Diddler[obs3], Robert Macaire, artful dodger, trickster; swell mob, chevalier d'industrie [Fr]; shoplifter. swindler, peculator; forger, coiner; fence, receiver of stolen goods, duffer; smasher. burglar, housebreaker; cracksman[obs3], magsman[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(fictional)}} Bill Sikes; Jack Sheppard; Jonathan Wild; Robin Hood. {{has_instance}} {{property_of(famous)}} {{property_of(American)}} {{property_of(dead)}} John Dillinger, Dillinger; Lucky Luciano; Al Capone; Dutch Schultz; Bugsy Siegel; Butch Cassidy; Jesse James. {{has_instance}} {{property_of(famous)}} {{property_of(dead)}} {{property_of(Mexican)}} Pancho Villa. {{has_subtype(pirate)}} book pirate; software pirate. P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.4 KILLER N. killer, slayer. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} murderer. butcher, cutthroat; assassin; garroter, bravo, Thug, Moloch, matador, sabreur[obs3]; guet-a-pens. {{performed_by(terrorism)}} terrorist. man-eater, apache[obs3], hatchet man [U.S.], highbinder [obs3][U.S.]. regicide; parricide; matricide; fratricide; infanticide; feticide, foeticide[obs3]; wife-killer, uxoricide[obs3]; vaticide[obs3]. {{has_instance}} {{property_of(biblical)}} Cain. {{has_subtype: executioner &c. (punishment) R975}}. {{&uses(executioner): gallows, @R975}}. Phr. "assassination has never changed the history of the world" [Disraeli]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.23 LIBERTINE (R962) #962. Libertine. N. libertine; voluptuary &c. R954a. {{property_of(maleness, R374a)}} rake, debauchee, lecher, satyr, goat, whoremonger, paillard[obs3], gallant, ladies' man, Lothario, Don Juan, seducer, loose fish, rip, rakehell[obs3], fast man; intrigant[obs3], fornicator; adulterer, gay deceiver, Bluebeard[obs3]; chartered libertine. {{property_of(femininity, @R374a)}} adulteress, advoutress[obs3]; courtesan; prostitute, strumpet, harlot, whore, punk, fille de joie[Fr]; woman, woman of the town, crumpet[Brit. Cockney slang]; streetwalker, Cyprian, miss, piece; frail sisterhood; demirep, wench, trollop, trull[obs3], baggage, hussy, drab, bitch, jade, skit, rig, quean[obs3], mopsy[obs3], slattern, slut, minx, harridan; unfortunate, unfortunate female, unfortunate woman; woman of easy virtue &c. (unchaste) R961; wanton, fornicatress[obs3]; Jezebel, Messalina, Delilah, Thais, Phryne, Aspasia[obs3], Lais, lorette[obs3], cocotte[obs3], petite dame, grisette[obs3]; demimonde; chippy* [obs3][U.S.]; sapphist[obs3]; spiritual wife; white slave. {{has_subtype(woman, R374)}} mistress, concubine, kept woman, piece on the side[slang], doxy[obs3], chere amie[Fr], bona roba[It]. {{has_subtype(manager[of=prostitute], R694)}} pimp, procurer; pander, pandar[obs3]; bawd, conciliatrix[obs3], procuress[obs3], mackerel, wittol[obs1]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.24 ENTHUSIAST N. {{trait_of(enthusiasm)}} enthusiast. crusader, do-gooder, knight errant. idealist, romanticist, romantic, visionary, romancer, dreamer, castle-builder, fanciful projector, mopus[obs3]. {{has_subtype(idealist): martyr, @R828}}. {{hcreates(castle-builder): castle in the air, @R515}}. {{has_subtype: @M3.1.2.3.2.1, adherent, believer}}. {{has_subtype(believer[obj=ideology, @737b/dogma,@R484], @M3.1.2.3.2.1)}} ideologue, dogmatist, dogmatizer, doctrinaire, opinionist. bigot. {{has_property(ideologue): blind belief, @R484}}. {{has_subtype(ideologue)}} {{trait_of(fanaticism, @R606)}} fanatic, zealot, fanatico[Sp], exalte[Fr]. {{has_subtype(dogmatist)}} {[in_frame(religion)]} fundamentalist. {{has_subtype(fanatic): terrorist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.4}}. {{has_metaphor(dogmatist)}} Sir Oracle. rhapsodist, seer, highflier[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(dreamer)}} Don Quixote. {{has_subtype: volunteer, @R602}}. faddist; hobbyist. {{has_subtype(hobbyist): collector, P2.3.2.3.6.5.9}}. {{has_subtype(faddist)}} {{trait_of(fashionability, R852): @R852, man of fashion, woman of fashion}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1 DEVOTEE N. {{trait_of(desire, R865)}} devotee, lover, amateur, fan, aficionado, votary, buff, dilettante. {{hperforms: like[obj=physical object/action, R680], @R865}}. {{has_subtype(fan)}} {{performed_by(follow around[obj=rock group/celebrity], @R622)}} groupie. aspirant, solicitant, candidate, applicant, supplicant; cormorant &c. R957. addict. {{has_subtype(amateur): @R850, connoisseur}}. worshiper, disciple, idolizer. {[of(sex)]} nymphomaniac, lecher. {[of(stealing)]} kleptomaniac. <-- [[gourmet]] Note that epicure occurs twice; once in the general sense, and once specifically related to food. --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1.1 SENSUALIST #954a. Sensualist. N. {{has_subtype(lover[ptnt=pleasure, R377/pleasant thing], P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1)}} {{trait_of(intemperance, @R954)}} sensualist, voluptuary, hedonist, Sybarite, epicurean, votary of Epicurus, swine of Epicurus[obs2]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(male, @R373)}} playboy, bon vivant, man about town. <-- materialism, philistinism cares little for spritual or artistic values. See worldliness @R943. --> {{has_subtype}} {{trait_of(materialism, @R943)}} materialist, Philistine. free liver, hard liver; tragalist[obs3]. {{has_subtype: libertine &c. R962}}. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(discernment[obj=food, R298])}} {{has_subtype(lover[ptnt=food], P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1)}} gourmet; gastronome; epicure. {{has_subtype(gourmet)}} {{has_subtype(lover[ptnt=wine], P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1)}} wine lover, oenophile; wine taster. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(lover[ptnt=food], P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1)}} gourmand; pig, hog, glutton, cormorant, belly god, Apicius[obs3]. Sardanaphalus, man of pleasure, carpet knight; Heliogabalus. Adj. {{has_trait: @R954, intemperate, sensual}}. {{has_trait(sybarite): Sybaritical, @R954}}. {{has_trait(epicure): epicurean, @R954}}. {{has_trait(materialist): @R943, materialistic, unintellectual, uncultured}}. <-- [[REF R955]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.25 ASCETIC N. {{has_subtype(idealist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24)}} {{contrast_to(Sybarite, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1.1)}} ascetic. {{hperforms: avoid[ptnt=physical pleasure, R377], R623}}. anchoret[obs3], anchorite; puritan, sabbatarian[obs3], sanyasi[obs3], Heautontimorumenos[obs3]. {{-+overlaps_with: hermit &c. (recluse) R893}}. cynic; yogi. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(monk, @R996)}} Buddhist monk. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(nun, @R996)}} cloistered nun. {{&has_habitat(cloistered nun/monk, @R996): cloister, @R1000}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.26 LAWYER (R968) #968. Lawyer. N. lawyer, attorney, legal counsel; counsel, counsellor, counsellor at law, attorney at law; jurist, legist[obs3], civilian, pundit, publicist, juris consult[Lat], legal adviser, advocate; barrister, barrister at law; King's counsel, "K.C."; Queen's counsel, "Q.C."; silk gown, leader, sergeant-at-law, bencher; tubman[obs3], judge &c. R967. bar, legal profession, bar association, association of trial lawyers; officer of the court; gentleman of the long robe; junior bar, outer bar, inner bar; equity draftsman, conveyancer, pleader, special pleader. solicitor, proctor; notary, notary public; scrivener, cursitor[obs3]; writer, writer to the signet; "S.S.C."; limb of the law; pettifogger; vakil[obs3]. legal beagle [coll.]. [persons accessory to lawyers] legal secretary; legal assistant; law student. V. practice law, practice at the bar, practice within the bar; plead; call to the bar, be called to the bar, be called within the bar; take silk; take to the law. give legal counsel, provide legal counsel. Adj. learned in the law; at the bar; forensic; esquire, esquired. Phr. banco regis[Lat]. <-- [[JUDGE]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.27 JUDGE #967. Judge. N. {{performed_by(judgment, R480)}} judge. umpire; arbiter, arbitrator; asessor, referee. P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1 JUDGE OF LAW (R967) N. {{performed_by(legal judgment, R480)}} judge of law, judge, justice, justiciar[obs3], justiciary[obs3]. chancellor; justice of assize, judge of assize; recorder, common sergeant; puisne judge, assistant judge, county court judge; conservator of the peace, justice of the peace; "J.P."; court &c. (tribunal) R966; magistrate, police magistrate, beak; his worship, his honor, his lordship. jury, twelve men in a box, "twelve angry men". Lord Chancellor, Lord Justice; Master of the Rolls, Vice Chancellor; Lord Chief Justice, Chief Baron; "Mr. Justice", Associate Justice; Chief Justice; Baron, Baron of the Exchequer. jurat[Lat], assessor; arbiter, arbitrator; umpire; referee, referendary[obs3]; revising barrister; domesman[obs3]; censor &c. (critic) R480; barmaster[obs3], ephor[obs3]; grand juror, grand juryman; juryman, talesman. archon; tribune; praetor, syndic, podesta[obs3]. mollah[obs3], ulema; mufti; cadi[obs3], kadi[obs3]; Rhadamanthus[obs3]. litigant &c. (accusation) R938. V. adjudge &c. (determine) R480; try a case, try a prisoner. Adj. judicial &c. R965. Phr. "a Daniel come to judgment" [Merchant of Venice]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.2 CRITIC N. {{performed_by(criticism, R480)}} critic. reviewer, literary critic. censor. connoisseur; commentator &c. R524. inspector, inspecting officer. armchair general, monday morning quarterback. nag. Adj. criticised. {[of(husband)]} henpecked. P2.3.2.3.6.5.28 SORCERER (R994) #994. Sorcerer. N. {{performed_by(sorcery/mysticism)}} sorcerer, magician; thaumaturgist[obs3], theurgist; conjuror, necromancer, seer, wizard, witch; hoodoo, voodoo; fairy &c. R980; lamia[obs3], hag. warlock; charmer; exorcist, mage[obs3]; cunning man, medicine man; Shaman, figure flinger, ecstatica[obs3]; medium, clairvoyant, fortune teller; mesmerist; deus ex machina[Lat]; soothsayer &c. R513. {{has_instance}} Katerfelto; Cagliostro; Mesmer; Rosicrucian; Circe. siren, weird sisters. P2.3.2.3.6.5.29 HUMORIST (R844) #844. Humorist. N. humorist, wag, wit. joker, jokester, jester, Joe Miller[obs2], drole de corps[obs3], gaillard[obs3], spark; reparteeist[obs3], epigrammatist; wit-snapper, wit-cracker, wit-worm; bon diable[Fr]; practical joker. {[in_frame(social gathering, @R892/party, @R892)]} life of the party, bel esprit. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(punning, @R521)}} punster. {{has_instance(punster)}} Walter Rukeiser. clown, buffoon, farceur[Fr]; mime; tumbler, acrobat; mountebank, charlatan, posturemaster[obs3]; pantaloon, gypsy; jack-pudding, jack in the green, jack a dandy; wiseacre, wise guy, smartass [coll.]; fool &c. R501. {{has_subtype(jester)}} merry-andrew, motley fool, wearer of the cap and bells, wearer of the motley. {{has_subtype(clown)}} harlequin; punch, pulcinella[obs3], scaramouch[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(draw[obj=cartoon, @R556], @R554)}} cartoonist. zany, madcap; caricaturist, pickle-herring, witling[obs3], grimacier[obs3]; persifleur[obs3]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.30 SPECTATOR (R444) #444. Spectator. N. {{performed_by(observe[obj=event])}} spectator, beholder, observer, looker-on, onlooker, witness, eyewitness, bystander, passer by; sightseer; rubberneck, rubbernecker [U. S.]. spy; sentinel &c. (warning) R668. V. witness, behold &c. (see) R441; look on &c. (be present) R186. gawk, rubber[coll], rubberneck. P2.3.2.3.6.5.31 TEACHER R540 #540. Teacher. N. teacher, trainer, instructor. institutor, master, tutor. director, Corypheus, coach, don; governor, bear leader; disciplinarian. governess, dry nurse, duenna[Sp]. {[in_frame(school)]} professor, lecturer, reader, prelector[obs3], prolocutor; chalk talker, khoja[obs3]; schoolmaster, dominie[Fr], usher, pedagogue, abecedarian; schoolmistress, schoolmarm, dame, monitor, pupil teacher. preacher. {{has_subtype(preacher): pastor &c. (clergy) R996}}. preceptor, guide; guru, mentor. expositor &c. R524; pioneer, apostle, missionary, propagandist, munshi[obs3], example &c. (model for imitation) R22. wise man, sage &c. R500. adviser &c. R695. professorship &c. (school) R542. tutelage &c. (teaching) R537. Adj. {{&has_trait(teacher)}} professorial; didactic. {{has_trait(preacher)}} preachy, holiletic, homiletical. Phr. qui doet discet[Lat]. <-- [[maker]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.32 PRODUCER R164 #164. Producer. N. {{has_subtype(agent, @R690)}} {{performed_by(create, R161)}} producer, originator, creator. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(create[obj=invention, @R515])}} inventor. {{has_metaphor}} author, architect. founder, generator, mover, initiator. {{has_subtype(initiator): entrepreneur, @R676}}. prime mover. {{has_trait: creativity, R20, @A2.3}}. {{antonym_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.38, imitator, copycat, plagiarist}}. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(manufacture[obj=artifact, P2.3.1.3], M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} maker, artificer, wright, manufacturer. {{has_subtype(maker)}} {{property_of(skillful)}} artisan; craftsman, handicraftsman. {{has_subtype(maker)}} smith; sailmaker; wheelwright. {{has_subtype(smith)}} {{created_by(ironware, @P2.3.1.3.1)}} blacksmith, forger, Vulcan, smithy[1]. {{works_at(blacksmith)}} smithy[2]. {{has_subtype(maker)}} {{created_by(clothing, R225)}} tailor, cordwainer[obs3]. {{has_subtype(tailor)}} {{property_of(female)}} seamstress, sempstress[obs3], semstress[obs3], needlewoman[obs3], workwoman. P2.3.2.3.6.5.33 DESTROYER R165 #165. Destroyer. N. {{performed_by(destroy, R162)}} destroyer, wrecker; smasher, ravager. demolitionist; demolition team. dynamiter, bomber. {{performed_by(arson, @P2.6.1.3.3.1)}} arsonist. {{performed_by(vandalize, @R659a)}} vandal. {{performed_by(sabotage, @R162)}} saboteur. {{has_subtype}}{{performed_by(destroy[obj=plant, R367]): @R655, mildew, dry rot, rust, blight}}. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(destroy[obj=plant, R367]): cankerworm, @R663; fungus, P2.3.2.1.3.2}}. {{has_subtype}}{{performed_by(assassinate, @R361): assassin &c. R361}}. {{has_subtype: executioner &c. (punish) R975}}. {{desired_by(destroy[obj=belief, R484], R162)}} book-burner, biblioclast[obs3]. {{performed_by(destroy[obj=belief, R484], R162)}} iconoclast, eidoloclast[obs3], idoloclast[obs3]; nihilist. P2.3.2.3.6.5.34 BLUSTERER (R887) #887. Blusterer. N. blusterer, swaggerer, vaporer. bully, meanie[coll]. rough, roughneck; tough [U.S.]; rowdy. {{has_subtype: @R884, braggart, boaster}}. {{used_by(threat)}} saber-rattler. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1, brawler, barroom brawler}}. fanfaron[obs3]; bulldozer [U. S.], hoodlum, hooligan, larrikin[obs3], roarer[coll.]; Mohock, Mohawk; drawcansir[obs3], swashbuckler. {{has_metaphor}} Captain Bobadil; Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Thraso, Pistol, Parolles, Bombastes Furioso[obs3], Hector, Chrononhotonthologos[obs3]. jingo; desperado, dare-devil, fire eater; fury &c. (violent person) R173; slang-whanger[obs3]. <-- puppy &c. (fop) R854. --> prig; saucebox[obs3], malapert, jackanapes, minx; bantam-cock. {{has_subtype: Sir Oracle, dogmatist, doctrinaire, jack-in-office}}. V. {{hperforms(blusterer)}} swagger, bluster, throw one's weight around. Phr. the meanest mother on the block. P2.3.2.3.6.5.35 BRAGGART N. {{trait_of(vanity, R880)}} {{performed_by(boasting, R884)}} boaster; braggart, braggadocio; Gascon[Fr], fanfaron[obs3], pretender, soi-disant[Fr]; blower [U. S.], bluffer, Foxy Quiller[obs3]; blusterer &c. R887; charlatan, jack-pudding, trumpeter. puppy &c. (fop) R854. P2.3.2.3.6.5.36 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.37 OPTIMIST N. {{trait_of(hope, R858/confidence, M3.3.2.3)}} optimist. utopian, utopist[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(fictional)}} Pangloss, "Dr. Pangloss"; Pollyanna. V. be optimistic, look on the bright side, see the silver lining. Adj. optimistic; Pollyannaish. {{has_extreme}} Panglossian. Phr. "every cloud has a silver lining"; "it's a blessing in disguise"; "all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds"[Dr. Pangloss, in Candide]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.38 IMITATOR N. {{trait_of(R19, @A2.3, imitation)}} imitator, echo, cuckoo[obs1], parrot, ape, monkey, mocking bird, mime; copyist, copycat. plagiarist, pirate; counterfeitor. impersonator. P2.3.2.3.6.5.39 TAX COLLECTOR N. tax collector, taxman; tax assessor; customs agent, customs inspector; revenuer[coll.], revenoor[coll.]; internal revenue agent. {{has_subtype(government agency)}} Internal Revenue Service, IRS; customs, "U.S. customs Sevice"; Bureau of Customs and Excise[Brit]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.40 REFORMER N. {{&performed_by(improvement)}} {[in_frame(politics)]} reformer. {{performed_by(revolution)}} radical, revolutionary, revolutionist; extremist; anarchist. <-- loan? --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.41 CREDITOR N. {{performed_by(grant[obj=credit,@R805])}} {{performed_by(lend[obj=money])}} creditor, lender. lessor, mortgagee; dun. usurer. P2.3.2.3.6.5.42 OPPONENT (R710) #710. Opponent. N. {{trait_of(opposition, R708)}} {{has_subtype(disputant R726, P2.3.2.3.6.5.45)}} opponent, antagonist, adversary, adverse party, opposition. {{has_subtype: enemy &c. R891}}. the other side; assailant. oppositionist, obstructive; brawler, wrangler, brangler[obs3]; filibuster [U.S.], obstructionist. malcontent; Jacobin, Fenian; demagogue, reactionist[obs3]. rival, competitor, corrival[obs3]. bete noir[Fr]. {[in_frame(war)]} {{is_a: combatant, R726a, P2.3.2.3.6.5.44}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.43 DUMMY. N. DUMMY. <-- [[PARTISAN]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.44 DISPUTANT (R726) #726. Disputant. N. disputant, partisan, party; side. aggressor; defender; protagonist. {[in_frame(boxing, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} prize fighter, pugilist, boxer, bruiser, the fancy, gladiator, athlete, wrestler; fighting-cock, game-cock. {[in_frame(debate, @R476)]} controversialist, polemic, polemicist. {[in_frame(lawsuit, R969)]} litigant, suitor, party to a suit. {{has_subtype(party to a suit)}} friend of the court, amicus curiae [Lat]. {{has_subtype(litigant)}} {{performed_by(initiate[obj=lawsuit, R969], @R66)}} {{has_subtype(agressor)}} plaintiff, complainant, accuser. {{has_subtype(litigant)}} {{alternative_to(plaintiff)}} {{performed_by(defend[obj=lawsuit])}} {{has_subtype(defender)}} {{has_subtype(accused, @R938)}} defendant, respondent. {{has_subtype(litigant)}} {[in_frame(appeal, @R969)]} apellant. {{has_subtype(plaintiff)}} {{has_subtype(appellant)}} plaintiff in error. {{has_subtype(defendant)}} {{has_subtype(appellant)}} defendant in error. {{has_subtype: opponent, R710, P2.3.2.3.6.5.42; auxiliary, R711, P2.3.2.3.6.5.3}}. V. {{has_subtype(@M8.2.2.1.1.1, contend)}} dispute, be a party to a dispute. {{has_commencement(dispute)}} take sides; join in, enter the fray. {[in_frame(law, R963)]} litigate, sue. {{has_subtype(litigate)}} {{has_subtype(defend[obj=lawsuit, R969], R717)}} defend a lawsuit. <-- combatant has been narrowed slightly to refer more specifically to fighting, and renumbered as R726a. Combatants involved in warfare are in the subdivision P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1. Other disputants are under the previous heading--> P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1 COMBATANT (R726A) #726a. Combatant. N. {{performed_by(fight, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(disputant, R726, P2.3.2.3.6.5.44)}} combatant, belligerent, fighter. assailant. champion, Paladin; mosstrooper[obs3], swashbuckler, fire eater, duelist. bully, bludgeon man, rough, tough; brawler; street fighter. {{has_subtype: @R710, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.42, opponent, competitor, rival}}. {{has_subtype(woman)}} Amazon. {{performed_by(homicide, @R361)}} {{has_subtype(criminal, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.2)}} hit man, torpedo, soldier. <-- [[soldier]] [[army]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1 WARRIOR N. {{performed_by(war, R722, M8.2.2.2.2.1)}} warrior. soldier; fighting man, man at arms, armigerent[obs3]; campaigner, veteran; swordsman, sabreur[obs3]; redcoat, military man, Rajput. {{has_subtype(soldier)}} {{has_subtype(manager, @R694)}} officer. {{has_subtype(soldier)}} {{alternative_to(officer)}} enlisted man. {{has_subtype(soldier)}} {{property_of(female)}} WAC [U.S.]; WREN [Grt. Britain]. {{member_of(soldier)}} armed force, troops[pl], troop[pl], soldiery[collective], military[collective], military forces, sabaoth[obs3]. {{has_subtype(troops)}} {{uses(offensive, @R722)}} {{property_of(highly trained)}} shock troops[pl]. {{has_subtype(armed force)}} {{not_property_of(authorized[by=government, R737a])}} non-governmental force, private army. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(commander, @R741)}} {{performed_by(command[obj=private army])}} {{has_subtype(officer)}} {{has_subtype(ruler, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.1, R745)}} warlord. {{has_subtype(private army): pirate crew}}. {{has_subtype(armed force)}} {{property_of(authorized[by=government, R737a])}} national armed forces; national army. {{has_subtype(officer)}} {{has_subtype(ruler, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.1, R745)}} commander in chief; general; generalissimo; marshal; field marshal, marechal[obs3]. {{has_subtype(officer)}} lieutenant general; major general; brigadier general; colonel; lieutenant colonel; major; captain; centurion[Roman]; lieutenant; first lieutenant; second lieutenant, sublieutenant; staff officer, aide-de-camp, brigadier, brigade major, adjutant, jemidar[obs3]. {{has_subtype(officer)}} {{has_member(navy)}} naval officer. {{has_subtype(naval officer)}} commodore; admiral; rear admiral; captain, skipper; commander; lieutenant commander; ensign. {{has_subtype(enlisted man)}} cornet; cadet; noncommissioned officer; warrant officer; sergeant; sergeant major; color sergeant; corporal; corporal major; lance corporal; acting corporal; drum major; captain general; dizdar[obs3]; knight marshal. {{has_subtype(enlisted man)}} infantryman, foot soldier, rifleman; private, private soldier, Tommy Atkins[obs3], rank and file, peon, trooper, sepoy[obs3]; legionnaire, legionary, cannon fodder[coll.], food for powder; subaltern, standard bearer; musketeer, carabineer[obs3], rifleman, jager[Ger], sharpshooter, yager[obs3], skirmisher; chasseur[Fr], zouave[Fr.]; military train, coolie; beefeater[Grt. Brit.]. {{member_of(infantryman)}} infantry. {{has_subtype(infantry)}} light infantry, rifles. <-- seraskier[obs3], hetman[obs3]. --> {{has_subtype(armed force)}} {{property_of(full-time, @M7.3.5.4.1.4)}} the army, standing army, regulars, the line, troops of the line. {{alternative_to(regular army)}} {{property_of(part-time, @M7.3.5.4.1.4)}} reserve forces, reserves, auxiliary forces, auxiliaries. {{has_subtype(reserves)}} national guard; militia; volunteers, yeomanry, train-band, fencible[obs3]; bersagliere[obs3]; garde-nationale, garde-royale[Fr]; minutemen [Am. Hist., 1775]; guards; yeomen of the guard, life guards, household troops. {{has_member(reserves)}} guardsman, auxiliary, reserve soldier, weekend soldier[coll.]. <-- , posse comitatus[Lat], gendarme --> {{has_subtype(armed force)}} {{performed_by(naval warfare)}} navy, wooden walls, naval forces. {{has_subtype(armed force)}} {{performed_by(aerial warfare)}} air force. {{has_subtype}} janissary; myrmidon; Mama, Mameluke; spahee[obs3], spahi[obs3]; Cossack; Croat; Pandoz. {{has_subtype(American indian)}} brave. irregular, guerilla, partisan, insurgent, condottiere[obs3]; franctireur[Fr], tirailleur[obs3], bashi-bazouk. {{member_of(guerilla)}} guerilla group, guerilla organization. {{has_instance(guerilla group)}} vietminh, vietcong[in Vietnam]; shining path[in Peru]; contras[in Nicaragua]; huk, hukbalahap[in Philippines]; mau mau[Kenya]. mercenary, soldier of fortune, adventurer; hired gun, gunfighter, gunslinger; bushwhacker, free lance, companion; Hessian. levy, draught; Landwehr[Ger], Landsturm[Ger]; conscript, recruit, cadet, raw levies. {{property_of(obsolete)}} spearman, pikeman[obs3]; spear bearer; halberdier[obs3], lancer; grenadier, fusileer[obs3]. {{used_by(bow and arrow)}} {{property_of(obsolete)}} archer, bowman. {{property_of(mounted)}} cavalryman, horse soldier; horse and foot; uhlan; dragoon; hussar; light dragoon; heavy dragoon. {{member_of(cavalryman)}} cavalry, horse, artillery, horse artillery, light horse, voltigeur[Fr], mounted rifles; heavy; cuirassier[Fr]; Foot Guards, Horse Guards. gunner, cannoneer, bombardier, artilleryman, matross[obs3]. sapper, sapper and miner; engineer. {{member_of(soldier)}} army, corps d'armee[Fr], host, division, battalia[obs3], column, wing, detachment, garrison, flying column, brigade, regiment, corps, battalion, sotnia[obs3], squadron, company, platoon, battery, subdivision, section, squad; piquet, picket, guard, rank, file; legion, phalanx, cohort; cloud of skirmishers. war horse, charger, destrier. {{has_member(navy)}} sailor; marine, man-of-war's man. {{has_member(navy)}} {{has_subtype(officer)}} ensign; captain; admiral; rear admiral. {{has_part(naval forces)}} fleet, flotilla; armada; squadron. [ships of war] {{uses(naval warfare)}} {{has_subtype(ship)}} man-of-war; destroyer; submarine; minesweeper; torpedo-boat, torpedo-destroyer; patrol torpedo boat, PT boat; torpedo-catcher, war castle, "H.M.S."; battleship, battle wagon, dreadnought, line of battle ship, ship of the line; aircraft carrier, carrier, flattop[coll.]; helicopter carrier; missile platform, missile boat; ironclad, turret ship, ram, monitor, floating battery; first-rate, frigate, sloop of war, corvette, gunboat, bomb vessel; flagship, guard ship, cruiser; armored cruiser, protected cruiser; privateer. [supporting ships] {{uses(naval warfare)}} {{has_subtype(ship)}} tender; store ship, troop ship; transport, catamaran; merchant marine. P2.3.2.3.6.5.45 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.46 POSSESSOR (R779) #779a. Possessor. N. {{performed_by(R779, @M9.2.1, ownership, possession)}} possessor, holder; person in possession, man in possession &c. R777. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(unlimited ownership)}} owner, right owner, rightful owner, legal owner. {[of(real estate)]} {{property_of(temporary)}} occupant, occupier. {[of(real estate)]} {{performed_by(rent, R795a)}} tenant; renter, lessee, underlessee[obs3]; zemindar[obs3], ryot[obs3]; tenant on sufferance, tenant at will, tenant from year to year, tenant for years, tenant for life. {{has_subtype(renter)}} lodger, boarder, paying guest. {{has_subtype(occupant)}} {{has_subtype(manager[of=real estate], @R694): bailiff, @R746}}. {[of(real estate)]} {{has_subtype(owner)}} proprietor, proprietress, proprietary, title holder; impropriator[obs3], master, mistress, lord. {[of(real estate)]} {{has_subtype(owner)}}land holder, land owner; landlord, landlady; slumlord; lord of the manor, lord paramount; laird, vavasour[obs3], landed gentry[collective], mesne lord[obs3]; planter. mortgagor, cestui-que-trust[Fr], beneficiary. grantee, feoffee[obs3], releasee[Law], relessee[obs3], devisee; legatee, legatary[obs3]. trustee; holder of the legal estate; mortgagee. {{property_of(expectant)}} heir presumptive, heir apparent. {{has_subtype(owner[of=inheritance, R784])}} {{performed_by_p(inherit)}} heir, inheritor, heritor, legatee, inheritress[fem], heiress[fem], inheritrix[fem], legatary[obs3]; reversioner[obs3], remainderman[obs3]. <-- P2.3.2.3.6.5.47 Seller P2.3.2.3.6.5.48 Merchant (R797) moved to P2.3.2.3.6.5.6 --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.47 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.48 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [[buyer]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.49 BUYER N. {{performed_by(purchase, R795)}} buyer, purchaser, emptor[obs2], vendee. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} customer, client, patron, clientele[plur.]. {{has_case(customer)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): seller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1}}. {{has_subtype(customer)}} {{performed_by(shop, @R795)}} shopper. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(use[ptnt=article of commerce, R798])}} user, consumer, end user. {{performed_by(purchase[obj=professional service][from=professional, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6], R795)}} client[2]. {{has_subtype(client[2]): patient, @R655}}. {[in_frame(corporation, @P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)]} purchasing agent. {{member_of(purchasing agent)}} {{has_subtype(department, @P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)}} purchasing department, purchasing[informal]. Phr. caveat emptor[Lat: let the buyer beware]; "shop till you drop". <-- WAS P2.3.2.3.6.5.50 ADVERTISER: TO VENDOR --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.50 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.51 TIMEKEEPER N. {{performed_by(chronometry, R114)}} chronographer[obs3], timekeeper. {{&similar_to: chronologer, chronologist, annalist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.2}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.52 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.53 ANTIQUARIAN N. {{performed_by(study[obj=the past, R122])}} antiquarian, antiquary; paleologist, paleontologist, archaeologist; laudator temporis acti[Lat]; medievalist, Pre-Raphaelite; archmologist[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} Oldbuck, Dryasdust. P2.3.2.3.6.5.54 PROPAGANDIST N. {[in_frame(politics)]} {{performed_by(persuasion, R537a)}} proselytizer, propagandist. {{has_subtype}} apologist, flack. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(spokeserson, @R524)}} press agent, news secretary, press secretary; spin doctor; director of communications. P2.3.2.3.6.5.55 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.56 DUMMY. N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.57 CHATTERER N. {{performed_by(talk[mode=frequently])}} talker; chatterer, chatterbox; babbler &c. v.; rattle; ranter; sermonizer, proser[obs3], driveler; blatherskite [U. S.]; gossip &c. (converse) R588; magpie, jay, parrot, poll, Babel; moulin a paroles[Fr]. <-- [ref loquacity R584, M8.1.4.3] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.58 Dummy. N. dummy. <-- [[inhabitant]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.59 INHABITANT (R188) #188. Inhabitant. N. inhabitant, habitant, resident, residentiary[obs3], dweller, indweller[obs3]. {{member_of}} population, citizenry, inhabitants[pl]. citizen, national. {{has_subtype(citizen)}} countryman, fellow countryman, fellow citizen, compatriot, landsman[obs2]. {{has_subtype(citizen)}} subject. {{has_subtype(citizen)}} denizen. {{has_subtype(citizen)}} {{property_of(naturalized)}} naturalized citizen. {{has_property_p(naturalized citizen): foreigner}}. {{result_of(naturalized citizen)}} {{has_subtype(conversion[obj=citizenship], A144)}} naturalization. addressee; householder, inmate, incumbent. sojourner, locum tenens, commorant[obs3]; settler, squatter, backwoodsman, colonist; islander; burgher, oppidan[obs3], cockney, cit, townsman, burgess; villager; cottager, cottier[obs3], cotter; backsettler[obs3]; hotel keeper, innkeeper; planter. {{has_subtype: @R799a, occupier, occupant, tenant, lodger, boarder, paying guest}}. {{property_of(newness)}} newcomer, immigrant. {{property_of(newness): stranger, R57}}. {{location_of(island, P2.3.1.1.6.2.3)}} islander. {{has_instance}} American, North American, Anglo[coll]; European; South American; Asian, Asiatic. {{has_instance(citizen)}} {{has_subtype(European)}} Briton, Brit[coll.]; Bohemian; Bulgarian, Bulgar; Belgian; Englishman; Caledonian, Cambrian; Canadian, Canuck[derog]; Scot, Scotchman; Hibernian, Irishman; Welshman; German; Frenchman; Dutchman; Italian; Russian; Spaniard; Yugoslav; Portuguese; Dane; Norwegian; Finn; Latvian, Lett; Lithuanian; Estonian; Pole; Hungarian; Czech; Slav; Swede; Swiss; Albanian; Greek; Turk; Romanian. {{has_subtype(American)}} downeaster [U.S.]. {{has_metaphor(American)}} Uncle Sam, Yankee, Brother Jonathan. {{has_metaphor(Englishman)}} John Bull. garrison, crew. people &c. (mankind) R372; colony, settlement; household; mir[obs3]. V. {{has_method(become[obj=citizen])}} {{has_subtype(convert[obj=citizenship], A144)}} naturalize. Adj. resident, inhabiting. civic. {{has_instance}} British; English; American[obs3]; Canadian; Irish; Scotch, Scottish; Welsh. {{has_property(naturalized citizen)}} {{consequence_of(naturalization)}} naturalized. P2.3.2.3.6.5.59.1 NATIVE INHABITANT N. {{has_property(roleness[to=native land, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1])}} native inhabitant, native, indigene, autochthones[obs3]. {[of(Australia)]} aborigine, aboriginal, aborigines[pl]. {[of(North America)]} American indian, indian, Amerind, Amerindian, Injun[coll]. {[of(Japan)]} Ainu. {{member_of(American Indian): Indian tribe}}. {{has_subtype(American Indian)}} {{has_member(Indian tribe)}} Navaho; Comanche; Ute; Lenni Lenape; Hopi; Sioux; Choctaw; Chickasaw; Chatanooga; Chippewa; Mohawk; Cherokee; Rahwac; Iroquois; Arapaho. local, local resident. V. nativize. {{has_subtype(nativize)}} Indianize. Adj. native, indigenous, aboriginal. Indian. P2.3.2.3.6.5.60 CUSTODIAN N. custodian, maintenance person, maintenance engineer, maintenance man[male]. superintendant, concierge[Fr]. floor attendant, dezhurny[Russ.]. {{job_of(cleaning, R652a)}} janitor. P2.3.2.3.6.5.61 PORTER N. {{performed_by(carry, R270)}} human carrier, porter; express, expressman; coolie, cargador[obs3]. {{job_of(load[obj=ship], @R636/unload[obj=ship], @R301)}} stevedore, longshoreman. conductor. {{has_subtype(porter)}} redcap. {{has_subtype(porter)}} {{location_of(airport)}} skycap. stretcher bearer. P2.3.2.3.6.5.62 RECORDER (R553) #553. Recorder. N. {{performed_by(recording, M8.1.3.2.2)}} recorder, notary, clerk; registrar, registrary[obs3], register; prothonotary[Law]. amanuensis, secretary, stenographer, scribe, babu[obs3]. remembrancer[obs3], bookkeeper, custos rotulorum[Lat], Master of the Rolls. annalist, historian, historiographer; chronicler, journalist. biographer &c. (narrator) R594; antiquary &c. (antiquity) R122. memorialist[obs3]; interviewer. {[in_frame(trial)]} court clerk, court stenographer. {{&uses(stenographer)}} shorthand; stenographic recorder. P2.3.2.3.6.5.63 ABSENTEE. N. {{performed_by(absence, R187)}} truant, absentee, no-show; deserter, defector. missing person. Adj. absent, truant. missing. {[of(soldier)]} absent without leave, AWOL. P2.3.2.3.6.5.64 REINFORCEMENT. N. reinforcement, reenforcement[obs3]; contingents. {[of(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)]} reserves. relief; relay; next shift. V. reinforce; relieve, spell. P2.3.2.3.6.5.65 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.66 GUARDIAN N. {{performed_by(protection)}} protector, guardian; warden, warder; preserver, custodian, duenna[Sp], chaperon, third person. watchdog, bandog[obs3]; Cerberus; watchman; sentinel, sentry, scout &c. (warning) R668; garrison; guardship[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @R965, policeman}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.67 INVESTOR N. {{performed_by(investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1)}} investor, speculator, operator. capitalist. {{has_subtype(capitalist)}} venture capitalist. bull, buyer; bear, seller, short seller. {{property_of(professional)}} scalper, arbitrager, arbitrageur; specialist; investment counseler. {{job_of(manage[obj=invested money])}} investment manager, fund manager. stockholder, share-holder, stockholder of record. bond holder, coupon-clipper [derogatory]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.68 KEEPER (R753) #753. Keeper. N. keeper, custodian, custos[Lat], ranger, warder, jailer, gaoler, turnkey, castellan[obs3], guard; watchdog, watchman; Charley; chokidar[obs3], durwan[obs3], hayward[obs3]; sentry, sentinel; watch and ward; concierge, coast guard, guarda costa[Sp], game keeper. escort, bodyguard. protector, governor, duenna[Sp]; guardian; governess &c. (teacher) R540; nurse, nanny, babysitter, catsitter, dogsitter, bonne[Fr], ayah[obs3]. {{similar_to(adoptive parent, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(guardian)}} legal guardian. P2.3.2.3.6.5.69 PRISONER (R754) #754. Prisoner. N. prisoner, prisoner of war, POW, captive, inmate, detainee, hostage, abductee[obs3], detenu[Fr], close prisoner. jail bird, ticket of leave man, chevronne[Fr]. V. stand committed; be imprisoned &c. R751. take prisoner, take hostage (capture) R789. Adj. {{has_property(prisoner): @R751, imprisoned, in prison, in quod[Lat], in durance vile, in limbo, in custody, doing time, in charge, in chains, under lock and key, under hatches, on parole}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.70 WORSHIPER #997. Worshiper. N. {{has_member(religious group)}} {{has_subtype(believer, @R987)}} worshiper, worshipper, religious person, pious person, adherent, communicant. {{property_of(plural)}} the faithful, laity, flock, fold, congregation, assembly, brethren, people; society [U.S.]. whirling dervish. {{has_trait}} temporality, secularization. layman, civilian[wfr-50]; parishioner; catechumen; secularist. {{has_subtype: clergy, R996, P2.3.2.3.6.5.71}}. V. secularize. Adj. secular, lay, laical, civil, temporal, profane. <-- [[clergy]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.71 CLERGYMAN #996. Clergyman. N. {{has_member(religious group)}} {{performed_by(religious ceremony, R998)}} {{has_subtype(officiator[of=religious ceremony, R998], @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1)}} clergyman, ecclesiastic, divine, churchman, reverend, member of the clergy, black coat[fig.]. priest; minister; presbyter, hierophant[obs3], shepherd; father, father in Christ, padre; patriarch. {{location_of(parish, @R995)}} {{has_subtype(director, R694)}} pastor, rector, parson, vicar, curate, rural dean, perpetual curate, residentiary[obs3], beneficiary[obs2]; parish priest, abbe, cur,. chaplain. {{has_subtype(priest)}} confessor. {{member_of}} clergy, clericals, ministry, the cloth, the desk[obs2]; priesthood; presbytery; dignitaries of the church. elder; incumbent; diocesan, dean, archdeacon, prebendary, canon, suffragan[obs3], subdean[obs3]. deacon, deaconess; preacher, reader, lecturer; capitular[obs3]; missionary, propagandist, revivalist, field preacher; ecclesiarch[obs3], hierarch[obs3]; ebdomarius[Lat]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(director, R694)}} primate; metropolitan; archbishop; bishop; prelate. eminence, reverence. Jesuit. churchwarden, sidesman[obs3]; clerk, precentor[obs3], choir; almoner, suisse[Fr], verger, beadle, sexton, sacristan; acolyth[obs3], acolothyst[obs3], acolyte, altar boy; chorister. {{has_subtype(ruler)}} {{property_of(Roman Catholic)}} Pope, Papa, pontiff; high priest, cardinal, prince of the church. confessor, penitentiary; ancient flamen[obs3], flamen[obs3]; spiritual director. {{&member_of}} {{has_subtype(organization)}} clerical order, order. {{has_subtype(clerical order)}} {{property_of(communal living)}} monastic community. {{has_member(monastic community)}} cenobite, monastic. {{has_subtype(cenobite)}} monk, friar, mendicant; conventual, lay brother, beadsman[obs3]. pilgrim, palmer; canon regular, canon secular. {{has_subtype(monk)}} {{has_subtype(clerical order)}} Franciscan, Friars minor, Minorites; Observant; Capuchin; Dominican; Augustinian; Gilbertine; Austin Friars; Black Friar; White Friars; Gray Friars; Crossed Friars; Crutched Friars; Bonhomme[Fr], Carthusian; Benedictine; Cistercian; Trappist; Cluniac, Premonstatensian, Maturine; Templar; Hospitaler; Bernardine; Lorettine, pillarist[obs3], stylite[obs3]. {{has_subtype(nun)}} Carmelite. {{has_subtype(director)}} {[of(monastic community)]} abbot, prior. {{has_subtype(director)}} {[of(monastic community)]} {{property_of(female)}} abbess, prioress, canoness[obs3]. {{property_of(female)}} religieuse[Fr], nun, novice, postulant. {{property_of(Jewish)}} prophet, priest, high priest, Levite; Rabbi, Rabbin, Rebbe; scribe. {{property_of(Mohammedan)}} mullah, muezzin, ayatollah; ulema, imaum[obs3], imam, sheik; sufi; kahin[obs3], kassis[obs3]. {{property_of(Mohammedan)}} hadji; dervish. {{property_of(Mohammedan)}} {{has_subtype(jurist)}} {{has_subtype(interpreter[of=Muslim law])}} mufti. {{origin_of(India)}} fakir, faquir[obs3]; brahmin; guru, kaziaskier[obs3], poonghie[obs3], sanyasi[obs3]. druid, santon[obs3], abdal[obs3], talapoin[obs3], caloyer[obs3]. {{property_of(Buddhist)}} bonze. {{property_of(Mayahana Buddhist)}} {{origin_of(Tibet)}} Lama. V. join a religious order. take orders, join the priesthood; take the tonsure &c. R995. [render a clergyman][transitive]{[with_object(priest/minister)]} ordain. [render a bishop][transitive]{[with_object(bishop)]} consecrate. [render a pope][transitive]{[with_object(Pope)]} elevate. Adj. the Reverend, the very Reverend, the Right Reverend; ordained, in orders, called to the ministry. P2.3.2.3.6.5.72 ENTERTAINER N. {{performed_by(entertainment, @R840)}} entertainer, public entertainer, showman, showperson, performing artist, performance artist. showgirl; dancer; song-and-dance man. {{performed_by(vaudeville)}} vaudevillian, vaudevillist. {{member_of(vaudevillian)}} vaudeville team, vaudeville act. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(magic trick)}} magician, stage magician, illusionist. {{has_instance(magician)}} Harry Houdini, Houdini[ca. 1935]; The Great Randi[ca. 1990]; David Copperfield [1980-1995]; Doug Henning [ca. 1990]. {{has_subtype: musician, R416, P2.3.2.3.6.5.8}}. {{has_subtype(dancer)}} stripteaser, exotic dancer, ecdysiast, stripper; tap dancer, hoofer[informal]. {{has_instance(stripper)}} Gypsy Rose Lee, Gypsy. {{performed_by(impersonation, @R19)}} impersonator. {{has_subtype(impersonator)}} {{performed_by(impersonate[obj=woman])}} female impersonator. <-- [[actor]] --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1 ACTOR N. {{performed_by(drama, R599)}} actor, thespian, player. {{!!property_of(female)}} actress. {{xmember_of}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} cast, dramatis personae[Lat]; troupe. {{has_subtype(troupe)}} {{has_worker(theater[num=1], @R599)}} repertory. method actor; stage player, strolling player; stager, performer; mime, mimer[obs3]; artists; comedian, tragedian; tragedienne, Roscius. {{has_subtype(comedian)}} {{!!property_of(female)}} comedienne. {{has_subtype}} screen actor, movie actor, film actor. {{works_at(movie actor)}} movie studio, film studio; on location. {{has_part(film studio)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} sound stage. {{has_subtype(movie actor)}} {{has_subtype(celebrity, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.34)}} star. {{has_subtype(star)}} movie star, film star, matinee idol; star of stage and screen; co-star. {{has_subtype(star)}} {{property_of(idolized, @R897)}} superstar, idol, megastar. {{has_subtype(star)}} {{property_of(beautiful + female + sexy)}} sex symbol. supporting actor, supporting actress, bit-player; ham[inform.], ham actor, hamfatter [obs3]; masker[obs3]. {{member_of(supporting actor)}} supporting cast. pantomimist, clown harlequin, buffo[obs3], buffoon, farceur, grimacer, pantaloon, columbine; punchinello[obs3]; pulcinello[obs3], pulcinella[obs3]. extra, walk-on, mute, figurante[obs3], general utility; super, supernumerary. {{member_of(extra)}} cast of thousands. {{hperforms(walk-on)}} walk-on role, cameo appearance. {{member_of}} theater company, company. first tragedian, prima donna[Sp], protagonist; jeune premier[Fr]; debutant, debutante[Fr]; light comedian, genteel comedian, low comedian; walking gentleman, amoroso[obs3], heavy father, ingenue[Fr], jeune veuve[Fr]. mummer, guiser[obs3], guisard[obs3], gysart [obs1], masque. mountebank, Jack Pudding; tumbler, posture master, acrobat; contortionist; ballet dancer, ballet girl; chorus singer; coryphee danseuse[Fr]. burlesque dancer. vaudeville player, vaudeville actor; song-and-dance man. P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.2 MUSICIAN (R416) #416. Musician. N. musician, artiste. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(play[obj=music])}} performer, player, musical performer. {{performed_by(compose[obj=music])}} composer. {{used_by(voice)}} singer. {{member_of}} musical group. {{has_subtype(singer)}} minstrel; bard &c. (poet) R597. <-- ??? the specific insrument players must be broken down to individual instruments --> {{has_subtype(musical performer)}} {{used_by(musical instrument)}} accompanist; accordionist; instrumentalist; organist; pianist; violinist, fiddler, catgut scraper[derog]; flutist, flute player, flautist; harper, harpist; fife player, piper, fifer[obs3]; trumpeter; drummer. {{has_subtype(musical group)}} band, musical band; orchestra, orchestrina[obs3]; orchestral waits; ensemble; duet; trio; quartet, quartett[obs3]; quintet; septet, septett[obs3]; octet. {{performed_by(rock music)}} rock musician. {{has_subtype(musical group)}} {{member_of(rock musician)}} rock group. {{has_subtype(rock musician)}} {{has_subtype(celebrity, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.34)}} rock star. {{has_subtype(musical group)}} combination, combo. {{has_subtype(musical band)}} big band [yr=1920-1945]; pick-up band; string-band. {{has_subtype(musical band)}} {{used_by(brass instruments)}} brass-band. {{has_subtype(musical band)}} {{used_in(tuba)}} {{origin_of(Germany)}} oompah band. {{has_subtype(musical group)}} {{member_of(singer)}} choir, quire, chorister; chorus, chorus singer; liedertafel[Ger]. {{has_part(orchestra)}} {{used_in(stringed instrument)}} strings. {{has_part(orchestra)}} brass; winds; percussion, percussion section. singer, warbler, vocalist, melodist, songster, chaunter[obs3]. {{has_subtype(singer)}} {{!!property_of(female)}} chauntress[obs3], songstress; cantatrice[obs3]. nightingale, philomel[obs3], thrush. {{has_subtype(singer)}} {{property_of(mythological)}} siren; bulbul, mavis; Pierides; Orpheus, Apollo[obs3], the Muses Erato, Euterpe, Terpsichore; tuneful nine, sacred nine, tuneful quire. {{has_subtype: composer &c. R413}}. performance, execution, touch, expression, solmization[obs3]. V. {{hperforms(musician)}} play, pipe, strike up, sweep the chords, tweedle, fiddle; strike the lyre, beat the drum; blow the horn, sound the horn, wind the horn; doodle; grind the organ; touch the guitar &c. (instruments) R417; thrum, strum, beat time. execute, perform; accompany; sing a second, play a second; compose, set to music, arrange. {{hperforms(singer): @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1, sing, chaunt, chant, hum, warble, carol, chirp, chirrup, lilt, purl, quaver, trill, shake, twitter, whistle, sol-fa[obs3], intone}}. have an ear for music, have a musical ear, have a correct ear. Adj. playing &c. v.; musical. Adv. adagio, andante &c. (music) R415. P2.3.2.3.6.5.73 GAME PLAYER N. {{performed_by(game/game-playing, @R840)}} game player, player. sportsman, gamester, reveler. master of revels; arbiter elegantiarum[Lat]; arbiter bibendi[Lat], archer, fan [U.S.], toxophilite[obs3], turfman[obs3]. {{has_subtype: athlete, P2.3.2.3.6.4.24}}. <-- --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.74 FAVORITE #899. Favorite. N. {{has_patient(affection, @R897)}} favorite, pet, darling, minion, object of affection, object of one's affection, person dear to one's heart. idol, cosset, jewel, spoiled child, enfant gate[Fr], mopsey[obs3], moppet[obs2]; led captain; crony; fondling; apple of one's eye, man after one's own heart; persona grata. {[in_frame(romantic love): lover, P2.3.2.3.6.5.74.1]}. [person who is a favorite (terms of address)] love, dear, duck, duckey, honey, sugar, jewel; princess; sweetheart, sweetie &c. (love) R897. teacher's pet. general favorite, universal favorite; idol of the people. {{has_subtype}} {{has_patent(love, R897)}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} beloved, loved one. {{has_subtype(beloved)}} {[in_frame(romantic love)]} love, true love. {{has_subtype(beloved)}} {[in_frame(romantic love)]} {{property_of(female)}} inamorata, ladylove, idol, darling, duck, Dulcinea, angel, goddess, cara sposa[It]. {{has_subtype(beloved)}} {[in_frame(romantic love)]} betrothed, affianced, fiancee. {{has_subtype(beloved)}} {[in_frame(romantic love)]} girl friend[fem.]; boy friend[male]; main squeeze[coll.]. <-- there was a "lover" at R36, changed to devotee (amateur) --> P2.3.2.3.6.5.74.1 LOVER N. {{has_participant(romantic love)}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} lover, admirer, adorer, flame. {{property_of(male, @R366)}} suitor, follower, wooer, amoret, beau, sweetheart, inamorato, swain, young man; leman[obs3], Lothario, gallant, paramour, amoroso[obs3], cavaliere servente[It], captive, cicisbeo[obs3]; caro sposo[It]. flirt, coquette; amorette[obs3]; abode of love, agapemone[obs3]. {{member_of}} lovers, couple in love, people in love, pair of turtle-doves; item[coll]. {{&member_of: married couple, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.75 MEDIATOR N. {{performed_by(mediation, R724, @M8.2.2.2.1.3)}} mediator, arbitrator, intercessor. peacemaker, makepeace[obs3], negotiator, go-between; diplomatist &c. (consignee) R758; moderator; propitiator; umpire. P2.3.2.3.6.5.76 DUMMY N. dummy. P2.3.2.3.6.5.77 FIREFIGHTER N. {{performed_by(fire extinction, P2.6.1.3.11)}} fireman, fire fighter, fire eater, extincteur[Fr]; fire annihilator. {{member_of}} fire department, fire brigade, engine company. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(vehicle): @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1, fire engine, fire truck}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.78 DOUBTER N. {{trait_of(unbelief, R485)}} doubter, skeptic, cynic. unbeliever &c. R487. {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(biblical)}} doubting Thomas. P2.3.2.3.6.5.79 ABRIDGER N. {{performed_by(abridgement, @R572)}} abridger; summarizer, epitomist[obs3], epitomizer[obs3]. P2.3.2.3.6.5.80 WEDDING PARTY N. {{has_participant(wedding, @R903)}} wedding party[collective]. {{has_member}} {{property_of(female)}} best man, bridesman[obs3]. {{has_member}} {{property_of(female)}} maid of honor; matron of honor; bridesmaid; flower girl. {{has_participant($wedding, @R903)}} bride[female]; groom, bridegroom[male]. &&{{hperforms(groom + bride): $get married}}. &&{{has_purpose($wedding): $get married}}. &&{{result_of($get married): $wedding}}. &&{{co-occurs_with($get married): $wedding}}. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(mother[of=bride], @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3)}} mother of the bride. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(father[of=bride], @P2.3.2.3.6.2.3)}} father of the bride. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(official, @R694)}} officiator. {{has_subtype(officiator): priest, @R996; rabbi, @R996; minister, @R996; justice of the peace, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1; mayor, @R745; ship's captain, @R694}}. P2.3.2.3.6.5.81 MARRIED PERSON N. {{has_participant(marriage, R903)}} {{property_of(married, @M8.3.1.1.15)}} married person[num=2]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(relative[of=$person], P2.3.2.3.6.2)}} spouse. &&{{has_property(spouse): married[to=$person]}}. {{part_of: typical family, @P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1}}. {{has_subtype(spouse[of=woman])}}{{property_of(male, @R366)}} {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} husband, man, consort, baron; old man, good man. {{has_member(married couple)}} {{property_of(female)}} married woman. {{has_subtype(spouse[of=man])}} {{property_of(female)}} {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} wife, helpmate, better half[coll], little woman[coll], wife of one's bosom, rib[obs2], gray mare, old woman, old lady, good wife, goodwife[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(male, @R366): husband}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(female): wife}}. {{property_of(male, @R366)}} married man. {{has_subtype(wife[of=American Indian, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.59.1])}} squaw[pejorative]. {{has_member(married couple)}} {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} spouse, mate, partner, yokemate[obs3]. feme[Fr], feme coverte[Fr]; lady; matron, matronage, matronhood[obs3]. {{member_of_x(married person[num=2])}} {{member_of(man[num=1])}} {{member_of(woman[num=1])}} man and wife, married couple; wedded pair, Darby and Joan[obs2]. <-- **** END OF [[PERSON]] **** --> <-- (Actions are generally, intransitive verbs) this is the first of several entries to treat the concept of the speed, or rate at which an even takes place. Here we define a rate of change associated with an action in very general terms. The "speed" of motion is under velocity, at P2.4.2.R1. Note that "simple" actions are not necessarily very simple -- this term is used to distinguish actions from complex "interactions" in which two or more objects are necessarily involved. Note that this "action" is not "acting", i.e. not a process, but is in fact a supertype of event. This concept defines any change in physical objects (in the physical world), without reference to time. Time is included in the "event" concept. [[rate]] [[physact]] --> P2.4 SIMPLE ACTIONS OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS (R264 TO R315 EXC. R268-273) N. {{has_subtype(change of state, @R7, @A1.4)}} {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} act, simple action of physical objects, action, simple action, physical action, physical act. {{has_subtype: event, R151; move, @R264}}. {{&result_of: human action, R680}}. <-- We divide simple actions into "motion", a special kind of action, and "event", all other kinds of (physical) actions. "Event" is a defined concept, classified here as any change in a physical object over time. Human actions are found under R680, M7.3.1.1. All events are classified as the result of some physical process. Time is considered an integral part of the concept of event. If there is in fact some change which may be considered (within experimental error) "instantaneous", the time interval will be set to zero. In the real world, ntohing happens instantaneously, but events may be discussed as happening at one point of time. This is due to a point of view, or the "granularity" with which a phenomenon is viewed. We also specify that an event occurs at a location, although the "location' can be diffuse (as, in an entire country, or the world). Roget had event and experience in the same location. We distinguish "experience' as a mental phenomenon, and put those words in 151a, at M6.1.1.1. The basic concept of "physical process" is placed here. It is Not very high in this ontology because it involves more fundamental concepts of difference, change, physical object, and time. A "physical process" has something of the character of the time derivative of an event, in that the continuation of a process over a time interval causes ("has_result") an event. However, a named "process" may have a variable rate, which is the true time derivative of change. [[event]] --> P2.4.1 EVENT (R151, R152) #151. Event. N. {{!!has_subtype(change[ptnt=physical object], A6)}} {{!!required_for(time interval, R108)}} event, phenomenon, occurrence, happening, eventuality, incident, thing, fact. {{!!result_of}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} {{conceptual_part_of(possibility[of=event, R151])}} {{patient_of(physical object)}} process, physical process. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_difference(starting time + ending time)}} {{has_subtype(time interval, R108)}} lapsed time, elapsed time, time interval for the action, time interval of the event. {{has_subtype(time point)}} {{has_beginning(lapsed time)}} starting time. {{has_subtype(time point)}} {{has_ending(lapsed time)}} ending time, endpoint. {{has_property}} magnitude of change, magnitude of action, quantity of action. <-- both an event and a process have the rate of change as an important attribute --> {{has_property(event/physical process)}} {{has_subtype(ratio, R84)}} {{{has_relative_val(quantity of action + lapsed time)}}} rate of action, rate, rate of progress, rate og change. {{has_subtype(rate[of=translocation, @R264]): velocity, P2.4.2.R1}}. <-- the process of "happening", rather than the event of "a" happening. it differs from plain "action" in being more emphatically related to a specific event or a physical process --> {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(action, R170)}} occurrence[2], occurring, happening[2], going on, proceeding. {{has_ending(process): result, @R154}}. {{has_subtype}} completed event. <-- some events may be composed of other definable events. Any perceptiuble change may be considered as an event --> {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(event)}} component event, subevent. {{&has_part}} {{has_beginning}} {{has_subtype(component event)}} beginning event, beginning. {{&has_part(completed event)}} {{has_ending}} {{has_subtype(component event)}} ending event, ending, termination. <-- The process of going from the possible to the actual --> {{result_of}} {{&has_ending(process)}} {{has_subtype(result, @R154)}} realization, actualization, fulfillment, accomplishment. <-- here a "non-result" is classified as a "result" --> {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(realization)}} {{&has_ending(process)}} {{has_subtype(result, @R154)}} {{result_of(nonexistence[of=event])}} failure, nonfulfillment. {{has_subtype(nonfulfillment): @R730, noncompletion, abortion}}. {{has_subtype(physical process)}} {{uses(industry, M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(processing, @R144): industrial process}}. {{has_subtype(industrial process)}} rendering. {{has_product(processing, @R144)}} product. {{has_subtype(physical process): @P2.6.2, chemical process, chemical reaction}}. {{has_location: position, R183}}. {{has_subtype(event)}} {{temporal_loc_of(future, R121)}} future event, coming event, upcoming event. {{has_subtype(event)}} {{temporal_loc_of(past, R122)}} past event. {{has_subtype(future event)}} {{property_of(scheduled, @R626)}} scheduled event, planned event. {{has_subtype(future event)}} {{affected_by(physical object)}} destination, where something winds up, where something ends up. {{has_subtype}} {{affected_by(mind, M1): experience, R151a}}. detail, factor. circumstance, particular. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(contingent, @R156)}} contingency, juncture, exigency. matter of fact, matter of record; naked fact, bare facts, just the facts. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(time interval)}} elapsed time, time for the event, time interval during which the event occurred. {{part_of: @R183a, physical circumstances, circumstances, situation, state, condition, context}}. {{part_of: @R227, context, environment, element}}. {{property_of(chance, @R156)}} {{has_subtype(event)}} chance event, accident[1], fortuity, happenstance, happenchance, chance occurrence, random occurrence. {{has_subtype(chance event)}} adventure. {{property_of(undesirable, R647)}} undesirable event. {{has_subtype(undesirable event)}} {{has_subtype(accident[1])}} {{result_of(damage, A7.4.R1.1)}} casualty, bad accident, accident[2]. {{has_subtype(undesirable event): disaster, @R735}}. {{has_subtype(event)}} crisis, emergency, adventure, passage, pass. {{part_of}} the world, life, things, doings, affairs in general, things in general. {{part_of}} the times, state of affairs, order of the day; course of events, course of things, tide of things, stream of things, current of things, run of things, march of things. {{part_of}} ups and downs of life, vicissitudes of life; chapter of accidents &c. (chance) R156. {{property_of: @R134, occasion, opportunity}}. <-- these verbs are primarily resultative --> V. happen, occur, go on, take place, come to pass. take effect; come, become of; come off, come about, come round, come into existence, come on; pass, present itself; fall; fall out, turn out; fall in; befall, betide, bechance[obs3]; prove, eventuate, draw on; turn up, crop up, spring up, pop up, arise, show up, show its face, appear, come forth, cast up; supervene, survene[obs3]; issue, arrive, ensue, start, hold, take its course; pass off &c. (be past) R122. {{affects: @M6.1.1, experience, encounter}}. {{result_of(destination)}} wind up, end up. Adj. happening &c. v.; going on, doing, current; in the wind, in the air, afloat; on foot, afoot, on the tapis[obs3]; at issue, in question; incidental. {{has_property(destination)}} destined. {{&has_property(event)}} {{has_property(remarkable event): eventful, stirring &c. @R151a}}. Adv. eventually; in the event of, in case, just in case; in the course of things; as things, times go; as the world goes, wags; as the tree falls, cat jumps; as it may turn out, happen. Conj. anyhow, at any rate, in any event. Phr. that's the way the ball bounces, that's the way the cookie crumbles; you never know what may turn up, you never know what the future will bring; the plot thickens; "breasts the blows of circumstance" [Tennyson]; "so runs round of life from hour to hour" [Tennyson]; "sprinkled along the waste of years" [Keble]. <-- Future Events --> <-- This Roget entry mixes in future with event, in a confusing fashion. "Impending" has been moved to "future, R121". Afterlife should be a separate category. In non-poetical settings, destiny usually refers to events in the past, not known beforehand??? --> P2.4.1.R1 DESTINY #152. Destiny. N. {{property_of(necessity, R601)}} {{has_subtype(prospect, @R507)}} {{has_subtype(destination, @R151)}} {{affected_by(person, P2.3.2.3)}} destiny, fate, portion, kismet, what will happen to a person. predestination, foredoom, fatality, election; preordination, foreordination; fortune. {{&mcauses(predestination)}} {{has_subtype(resignation, @R725)}} fatalism. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(randomness)}} lot. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(evil)}} doom. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} future existence, post existence; hereafter; future state, next world, world to come, after life, afterlife, everlasting life, everlasting death, life beyond the grave, world beyond the grave. {{has_temporal_location: future, R121}}. V. impend; hang over, lie over; threaten, loom, await, come on, approach, stare one in the face. destine, doom, foredoom, devote; predestine, preordain. {[in_frame(mysticism)]} {{&caused_by: cast a spell &c. R992}}. foreordain, preordain; predestine, doom, have in store for. Adj. {{has_property(future, R121)}} destined, foreordained, preordained, fated; coming, upcoming, in store, to come, going to happen; prospective; yet to be. doomed, condemned. Adv. in time, the long run; all in good time; eventually &c. R151; whatever may happen &c. (certainly) R474; as chance would have it, as luck would have it. Phr. "The moving finger writes and having writ, moves on. Nor all your piety and wit can bring it back to cancel half a line, nor all your tears wash out a word of it." [Omar Khayyam]; "It is written.". <-- (R264 TO R270) [[MOTION]] 264. Motion 265. Quiescence 266. Journey 267. Navigation 270. Transference (The following need transfer to other headings , HROLE and PO ) 268. Traveler 269. Mariner 271. Carrier 272. Vehicle 273. Ship --> <-- [Successive change of place.] This entry is for strictly spatial motion, but it includes all kinds of motion including rotation. Notice that here we require that motion be caused by a prime mover, a source of power. This is a notion of naive physics, which does not intuitively accept a notion that objects may simply move of their own accord. This does not, however, contradict the notion of momentum, since in the real world, everything we encounter that moves has some kind of prime mover, if only gravity; and the impulse is only needed to get things moving, not necessarily to keep them moving. We define motion as a physical process, implying that at some point there is a continuous change of location. We explicitly exclude instantaneous changes of position as contrary to physical laws (that would imply infinite velocity). This "motion" can include a series of displacements, and thus may be discontinuous at a larger level of granularity. A "move" is considered the event caused by motion, and thus has a starting point and an ending point. A "move" is thus a discrete completed motion, rather than continuous motion. --> P2.4.2 MOTION #264. Motion. N. {{!+causes(impulse, P2.6.1.2.4.1/propulsion, R284)}} {{property_of(continuous, @R46)}} {{required_for(time interval, R108)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} motion, moving, movement[1], movement in space. {{has_case: direction, R278; velocity, R174}}. {{!property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} moving object. <-- MW10 sense 4a of path includes the locus of points occupied by a moving body, the sense intended here. NOte that this "location" is not just one place, since the object in question is not stationary! --> {{aforms(translation)}} {{location_of(moving object)}} path. {{has_subtype(path)}} {{location_of(atmosphere, @R338)}} trajectory. <-- paths often are located on defined physical paths, the sense of R627 --> {{&has_location(path): path, R627}}. translocation, translation, travel, going, traveling, translocating. {{&has_result(translocation): displacement, R185}}. {{has_measure}} rate, pace, velocity. {{has_subtype(velocity)}} {{has_measure(angular motion)}} angular velocity. {{has_subtype(translation[mode=straight])}} {{has_conceptual_part(path[val=straight line])}} linear motion, motion in a straight line. {{alternative_to(translation): rotation, R312; curvilinear motion, @R311; oscillation, R314}}. {{!caused_by(impulse, P2.6.1.2.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(power source, @R157a)}} mover, prime mover. {{has_property(prime mover)}} {{has_subtype(power[to=move], R157)}} motive power. {{has_subtype(motive power): mechanical power, @R157a}}. <-- we assume that without an acceleration, objects on Earth come to a halt unless accelerated by some prime mover (due to friction, or falling to Earth) --> {[in_frame(Earth's surface)]} {{!requires(motion): acceleration, @R274}}. {{has_subtype}} locomotion, self-propelled motion, self-propulsion. {{exhibited_by(locomotion): animal[1], R366}}. {{&exhibited_by(locomotion): machine}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(air, R338/atmosphere, @R338): flying, R267a}}. {{has_subtype(flying, R267a)}} {{causes(throwing, @R284)}} ballistic motion. {{studied_in(ballistic motion): ballistics, @R284}}. {{action_of(ballistic motion): @P2.3.1.3.23.1, shot, shell[2], bullet[2]}}. {{has_subtype: rotation, P2.4.2.3.16.1}}. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} {{used_in(muscle, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{mcauses(volition, R600/instinct, R452)}} body movement, bodily movement. {{has_subtype(body movement)}} budging, stirring; passing; flitting; hovering about, hovering round; shifting; sliding; gliding; rolling; flowing, streaming; running; drifting; wandering, roaming. progress, progression. <-- we want to describe a "move" which is a completed change of location (though the motion does not have to have stopped in order to define a move) --> {{has_result(motion)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} move, translocation, movement[2]. {{has_case(move)}}{{has_subtype(beginning[of=move], R66)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} start of move. {{has_case(move)}}{{has_subtype(ending[of=move], R67)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} end of move. {{has_temporal_location(start of move)}} {{has_subtype(time, R106)}} starting time. {{has_temporal_location(end of move)}} {{has_subtype(time, R106)}} ending time. {{follows(ending time): starting time}}. {{has_case(move)}} {{has_subtype(time interval, R108)}} {{has_difference(ending time + starting time)}} time of motion. {{has_case(move)}} {{has_subtype(time, R106)}} {{has_subtype(beginning[of=move], R66)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} start of move. {{has_case(move)}} {{has_subtype(position, R183)}} {{location_of(start of move)}} ending point. {{has_case(move)}} {{has_subtype(position, R183)}} {{location_of(end of move)}} ending point. {{has_case(move)}} {{has_subtype(distance, R198)}} {{has_difference(starting point + ending point)}} displacement, distance moved. {{has_relative_value(distance moved + time of motion): average velocity, @R274}}. {{has_subtype(move)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): travel, P2.4.2.1]}. {{has_subtype: @R315, unrest, agitation}}. {{has_subtype(move[across=region, R181]): transit, R302}}. {{has_subtype(motion)}} {{has_action(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} stream, flow, flux, run, course. stir. {{has_subtype(interchange[obj=physical object], R148)}} transposition. {{&has_result: collision, P2.6.1.2.4}}. {[in_frame(mysticism)]}{{causes(mind, M1)}} telekinesis. {{ruled_by}} laws of motion. {{studied_in}} kinematics. {{has_subtype: journey &c. R266; voyage &c. R267; transit &c. R270}}. {[of(cancer cell, @P2.3.2.2.2)]} {[in_frame(disease, R655)]} metastasis. {[of(phoneme)]} {[in_frame(linguistics)]} metathesis. {[of(word)]} {[in_frame(linguistics)]} movement[3]. V. {{caused_by(propel, R284)}} [intransitive] move[1], translocate, go, travel, be in motion, be moving, be in transit. hie, gang; budge, stir; pass; flit; hover about, hover round; shift; slide; glide; roll, roll on. {{has_subtype(move)}} {{has_action(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1): @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1, flow, stream, run, flux, course}}. drift; sweep along. change one's place, shift one's place, change one's quarters, shift one's quarters; dodge; keep going, keep moving. {{caused_by}} put in motion, set in motion, move[2]. {{facilitated_by(move[2])}} render movable, mobilize. {{has_subtype(move[2][obj=physical object[num=2]])}} {{has_subtype(interchange, R148)}} transpose [change location of two objects reciprocally]. {{has_subtype(move[across=region, R181]): @R302, transit, cross, pass over}}. {{has_subtype(move[1]): wander &c. (deviate) R279; walk &c. R266}}. {{has_action(airplane)}} {{has_subtype(travel[mode=on land])}} taxi. {{has_subtype(move[mode=rapidly])}} clip. Adj. moving, traveling, in motion. transitional; shifting, movable, mobile, mercurial, unquiet. {{has_subtype: restless &c. (changeable) R149; nomadic &c. R266; deviating, R279}}. {{consequence_of}} motive, motory[obs3]. {{requires(flight)}} flying, capable of flight. Adv. under way; on the move, on the wing, on the tramp, on the march. Phr. eppur si muove [It][Galileo]; "es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille, sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt"[Ger]. <-- this entry for travel is mostly for people moving from place to place, generally. It is broken into land and sea travel. It differs from simple motion, above in having specific origins and destinations. --> P2.4.2.1 TRAVEL (R266) #266. Travel. N. {{used_by(path, R627)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} {{has_subtype(human process)}} travel, traveling, wayfaring, traffic[1]. {{has_commencement: departure, R293}}. {{has_termination: arrival, R292}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} trip, excursion, expedition, tour. {{has_subtype(trip)}} {{has_subtype(cycle, A6.2.1)}} round trip. {{has_part(round trip)}} {{has_subtype(progress)}} trip there. {{has_part(round trip)}} {{has_subtype(reversion, R145)}} {{has_subtype(regression, P2.4.2.3.5)}} return trip, trip back, return. {{has_beginning(trip)}} {{has_subtype(position): @R293, starting point, point of departure, origin, departure point}}. {{has_ending(trip)}} {{has_subtype(position): @R292, destination, terminus, arrival point}}. {{has_part(trip)}} {{has_subtype(position)}} point on route, point en route. {{has_part(path)}} {{has_subtype(point en route)}} transfer point; junction; stop. {{performed_at(board, @R293/disembark, @R292)}} station. {{has_method(traveling)}} {{analogous_to(transportation, @R270)}} transportation, passenger transport. {{has_method}} {{&exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} {{used_in(leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} walking. {{has_method}} {{&exhibits(animal[2], R366)}} {{not_used_in(leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} slithering. {{has_method}} {{&exhibits(animal[2], R366): @R275, creeping, crawling}}. <-- a "walk" is a completed event, as in "Go for a walk" --> {{has_result(walking)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} {{has_case(prime mover[val=leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} walk. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_case(prime mover[val=leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} {{&used_in(music, R415)}} {{property_of(rhythmic, @R138): dance, @R840}}. {{has_subtype(walk[mode=rapidly])}} run[2]; trot. {{has_conceptual_part(walk)}} {{has_unit(walk)}} step, footfall, stride. {{has_subtype(step)}} {{property_of(high + far): leap, P2.4.2.3.14}}. {{has_conceptual_part(walk)}} gait, port, cadence, carriage; tread. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(walk, @R266)}} {{has_subtype(exercise, @P2.6.4.8.4)}} take a constitutional, stroll. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(walk, @R266)}} {{property_of(rhythmic, P1.1.3.3)}} march. {{&mcaused_by: restlessness, @R149}}. {{!requires}} mobility, movableness; mobilization. {{case_of(destination[val=holy place], @R292)}} pilgrimage. {{has_subtype(pilgrimage)}} {{&hperforms(Moslem)}} {{case_of(destination[val=Mecca], @R292)}} hajj. {{performed_by(pilgrimage): pilgrim, @R268}}. {{performed_by_p(hajj)}} {{has_subtype(pilgrim)}} hajji. {{has_subtype(transportation)}} {{used_in(road, @R627)}} {{part_of(land vehicle, P2.3.1.3.16.2.2)}} {{conceptual_part_of(motion[of=land vehicle, P2.3.1.3.16.2.2], R264)}} traffic[2], road traffic, road transportation, highway transportation, highway traffic, traffic flow. {{has_property(road traffic)}} traffic pattern. {{has_high_quantity(traffic)}} traffic congestion, heavy traffic. {{&causes(heavy traffic)}} traffic jam, jam, bottleneck. {{causes(traffic jam)}} {{has_subtype(delay[of=traffic], @R133)}} backup, traffic backup. {{&causes(traffic jam): lateness[of=passenger], @R133}}. {{has_subtype(transportation[ptnt=commuter, @R268])}} commuter transport, commuter transportation. {{has_subtype(traveling[to=job, M7.3.5.4.1.4][mode=frequently])}} {{hperforms(commuter, @R268)}} commuting. {{function_of(transportation[ptnt=commuter, @R268]): commuter train; commuter airline}}. {{function_of(transportation[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3]): passenger vehicle, @R272}}. {{has_subtype(transportation)}} {{part_of(boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} shipping traffic, boat transportation, water transport. {{uses(boat transportation)}} {{has_subtype(path, R627)}} shipping route, shipping lane. {{has_subtype(shipping route): river, R348}}. {{has_subtype(station)}} port; anchorage, haven. {{has_subtype(port)}} {[of(ship, R273)]} seaport, harbor, harbor of refuge. {{has_part(port)}} pier, jetty, embankment, quay; breakwater, mole. {{has_subtype(anchorage)}} roadstead. {{has_subtype(tour)}} {{property_of(long, R110)}} grand tour. {{has_subtype(grand tour)}} round-the-world tour, round-the-world trip. {{has_subtype(round-the-world trip)}} {{has_subtype(circumnavigation[of=Earth])}} circumnavigation of the globe. {{&caused_by: restlessness &c. (changeableness) R149}}. {{requires}} {{antonym_of(immobility, @R265)}} mobility, movableness. {{&caused_by}} mobilization. V. travel. {{has_subtype(travel[mode=habitually])}} move around. {{has_commencement: depart, R293}}. {{has_termination: arrive, R292}}. {{has_subtype(travel[to=job, M7.3.5.4.1.4][mode=frequently])}} {{hperforms(commuter, @R268)}} commute, commute to work. {{has_method}} {{&exhibits(land animal, R366/bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2)}} {{used_in(leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} walk. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(walk, @R266)}} {{has_subtype(exercise, @P2.6.4.8.4)}} take a constitutional, stroll. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(walk, @R266)}} {{property_of(rhythmic, P1.1.3.3)}} march. {{has_subtype(walk)}} tread. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{used_in(leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{&used_in(music, R415)}} {{property_of(rhythmic, @R138): dance, @R840}}. {{has_subtype(walk[mode=rapidly])}} run; trot. {{has_conceptual_part(walk)}} step. {{has_subtype(step)}} {{property_of(high + far): leap, P2.4.2.3.14}}. {{has_method}} {{&exhibits(animal[2], R366)}} {{not_used_in(leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} slither. {{has_method}} {{&exhibits(animal[2], R366): @R275, creep, crawl}}. Adj. traveling. <-- [Locomotion by land.] [[travel]] --> P2.4.2.1.1 JOURNEY N. {{has_result(travelling)}} {{location_of(land, R342)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} journey, travel by land. trek, course; outing, ride, drive, airing, jaunt. peregrination, discursion[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(walk, @R266)}} ramble, promenade, saunter, tramp, jog, canter, trot, turn, stalk, perambulation, ambulation[obs3]; noctambulation[obs3], noctambulism; somnambulism; shuffle. {{-!result_of}} {{has_subtype(traveling, R266)}} {{used_in(horse)}} equitation, horsemanship, riding, manege[Fr], ride and tie. <-- ; basophobia[obs3]. ?? --> campaigning. {{has_subtype(cross[obj=national border])}} international travel. {{-!result_of}} {{has_subtype(traveling, R266)}} roving, vagrancy, pererration[obs1]; marching and countermarching; nomadism; vagabondism, vagabondage; hoboism [U.S.]; gadding; flit, flitting, migration; emigration, immigration, demigration[obs1], intermigration[obs3]; wanderlust. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} plan, itinerary. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} guide; handbook, guidebook, road book. {{has_subtype(guide book)}} Baedeker; Bradshaw; Murray; AAA Travel guide["U.S.A."]. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_representation(geographical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4)}} map. {{has_subtype(map)}} road map, street map; transportation guide; subway map; navigation map, navigation chart; topographic map; field map. {{-!result_of}} {{has_subtype(traveling, R266)}} {[of(group)]} procession, file, column; cavalcade, caravan, cortege. {{&uses: vehicle, P2.3.1.3.16.2}}. {{performed_by: traveler &c. R268, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.12}}. {{has_location(embark/debark)}} depot [U.S.], railway station, station. {{performed_by(stalk): stalker, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.12}}. {{performed_by(prowl): prowler, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.12}}. {{used_in(snowmobile)}} snowmobiling. {{performed_by(sleepwalk)}} {{trait_of(noctambulatory): @R268, noctambulist, sleepwalker}}. V. travel, journey, course; take a journey, go a journey. flit, take wing; migrate, emigrate; trek; rove, prowl, roam, range, patrol, pace up and down, traverse; scour the country, traverse the country; peragrate[obs1]; circumambulate, perambulate; wander, wander around, wander about, nomadize[obs3]; hover, go one's rounds, straggle; gad, gad about; expatiate. {{has_subtype(travel)}} {{mode_of(on foot)}} {{used_in(leg, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} walk. {{has_subtype(walk)}} take a walk, go out for walk, go for a stroll; have a run; take the air. {{has_subtype(travel)}} {{mode_of(on foot)}} {{mode_of(rapidly)}} run. {{has_subtype(walk)}} march, step, tread, pace, plod, wend, go by shank's mare, foot it, hoof it; ramble, stroll, saunter, saunter around; promenade; trudge, tramp; stride; straddle; strut; stump, bundle, bowl along; toddle; paddle; tread a path; sidle; shuffle. {{has_subtype(walk[mode=stealthily])}} {{has_subtype(search)}} prowl. {{has_subtype(walk[mode=stealthily])}} {{has_subtype(pursue)}} stalk. {{has_commencement(travel)}} set out, hit the road, get going, get underway. {{has_subtype(travel)}} {{mode_of(by vehicle)}} {{used_in(vehicle, R272)}} ride[1]. {{has_subtype(ride[1]): drive, @R680}}. {{has_subtype(travel)}} {{used_in(horse, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6)}} take horse, ride[2]. {{has_subtype(travel)}} {{exhibits(horse, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6)}} trot, amble, canter, prance, fisk[obs3], frisk, caracoler[obs3], caracole. {{has_subtype(travel[mode=quickly])}} {{exhibits(horse, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6): gallop, @R274}}. {{has_commencement(ride)}} embark, board, get aboard, get on board; get in. {{has_termination(ride)}} debark, get off. peg on, jog on, wag on, shuffle on; stir one's stumps; bend one's steps, bend one's course; make one's way, find one's way, wend one's way, pick one's way, pick one's way, thread one's way, plow one's way; slide, glide, coast, skim, skate; march in procession, file on, defile. go to, repair to, resort to, hie to, betake oneself to. sleepwalk. Adj. traveling, journeying. ambulatory, itinerant, peripatetic, roving, rambling, gadding, discursive, vagrant; migratory; nomadic; circumforanean[obs3], circumforaneous[obs3]; sleepwalking, noctambulatory, noctivagrant[obs3], mundivagrant; locomotive. wayfaring, wayworn; travel-stained. Adv. on land, by land. on foot, on Shanks's mare[coll]; by the Marrowbone stage[obs2]; by horse, on horseback; by car; by train. under way, in transitu[Lat] &c. R270; en route &c. R282. Int. "come along!"; "All aboard!". <-- [Locomotion by water, or air.] [[sail]] --> P2.4.2.1.2 NAVIGATION (R267) #267. Navigation. N. navigation, boating. yachting. {{uses: ship &c. R273}}. aquatics. natation[obs3], swimming; fin, flipper, fish's tail. voyage, sail, cruise, passage, circumnavigation, periplus[obs3]; headway, sternway, leeway; fairway. mariner &c. R269. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(means of propulsion)}} rowing. V. sail; plow the waves, plow the deep, plow the main, plow the ocean. navigate; warp, luff[obs3], scud, boom, kedge; drift, course, cruise, coast; hug the shore, hug the land; circumnavigate. {{used_in(oar)}} {{has_subtype(propel[obj=non-motorized ship/non-motorized small boat], R284)}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} row, ply the oar, paddle. {{has_subtype(row)}} pull, scull, punt. {{has_commencement}} put to sea &c. (depart) R293; take ship, get under way; set sail, spread sail, spread canvas; gather way, have way on; make sail, carry sail; walk the waters. swim, float; buffet the waves, ride the storm, skim, effleurer[Fr], dive, wade. Adj. sailing, boating. volant[obs3], aerostatic[obs3]; seafaring, nautical, maritime, naval; seagoing, coasting; afloat; navigable; aerial, aeronautic; grallatory[obs3]. Adv. under way, under sail, under canvas, under steam; on the wing, in flight, in orbit. Phr. bon voyage; "spread the thin oar and catch the driving gale" [Pope]. <-- [[aviation]] --> P2.4.2.1.3 AVIATION (R267A) #267a. Aviation. N. {{location_of(atmosphere)}} {{has_function(aircraft, P2.3.1.3.16.2.1)}} {{has_action(aircraft, P2.3.1.3.16.2.1)}} aviation, flying, flight[1]. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(balloon, R273)}} ballooning, balloonery[obs3]. <-- ; volitation[obs3]; --> {{part_of}} aerospace. {{studied_in}} airmanship, aeronautics, aerostation[obs3], aerostatics[obs3]. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} flight[2]. {{has_property(flight[2])}} {{has_subtype(path[of=aircraft, P2.3.1.3.16.2.1], R627)}} flight pattern. {{has_subtype(flight[2])}} {{has_subtype(trip, @R266)}} air trip, air run. {{has_subtype(flight[2])}} shuttle. {{has_large_quantity(flight[2])}} {{has_method(transportation, @R270)}} airlift. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(vehicle): airplane, plane, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.2; airship}}. {{has_part(airplane, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.2)}} wing, pinion. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(company, @R17)}} airline. {{has_subtype(flying): flying over, @R302}}. V. {{has_action(aircraft, P2.3.1.3.16.2.1)}} fly. be wafted; hover; soar; flutter. {{has_commencement(fly)}} take wing, take a flight, take off, ascend, blast off. {{has_termination(fly)}} land, alight; wing one's flight, wing one's way; aviate. parachute, jump; glide. jet. {{has_extreme(be high)}} hover, hover over. {{has_subtype(fly): fly over, @R302}}. Adv. by air; by plane. P2.4.2.1.4 SPACE TRAVEL N. {{location_of(space/upper atmosphere)}} space travel, space flight. orbiting; escape, escape from gravitational confinement. {{location_of(solar sytem)}} interplanetary travel, interplanetary flight. {{location_of(outside the solar system)}} deep space travel, interstellar travel, interstellar flight. {{function_of}} spaceship, spacecraft. {{has_subtype(spacecraft)}} rocket. {{has_part(spacecraft)}} rocket engine. {{studied_in(rocket engine)}} rocketry. {{studied_in(space travel)}} astronautics, orbital mechanics. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(velocity)}} escape velocity. {{performed_by(space travel/rocketry)}} {{has_subtype(government organization)}} NASA[U.S.], National Aeronautics and Space Administration[U.S.]. {{has_beginning}} launch, launching. {{has_subtype(preparation[for=launch])}} countdown. {{&has_temporal_part(countdown)}} {{has_subtype(pause)}} hold. {{performed_at(launch)}} spaceport, space center. {{uses(rocket)}} {{has_subtype(fuel)}} rocket fuel. {{property_of(rocket fuel)}} specific impulse. {{has_subtype(rocket fuel)}} liquid fuel, liquid propellant; solid fuel, solid propellant. {{has_subtype(liquid propellant)}} binary mixture, binary propellant; monopropellant. {{has_subtype(binary propellant): liquid oxygen + kerosene}}. {{has_subtype(binary propellant): hydrazine + nitrogen tetroxide}}. {{has_subtype(binary propellant): liquid oxygen + liquid hydrogen}}. {{has_subtype(rocket)}} {{property_of(reusable)}} space shuttle. {{&has_conceptual_part(space travel)}} {{has_subtype(walk)}} space walk, extra-vehicular activity, EVA[acron]. {{uses(space walk): space suit, @P2.3.1.3.5.5}}. {{exhibited_by(orbiting): @P2.3.1.1.3, moon, satellite, spy-in-the-sky}}. V. travel in space. orbit, be in orbit; rocket. {{caused_by(be in orbit)}} send into orbit, launch into orbit. {{has_commencement}} launch. <-- Move to subtype of recession, P2.4.2.3.9?? [[depart]] --> P2.4.2.1.R1 DEPARTURE (R293) #293. Departure. N. {{has_beginning(travel, P2.4.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(recession, R287)}} {{antonym_of(arrival, R292)}} departure, leaving, embarkation, decession[obs3], decampment; outset, start; removal. {{has_beginning(departure): breaking away, P2.4.2.3.9.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(flight, @R671)}} {{purpose_of(escape[obj=danger, R665], R671)}} exodus, hejira, hegira. {{has_subtype(departure[from=enclosure, R232]): exit &c. (egress) R295}}. {{performed_at}} {{has_subtype(starting point, @P2.4.2)}} starting point, point of departure, origin, departure point, point of embarkation, place of departure, place of embarkation. {{has_subtype(point of departure)}} {[of(vehicle)]} {{has_subtype(port, @P2.4.2.1)}} port of embarkation. {{has_subtype(port of embarkation)}} {[of(airplane)]} airport. {{has_part(airport)}} take-off point; taxiing runway. {{has_part(airport)}} {{performed_at(takeoff/landing)}} runway. {{has_part(airport)}} {{has_subtype(structure)}} {{performed_at(board/disembark)}} terminal. landing strip. {{has_subtype(port of embarkation)}} {[of(space vehicle)]} launching pad, spaceport. starting post. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(greeting)}} leave taking, valediction, adieu, farewell, goodbye; stirrup cup; valedictorian. {{has_instance(goodbye)}} auf wiedersehen[Ger], sayonara, dosvidanya[Russ], ciao, aloha, hasta la vista[Sp]. V. {{has_commencement(travel)}} depart, leave; go away; take one's departure, set out; set off, march off, put off, start off, be off, move off, get off, whip off, pack off, go off, take oneself off; start, issue, march out, debouch; go forth, sally forth; sally, set forward; be gone; hail from. leave a place, quit, vacate, evacuate, abandon; go off the stage, make one's exit; retire, withdraw, bow out, remove, remove oneself from the scene; vamoose[quaint], vamose[obs3][U.S.]. go one's way, go along, go from home. {{has_subtype(depart[mode=flying])}} take flight, take wing; spring, fly, flit, wing one's flight; fly away, whip away. {{has_subtype(take flight)}} {[of(bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2)]} flush. {{has_subtype(depart[mode=quickly, @R274])}} {{has_subtype(disperse, R73)}} {[of(group)]} scatter. {{has_commencement(travel[mode=by vehicle])}} embark, go on board, go aboard, board, get on, get in. {{has_commencement(travel[mode=by ship])}} set sail, put to sea, go to sea; sail, take ship; hoist blue Peter; get under way, weigh anchor. entrain. strike tents, decamp, break camp; walk one's chalks, cut one's stick. take leave, take one's leave; say good bye, bid goodbye, bid farewell &c. n.. {{&method_for: disappear, @R449}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_method(avoid[obj=danger, R665], R623)}} beat a retreat; turn tail, turn one's back; take to one's heels; run away, run for one's life; cut and run; be off like a shot; fly, flee; fly away, flee away, run away from; take flight, take to flight. {{has_subtype(depart[mode=surreptitiously])}} desert, elope; abscond, sneak off, sneak away, slip away, slink away, steal off, steal away, make away from, sneak away from, slope[slang], slope off[slang]. {{has_subtype(depart[mode=surreptitiously])}} {{method_for}} {{has_subtype(avoid[obj=obligation, R926], R623)}} sneak out of, play truant, play hooky, give leg bail, give one the go by; take French leave, go AWOL. flit, bolt, levant, skedaddle, absquatulate [obs3][U.S.], cut one's stick, walk one's chalks, show a light pair of heels, make oneself scarce. make off, scamper off, shuffle off, sheer off; break away, tear oneself away; scamper away from, shuffle away from, sheer away from; slip cable, part company, turn one's heel. {{entailed_by: escape &c. R671}}. Adj. departing, leaving; valedictory; outward bound. Adv. whence, hence, thence; with a foot in the stirrup; on the wing, on the move. {{has_subtype(using[obj=vehicle, R272], @R692a)}} by vehicle, in a vehicle. <-- se also (ejection &c.) R297 --> Int. "All aboard!"; "farewell!"; "adieu!", "goodbye!"; "good day!"; "au revoir!"[Fr]; "fare you well!"; "God bless you!"; "God speed!"; "begone!"; "auf wiedersehen!"[Ger]; "au plaisir de vous revoir!"[Fr]; "bon voyage!", "gluckliche Reise!"[Ger]; "vive valeque!"[Lat]. <-- this "arrival" is specifically for traveling. The generic making contact is at P2.3.2.8.R1 --> P2.4.2.1.R2 ARRIVAL (R292) #292. Arrival. N. {{has_ending(travel)}} {{has_subtype(completion[ptnt=trip], R729)}} {{has_subtype(closure, P2.3.2.8.1.1)}} arrival, advent. landing; debarkation, disembarkation; reception, welcome, vin d'honneur[Fr]. {{performed_at}} {{has_subtype(ending point, @P2.4.2)}} destination, arrival point, goal, goalpost, journey's end; landing place, landing stage; bunder[obs3]; resting place; terminus, halting place, halting ground; haven. {{has_subtype(destination): port, @R292}}. {{has_subtype(destination): home}}. anchorage &c. (refuge) R666. return, remigration[obs3]; meeting; rencounter[obs3], encounter. recursion[Math, Comp]. {{has_subtype(arrival[at_loc=starting point])}} {{has_subtype(reversion, R145)}} return. {{has_subtype(return[at_loc=home])}} return home, homecoming. V. arrive; get to, come to; come; reach, attain; come up with, come up to; overtake, make, fetch; complete &c. R729; join, rejoin. {{location_of(land, R342)}} get off; pitch one's tent. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(get off)}} light, alight. {{has_subtype(get off[obj=horse])}} dismount. {{has_subtype(get off[obj=ship])}} land, go ashore; debark, disembark, come to land, set foot on the soil, set foot on dry land; come ashore. {[of(ship)]} put in, put into, visit, cast anchor. sit down &c. (be located) R184; get to one's journey's end; make the land; be in at the death; come back, get back, come home, get home; return; come in &c. (ingress) R294; make one's appearance &c. (appear) R446; drop in; outspan. detrain; deplane; de-orbit. come to hand; come at, come across; hit; come upon, light upon, pop upon, bounce upon, plump upon, burst upon, pitch upon; meet; encounter, rencounter[obs3]. contact, come in contact, close with. Adj. arriving &c. v.; homeward bound. Adv. here, hither. Int. "welcome!"; "hail!", "all Hail!"; "good-day", "good morrow!". Phr. any port in a storm. <-- (The following need transfer to other headings , HROLE and PO ) 268. Traveler 269. Mariner To P2.3.1.3.16 Conveyance 271. Carrier 272. Vehicle 273. Ship This entry for transmit, including the initial part "sending" and also "carrying" which can be done by a third party. "carry" is very broad, including carrying messages or electric current. Transmission of information cannot be cleanly divorced from transmission of physical objects, because mail is also a physical object. [[transport]] [[send]]--> P2.4.2.2 TRANSMISSION (R270) #270. Transmission. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} transmission, sending, transmitting, elocation[obs1]. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(physical object/information, R527b)}} object transmitted. {{causes(transmission[ptnt=$physical object]): translocation[ptnt=$physical object], R185}}. {{method_for: communication[1], R527}}. {{has_target}} {{has_subtype(agent[num=>0], R690)}} intended recipient. {{overlaps_with(intended recipient): recipient, @R785}}. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(agent)}} sender, transmitter. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(service, M7.3.5.4.1.3)}} {{conceptual_part_of(motion[ptnt=$physical object], R264 + supporting[ptnt=$physical object])}} carrying[1][ptnt=$physical object]. {{has_ending}} {{has_subtype(human event)}} delivery. {{has_ending}} {{inverse_of(delivery)}} {{hperforms(recipient, @R785): @R785, receiving, accepting}}. <-- this entry "transporting" is only for cargo. The word is also used for transporting people, but that concept is under traveling, at R266 --> {{has_subtype(sending[ptnt=cargo, @R190])}} {{conceptual_part_of(carrying[1][ptnt=cargo, @R190])}} {{has_function(freight vehicle, @R272)}} transport, transportation, transporting, conveyance, carrying[2], carriage, carting, hauling, shipping, draft. {{analogous_to(transportation): transportation, @R266}}. {{has_subtype(price[of=carting], R812)}} cartage, shipping fee, freight charge. {{has_subtype(transporting): @R794, importation, exportation}}. <-- , transumption[obs3]. --> {{has_subtype(object transmitted): @R190, shipment, freight, cargo, load, burden}}. {{has_subtype(object transmitted): message, M8.1.1.1; communication[2], @M8.1}}. {{has_subtype(sending[obj=object, @R3a][to=recipient[num=>1]])}} distribution[1]; broadcasting. {{&uses(distribution)}} {{has_subtype(group[of=vendor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1], P2.3.2.3.5)}} distribution network. {{has_result(distribution[1])}} {{has_subtype(human event)}} distribution[2]. {{has_subtype(sending[obj=object[num=many], @R3a][to=recipient[num=1]])}} bombardment, bombarding. {{has_large_quantity(distribution)}} large-volume distribution, mass distribution. {{has_subtype(large-volume distribution)}} {{property_of(comprehensive)}} {[with_object(place)]} blanketing. {{has_subtype(transmission[obj=information])}} information transmission. {{has_subtype(information transmission)}} {{used_in(electronic device)}} electronic information transmission. {{function_of(information transmission): telephone; telegraph; radio; television; modem; communications port; computer network}}. transplantation, translation; shifting, dodging. {{has_subtype(transport)}} {{used_in(vehicle, R272)}} {{hperforms(driver, P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.1)}} drive [transitive]. {{has_subtype(transmission[of=information, M3.1.1.2])}} {{has_subtype(communication, R527)}} {{used_in(electronic communication channel)}} electronic transmission. transit; passage, ferry, gestation; portage, porterage[obs3], carting, cartage; shoveling &c. v.; vection[obs1], vecture[obs1], vectitation[obs1]. {{causes}} transfer, transference, transferring. {{causes}} displacement; removal; remotion[obs3], amotion[obs3]; relegation; deportation, asportation[obs3]; extradition. {{requires(transmission[obj=liquid]): container, P2.3.1.3.9}}. {{requires(transport[obj=$liquid]): $fact}}. &&{{asserts($fact)}} {{contained_in($liquid): container}}. {{function_of(transmission[obj=fluid, R333])}} {{has_subtype(device, R633)}} {{function_of(push[obj=fluid, R333], @P2.6.1.2.3)}} pump. {{has_subtype(pump)}} reciprocating pump; centrifugal pump. {{has_part(centrifugal pump)}} {{exhibited_by(rotation, R312)}} impeller. {{has_part(reciprocating pump): piston, @R263}}. {{has_commencement(shipping)}} loading. {{has_termination(shipping)}} unloading. {{has_subtype(loading)}} freight loading. {{has_subtype(loading)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} boarding, embarkation, embarking. {[of(fluid)]} {[causes(heating)]} convection. {[of(electricity/heat)]} conduction. {{has_subtype(unloading)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} disembarkation, disembarking, debarking. {{has_subtype(freight loading)}} rail freight loading; air freight loading. {{has_subtype(transfer)}} {[of(disease)]} contagion. transfer &c. (of property) R783. {{has_subtype(freight)}} rail freight; air freight; water freight, marine freight. dispersion &c. R73; transposition &c. (interchange) R148; traction &c. R285. [Thing transferred] drift. V. [ditransitive] transmit, send. transfer, translocate; transport, transplace[obs3]; transplant, fetch and carry; carry over, ferry over; shift; conduct, convoy, bring, fetch, reach. {{has_subtype(transport[mode=across border])}} import; export. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(service, M7.3.5.4.1.3)}} {{conceptual_part_of(motion[ptnt=$physical object], R264 + supporting[ptnt=$physical object])}} [transitive] convey[ptnt=$physical object], carry[ptnt=$physical object], bear, port, tote [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(carry)}} haul, cart. {{has_subtype(carry)}} {{used_in(pack/sack)}} pack. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(delegate, R755)}} delegate, consign, relegate, turn over to, hand over, pass on, forward. {{has_termination}} deliver. ship, embark; waft; shunt. {[with_object(letter/mail)]} mail, post. {{has_large_quantity}} distribute. {{has_large_quantity(distribute)}} {{property_of(comprehensive)}} blanket. shovel. {[with_object(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} ladle, spoon, spoon off; decant, draft off; transfuse; infuse; siphon. {{has_subtype: transpose &c. (interchange) R148; displace &c. R185; throw &c. R284; drag &c. R285}}. Adj. transmitted, sent. transferred; displaced, removed; drifted. shipped, transported; mailed. imported; exported. {{has_consequence(deliver)}} delivered. {{implies(delivered[ptnt=$object][to=$recipient]): received[ptnt=$object][by=$recipient], @R785}}. carted, hauled. {{required_for_obj}} movable; portable, portative[obs3]; mailable [U.S.]. {{antonym_of(mailable)}} non-mailable. Adv. from hand to hand, from pillar to post. <-- (R274, R275) 274. Velocity 275. Slowness velocity moved to 2.4.2.R1 The following entries have been moved to Collision, at Physics --> <-- (R278 TO R315) (EXC. R298, R299) P2.4.2.3 MOTION WITH REFERENCE TO DIRECTION 278. Direction moved to P2.4.2.R2 279. Deviation 280. Precession 281. Sequence 282. Progression 283. Regression 284. Propulsion 285. Traction 286. Approach 287. Recession 288. Attraction 289. Repulsion 290. Convergence 291. Divergence 292. Arrival 293 Departure 294. Ingress 295. Egress 296. Reception 297. Ejection 298. Food 299. Excretion moved 300. Insertion 301. Extraction 302. Passage 303. Transcursion 304. Shortcoming 305. Ascent 306. Descent 307. Elevation 308. Depression 309. Leap 310. Plunge 311. Circuition 312. Rotation 313. Evolution 314. Oscillation 315. Agitation "direction" here is primarily 3-dimensional direction, except for compass points. The more abstract "direction" is conflated with directional movement, but how to untangle them is not yet obvious [[direction]] --> P2.4.2.3 MOTION WITH REFERENCE TO DIRECTION N. motion in a certain direction. <-- to deviate is to not continue in a straight line [[deviate]] --> P2.4.2.3.1 DEVIATION (R279) #279. Deviation. N. {{has_subtype(change[ptnt=direction, R278])}} {{has_subtype(variation[ptnt=direction, R278], R20a)}} deviation; swerving &c. v.; obliquation[obs1]. diversion, digression, departure from; aberration; divergence &c. R291; divagation. {{member_of}} {{has_subtype(line)}} zigzag. {{has_subtype(deviation[from=path]): detour, @R629}}. warp, refraction; flection[obs3], flexion; sweep; deflection, deflexure[obs3]; declination. [Desultory motion] wandering &c. v.; vagrancy, evagation[obs3]; bypaths and crooked ways; byroad. [Motion sideways, oblique motion] sidling &c. v.; knight's move at chess. {{has_subtype(avoidance, M7.1.2.1.2.2, R623)}} excursion, circumvention; circumnavigation; circumambulation. {[in_frame(navigation)]} {{has_subtype(passage[to=Asia] [from=Europe])}} Northwest Passage. V. {{conceptual_part_of(bend[1], @R245)}} deviate, alter one's course, depart from, turn; swerve, heel, bear off. digress, wander. trend; gybe[obs3], wear. stray, straggle; sidle; diverge &c. R291; wind, twist, meander; veer, tack; divagate; sidetrack; turn aside, turn a corner, turn away from; wheel, steer clear of; ramble, rove, drift; go astray, go adrift; yaw; dodge; step aside, ease off, make way for, shy. fly off at a tangent; glance off; wheel about, face about; turn to the right about, face to the right about; waddle &c. (oscillate) R314; go out of one's way &c. (perform a circuit) R629; lose one's way. {{caused_by}} [transitive] deflect; divert, divert from its course; put on a new scent, shift, shunt, draw aside, crook, warp. {{has_subtype(deflect)}} {[in_frame(physics)]} scatter. {{has_action(transparent object)}} {{has_subtype(deflect[ptnt=transmitted light, @R420]): refract, @R420}}. {{has_subtype}} [transitive] go around, circumnavigate. {{has_subtype(circumnavigate)}} {{has_subtype(avoid, M7.1.2.1.2.2, R623)}} circumvent. {{has_subtype(go around)}} {{has_subtype(walk, @R266)}} walk around, circumambulate. {{has_subtype(avoid, M7.1.2.1.2.2, R623): make a detour &c. (circuit) R629}}. <-- intervert[obs3]; ; tralineate[obs1] --> Adj. deviant; aberrant, errant; deviating &c. v.; excursive, discursive; devious, desultory, loose; rambling; stray, erratic, vagrant, undirected, circuitous, indirect, zigzag; crab-like. Adv. astray from, round about, wide of the mark; to the right about; all manner of ways; circuitously &c. R629. {{has_subtype: @R217, obliquely, sidelong, sideways, at an oblique angle, at a glancing angle, sideling[obs2], like the move of the knight on a chessboard}}. <-- [Going before.] [[precede]] --> P2.4.2.3.2 PRECESSION (R280) #280. Precession. N. {{has_subtype(precedence, R62)}} precession, leading, heading. priority &c. R116. {{exhibited_by}} the lead, the head, le pas. {{has_subtype(the lead)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} point man, head of the column. {[in_frame(ingress)]} {{has_subtype(the lead)}} first one in, first person in. {[in_frame(arrival)]} {{has_subtype(the lead)}} first to arrive, first on the scene. {{has_subtype(the lead): P2.3.2.3.6.5.16, preparer}}. {{has_rel_loc(the lead): @R234, front, head, van}}. {{exhibited_by: precursor, R64}}. V. go before, go ahead, go in the van, go in advance; precede, forerun. usher in, introduce, herald, head, take the lead; lead the way, lead the dance; get the start, have the start; steal a march; get before, get ahead, get in front of; outstrip &c. R303; take precedence &c. (first in order) R62. Adj. leading, precedent &c. v.. Adv. in advance, before, ahead, in the van, in the lead; foremost, headmost[obs3]; in front; at the head, out in front; way out in front, far ahead. Phr. seniores priores[Lat], ahead of his time. <-- [Going after, in context of motion.] Following implies primarily time interval, not always spatial interval --> P2.4.2.3.3 FOLLOWING #281. Following. N. {{has_subtype(succession, R63)}} {{has_subtype(posteriority, R117)}} coming after, following, succession, coming later. postdating. coing next, ensuing, succeeding. {{has_conceptual_part: time interval @R117}}. {{has_subtype: pursuit &c. R622, M7.1.2.1.2.3}}. {{trait_of}} follower, attendant. {{exhibited_by}} satellite; shadow; dangler; train. {{exhibited_by: record, P2.3.1.3.14.1}}. V. follow, come after, succeed; go after; fly after. {{has_subtype: pursue &c. R622}}. tread in the steps of, tread close upon; be in the wake of, be in the trail of, be in the rear of, go in the wake of, go in the trail of, go in the rear of, follow in the wake of, follow in the trail of, follow in the rear of; follow as a shadow, hang on the skirts of; tread on the heels of, follow on the heels of; camp on the trail. attend, dance attendance on. beset, dog. bring up the rear. {{&caused_by(follow): be pulled; be pulled by}}. Adj. subsequent, next, succeeding; following, ensuing. posterior. postdating. Adv. behind; in the rear, in the tail; on the heels of. in the train of, in the wake of. after &c. (order) R63. time, R117. <-- [Going forward.] These terms are intended for physical motion. The metaphorical "progress" of civilization, etc. are under "improvement" at M7.1.2.1.2.1.1 --> P2.4.2.3.4 PROGRESSION #282. Progression. N. progress, progression, advancing, progressing, motion forward, forward motion, moving forward, making progress, making advances, proceeding, moving ahead, forging ahead, moving ahead, going forward, moving forwards, going ahead, coming ahead. {{&caused_by(motion forward)}} extension. {{has_property}} progressiveness. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(rapid)}} rapid advance, rapid progress, swift advancement, swift progress, quick progress, rapid advances[pl]. {{has_result}} progress[2], advance, advancement, headway, a step forward. {{has_metaphor}} tide. {{has_metaphor(rapid progress): flood, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2}}. march &c. R266; rise; improvement &c. R658. V. advance, proceed, progress, make progress; get on, get along, get over the ground; gain ground; forge ahead; jog on, rub on, wag on; go with the stream; keep one's course, hold on one's course; go on, move on, come on, come along, pass on, push on, press on, go forward, move forward, take steps forward, come forward, get forward, pass forward, push forward, press forward, go forwards, move forwards, come forwards, get forwards, pass forwards, push forwards, push forward, press forwards, go ahead, move ahead, come ahead, get ahead, pass ahead, push ahead, press ahead; make one's way, work one's way, carve one's way, push one's way, force one's way, edge one's way, elbow one's way; make head, make way, make headway, make advances, make strides. {{&caused_by(move forward)}} extend. {{has_subtype(move forward[mode=rapidly, @R274])}} make rapid strides; shoot ahead, speed ahead, shoot forward. put on distance; make up leeway. {{antonym_of: @P2.4.2.3.4.R1, lack of progress, sideways motion, crab-like motion, moving sideways}}. <-- the first paragraph includes words which are general, and may be used in literal or figurative senses --> Adj. advancing, proceeding, progressing, making progress, moving ahead, going forwards, moving forwards, going ahead, coming ahead, getting ahead, making advances. making strides, gaining ground, getting on, getting along; forging ahead; keeping one's course, staying on one's course; going on, moving on, coming along, coming on, passing on, pushing on, pressing on, going forward, moving forward, coming forward, pushing forward, pressing forward, pushing forwards, pressing forwards, pushing ahead, pressing ahead; making one's way, working one's way, carving one's way, pushing one's way forward, forcing one's way, edging one's way, elbowing one's way; making head, making way, making headway. progressive, profluent[obs3]; advanced. ongoing. Adv. forward, onward; forwards, forth, on, ahead. under way, en route for, on one's way, on the way, on the road, on the high road, on the road to; in progress; in mid progress; in transitu[Lat] &c. R270. Phr. vestigia nulla retrorsum[Lat]; "westward the course of empire takes its way" [Berkeley]. P2.4.2.3.4.R1 STASIS N. {{antonym_of(progress)}} {{has_subtype(continuance, R143)}} {{has_subtype(stability, R150)}} {{affects(motive, R615)}} stasis, lack of progress, standing still, failure to progress, failure to advance. sideways motion, crab-like motion, moving sideways. {{has_subtype: quiescence, R265}}. {{&caused_by: inactivity, R683}}. {{property_of}} backwater. V. stay, not progress, stand still, be stationary, be static. {{&caused_by}} be stuck. {{has_subtype(be stuck)}} be frozen in place. mark time. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(run, @R264)}} run in place. {{has_metaphor}} tread water; drift. balk; crawfish [U.S.], crawl[obs2]. Adj. static, stationary, not moving, motionless, not progressing, marking time, standing still; moving sideways. {{&caused_by}} stuck; stuck in the mud; frozen in place. {{has_subtype(stuck)}} {[of(machine)]} jammed; gummed up. crab-like; balky. adrift. {{has_subtype: quiescent, R265}}. Adv. {{has_antonym}} statically; sideways; crabwise. <-- [Motion backwards.] --> P2.4.2.3.5 REGRESSION (R283) #283. Regression. N. {{antonym_of(progress, P2.4.2.3.4)}} regress, regression, reverse motion, reverse movement, backward movement, motion in reverse, counter motion, retrograde motion, counter movement; retrocession[obs3], retrogression, retrograduation[obs3], retroaction; reculade[obs3]. {{has_result}} retreat, step backward, move backward. {{has_extreme(retreat)}} return, coming back. {[in_frame(travel, P2.4.2.1)]} {{has_subtype(reversion, R218)}} {{has_subtype(return, @P2.4.2.3.5): return, @P2.4.2.1}}. withdrawal, retirement, remigration[obs3]; recession &c. (motion from) R287; recess. refluence[obs3], reflux; regurgitation, ebb; resilience reflection, reflexion[Brit] (recoil) R277; flip-flop, volte-face[Fr]. counter march. {[of(intention): @R607, veering, tergiversation, backsliding, falling out, dropping out]}. {{metaphor_of}} recidivism, relapse, recidivity[obs3], recidivation[obs1]. V. recede, regrade, return, revert, retreat. retire; retrograde, retrocede, go backwards, back up; back out; back down; withdraw; go back, come back, turn back, hark back, draw back, fall back, get back, put back, run back; lose ground; fall astern, drop astern; backwater, put about; backtrack, take the back track; veer round; double, wheel, countermarch; ebb, regurgitate; jib, shrink, shy. {{&caused_by(recede)}} {{antonym_of(extend)}} retract, take back, bring back. {{has_commencement}} reverse course, turn tail, turn round, turn around, turn upon one's heel, turn one's back upon; retrace one's steps, dance the back step; sound a retreat, beat a retreat; go home. {{has_subtype: rebound &c. R277}}. Adj. receding, reverting, retreating, "advancing in the reverse direction". going backwards, backing up; retrograde, backward, retrogressive. regressive, refluent[obs3], reflex, recidivous, resilient. {{requires(retract)}} retractable. {{similar_to: reactionary &c. R277}}. Adv. back, backwards; reflexively, to the right about; a reculons[Fr], a rebours[Fr]. Phr. revenons a nos moutons[Fr], as you were. <-- [Motion given to an object situated in front.] We consider motion as distinct from the act of propulsion, and a consequent of it. Propulsion in Roget meant primarily "throwing", but we must distinguish that from other types of pushing. [[propulsion]] --> P2.4.2.3.6 PROPULSION #284. Propulsion. N. {{causes(pushing force, P2.6.1.2.3.2)}} propulsion; propelment[obs3]; vis a tergo [Lat: force from behind]. {{has_subtype}} aerial propulsion, projection, hurling, throwing; throw, fling, toss, shot, discharge, shy; launch, release. {{causes: motion, P2.4.2}}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R276, push, shove, impulse}}. {{has_subtype: ejection &c. R297}}. {{studied_in}} ballistics; mechanics; rocketry; gunnery. {{has_patient(throwing)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} projectile, projectiles[pl]. {{has_subtype(projectile)}} missile, missilery[pl]; ball; discus; quoit, horseshoe; brickbat; shot. {{function_of}} {{has_part(water vehicle/airplane)}} propeller, propellor. {{has_subtype(propeller)}} {{has_part(water vehicle)}} screw; twin screws. {{function_of}} {{has_part(jet aircraft)}} jet engine. {{function_of}} {{&has_part(pump)}} impeller. {{function_of}}{{has_subtype(weapon): @R727, gun, bow, ballista, cannon, missile}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(sport)}} archery. {[in_frame(archery)]} {{has_subtype(projectile)}} arrow. {[in_frame(archery)]} {{function_of}} bow. {{has_shape(arrow): cylindrical}}. {{has_property(arrow): @P1.2.4.2.3, $length, $width}}. &&{{{has_relative_vaL($length + $width): ">20"}}}. {{has_part(arrow)}} {{property_of(sharp)}} {{has_subtype(tip, @P2.3)}} point, head, arrowhead, arrow tip. <-- [preparation for propulsion] --> {[in_frame(rocketry)]} {{has_beginning}} ignition. {[in_frame(rocketry)]} {{followed_by(ignition)}} liftoff, blast off. {[in_frame(rocketry)]} {{&follows(ignition)}} countdown. {{&follows}} {[in_frame(throwing[mode=by hand])]} windup. {{performed_by}} shooter; shot; archer, toxophilite[obs3]; bowman, rifleman, marksman; good shot, crack shot; sharpshooter &c. (combatant) R726. {{causes(throw): ballistic motion, @R264}}. V. {{has_subtype(cause[to=move[1], R264], R153)}} propel; impel. flirt, fillip. ejaculate, jaculate[obs3]; fulminate, bolt, drive, sling, pitchfork. {{used_in(weapon)}} discharge, shoot. {{has_subtype}} throw, hurl, project. {{causes(hurl): fly, @R264}}. {{has_subtype(hurl)}} {{used_in(hand)}} fling, cast, pitch, chuck, toss, jerk, heave, shy. {{has_subtype(hurl)}} launch, send, send off, let off, fire off, dash off[obs2], release, send forth, let fly. put in orbit, send into orbit, launch into orbit. put in motion, set in motion; set agoing[obs3], start; give a start, give an impulse to; impel &c. R276; trundle &c. (set in rotation) R312. {{has_subtype: expel, R297}}. carry one off one's legs; put to flight. dart, lance, tilt. Adj. propelled &c. v.. propelling &c. v.; propulsive, projectile. <-- [Motion given to an object situated behind.] --> P2.4.2.3.7 TRACTION #285. Traction. N. {{causes(pulling force, P2.6.1.2.3.1)}} traction, drawing, pulling, draught, pull, haul. rake; towage[obs3], haulage. V. draw, pull, haul, lug, rake, drag, tug, tow, trail, train; take in tow. wrench, jerk, twitch, touse[obs1]; yank [U.S.]. Adj. drawing &c. v.; tractile[obs3], tractive. Phr. "a long pull a strong pull and a pull all together". <-- [Motion towards.] --> P2.4.2.3.8 APPROACH (R286) #286. Approach. N. {{&causes(traction, R285)}} approach[1], approximation, appropinquation[obs3], appulse[1][obs3], afflux[obs3], affluxion[obs3]. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(path, R627)}} access, approach[2]. {{causes(access)}} accessibility. {{has_subtype(access): @R627, walkway, driveway}}. {{has_subtype(access[to=shore, @R342][from=body of water]): seaport, @R262; gangplank, @R627; pier, @R666}}. {{has_part(access[to=enclosure, R232]): entrance, @R294}}. {{has_result(approach[to=enclosure]): entry, R294}}. {{causes: nearness, P1.2.2.2.1.3.3}}. {{&has_result: convergence, R290; arrival, R292}}. {{metaphor_of: advent &c. (approach of time) R121}}. {{conceptual_part_of: pursuit &c. R622}}. {[of(heavenly bodies)]} appulse[2][obs3]. V. approach, approximate, near, get near, go near, draw near, come toward, come near, move towards, set in towards, appropinquate[obs3]. come up to, come close, come to close quarters. {{&has_result(pursue, R622)}} gain upon. {{has_result(approach): arrive, R292}}. drift; make up to. tread on the heels of; bear up; make the land; hug the shore, hug the land. {{conceptual_part_of: pursue &c. R622}}. Adj. approaching, nearing. approximative[obs3]; affluent. {{has_subtype(aproaching)}} {[when_modifying(event)]} {[in_frame(time): impending, imminent &c. (destined) R152]}. {{has_consequence(access)}} accessible. {{has_subtype(accessible)}} {{has_subtype(usable[by=public, @P2.3.2.3], @R644): public, @R182}}. Adv. on the road. Int. "come hither!", "approach!", "here!", "come!", "come near!", "forward!". Phr. "you may approach the bench" [in a court of law]. <-- What's the difference between approach, above, and convergence? In Roget it seems that convergence is the actual coming together, the final result of approaching. The next entry, closure, is very similar, but is related to two bodies, whereas convergence can be many bodies. [Motion nearer to.] --> P2.4.2.3.8.1 CONVERGENCE (R290) #290. Convergence. N. {{has_extreme(approach, P2.4.2.3.8)}} convergence, meeting, confluence, concourse, coming together, congress, concurrence, concentration, convergency, conflux[obs3], appulse[obs3]. {{causes: contact, P1.2.2.2.1.3.4}}. {{has_result: group, R72}}. {[of(people)]} {{performed_at: focus, R74}}. {[of(people)]} {{performed_at: @R74, resort, place of resort}}. {[of(lines)]} {{performed_at}} asymptote. {[of(rays)]} corradiation[obs3]. V. converge, concur, come together, move together, unite, meet, fall in with; close with, close in upon. center round, center in. enter in; pour in. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] gather together, unite, concentrate, bring into a focus. Adj. converging, meeting, concentrating, convergent, confluent, concurrent; centripetal; asymptotical, asymptotic; confluxible[obs3]. converged, concentrated, met. <-- [Terminal motion at.] --> <-- making contact and arrival both subtypes of motion and related to it as a completion of motion --> P2.4.2.3.8.1.1 CLOSURE N. {{has_ending(approach, P2.4.2.3.8)}} closure, making contact. {{has_subtype: arrival, R292}}. {{causes: contact, P1.2.2.2.1.3.4, R199}}. V. close, close with, contact, make contact. <-- [Motion into.] [[entry]] --> P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1 INGRESS (R294) #294. Ingress. N. ingress, entry[1], ingression, entering. introgression; influx, intrusion, inroad, incursion, invasion, irruption; illapse[obs3], import, infiltration; immigration. {{uses}} {{requires}} {{has_subtype(opening, R260)}} entrance, entry[2], entryway. {{has_subtype(entryway): door, @R232; door, @P2.3.1.3.10.2; gate, @R232}}. {{&caused_by: admission &c. (reception) R296}}. insinuation &c. (interjacence) R228. {{beginning_of: @P2.6.1.2.4.3, penetration, interpenetration}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(passageway, P1.2.4.3.1.9)}} {{has_subtype(opening, P1.2.4.3.1.9)}} inlet; entrance, entryway, way in. {{uses: mouth, door &c. (opening) R260}}. {{has_subtype: insertion &c. R300}}. barway[obs3]; path &c. (way) R627; conduit &c. R350. {{has_subtype(entrance[to=country]): immigration}}. {{perfomed_by(immigration)}} immigrant. V. enter, go into, go in, have the entree; ingress; come into, come in. pour into, pour in, flow into, flow in, creep into, creep in, slip into, slip in, pop into, pop in. {{used_in(force)}} break into, break in, burst into, burst in; set foot on; burst in upon, break in upon; invade, intrude. {{commencement_of: @P2.6.1.2.4.3, penetrate, interpenetrate}}. insinuate itself. infiltrate; find one's way into, wriggle into, worm oneself into. give entrance to &c. (receive) R296; insert &c. R300. Adj. incoming. <-- [Motion into, actively.] also used to some extent as "admission" of persons to organizations --> P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.1 RECEPTION (R206) #296. Reception. N. reception, admission, admittance, entree, admitting, suscipiency[obs3]. importation; introduction, intromission; immission[obs3], imbibation[obs3], introception[obs3]. {{has_subtype(reception[obj=food, R298/drug, P2.3.1.3.4.1][by=animal[1], R366]): ingestion, P2.8.3}}. {{has_subtype(reception[obj=air, R388][by=animal[1], R366]): @P2.6.4.1.1, inhalation, respiration}}. suction, sucking. {{&caused_by: insertion &c. R300}}. {{required_for(entrance)}} absorption, assimilation. {{&caused_by: interjection &c. R228}}. introit. V. give entrance to, give admittance to, give the entree, admit, receive, import, bring in, open the door to, let in. introduce, intromit, throw in. usher in, take in; suck in; draw in, pull in. resorb, reabsorb. readmit; snuff up, swallow, ingurgitate[obs3]; engulf, engorge; gulp; eat, drink &c. (food) R298. {{has_subtype: ingest, M7.3.1.1.1}}. imbibe. {{has_subtype(receive[obj=food, R298/drug, P2.3.1.3.4.1][by=animal[1], R366]): @P2.8.3, ingest}}. Adj. admitting, receiving, suscipient[obs3]. admitted, received. admissable[obs2]. <-- [[absorb]] --> P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.1.1 ABSORPTION N. {{has_subtype(reception[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1][by=absorbant object])}} absorption. {{action_of}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{property_of(porous, @R252a)}} absorbent object, absorbant object. {{action_of}} {{has_subtype(substance)}} {{property_of(porous, @R252a)}} absorbent substance, absorbent material, absorbant substance, absorbant material. {{has_subtype(absorbant substance): cotton[1], @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6}}. {{has_subtype(absorbant object): @R652a, sponge, mop}}. {{has_subtype(absorbant object)}} {{part_of(cotton[1])}} cotton swab; cotton ball. {{has_subtype(absorbant object)}} {{function_of(absorb[obj=body fluid])}} tampon. {{has_subtype(tampon)}} {{function_of(absorb[obj=menstrual fluid])}} {{has_subtype(feminine hygeine product)}} {{use_loc_of(vagina, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} vaginal tampon. V. {{required_for(entrance)}} absorb, assimilate, soak up, sop up. Adj. {{has_property(absorbant material)}} {{&has_consequence(porous, @R252a)}} absorbent, absorbant, absorptive. <-- [Forcible ingress.] --> P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.2 INSERTION (R300) #300. Insertion. N. {{has_subtype(interposition, R228, P1.2.2.3.2.5)}} {{has_subtype(locating, R184)}} {{has_subtype(translocation, R185/ingress, R294)}} insertion, implantation, introduction, inserting. <-- we define insertion for physical objects. abstract uses will need a metaphorical interpretation --> {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} inserted object. {{has_target}} {{has_subtype(physical object): receptacle, R191; depot, R636a}}. forcible ingress, forcible entrance, forcible entry, forcing into, forcing in. {{has_subtype(inserting[into=depot, R636a], R184): stowage, stowing}}. {{has_subtype(inserting[into=container, R191])}} packing, packing up, packaging. {{has_subtype(packing)}} lading, loading. {{has_patient(packing): cargo, @R190; supply, R636}}. {{forms(packing): package, @R191; store, @R636}}. insinuation; planting &c. v.; importation, infusion. {{has_subtype(insertion[into=body]): ingestion, P2.8.3}}. immersion, submersion, submergence, dip, plunge. injection. {{has_subtype(immersion): bath &c. (water) R337}}. {{has_subtype(insertion[ptnt=corpse]): interment &c. R363}}. clyster[Med], enema, glyster[obs3], lavage, lavement[obs3]. V. [ditransitive] nsert; introduce, intromit; put into, put in. {{!causes(insert)}} {{has_action(inserted object)}} be inserted. {{has_subtype(insert)}} pack, load, load up, lade. run into; import; inject; interject &c. R298; infuse, instill, inoculate, impregnate, imbue, imbrue. graft, ingraft[obs3], bud, plant, implant; dovetail. obtrude; thrust in, stick in, ram in, stuff in, tuck in, press, in, drive in, pop in , whip in, drop in, put in; impact; empierce[obs1] &c. (make a hole) R260. imbed; immerse, immerge, merge; bathe, soak &c. (water) R337; dip, plunge &c. R310. {{has_subtype: bury &c. (inter) R363}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} intrude onself. insert itself; plant itself, implant itself; plunge in medias res. Adj. inserted, introduced, put into, placed into, put in. {{has_consequence(insertion/inserted): inside, @R221}}. run into; imported; injected; infused, instilled; inoculated, impregnated; imbued, imbrued. planted, implanted; dovetailed. grafted. <-- [Motion from.] --> P2.4.2.3.9 RECESSION (R287) #287. Recession. N. {{antonym_of(approach, P2.4.2.3.8)}} recession, retirement, withdrawal; retreat. {{has_subtype: retrocession[obs3] &c. R283; departure &c. R293; recoil &c. R277; flight &c. (avoidance) R623}}. V. recede, go, move back, move from, retire; withdraw, shrink, back off; come away, move away, back away, go away, get away, drift away; depart &c. R293; retreat &c. R283; move off, stand off, sheer off; fall back, stand aside; run away &c. (avoid) R623. remove, shunt, distance. Adj. receding &c. v.. Phr. distance oneself from a person. <-- [Motion further off.] --> P2.4.2.3.9.1 DIVERGENCE (R291) #291. Divergence. N. {{antonym_of(convergence, P2.4.2.3.8.1)}} {{has_subtype(dispersion, R73)}} divergence, dispersion, dispersal, divergency[obs3]. divarication, ramification, forking; radiation. deviation &c. R279; aberration. separation &c. (disjunction) R44. {{&caused_by: repulsion; centrifugal force; diffusion}}. V. {{has_subtype(disperse, R73)}} diverge, disperse. divaricate, radiate; ramify; branch off, glance off, file off; fly off, fly off at a tangent; spread, scatter; deviate &c. R279; part &c. (separate) R44. Adj. diverging, dispersing; divergent, radiant. centrifugal. aberrant. diverged, dispersed. P2.4.2.3.9.1.1 LEAVING N. {{has_beginning(recession, P2.4.2.4.9)}} {{antonym_of(closure, P2.4.2.3.8.1.1)}} leaving, disengagement, uncoupling, breaking away, breaking off. {{has_subtype: departure, R293}}. V. leave, break off, break way, disengage, uncouple. <-- The headword is a type of motion. [[egress]] [Motion out of.] --> P2.4.2.3.9.1.1.1 EGRESS (R295) #295. Egress. N. {{antonym_of(entrance, P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1)}} egress, exit[1], issue, going out, exiting. emersion, emergence; outbreak, outburst; eruption, proruption[obs3]; emanation; egression; evacuation; exudation, transudation. {{uses}} {{requires}} {{has_subtype(opening, R260)}} outlet. {{has_subtype(outlet)}} {{has_part(enclosure, R232/building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} exit[2]. {{has_subtype(outlet)}} vent, spout; tap; sluice, floodgate; pore; vomitory, outgate[obs3], sally port; way out. {{has_subtype(exit): door, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1; emergency exit, @P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. {[of(fluid, @R333)]} effusion, effluence, effluxion, outpour, outpouring. {{has_subtype(effusion)}} leakage, percolation, distillation, oozing; drain; dribbling &c. v.; defluxion[obs3]; drainage; outcome, output. {{forms(effusion)}} {{has_subtype(fluid, @R333)}} {{property_of(moving, @R264)}} efflux, effusion[2]. {{has_subtype(effusion[from=container, P2.3.1.3.9])}} release, escape. {{has_subtype(egress[from=body]): excretion, R299}}. {{has_subtype(effusion[from=body]): @R299, perspiration, sweating}}. extravasation[Med]. {{has_subtype(outpout): gush &c. (water in motion) R348}}. {{has_subtype(egress[from=country])}} {{patient_of(item of commerce): @R270, export, expatriation}}. {{has_subtype(egress[from=country])}} {{patient_of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.4.2.1.1, emigration, remigration[obs3]}}. debouch, debouche; emunctory[obs3]. {[in_frame(travel)]} {{is_a: exodus &c. (departure) R293}}. {{uses}} path &c. (way) R627; conduit &c. R350; airpipe &c. R351. V. emerge, emanate, issue; egress; go out of, come out of, move out of, pass out of, pour out of, flow out of; pass out of, evacuate. exude, transude; leak, run through, out through; percolate, transcolate[obs1]; egurgitate[obs3]. strain, distill; drain, ooze; filter, filtrate; dribble, gush, spout, flow out; well, well out; pour, trickle &c. (water in motion) R348; effuse, extravasate[Med], disembogue[obs3], discharge itself, debouch; come forth, break forth; burst out, burst through; find vent; escape &c. R671. Adj. effused &c. v.; outgoing. <-- [Motion out of, actively] This originally referred to expulsion of physical objects, but here we include radiation of heat, light, radio waves, or ionizing radiation --> P2.4.2.3.9.1.1.1.1 EJECTION (R297) #297. Ejection. N. {{has_subtype(propulsion, R284, P2.4.2.3.6)}} expulsion, ejection, discharge, pushing out, expelling, ejecting, discharging. emission[1]; effusion. {{has_subtype(emission[1])}} radiation, radiant emission, emission of radiation. {{has_subtype(radiation): heat radiation, @R384; radio wave transmission, @P2.3.1.3.19.1; ionizing radiation, @R316; electromagnetic radiation}}. rejection. exportation, eviction, extrusion, trajection[obs3]. evacuation, egestion[obs3]. ructation[obs3], eructation; expuition, exspuition. clearance, clearage[obs3]. {[from(country)]} {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} deportation. banishment &c. (punishment) R972; rouge's march; relegation, extradition; dislodgment. emesis, vomiting, vomition[obs3]. {[of(seminal fluid)]} ejaculation. {{has_result(ejaculation)}} ejaculate. {{has_result(vomiting)}} vomit, vomitus, puke, barf[coll]. {{performed_by(ejection[ptnt=person])}} bouncer [U.S.], chucker-out[obs3]. V. eject, expel, let out, give out, send out, push out. emit. {{has_subtype(emit)}} radiate[trans & intrans], emit radiation[intrans]. {{has_subtype(radiate[ptnt=light, R420]): @R420, glow, shine, give off light}}. {{has_subtype(radiate[ptnt=radio signal, @P2.3.1.3.19.1])}} {{has_subtype(transmit, @R270)}} transmit. give exit, give vent to, belch forth. pour out, squeeze out. disgorge. {{has_subtype(egress, R295)}} spew forth, erupt, ooze. dispatch, despatch; exhale, excern[obs1]; excrete; embogue[obs3]; secrete, secern[obs3]; extravasate[Med], shed; void, evacuate; extrude, detrude[obs3]; effuse, spend, expend; pour forth. {{has_result(inversion[of=open container, @R191], P2.4.2.3.16.1.3)}} spill. squirt, spirt[obs3], spurt, slop. open the sluices, open the floodgates; turn on the tap. tap, draw off; bale out, lade out; let blood, broach. reject; discard; cut, send to coventry, boycott; chasser[Fr]; banish &c. (punish) R972; show the door to; bounce [U.S.]; fire out; throw &c. R284; throw up, throw off, throw away, throw aside; push &c. R276; throw out, throw off, throw away, throw aside; shovel out, shovel away, sweep out, sweep away; brush off, brush away, whisk off, whisk away, turn off, turn away, send off, send away; send adrift, turn adrift, cast adrift; turn out, bundle out; throw overboard; give the sack to; send packing, send about one's business, send to the right about; strike off the roll &c. (abrogate) R756; turn out neck and heels, turn out head and shoulders[obs2], turn out neck and crop; pack off; send away with a flea in the ear; send to Jericho. {[in_frame(employment)]} {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} [transitive] terminate, dismiss, fire, discharge, let one go. {[from(abode, P1.2.3.2.4.1)]} {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} turn out of doors, turn out of house and home; evict, oust; unhouse, unkennel; dislodge; relegate, deport. {[from(abode, R189)]} {[with_obj(person[num=all])]} depopulate, unpeople[obs3], dispeople[obs3]. weed, cull, separate &c. R44. {[with_subj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {[with_obj(vomitus)]} vomit, throw up, regurgitate, spew, puke, keck[obs3], retch, heave, upchuck, chuck up, barf, cast up, bring up, be sick, get sick, get sick to one's stomach, worship the porcelain god. {[with_subj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {[with_obj(saliva)]} expectorate, spit. {[with_subj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} clear the throat, hack, hawk, sputter, splutter. {[with_subj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {[with_obj(gas)]} belch, eruct, eructate, belch out. {[with_subj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} drool, slobber, drivel, slaver, slabber[obs3]. be let out. {{has_subtype: excrete, R295; breathe, blow &c. (wind) R349}}. Adj. emitting, emitted, expelled, ejected, discharged, disgorged, vented. squeezed out; poured out. exhaled; belched forth; excreted, secreted; vomited. Int. {{has_lexpression(ejection[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3][by=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{has_instance(command, R741)}} "Get out of here!", "Begone!", "Go away!", get along, "Scram!"[coll.], "bug off!"[coll.], "buzz off!"[coll.], "Take a powder!"[coll.], "get you gone!"; get away, go along, get along with you, "go along with you!"; "go your way!", "away with you!", "off with you!", "Get the hell out of here!"[vulg.], "go about your business!", "be off!", "avaunt!"[obs3], "aroynt!"[obs3]; "allez-vous-en!"[Fr]; "jao!"[obs3]; "va-t'en!"[Fr]. <-- R298 Food, and R299 Excretion moved to P2.3.1.3.1 Food, and P2.3.2.1 Vitality --> <-- [Forcible egress.] [[extract]] --> P2.4.2.3.9.1.1.1.2 EXTRACTION (R301) #301. Extraction. N. {{has_subtype(removal, R38)}} extraction, extracting, drawing, drawing out, removing, removal, elimination, extrication. evolution. {{has_extreme(removal)}} eradication. {{has_extreme(removal)}} emptying, evacuation. {{has_extreme(removal)}} {{has_subtype(killing, R361): extirpation, extermination}}. evulsion[obs3], avulsion[obs3]; wrench; expression, squeezing; ejection &c. R297; export &c. (egress) R295. {{&uses: extractor, forceps, pliers}}. bloodletting, venesection[Med], phlebotomy, paracentesis[obs3]. tapping, drainage. {{has_inverse(packing, @R300)}} unpacking; unloading, offloading. {[of(cork)]} {{function_of: corkscrew}}. V. extract, remove, draw, extricate, take out, draw out, pull out, tear out, pluck out, pick out, get out, pull out. {[from(ground)]} {[with_obj(plant, R367)]} uproot, pull up by the roots, pluck up by the roots, unroot[obs3], root out, root up, averuncate[obs1]. {[from(ground)]} unearth. pull up, extirpate, dredge. educe, elicit; evolve; eviscerate &c. R297. express, squeeze out, press out. unpack, unlade, unload, unship, offload; break bulk; dump. wring from, wrench; extort; weed up, grub up, rake up, grub out, rake out. eradicate. eliminate &c. (eject) R297. {[with_obj(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} empty; drain to the dregs. sweep off; clear off, clear out, clear away; suck, draw off; clean out, make a clean sweep of, clear decks, purge. weed out, get out; eliminate, get rid of, do away with, shake off; exenterate[obs3]. {[with_obj(bowels)]} eviscerate, gut, disembowel, embowel[obs3], disbowel[obs3]. Adj. extracted, removed, drawn, extricated, taken out, drawn out, pulled out, torn out, plucked out, picked out, pulled out. unpacked; unloaded. <-- [For Roget, this was Motion through.] We also include motion across, as a line. --> P2.4.2.3.9.10 PASSAGE (R302) #302. Passage. N. passage, transit, passing. passing by; passing through; passing over. {{has_subtype(passing[obj=enclosure perimeter, @P232]): ingress &c. R294; egress &c. R295}}. {{has_conceptual_part(passing through): @P2.6.1.2.4.3, penetration, interpenetration}}. {{has_beginning(passing through): ingress &c. R294}}. {{has_ending(passing through): egress &c. R295}}. {{requires(passing through): opening &c. R260}}. {{&uses(passing through): conduit &c. R350}}. {{has_subtype(passing through)}} transmission. {{has_subtype(passing over)}} {{has_subtype(flying)}} flying over. {{has_conceptual_part(transmission): transferance, R270}}. permeation; transudation, infiltration; endosmose, exosmose[obs3]; endosmosis[Chem]; intercurrence[obs3]. {{&uses: passageway, P1.2.4.3.1.9}}. {{uses: path &c. R627}}. {{conceptual_part_of: journey &c. R266; voyage &c. R267}}. V. pass, transit, cross. {{has_subtype}} pass through; pass by; pass over. go through, go across; go over, pass over; cut across; ford, cross; pass and repass, work. {{has_subtype(pass through): perforate &c. (hole) R260}}. {{has_conceptual_part: penetrate, @P2.6.1.2.4.3}}. permeate, thread, thrid[obs3], enfilade. {{has_subtype(pass over)}} {{has_subtype(fly, R267a)}} fly over, fly by, fly past. {{has_subtype(pass through)}} {[with_object(airspace/atmosphere, @R338/cloud, P2.7.2.1.1)]} fly through. make one's way, thread one's way, worm one's way, force one's way; make a passage, form a passage; cut one's way through; find its way, find its vent; transmit, make way, clear the course; traverse, go over the ground. Adj. passing &c. v.; intercurrent[obs3]; endosmosmic[obs3], endosmotic[Chem]. {{has_requirement(transmission[ptnt=infectious disease])}} transmittable, contagious. Adv. in passing, on the way through. on the way, by the way; on the road, on the wing, under way, in transit, in transitu[Lat], en route, on course; as one goes; chemin faisant[Fr], en passant[Fr], in mid progress, in mid course. <-- [Motion beyond] This entry also contains elements of surpassing in an endeavor, not merely in a sense of physical motion --> P2.4.2.3.11 SURPASSING (R303) #303. Surpassing. N. surpassing, passing by, transcendence. transgression, transcursion[obs1], transiliency[obs3]; trespass; encroachment, infringement; extravagation[obs1]; redundancy &c. R641. V. pass, surpass, transcend; go beyond, go by. shoot ahead of, catch up and overpass. [transitive] outdo, exceed, transcend. {{has_subtype(outdo)}} outstrip, outleap, outjump, outgo, outstep[obs3], outrun, outride, outrival, beat, best, beat hollow. distance, outdistance, overcome, surmount; leave in the lurch, leave in the rear; throw into the shade; soar &c. (rise) R305. {[in_frame(racing)]} lap. show in front, come to the front. steal a march upon, steal a gain upon. overstep, overpass, overreach, overgo[obs3], override, overleap, overjump[obs3], overskip[obs3], overlap, outmarch[obs3]. {{has_subtype(failure)}} overshoot the mark. transgress, encroach, trespass, infringe, trench upon, entrench on, intrench on[obs3]; cross the Rubicon. {[in_frame(discussion)]} {{metaphor_of}} strain; stretch a point, strain a point. Adj. surpassing, transcendent. overreaching; overriding; exceeding. Adv. beyond, beyond the mark, ahead; ahead of the pack. <-- [Motion upwards] this should be only for upward motion on the ground! Break it in two? [[ascend]] --> P2.4.2.3.12 ASCENT (R305) #305. Ascent. N. {{has_subtype(motion, R264)}} ascent, ascension, rising. {{has_patient: physical object}}. {{has_case: direction[val=upward]}}. {{has_case: $starting point; $ending point}}. &&{{has_rel_loc($ending point + $starting point): higher}}. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_at(atmosphere)}} flying. {{has_subtype}} climbing. {{has_subtype(flying): aviation}}. {{&exhibited_by(flying): bird; insect; airplane}}. {{performed_at(climbing): protuberance, R250; incline, R217, P1.2.2.2.2.7}}. {{has_subtype(protuberance): hill &c. R217}}. {{has_subtype(incline)}} flight of steps, flight of stairs; ladder. {{has_subtype: leap, R309}}. {{exhibited_by: rocket, sky rocket; lark, sky lark}}. {{has_subtype(climbing): mountain climbing, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3}}. {{&caused_by: lifting, R307}}. {{performed_by(mountain climbing, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)}} {{has_subtype(organization): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.24, Alpine Club}}. V. ascend, rise, uprise; go up. fly. arise, get up, work one's way up, start up; shoot up, go into orbit; float up; bubble up; aspire. mount, get up on, get upon, get on, go up on. {{has_subtype(mount)}} climb, clamber, ramp, scramble, escalade[obs3], surmount; shin, shinny, shinney; scale, scale the heights. {{&caused_by: raise, elevate &c. R307}}. go aloft, fly aloft; tower, soar, take off; spring up, pop up, jump up, catapult upwards, explode upwards; hover, spire, plane, swim, float, surge; leap &c. R309. Adj. rising &c. v.; scandent[obs1], buoyant; supernatant, superfluitant[obs1]; excelsior. Adv. uphill. P2.4.2.3.12.1 ELEVATION (R307) #307. Elevation. N. elevation, raising; lifting. lift; sublevation[obs3], upheaval; sublimation, exaltation. {{&creates: prominence, R250}}. {{causes: rising, P2.4.2.3.12}}. {[of(structure)]} erection, setting up. {{function_of: lifting device, P2.3.1.3.24}}. V. heighten, elevate, raise, lift, erect; set up, stick up, perch up, perk up, tilt up; rear, hoist, heave; uplift, upraise, uprear, upbear[obs3], upcast[obs3], uphoist[obs3], upheave; buoy, weigh mount, give a lift; exalt; sublimate; place on a pedestal, set on a pedestal. push up. escalate (increase) R35. {[of(size): @R194, grow, stretch, distend]}. take up, drag up, fish up; dredge. stand up, rise up, get up, jump up; spring to one's feet; hold oneself, hold one's head up; drawn oneself up to his full height. Adj. elevated &c. v.; stilted, attollent[obs3], rampant. Adv. on stilts, on the shoulders of, on one's legs, on one's hind legs. <-- [Motion downwards] ??? For these words, gravity is an essential embedded concept, but the relation is not yet entered. --> P2.4.2.3.13 DESCENT (R306) #306. Descent. N. {{causes(gravity, R319)}} descent, descending, descension[obs3], declension, declination, going down. {{property_of(rapid)}} falling, dropping, plunging, plummeting. {{has_result(falling)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} fall, drop, plunge, plummet. {{-+location_of(atmosphere, @R338)}} {{has_subtype(falling, @R306)}} free fall. slump, cadence; collapse, lapse; subsidence. downfall, tumble, slip, tilt, trip, lurch. cropper, culbute[obs3]; titubation[obs3], stumble; fate of Icarus. {[of(land, R342)]} avalanche, debacle, landslip, landslide. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(motion[from=vertical orientation][to=horizontal orientation])}} {[of(tall object): @P2.4.2.3.16.1.4 , toppling, toppling over, tumbling]}. {{used_in(rope)}} rappeling. {{uses(rappeling)}} rappel. {{&function_of: lifting device, P2.3.1.3.24}}. {{&has_location}} {{&caused_by: declivity, @R217; hill, @R342; slope, @R217}}. V. [intransitive] {{causes(gravity, R319)}} descend, go down, come down. {{has_subtype(descend[mode=vertically])}} fall, drop, drop down. {{has_subtype(fall)}} {[mode_of(rapidly)]} plunge, plummet, crash. {{has_subtype(fall)}} drop off, fall off; slide off; roll off. <-- the "off" constructions can be used intransitively, with the object understood --> slip, slide down; rappel; settle; decline, set, sink, droop, come down a peg; slump; roll down. gravitate. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} dismount, alight, light, get down; swoop; fall prostrate, precipitate oneself; let fall &c. R308. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} sit, sit down; couch, squat, crouch, stoop, bend, bow; bob, duck, dip, kneel; bend the knee, bow the knee, bend the head, bow the head; cower. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} stoop &c. R308; recline &c. (be horizontal) R213. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} {{has_symbol(respect, R928)}} curtsy, courtesy. {{has_subtype}} {[while(moving)]} tumble, trip, stumble, titubate[obs3], lurch, pitch, swag; tilt, sprawl, plump down, come down a cropper [coll.]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(move[from=vertical orientation][to=horizontal orientation])}} {[of(tall object): @P2.4.2.3.16.1.4, topple, topple over, tumble over, topple down, tumble down]}. rappel. Adj. descending &c. v.; descendent; decurrent[obs3], decursive[obs3]; labent[obs3], deciduous; nodding to its fall. Adv. downhill, downwards. Phr. the bottom fell out. <-- we distinguish "depression" from "descent" only in that an agent is required for "depression", i.e. descend is intransitive and depress is transitive. This seems to have been the intent of Roget. --> P2.4.2.3.13.1 DEPRESSION (R308) #308. Lowering. N. {{hperforms(agent)}} lowering, depressing, dropping; depression. abasement. overthrow, overset[obs3], overturn; upset; prostration, subversion, precipitation. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} bow; courtesy, curtsy; genuflexion[obs3], genuflection; kowtow, obeisance. {{has_subtype(bow)}} deep bow, salaam. {[of(quantity)]} reduction. {{has_subtype(tilting, @P2.4.2.3.13)}} tilting, inclining. {{&causes: dip &c. (concavity) R252}}. <-- ; detrusion[obs3] --> V. [transitive] depress, lower, let down, take down, let down a peg, take down a peg; cast; let drop, let fall; sink, debase, bring low, abase, reduce, detrude[obs3], pitch, precipitate. [transitive] overthrow, overturn, overset[obs3]; upset, subvert, prostrate, level, fell; cast down, take down, throw down, fling down, dash down, pull down, cut down, knock down, hew down; raze, raze to the ground, rase to the ground[obs3]; trample in the dust, pull about one's ears. Adj. depressed &c. v.; at a low ebb; prostrate &c. (horizontal) R213; detrusive[obs3]. Phr. facinus quos inquinat aequat [Lat][Lucan]. <-- to immerse in liquid --> P2.4.2.3.13.2 PLUNGE (R310) #310. Plunge. N. {{has_subtype(descent, P2.4.2.3.13)}} {[has_case(destination[val=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1])]} plunge, dip, dive, header; immersion, submersion, dunking, ducking. {{performed_by}} diver. {{&conceptual_part_of(immersion): baptism}}. V. [transitive] plunge, dip, dunk, souse, duck; dive, plump. [intransitive] take a plunge, take a header; make a plunge. immerse, submerge, submerse; douse, sink, engulf, send to the bottom. {{conceptual_part_of(immerse): bathe, R337}}. go to the bottom, go down like a stone, drop like a lead balloon; founder, welter, wallow. {{&caused_by}} get out of one's depth. <-- in a leap, both legs are off the ground at the same time (or, for animals, all legs) [[leap]] --> P2.4.2.3.14 LEAP (R309) #309. Leap. N. {{used_in(leg, P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(step, @P2.4.2)}} {{property_of(high + quick)}} leap, jump, hop, spring, bound, vault, saltation[obs3]. {{has_property: $assertion}}. &&{{equals($assertion): x}} {{not_adjacent_to(leg[num=all][while=leaping]): ground}}. dance, caper; curvet, caracole; gambade[obs1], gambado[obs1]; capriole, demivolt[obs3]; buck, buck jump; hop skip and jump; falcade[obs3]. {{exhibited_by: kangaroo, jerboa; chamois, goat, frog, grasshopper, flea; buckjumper[obs3]; wallaby}}. {{exhibited_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.24, jumper, basketball player}}. {[in_frame(sport)]} {{has_subtype(jump)}} broad jump; pole vault; high jump; hurdle; somersault, vault. {[of(horse)]} curvet. V. leap, jump up, spring, bound, vault. hop, ramp, cut capers, trip, skip. dance, caper. buck, buck jump; curvet, caracole; foot it, bob, bounce, flounce, start. {{has_subtype: @R840, frisk, frolic, gambol}}. jump about &c. (agitation) R315. {{has_subtype(dance[mode=vigorously])}} trip it on the light fantastic toe, trip the light fantastic, dance oneself off one's legs, dance off one's shoes. Adj. leaping, jumping. hopping; vaulting. saltatory[obs3], frisky. Adv. on the light fantastic toe. Phr. di salto in salto[It]; jump over the moon. P2.4.2.3.15 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [Curvilinear motion.] [[turn]] --> P2.4.2.3.16 TURNING (R311) #311. Turning. N. turning, bending, curving, curvilinear motion. circulation, circuition[obs3]. {{causes}} turn, bend, curve. {{has_subtype(curve): arc}}. {{causes: circuit &c. R629}}. {[of(pipe/nut/bolt)]} {{uses: wrench}}. {{conceptual_part_of: coil, helix, corkscrew}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @P2.4.2.3.1, deviation, digressing}}. {{has_subtype: convolution, P2.4.2.4.4; evolution, P2.4.2.4.5}}. V. turn, bend, wheel, move in a curve; go about, put about; heel. wheel around. go round to the right about, turn round to the right about; turn around, turn on one's heel. make a circle, make a complete circle, describe a circle, describe a complete circle, "go through R360 degrees", "pass through a R360 degree angle". go the round, make the round of. wrench, twist. wind, circulate, meander; whisk, twirl. {{has_subtype: twist &c. (convolution) R248}}. Adj. turning &c. v.; circuitous; circumforaneous[obs3], circumfluent[obs3]. Adv. round about. Imp. "about face!"; "Right face!"; "left face!". Phr. "put a girdle round about the earth" [M.N.D.]. <-- [[rotation]] [Motion in a continued circle.] --> P2.4.2.3.16.1 ROTATION (R312) #312. Rotation. N. {{has_subtype(cycle, A6.2.1)}} rotation, revolution, spinning, gyration, turning about an axis, turning around an axis, angular motion, circumvolution, circumrotation[obs3], circumgyration[obs3]. {{has_case}} {{rel_loc_of(center)}} axis, axis of rotation. {{&.intersects(axis of rotation)}} {{has_subtype(joint, @R43)}} swivel, pivot, pivot point. circulation; volutation[obs3], turbination[obs3]. {{has_subtype: pirouette, @M2.3.2.2.3.1}}. {{has_subtype}} orbiting, moving around an object, orbital motion, circination[obs1]. <-- "orbiting" is a rotation in which the axis of rotation does not pass through the orbiting body --> {{action_of(orbiting)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} orbiting body. {{!not_part_of(axis of rotation): orbiting body}}. {[of(fluid)]} {{exhibited_by}} {{&caused_by(countercurrent, P2.3.1.1.6.1.2)}} whir, whirl, eddy, vortex, whirlpool, verticity[obs1], gurge[obs3]. {{has_instance(whirlpool)}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Maelstrom; Charybdis; Ixion. {{property_of}} rotating object. {[of(air)]} {{has_subtype(vortex): @P2.7.2.1.4, cyclone, tornado, whirlwind; dust devil}}. {[of(automobile)]} spin-out. {{&causes: convolution, P2.4.2.4.4}}. {{causes(rotation + translation, @R264)}} helical motion. {{&produces(helical motion): helix, @R245}}. {{property_of(rotating)}} {{has_subtype(current)}} {{location_of(ocean)}} {{property_of(large + circular)}} gyre. {{has_measure}} angular velocity, revolutions per minute, RPM; revolutions per second. {{causes(angular velocity)}} angular momentum. {{causes}} centrifugal force; surge; vertigo, dizzy round; coriolus force. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(rotating object): @P2.3.1.3.12.10, rotator, wheel; rotor; carousel; gear; centrifuge}}. {{studied_in}} trochilics[obs3]. V. rotate, revolve, spin, turn; turn round, gyre, gyrate, spin around, circumvolve[obs3]. wheel, whirl, twirl. {{has_subtype(rotate[mode=halfway])}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} turn around, wheel around, "make a 180 degree turn", do an about-face. circulate, trundle, troll, bowl. roll up, furl; wallow, welter; box the compass; spin like a top, spin like a teetotum[obs2]. {[of(automobile)]} spin out. Adj. rotary, spinning, rotating; circumrotatory[obs3], trochilic[obs3], vertiginous, gyratory; vortical, vorticose[obs3]. Adv. head over heels, round and round, like a horse in a mill. <-- look how difficult it is to define "rolling" in this notation. It probably should be a primitive. The point here is to try to distinguish rolling motion from coiling motion, which also involves a rotation plus a translation. --> P2.4.2.3.16.1.1 ROLLING N. {{conceptual_part_of($rotation, P2.4.2.3.16.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of($translation, P2.4.2)}} {{has_action(wheel/ball/cylinder)}} {{conceptual_part_of(contact)}} rolling, roll. &&{{has_property($translation): "$direction1"}}. &&{{has_property($rotation): "$direction2"}}. &&{{{has_orientation("$direction1" + "$direction2"): in-line}}}. {{has_location(rolling): surface, R220}}. V. roll, roll along. P2.4.2.3.16.1.2 COILING N. {{conceptual_part_of($rotation, P2.4.2.3.16.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of($translation, P2.4.2)}} coiling, screw-like motion. &&{{has_property($translation): "$direction1"}}. &&{{has_property($rotation): "$direction2"}}. &&{{{has_orientation("$direction1" + "$direction2"): perpendicular}}}. {{action_of: screw, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1}}. P2.4.2.3.16.1.3 INVERSION N. {{has_subtype(rotation, R312)}} {{location_of(gravitational field)}} {{has_subtype(inversion, @R218)}} inversion[1], inverting, turning upside down. {{has_result}} overturn; somersault, somerset; revulsion; pirouette; summerset[obs3]; culbute[obs3]. V. {{has_subtype(rotate, R312)}} {{has_subtype(invert, @R218)}} [intransitive/transitive] invert, turn over, overturn, go over, capsize, turn topsy turvy, turn upside down. [intransitive] up turn, up set, over set, turn turtle. tilt over, topple over, topple. Adj. inverted, overturned, wrong side up, upside down; bottom upwards, keel upwards, on one's head, topsy-turvy, sens dessus dessous[Fr]. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(unbalanced, @P2.2.1.2)}} top heavy. Phr. "bottom's up!", "kampai!"[Jap.]. P2.4.2.3.16.1.4 TOPPLING N. {{has_subtype(descent, R306)}} {{has_subtype(rotation, R312)}} {{has_subtype(motion[from=vertical orientation][to=horizontal orientation])}} {[of(tall object)]} toppling, falling over, toppling over, tumbling. {{has_subtype(toppling[mode=partially])}} tilting, inclining, reclining. V. {{has_subtype(descend, R306)}} {{has_subtype(move[from=vertical orientation][to=horizontal orientation])}} {[of(tall object)]} [intransitive] topple, fall over, topple over, tumble over, topple down, tumble down. [transitive] topple[2], knockover, knock down. {{has_subtype(topple[mode=partially])}} tilt, incline, recline. Adj. {{has_consequence(topple)}} toppled, toppled over, fallen. {{has_consequence: horizontal}}. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(unbalanced, @P2.2.1.2): top heavy, @P2.4.2.3.16.1.3}}. <-- [Reciprocating motion, motion to and fro.] This is the primary entry for "wave" in all it various senses. Srictly, such a thing can be present without motion, but in its normal linguistic usage, time and motion are implied. To encompass things like electrical waves, the "amplitude" can be something other than a spatial distance. [[wave]] --> P2.4.2.3.17 OSCILLATION (R314) #314. Oscillation. N. {{has_subtype(alternation[of=direction, P2.4.2.R2], R138)}} {{property_of(periodicity, P1.1.3.3)}} oscillation, coming and going. vibration, shaking, tremor, trepidation[obs3]; motion of a pendulum; undulation; pulsation; pulse; rectilinear oscillation. {{property_of}} oscillating system. {{&affected_by}} {{has_subtype(amplification, @A6.1.1)}} resonance. {{has_conceptual_part(resonance)}} {{property_of(oscillating system)}} {{has_subtype(frequency)}} natural frequency, coupled vibration frequency. {{has_subtype(resonance)}} sympathetic vibrations; overtone. {{has_subtype(oscillating system)}} resonating cavity; sounding board, tuning fork; resonator. {{has_subtype(electrical circuit)}} {{exhibited_by(resonance)}} {{has_subtype(oscillating system)}} {{exhibited_by(oscillation[of=electric current])}} resonator circuit. {{has_subtype(resonance)}} {{has_property(resonator circuit)}} tuning, squelch, frequency selection. {{used_in(resonator circuit): radio &c. @P2.3.1.6.8}}. {{has_subtype(resonance)}} {{exhibited_by(unsaturated compound)}} {[in_frame(chemistry): aromaticity; non-bonded resonance]}. {{has_subtype}} wave. {{has_property: frequency, @P1.1.3.3}}. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(size)}} amplitude; range of oscillation, range. {{has_conceptual_part}} center of oscillation. {[in_frame(motion, P2.4.2)]} {{isa(amplitude): distance[from=center of oscillation], P1.2.2.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(wave)}} transverse wave. {[of(axis of rotation)]} nutation, wobble. {[of(satellite, @P2.3.1.1.3)]} {{property_of(apparent)}} libration. ebb and flow, flux and reflux, ups and downs. fluctuation. swing, beat, shake, wag, seesaw, dance, lurch, dodge. {{metaphor_of: vacillation &c. (irresolution) R605}}. <-- logan[obs3], loggan[obs3], rocking-stone, vibroscope[obs3] , vibratiuncle[obs3] .??--> V. {{has_subtype(alternate)}} oscillate, come ang go. vibrate, shake, quake, quiver, quaver. undulate, wave; rock, swing; pulsate, beat; wag, waggle; nod, bob, courtesy, curtsy; tick; play; wamble[obs3], wabble[obs3]; dangle, swag; librate[obs3]. fluctuate; dance; curvet; reel; flicker; wriggle; roll; toss; pitch; yaw. flounder, stagger, totter; move up and down, bob up and down; pass and repass, ebb and flow; teeter [U.S.]. [transitive] {{caused_by}} brandish, shake, flourish. {{metaphor_of: vacillate &c. R605}}. Adj. oscillating, oscillatory, oscillational. undulatory, pulsatory[obs3], libratory; rectilinear; vibratory, vibrating, vibratile[obs3]; pendulous. Adv. to and fro, up and down, backwards and forwards, hither and yon, seesaw, zigzag, wibble-wabble[obs3], in and out, from side to side, like buckets in a well. <-- [Irregular motion] This entry edeals mostly with motion induced by irregular impulses --> P2.4.2.3.18 AGITATION (R315) #315. Agitation. N. {{property_of(irregular)}} {{has_subtype(impulse, P2.6.1.2.4.1)}} agitation. perturbation, disturbance. {{causes}} turbulence. stir; tremor, shake; jog, jolt, jar, jerk, shock, succussion[obs3], quiver, quaver, dance. shuffling &c. v.. ripple; twitter, flicker, flutter. ferment, fermentation; hurly-burly, cahotage[obs3]. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{causes(evolution[obj=gas, @R334], @R161)}} ebullition, effervescence. {{property_of(turbulence)}} tempest, storm, ground swell, heavy sea. {{property_of(turbulence): whirlpool, vortex &c. R312; whirlwind &c. (wind) R349}}. {{&causes: chaos &c. (disorder) R59; restlessness &c. (changeableness) R149}}. {{metaphor_of: excitation, R824; commotion, P2.2.3.5.4.1}}. <-- jactitation[obs1], quassation[obs1]. --> V. [transitive] agitate, disturb, perturb, shake, convulse; stir, shake up, churn. [intransitive] be agitated, be turbulent. [transitive] toss, tumble, whisk, jerk, hitch, jolt; jog, joggle, jostle, buffet, hustle, jounce, wallop, whip, vellicate[obs3]. [intransitive] shake, tremble, tremble like an aspen leaf; quiver, quaver, quake, shiver, twitter, twire[obs3], writhe, toss, shuffle, tumble, stagger, bob, reel, sway, wag, waggle; wriggle, wriggle like an eel; dance; stumble, shamble; flounder, flounce, flop; curvet, prance, cavort [U.S.]; squirm. throb, pulsate, beat, palpitate, go pitapat; flutter, flitter, flicker, bicker; bustle. ferment, effervesce, foam; boil, boil over; bubble up; simmer. [intransitive] toss about, jump about; jump like a parched pea; shake like an aspen leaf; shake to its center, shake to its foundations; be the sport of the winds and waves; reel to and fro like a drunken man; move from post to pillar and from pillar to post, drive from post to pillar and from pillar to post, keep between hawk and buzzard. bandy, wield, brandish, flap, flourish. Adj. agitated, tremulous, disturbed, convulsed, stirred up, shaken up. shaking, trembling, churning. desultory, subsultory[obs1]; saltatoric[obs3]; quasative[obs3]; shambling; giddy-paced, saltatory[obs3], convulsive, unquiet, restless, all of a twitter. Adv. by fits and starts; subsultorily[obs1] &c. adj.; per saltum[Lat]; hop skip and jump; in convulsions, in fits. Phr. tempete dans un verre d'eau[Fr]. P2.4.2.4 CHANGE OF SHAPE (R194, R195) N. {{affected_by(size, P1.2.2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(change, A6)}} change of shape. <-- [[expand]] --> P2.4.2.4.1 EXPANSION #194. Expansion. N. {{has_subtype(increase[of=volume, R200f], R35)}} expansion, enlargement, extension, growth, swelling, dilation, increase of size, swelling. increment, development, pullulation. {{has_conceptual_part: elongation, @R200d}}. augmentation, amplification, ampliation[obs3]; aggrandizement. exaggeration. {{has_subtype(swelling)}} {[of(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2): tumor]}. {{&caused_by}} tension, tensure[obs3]. {{has_result}} swelling, enlargement. {[of(width)]} spread. {{&causes: lengthiness, R200d}}. {{&causes: largeness, P1.2.2.1.1.1, R192}}. {[of(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2)]} turgescence[obs3], turgidness, turgidity; dispansion[obs1]; hydrocephalus, hydrophthalmus[Med]; dropsy, tumefaction, intumescence; diastole, distension; puffing, puffiness; pandiculation[obs3]. {[of(body, P2.3.2.2.3.1)]} {{causes: obesity &c. (size) R192}}. {{increased_by(length, R200)}} lengthening &c. v.; prolongation, production, protraction, extension. {{causes}} inflation; plumpness. {{requires}} dilatability, expansibility, expandability. {[of(gas)]} {{causes}} rarefaction. {[of(plant, R367)]} {{has_subtype(growth): germination, upgrowth[obs3]; budding}}. overgrowth, overdistension[obs3]; hypertrophy, tympany[obs3]. {{property_of(swelling): roundness}}. {{causes}} superiority of size. {{has_instance(expansion, P2.4.2.4.1)}} expansion of the universe. {{commencement_of(expansion of the universe)}} big bang. {{measured_by(expansion of the universe)}} rate of expansion, Hubble constant. V. [intransitive] expand, enlarge, grow, increase. widen, incrassate[obs3], gather; fill out, swell; dilate, distend, spread; become larger, grow larger, become bigger, grow bigger; become bulkier, increase in bulk, become massive, increase in mass. deploy, open, open up, take open order. [intransitive] mantle, wax; grow up, spring up; bud, bourgeon[Fr], shoot, shoot up, sprout, sprout up, germinate; put forth, vegetate, pullulate, open, burst forth; gain flesh, gather flesh; outgrow; spread like wildfire, overrun. be larger than; surpass &c. (be superior) R33. expand, spread, extend, aggrandize, distend, develop, amplify, spread out, widen, magnify, rarefy, inflate, puff, blow up; exaggerate; fatten. [transitive] render larger, make larger; stuff, pad, cram. Adj. expanded, widened, enlarged, extended, grown, increased, swollen; filled out; dilated, stretched, distended, spread; developed. expansive; wide open, wide spread; flabelliform[obs3]; overgrown, exaggerated, bloated, fat, turgid, tumid, hypertrophied, dropsical; pot bellied, swag bellied[obs1]; edematous, oedematous[obs3], puffy, pursy[obs3], blowzy, bigswoln[obs3], distended; patulous; full blown, full grown, full formed; abdominous[obs3], enchymatous[obs3], rhipidate[obs3]; tumefacient[obs3], tumefying[obs3]. {{&causes: big &c. R192}}. {{has_subtype(expanded): rounded, P1.2.4.2.3.2}}. {{has_subtype: obese}}. {{requires}} dilatable, expandable. grown larger, grown bigger; grown wider, grown fatter; grown longer, grown lengthier; grown bulkier. P2.4.2.4.2 CONTRACTION #195. Contraction. N. {{has_subtype(decrease[of=size], R36)}} contraction, reduction, diminution; decrease of size, reduction of size. lessening, shrinking, constricting; compaction; atrophy; collapse, tabefaction[obs3]. {{has_subtype(atrophy)}} marasmus[Med]; wasting, tabes[Med]. {[of(heart)]} systole. constriction, squeezing, strangulation; pinching, tightening. condensation, boiling down. compression, compressing; crushing. corrugation; astringency; astringents, sclerotics. {{&causes: smallness, compactness, P1.2.2.1.1.2, R193}}. {{property_of}} neck, hourglass. {{has_obj_requirement}} contractility, compressibility; coarctation[obs3]. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{has_result: compendium &c. R596}}. V. [intransitive] {{has_subtype(decrease[obj=size], R36)}} become small, become smaller; contract, draw in, narrow, coarctate[obs3]; grow less, dwindle, shrink, shrivel, collapse, fall away, waste, wane, ebb. {[of(organism)]} wither, lose flesh, wizen. decay &c. (deteriorate) R659. [stative] be smaller than, fall short of; not come up to &c. (be inferior) R34. [transitive] reduce, render smaller, lessen, diminish, shrink; constrict, constringe[obs3]; compress, squeeze; corrugate, crunch, crush, collapse, crumple up, warp, purse up, pack, stow; pinch; crimp; tighten, strangle; cramp; dwarf, stunt, bedwarf[obs3]. [transitive] {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} condense, boil down. shorten &c. R201; circumscribe &c. R229; restrain &c. R751. [transitive] {{has_extreme(reduce)}} minimize. Adj. shrunk, contracted, diminished, reduced; narrowed, constricted, stenotic[Med]; compressed, squeezed, crimped; packed, crushed; pinched, tightened. strangulated, tabid[obs3], wizened, stunted. concentrated, boiled down. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} summarized; outlined. contracting &c. v.; astringent; waning &c. v.; neap, compact. unexpanded &c. R194. contractile; compressible. grown smaller. <-- this entry is reduction of size by loss of material. reduction without loss is at pulverization, [[reduction]][[abrasion]] --> P2.4.2.4.3 REDUCTION N. {{has_subtype(decrease, R36)}} {{has_subtype(subtraction, R38)}} reduction, reduction of mass, loss of mass. emaciation, attenuation, consumption. defalcation, decrement. {{has_method: cutting, P2.8.1}}. detrition. {{needed_for(friction, @R331)}} {{needed_for(rubbing, @R331)}} abrasion, attrition, detrition, wearing off, rubbing off, confrication[obs1], contrition[obs2], affriction[obs3], arrosion[obs1], limature[obs1]. {{has_subtype(abrasion)}} {{used_in(file, @P2.3.1.3.12.1.1)}} filing. {{has_subtype(abrasion)}} rubbing; grinding. {{has_subtype(abrasion)}} {{used_in(knife, @R2253a/scaper, @P2.3.1.3.12.1.1)}} scraping. {{uses(abrasion)}} {{has_subtype(material[2], @P2.1.1)}} {{property_of(very hard, @R323)}} abrasive[1]. {{has_subtype(abrasive)}} {{major_component_of(corundum, @P2.3.1.1.4.2)}} emery. {{uses(grinding): grinding wheel; grater, rasp; file}}. {{forms(detrition)}} detritus. {{forms(filing)}} {{property_of(granularity): filings}}. V. reduce, reduce the mass of, attrite[obs3]. abrade, scrape. attenuate. {{has_subtype(abrade)}} rub down, file, file down, wear down, grind, grind down; chafe, rasp; scratch, scrape, scrub; fray, curry; scour, polish; rub out. {{used_in(tooth)}} gnaw. {{similar_to(abrade)}} {{has_subtype(cut): chip, shave, shear, pare}}. Adj. reduced. worn, worn down, abraded, scraped, attrited. rubded down, filed, filed down, ground, ground down; chafed, rasped; scratched; scrubbed; frayed; curried; scoured, polished; rubbed out. {{used_in(tooth)}} gnawed. {{has_property(abrasive[1])}} abrasive[2]. P2.4.2.4.4 CONVOLUTION N. {{caused_by(tortuosity, P1.2.4.2.1.3.2)}} {{antonym_of(evolution, R313)}} convolution, convolving; twisting, winding. involution, circumvolution. rumpling. {[of(paper)]} crumpling. V. be convoluted, be twisted. wind, twine, entwine, intwine[obs3], entangle, ravel; turn and twist, twirl; wave, undulate, meander; inosculate[obs3]. twist, coil; roll, roll up. wrinkle, curl, crisp, twill; frizzle; crimp, crape, indent, scollop[obs3], scallop, wring, intort[obs3]; contort; wreathe &c. (cross) R219. crumple, roll into a ball, crimple[obs1]. P2.4.2.4.4.1 FOLDING N. {{result_of(fold, R258)}} {{inverse_of(unfolding, P2.4.2.4.5.1)}} {{created_by(layer)}} folding, plication. creasing; wrinkling, crinkling; curling; fluting, twilling. corrugating. ruffling. {[of(cloth)]} pleating, plaiting. puckering; turning down, tucking. {{result_of(edge)}} hemming. gathering. {[of(paper)]} {{has_subtype(art)}} origami[Jap], paper folding. V. fold, double, double over, plicate[obs3]. plait, pleat, flute. crease, wrinkle, crinkle, crankle[obs3]. curl, cockle up, cocker, rimple[obs3], rumple, frizzle, frounce[obs3], rivel[obs3], twill. corrugate. ruffle. pucker; turn down, double down, down under; tuck, ruck[obs3], hem, gather. <-- most of this should go under change (make a R146a)... develop not in change section!! revolution, evolution . revolution = change = R146 [Motion in the reverse circle.] [[evolve]] --> P2.4.2.4.5 EVOLUTION (R313) #313. Evolution. N. {{antonym_of(convolution, P2.4.2.4.4)}} evolution; evolvement. untwisting; uncoiling. {[of(filament, P1.2.4.2.3.4)]} untangling; unraveling. development. {{has_subtype(eversion, @R218, @P1.2.2.2.2.8)}} inversion, eversion, turning inside out. V. evolve; unfold, unroll, unwind, uncoil, untwist, unfurl; develop. untie. {[of(filament, P1.2.4.2.3.4)]} untwine, unravel; untangle, disentangle. Adj. evolving &c. v.. evolved; unfolded, unrolled, unwound; uncoiled; untwisted; unfurled; untwined, unraveled, untangled, disentangled. developed. inside out. P2.4.2.4.5.1 UNFOLDING N. {{inverse_of(folding, P2.4.2.4.4.1)}} unfolding; unfoldment. uncrumpling. {[of(cloth)]} pressing. {[of(book): open]}. V. unfold. uncrumple. {[of(cloth)]} press. <-- [[quiet]] --> P2.4.2.R1 QUIESCENCE (R265) #265. Quiescence. N. {{antonym_of(motion, P2.4.2)}} quiet, tranquility, calm, stillness, quiescence. stagnation, stagnancy; fixity, immobility; indisturbance[obs3]; quietism. {[of(sound)]} {{has_subtype: silence, P2.6.1.4.R1, R203}}. peace; dead calm, anticyclone[obs2]; statue-like repose; not a breath of air, not a mouse stirring. stand still; standing still &c. v.; lock; dead lock, dead stop, dead stand; full stop; fix. {{&caused_by: pause, lull &c. (cessation) R142}}. {[of(person/beast): sleep, P2.8.5.1.1; repose, P2.8.5.1; inactivity, M7.3.1.4, R683]}. embargo. rest. resting place; gite[Fr]; bivouac. home &c. (abode) R189; pillow &c. (support) R215; haven &c. (refuge) R666; goal &c. (arrival) R292. {{similar_to: Physical Inertness, R172}}. V. be quiescent &c. adj.; stand still, lie still; keep quiet, repose, hold the breath. remain, stay; stand, lie to, ride at anchor, remain in situ, tarry, mark time. [transitive]{{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(stop[obj=motion], R142)}} stop, halt, freeze, arrest, hold; bring to, heave to, lay to; pull up, draw up; rest, pause. {{caused_by}} come to a stop[intransitive], stop[intransitive]. {{has_subtype(stop[mode=quickly])}} stop short. {{has_subtype(stop[mode=gradually])}} coast to a stop. {{has_subtype(stop)}} {[of(ship)]} anchor, drop anchor, cast to an anchor, come to an anchor. rest on one's oars; repose on one's laurels, take breath. stagnate; quieta non movere[Lat]; let alone; abide, rest and be thankful; keep within doors, stay at home, go to bed. dwell &c. (be present) R186; settle &c. (be located) R184; alight &c. (arrive) R292; stick, stick fast; stand like a post; not stir a peg, not stir a step; be at a stand &c. n.. [transitive] {{&caused_by}} quell, becalm, hush, stay, lull to sleep, lay an embargo on. Adj. quiescent, still, motionless, moveless. fixed; stationary; immobile, immotile; at rest, at a stand, at a standstill, at anchor; stock, still; standing still &c. v.. becalmed, stagnant, quiet; unmoved, undisturbed, unruffled; calm, restful; immovable &c. (stable) R150; sleeping &c. (inactive) R683; silent &c. R403; still as a statue, still as a post, still as a mouse, still as death. vegetative, vegetating. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): cataleptic, @P2.8.5.1.1]}. sedentary, untraveled, stay-at-home. Adv. at a stand &c. adj.; tout court; at the halt. Int. "stop!", "stay!", "halt!"; "avast!"; "hold hard!"; "whoa!"; "hold!"; "sabr karo!"[lang?]. Phr. requiescat in pace[Lat]; Deus nobis haec otia fecit [Lat][Vergil]; "the noonday quiet holds the hill" [Tennyson]. <-- the abstract concept of quickness, i.e. doing something quickly, is not represented here, but at "activity"(for human actions). The adverbs "soon, quickly" are located at R121. This entry primarily relates to motion. We make no attempt to model the complicated relations of physics, or even naive physics here. These relations merely try to give some context to the words. [[speed]] --> P2.4.2.R2 VELOCITY #274. Velocity. N. {{has_subtype(rate of action, @P2.4)}} velocity, speed, rate of motion. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(motion)]} {{{has_relative_value(displacement, P2.4.2 + time of motion, P2.4.2)}}} average velocity. <-- the differential concept of velocity needs a "limit" definition --> {{has_subtype}} {{alternative_to(average velocity)}} instantaneous velocity. {{has_high_level}} celerity, swiftness, quickness, fleetness, high speed, speediness, rapidity, rapidness. constant speed; changing speed, varying speed. {{has_high_level}} high speed, great speed. {{has_low_level: slowness, P2.4.2.R1.1}}. {[of(vehicle)]} {{has_extreme}} top speed. eagle speed; pernicity[obs1]. {[in_frame(changing speed)]} {{has_subtype(speed)}} {{has_conceptual_part(change of speed)}} initial speed; final speed. {{has_difference(initial speed + final speed)}} {{!causes(force)}} change of speed. {{has_subtype(changing speed)}} {{!causes(force)}} {{{has_relative_value(change of speed + time of motion, P2.4.2)}}} acceleration; deceleration. {{property_of}} spurt, rush, dash, race; steeple chase; smart rate, lively rate, swift rate &c. adj.; rattling rate, spanking rate, strapping rate, smart pace, lively pace, swift pace, rattling pace, spanking pace, strapping pace; round pace; flying, flight. {{property_of(high speed)}} {{has_metaphor(high speed): lightning, @P2.7.2.1; light, R420; wind, R349; cannon ball; rocket, P2.3.1.3.23.11; arrow, @R284; dart, @R284; quicksilver, P2.3.1.2.2.80; telegraph, @P2.3.1.3.14.3.2; express train, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1.1}}. {{has_metaphor(high speed)}} greased lightning. {{property_of}} torrent. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(animal[2], R366): cheetah; eagle; antelope; courser; race horse; gazelle; greyhound; hare, rabbit}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&mcaused_by: haste &c. R684}}. {{metaphor_for: expedition &c. (activity) R682}}. {{property_of(high speed)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{property_of(mythical): Mercury; Ariel; Camilla; Harlequin}}. {{measured_by: @P2.3.1.3.12.3.1, log line, speedometer, odometer, tachometer, strobe, radar speed detector, radar trap, air speed gauge, wind sock, wind speed meter, pedometer}}. {{has_units}} miles per hour, mph[acron]; meters per second; centimeters per second; kilometers per hour, kmph[acrom]. {{property_of}} scorcher. {{has_lexpression(high speed)}} "zoom!", "swoosh!". V. move quickly, race, rush, speed; run. trot, gallop, amble, troll, bound, flit, spring, dart, boom; march in quick time, march in double time; ride hard, get over the ground. trip, fisk[obs1]; hie, hasten, post, spank, scuttle; scud, scuddle[obs3]; scour, scour the plain. {{has_subtype(run[mode=quickly])}} scamper; run like mad, beat it; fly, run a race, cut away, shoot, tear, whisk, zoom, swoosh, sweep, skim, brush; cut along, bowl along, barrel along, barrel; scorch, burn up the track; dash on, dash off, dash forward; bolt. {{result_of}} {{required_for(force, P2.6.1.2.3)}} accelerate, put on speed, quicken, speed up. {{&conceptual_part_of: violence, R173}}. quicken one's pace, mend one's pace; clap spurs to one's horse; make haste, make rapid strides, make forced marches, make the best of one's way; put one's best leg foremost, stir one's stumps, wing one's way, set off at a score; carry sail, crowd sail; go off like a shot, go like a shot, go ahead, gain ground; outstrip the wind, fly on the wings of the wind. {{mcaused_by}} hurry &c. (hasten) R684. keep up with, keep pace with. {{&causes: outstrip &c. R303}}. Adj. fast, speedy, swift, rapid, quick. fleet; aliped[obs3]; nimble, agile, expeditious; express; flying, galloping &c. v.; light footed, nimble footed; winged, eagle winged, mercurial, electric, telegraphic; light-legged, light of heel; swift as an arrow &c. n.; quick as lightning &c. n.; quick as a thought. {{requires: active &c. R682}}. Adv. swiftly, quickly, speedily, rapidly, expeditiously; with speed, with rapidity, with haste. nimbly; apace; at a great rate, at full speed, at top speed, at railway speed[obs3]; full drive, at full gallop; posthaste, in full sail, tantivy[obs3]; trippingly; instantaneously &c. R113. under press of sail, under press of canvas, under press of sail and steam; velis et remis[Lat], on eagle's wing, in double quick time; with rapid strides, with giant strides; a pas de geant[Fr]; in seven league boots; whip and spur; ventre a terre[Fr]; as fast as one's legs will carry one, as fast as one's heels will carry one; as fast as one can lay legs to the ground, at the top of one;s speed; by leaps and bounds; with haste &c. R684. {{&has_result(quickly): @R121, soon, quickly, speedily, in the near future, presently}}. Phr. go like a bat out of hell; "Damn the torpedos -- full speed ahead" [Admiral David Glasow Farragut, 1864]; vires acquirit eundo[Lat]; "I'll put a girdle about the earth in forty minutes" [A Midsummer-Night's Dream]; "swifter than arrow from the Tartar's bow" [M.N.D.]; tempus fugit[Lat]. P2.4.2.R2.1 SLOWNESS #275. Slowness. N. slowness, sluggishness. {{property_of: languor &c. (inactivity) R683}}. {[of(speech)]} drawl. creeping, crawling; lentor[obs3]. retardation; slackening &c. v.; delay &c. (lateness) R133; claudication[obs1]. jog trot, dog trot; mincing steps; slow march, slow time. {{property_of}} slow goer; slow coach, slow back, sluggard; slow poke[coll], poke[coll]; dawdle &c. (inactive) R683. {{trait_of}} lingerer, loiterer. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor: tortoise; snail; glacier}}. crawl. {{has_high_intensity}} glacial slowness. {{&causes: lateness, R133}}. V. move slowly, move sluggishly; creep, crawl. lag, slug, drawl, linger, loiter, saunter; plod, trudge, stump along, lumber, poke along[coll]; trail, drag; dawdle &c. (be inactive) R683; grovel, worm one's way, steal along; job on, rub on, bundle on; toddle, waddle, wabble[obs3], slug, traipse, slouch, shuffle, halt, hobble, limp, caludicate[obs1], shamble; flag, falter, trotter, stagger; mince, step short; march in slow time, march in funeral procession; take one's time; hang fire &c. (be late) R133. retard, relax; slacken, check, moderate, rein in, curb; reef; strike sail, shorten sail, take in sail; put on the drag, apply the brake; clip the wings; reduce the speed; slacken speed, slacken one's pace; lose ground. Adj. slow, sluggish, slow-moving, slow paced, tardy. languid, leisurely, torpid, tardigrade[obs2], snail-like, creeping, crawling. slack; gentle, easy; deliberate, gradual; reptatorial[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @R683, lethargic, dilatory}}. {{has_high_intensity}} insensible, imperceptible, imperceptibly slow. {{has_high_intensity}} glacial, glacially sloe, painfully slow, agonizingly slow, barely moving. Adv. slowly &c. adj.; leisurely. {[in_frame(music)]} adagio; largo, larghetto. at half speed, under easy sail; at a foots pace, at a snail's pace, at a funeral pace, at a funereal pace; in slow time, with mincing steps, with clipped wings; haud passibus aequis [Lat][Vergil]. gradually, deliberately, slowly but surely; gradatim[Lat]; by degrees, by slow degrees, by inches, by little and little; step by step, one step at a time; inch by inch, bit by bit, little by little, seriatim; consecutively. {{has_extreme}} in geological time, imperceptibly. Phr. dum Roma deliberat Saguntum perit[Lat]; at a glacial pace; "with all deliberate speed"; slow as molasses in January. <-- [[direction]] --> P2.4.2.R3 DIRECTION (R278) #278. Direction. N. {{has_conceptual_part(motion)}} {{has_subtype(straight line)}} {{has_subtype(directionality, @R9)}} direction, bearing, course, vector. tack. rhumb[obs3], azimuth, line of collimation. {{has_subtype: spatial coordinate, @P1.2.1.1}}. {{property_of: path, R627}}. {{property_of(relative[to=line/plane])}} alignment, allignment[obs3]; set; incidence. {{has_measure(alignment): angle}}. {{affected_by}} tenor. {{property_of(random/undirected)}} drift. {{affected_by}} {{has_subtype(change[of=direction])}} bending, trending, verging, inclining, dipping, dip. {{&result_of}} steering, steerage; aim. {{has_subtype(bending)}} collimation. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(Earth's surface, @P2.3.1.1.3)}} point of the compass, compass point. {{has_subtype(compass point)}} cardinal point. {{has_subtype_x(cardinal point)}} North; East; South; West. {{has_subtype(compass point)}} northeast, NE, N by E; east northesast, ENE; north northeast, NE by N, NNE; southeast, SE; northwest, NW; west northwest, WNW; southwest, SW; west southwest, WSW; east southeast, ESE. {{property_of: line, range, quarter, line of march}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{property_of(straight)}} air line, beeline; straight shoot. {{metaphor_of: tendency &c. R176}}. V. go to, go toward, move toward; point to, point at, point towards; tend towards; be bound for. bend towards. conduct to. {{has_subtype(change[obj=direction])}} bend, trend, verge, incline, dip, determine. {{affected_by}} steer for, steer towards, make for, make towards; aim at, level at; take aim; keep a course, hold a course; bend one's steps towards. steer, direct one's course, steer one's course, bend one's course, shape one's course; align one's march, allign one's march[obs3]; to straight, go straight to the point; march on, march on a point. ascertain one's direction, determine one's course; s'orienter[Fr], see which way the wind blows; box the compass; take the air line. Adj. {{has_subtype(directed, @R9)}} directed, aimed, pointed; directed towards, turned towards; pointing towards &c. v.; bound for; aligned with, alligned with[obs3]. inclined; steered towards, bond for. direct, straight; undeviating, unswerving; straightforward; North, Northern, Northerly &c. n.. Adv. towards; versus, to. hither, this way, here, this-a-way[coll]; thither, that way, there, that-a-way[coll]; whither, where, where to. directly; straight as an arrow, forwards as an arrow; point blank; in a bee line to, in a direct line to, as the crow flies, in a straight line to, in a bee line for, in a direct line for, in a straight line for, in a bee line with, in a direct line with, in a straight line with; in a line with; full tilt at. on the road, on the high road to; en avant. before the wind, near the wind, close to the wind, against the wind; windwards, in the wind's eye. through, via, by way of; in all directions, in all manner of ways; quaquaversum[Lat], from the four winds. <-- these pronouns govern a noun phrase which is a direction --> Pron. to, toward, towards; at; into. from; out of. Inter. where, where to, whither. Phr. the shortest distance between two points is a straight line; "you don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows"[Bobby Dylan]. P2.5 PROPERTIES OF ACTION N. {{has_property(action, P2.4)}} property of action. <-- There are several concepts mixed up in the Roget "violence", which generally means "intensity of action." We have not yet fully separated all of these meanings. "force" has its own entry, as a physical concept. The "violence" of people hurting other people is at M7.3.5.1.2.2 --> P2.5.1 VIOLENCE (R173) #173. Violence. N. {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} {{&caused_by(damage[2], @R659a)}} violence, vehemence; ferocity, rage, fury. {{has_conceptual_part: impact, @P2.6.1.2.4.1}}. {{&causes}} turbulence. might; roughness. strain, shock, shog[obs3]. outbreak, outburst; debacle[obs2]; burst, bounce, dissilience[obs3]. {[in_subject(explosives)]} discharge, volley, explosion, blow up, blast, detonation. rush, eruption, displosion[obs1], inclemency, torrent. {{has_subtype: attack, M8.2.2.2.2.R1}}. {{similar_to: uncontrollability, R173a}}. {{&used_in: severity &c. R739}}. {[of(human group): @M8.2.2.1.2, boisterousness; uproar, riot, row, rumpus, fracas, brawl]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&mcaused_by: impetuosity, @R863}}. {{conceptual_part_of: turmoil &c. (disorder) R59}}. {{has_low_intensity: effervescence, ebullition, ferment &c. (agitation) R315}}. {{property_of: @P2.7.2.1.2, storm, tempest, rough weather, squall, thunderstorm}}. {{property_of: earthquake, P2.7.2.2}}. {{property_of: volcano, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1}}. {{trait_of: maniac, berserker, tiger, fury, P2.3.2.3.6.4.25}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{used_in: compulsion, force, brute force, R744}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{caused_by(bodily harm)}} {{&uses(punishment, R972): personal violence, M7.3.5.1.2.2}}. V. be violent, be rough; be vehement &c. adj.; run high; ferment, effervesce; rage, romp, rampage, go on a rampage, roar. run wild, run amuck, run riot; break the peace; rush, tear; rush headlong, rush foremost, roar off; raise a storm, make a riot; rough house[coll]; riot, storm; wreak, bear down, ride roughshod, out Herod, Herod; spread like wildfire. break out, fly out, burst out; bounce, explode, go off, displode[obs1], fly, detonate, thunder, blow up, crump[obs3], flash, flare, burst. shock, strain. break open, force open, pry open, prize open. render violent &c. adj.; sharpen, stir up, quicken, stimulate, turn on; inflame, kindle, suscitate[obs1], foment; fan the flame; add fuel to the flame, pour oil on the fire, oleum addere camino[Lat]. {[(render violent)with_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} excite, incite, lash; convulse, infuriate, madden, lash into fury. {[with_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_low_intensity}} [render violent] annoy, urge. irritate, accelerate, aggravate, exasperate, exacerbate. explode; let fly, fly off; discharge, detonate, set off, detonize[obs3], fulminate. Adj. violent, vehement; warm; acute, sharp; rough, rude, ungentle, bluff, boisterous, wild; brusque, abrupt, waspish; impetuous; rampant. turbulent; disorderly; blustering, raging &c. v.; troublous[obs3], riotous; tumultuary[obs3], tumultuous; obstreperous, uproarious; frenzied &c. (insane) R503. {{&mcaused_by: desperate &c. (rash) R863}}. furious, outrageous. {{&consequence_of: @R900, furious, infuriated, infuriate}}. {{&consequence_of: @R824, frantic, hysterical, in hysterics}}. fiery, flaming, scorching, hot, red-hot, ebullient. savage, fierce, ferocious, fierce as a tiger. orgastic, orgasmatic, orgasmic. spasmodic, convulsive, explosive; detonating &c. v.; volcanic, meteoric; stormy &c. (wind) R349. {[when_modifying(fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1)]} roaring. Adv. violently &c. adj.; amain[obs3]; by storm, by force, by main force; with might and main; tooth and nail, vi et armis[Lat], at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet; at one fell swoop; with a high hand, through thick and thin; in desperation, with a vengeance; a outrance[obs3], a toute outrance[Fr]; headlong, head foremost. Phr. furor arma ministrat[Lat]; "blown with restless violence round about the pendent world" [Measure for Measure]. P2.5.2 UNCONTROLLABILITY (R173A) #173a. Uncontrollability. N. uncontrollability. exacerbation, exasperation; malignity. {{property_of}} hysterics, bluster, passion &c. (state of excitability) R825. {{property_of}} chain reaction. {{has_subtype(chain reaction)}} excursion, nuclear excursion. {{similar_to: violence, R173}}. {{property_of}} fit, paroxysm; outrage; coup de main; spasm, convulsion, throe. {[in_frame(sexual intercourse, @R374a)]} {{property_of: orgasm, climax}}. V. go out of control, fly out of control. {[with_subject(person, P2.3.2.3)]} [shout or act in anger at something] explode, make a row, kick up a row; boil, boil over; fume, foam, come on like a lion, bluster, rage, roar, fly off the handle, go bananas, go ape, blow one's top, blow one's cool, flip one's lid, hit the ceiling, hit the roof; fly into a rage (anger) R900. Adj. extravagant; unmitigated; ravening, inextinguishable, tameless. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} excited &c. v.; out of control, uncontrollable, incontrollable[obs3]; insuppressible, irrepressible; unquelled[obs3], unquenched, unextinguished[obs3], unrepressed, unbridled, unruly; headstrong, ungovernable, unappeasable, immitigable, unmitigable[obs3]. <-- Most of the words in this entry apply to human actions(R680). Perhaps there should be a subtype there??? --> P2.5.3 MODERATION (R174) #174. Moderation. N. {{&has_property(action, R680)}} moderation, lenity &c. R740; temperateness, gentleness &c. adj.; sobriety; quiet. {{&mcaused_by: mental calmness &c. (inexcitability) R826}}. moderating &c. v.; anaphrodisia[obs3]. relaxation, remission, mitigation, tranquilization[obs3], assuagement, contemporation[obs3], pacification. {{has_subtype(mitigation): extenuation, @R937}}. wet blanket; palliative. {{has_metaphor: wet blanket}}. {{property_of}} middle course, measured steps, juste milieu[Fr], golden mean, ariston metron[Grk]. {{function_of: sedative}}. <-- 1-29-92 note that these physical objects are left here(temporarily?), with pointers to the physobj supertypes --> moderator; lullaby; pacifier. V. be -moderate &c. adj.; keep within bounds, keep within compass; sober down, settle down; keep the peace, remit, relent, take in sail. moderate, soften, mitigate, temper, accoy[obs1]; attemper[obs3], contemper[obs3]; mollify, lenify[obs3], dulcify[obs3], dull, take off the edge, blunt, obtund[obs3], sheathe, subdue, chasten; sober down, tone down, smooth down; weaken &c. R160; lessen &c. (decrease) R36; check, palliate. rock to sleep. tranquilize, pacify, assuage, appease, swag, lull, soothe, compose, still, calm, calm down, cool, quiet, hush, quell, suppress, sober, tame, damp, lay, allay, rebate, abate, slacken, smooth, alleviate, deaden, smooth, throw cold water on, throw a wet blanket over, turn off; slake; curb &c. (restrain) R751; tame &c. (subjugate) R749; smooth over. {{has_metaphor}} pour oil on the waves, pour oil on the troubled waters; pour balm into, mattre de l'eau dans son vin[Fr]. go out like a lamb, "roar you as gently as any sucking dove," [Midsummer-Night's Dream]. Adj. moderate; lenient &c. R740; gentle, mild, mellow; cool, sober, temperate, reasonable, measured; calm, unruffled, quiet, tranquil, still; slow, smooth, untroubled; tame; peaceful, peaceable; pacific, halcyon. tempered &c. v.. unexciting, unirritating[obs3]; soft, bland, oily, demulcent, lenitive, anodyne; hypnotic &c. R683; sedative; antiorgastic[obs3], anaphrodisiac[obs3]. mild as mother's milk; milk and water. Adv. moderately &c. adj.; gingerly; piano; under easy sail, at half speed; within bounds, within compass; in reason. Phr. est modue in rebus[Lat]; pour oil on troubled waters. <-- end of PO _____________________________ --> <-- Physical phenomena are formally labeled as processes, but many of the words can also be used to label events. [[interaction]] --> P2.6 INTERACTIONS OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS <-- (Physical objects themselves are under PO) (simple matter-matter interactions) --> N. {{has_subtype(physical process)}} {{has_action($physical object[num=>1])}} {{affected_by($physical object[num=>1])}} interaction. <-- in an interaction, at least two physical objects affect each other --> {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(physical object): "$object1" + "$object2"}}. &&{{affects("$object1"): "$object2"}}. &&{{affects("$object2"): "$object1"}}. &&{{!not_identical_to("$object1"): "$object2"}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(effect, R154): phenomenon, P2.6.1}}. V. interact. {{causes: @R175, affect, influence}}. Adj. interactive. Adv. interactively. <-- (R331, R332, R335, R336, R382 TO R385, R388A,, R402-R405, R420 -R427) [[physics]] Physical phenomena are labeled as events. Although an "observation" may be thought of as observing also properties, in fact the "observation" must observe some measurement of a property, which is an event. Not yet clear how to indicate obsrvations of properties??? --> P2.6.1 PHYSICAL PHENOMENON N. {{property_of(observable, @R457)}} physical phenomenon, phenomenon, physical phenomena[pl], physical effect, phenomena[pl]. {{has_domain: event, R151; fact, @R527b; physical process}}. {{studied_in}} physics. {{&!patient_of}} {[in_frame(perception, M6.1)]} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} observation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{has_action(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(conversion, R144)}} change of state. {{has_subtype(change of state)}} {{has_subtype(conversion[of=gas, @R334/solid, @P2.2.1.2][to=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1], R144)}} liquefaction. {{forms(liquefaction): liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(liquefaction): melting; condensation; dissolution}}. {{has_subtype(change of state)}} {{has_subtype(conversion[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1/solid, @P2.2.1.2][to=gas, @R334], R144): vaporization}}. {{has_subtype(change of state)}} {{has_subtype(conversion[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1/gas, @R334][to=solid, @P2.2.1.2], R144): solidification}}. {{has_subtype(change of state)}} {{affected_by(solid, @P2.2.1.2)}} phase change. <-- we consider all laws of physical science (as in chemistry) as subtypes of the laws of physics. Biology and social science are different --> {{ruled_by}} {{has_subtype(law, M3.1.2.1)}} {{analogous_to(law, R963)}} law of physics, physical law, rule, law. <-- a. Generally (331 - R336) (TE 324 - 326) R157a. Physical power. (transferred from sensation-heat: (from sensation: 382. heat (TE 327) 383 cold (TE 332) 384 heating (TE 328) 384a combustion 385 refrigeration) (TE 333) 386 furnace, R387 refrigeratory to P2.3.1.3.16 POWERED MACHINES 388 fuel to POM processed natural materials THERMOMETER R389 TO P2.3.1.3.12.3.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 390 - 401 TO SENSATION M6 406 - 419 TO SENSATION M6 402 - 405 sound -- parts are duplicated under sensation, sound - 402. Sound R403. Silence 404. Loudness 405. Faintness 420-427 EM radiation (light, etc.) --> <-- power, energy, and force are distinct technical concepts, but are concatenated in Roget. They have been separated to a certain extent here. This section must be greatly expanded to handle technical concepts of physics and engineering. THere are already detailed ontologies of elctrical devices; those may be incorporated here. This entruy is just to handle the simplest concepts. The "Abstract" entry "Physical Energy, R171" is a vaguer concept of energy. This entry is strictly physical. For this classification, "impulse" is a force resulting from a contact, and is therefore classified under "collision phenomena". (Magnetic and other non-contact forces must be found in a different location!). Technically, "power" is energy per unit time. ?? we don't yet have a notation for such terms. [[energy]] --> P2.6.1.1 POWER (R157A) #157a. Physical power. N. {{has_subtype(power, R157, @A7.3)}} {{caused_by: energy}} {{similar_to: physical energy, R171}} power, physical power. {{emitted_by}} {{has_subtype(artifact, P2.3.1.3)}} power generator, power source, energy source. {{has_function(power generator)}} power generation. {{has_conceptual_part: energy, P2.6.1.1.1}}. {{uses(power generation)}} {{has_conceptual_part(physical power): force, P2.6.1.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(physical power)}} {{property_of(mechanism)}} mechanical power. {{has_unit(mechanical power)}} horsepower. {{needed_for(gravitation)}} water power, hydroelectric power; tidal power. {{needed_for(solar light)}} solar power, solar energy. {{emits(sun)}} solar light. {{needed_for(wind)}} wind power. {{needed_for(nuclear fission)}} atomic power, nuclear power, fission power. {{needed_for(nuclear fusion)}} thermonuclear power, fusion power. {{uses(compressed air)}} air power, pneumatic power. vis inertiae[Lat], vis mortua[Lat], vis viva [Latin]; potential energy, dynamic energy; dynamic friction, dynamic suction. {{caused_by(mechanical force, @P2.6.1.2.3): elasticity, restorative force}}. {{caused_by(gravitational force, @P2.6.1.2.3): height, drop, gravitational differential; gravitational attraction; gravity constant; mass}}. {{uses(power generation)}}{{has_subtype(force, @P2.6.1.2.3): gravity, gravitational force; electrostatic force, voltage; magnetism}}. Adj. powered, power. {{has_subtype(powered)}} steam, steam powered. {{property_of(pneumatic power)}} pneumatic, air-driven, air. <-- physical energy was originally in the abstract section --> P2.6.1.1.1 PHYSICAL ENERGY (R171) #171. Physical Energy. N. {{has_conceptual_part(power, P2.6.1.1)}} energy, physical energy. electrical energy; gravitational energy; chemical energy; nuclear energy; magnetic energy; heat energy. {{has_high_intensity}} high energy. {{has_low_intensity}} low energy. {{has_symbol(nuclear energy)}} "E=mc2". <-- [[vigor]] --> P2.6.1.1.1.R1 VIGOR N. {{has_manifestation(high energy)}} vigor, force, intensity, strength. keenness, sharpness, acuteness, incisiveness, trenchance. elasticity; go; high pressure; fire; rush. acrimony, acridness, acritude[obs3]; causticity[obs3], virulence; poignancy; harshness &c. adj.; severity, edge, point; pungency &c. R392. {{property_of(pungency)}} cantharides. {{&property_of(pungency): spice, @R393}}. activity, agitation, effervescence; ferment, fermentation; ebullition, splutter, perturbation, stir, bustle. {{has_metaphor}} quicksilver. activation, energizing. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{metaphor_of: voluntary energy &c. R682}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{metaphor_of: resolution &c. (mental energy) R604; exertion &c. (effort) R686; excitation &c. (mental) R824}}. V. give energy &c. n.; energize, stimulate, activate, turn on, kindle, excite, exert; sharpen, intensify. ignite, inflame &c. (render violent) R173; wind up &c. (strengthen) R159. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{result_of(be powerful, R157)}} gain power, gain influence. strike home, into home, hard home; make an impression. Adj. vigorous, strong, energetic, forcible, active, intense. deep-dyed, severe, keen, vivid, sharp, acute, incisive, trenchant, brisk. rousing, poignant. {{has_subtype(vigorous)}} {{has_subtype(harmful, @R649)}} irritating, caustic, corrosive, mordant, harsh, stringent, virulent. double-edged, double-shotted[obs3], double-distilled; drastic, escharotic[obs1]; racy &c. (pungent) R392. {{has_consequence(vigorous): potent &c. (powerful) R157}}. <-- ; radioactive. ?! --> Adv. energetically, strongly, vigorously, with vigor, intensively, intensely. fortiter in re[Lat]; with telling effect. Phr. the steam is up; vires acquirit eundo[Lat]; "the race by vigor not by vaunts is won" [Pope]. <-- move some of these words to human trait??? --> P2.6.1.1.1.R2 WEAKNESS N. {{has_low_intensity(physical energy, P2.6.1.1.1)}} weakness &c. adj.. debility, atony[obs3], relaxation, languor, enervation; impotence &c. R158; fragility; inactivity &c. R683; flaccidity. infirmity; effeminacy, feminality[obs3]. anaemia, bloodlessness, deficiency of blood, poverty of blood. declension of strength, loss of strength, failure of strength; delicacy, invalidation, decrepitude, asthenia[obs3], adynamy[obs3], cachexy[obs3], cachexia[Med], sprain, strain. {{trait_of: softling[obs3], weakling; infant &c. R129; youth &c. R127}}. V. be weak &c. adj.; limp, fade, languish, decline, flag, fail, have one leg in the grave. render weak &c. adj.; weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, shake, deprive of strength, enervate, eviscerate; cripple, unman &c. (render powerless) R158; reduce, sprain, strain, blunt the edge of; extenuate; reduce in strength, reduce the strength of; mettre de l'eau dans son vin[Fr]. {[of(human group)]} decimate. Adj. weak, feeble, debile[obs1]; impotent &c. R158; relaxed, unnerved &c. v.; sapless, strengthless[obs3], powerless; limp, flaccid. weakly, unstrung; adynamic[obs3], asthenic[obs3]; nervous. soft, effeminate, feminate[obs3], womanly. {{has_metaphor(weak)}} anemic. frail, fragile; drooping, tottering &c. v.. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} broken, lame, withered, shattered, shaken, crazy, shaky; palsied &c. R158; decrepit. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} languid, poor, infirm; faint, faintish[obs3]; sickly &c. (disease) R655; dull, slack, evanid[obs1], spent, short-winded, effete. {{&caused_by: deterioration, R659}}. unreinforced, unstrengthened[obs3] &c. R159; unsupported, unaided, unassisted; aidless[obs3], defenseless &c. R158; cantilevered (support) R215. on its last legs; weak as a child, weak as a baby, weak as a chicken, weak as a cat, weak as a rat; weak as water, weak as water gruel, weak as gingerbread, weak as milk and water; colorless &c. R429. <-- [[electricity]] Although the motion of electrical particles does not always require a circuit, what we usually think of as an "electric current" does. Other types of motion of electric charge can be treated when a more detailed formulation is written (or adopted from the circuit design projects). Note that we label a "conductor" as an artifactual material, but this does not take salt water into consideration, or the fact that the ground is used in power transmission. We need to express the fact that conductors used in electric power are usually artifactual materials???. --> P2.6.1.1.2 ELECTRIC POWER N. {{has_subtype(physical power)}} {{property_of(electrical device)}} {{studies(electrical engineering)}} electric power, electrical power, electrical energy, electricity[1]. {{emitted_by}} electric generator. {{requires(use[obj=electric power])}} {{has_subtype(transmission[of=electrical power][from=power supply][to=electric device])}} electrical transmission, power transmission. {{requires(electric power transmission): electric current, @P2.6.1.9}}. <-- an electric transmission line goes up to the outlet. Beyond that point transmission is accomplised by circuits in an electrical device --> {{uses(electrical transmission)}} {{has_subtype(electric wire)}} {{connects(electric generator + outlet, @P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} transmission line, electrical transmission line, power line, electric power line, electric transmission line. {{function_of(support[obj=power line])}} {{has_subtype(tower, P2.3.1.3.10.4)}} transmission line tower. {{has_subtype(electric circuit, @P2.6.1.9)}} {{emitted_by(electric current)}} power supply, electric power supply, electrical power source. {{has_subtype(electrical power source)}} {{has_subtype(electrical device)}} generator, electrical generator, electricity generator. {{&has_location(electric generator)}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} power station, power plant. {{has_subtype(electrical generator)}} electric turbine. {{has_subtype(power station)}} nuclear power station. {{has_part(nuclear power station)}} {{has_subtype(power source, @R157a)}} {{used_in(nuclear fission, @P2.6.1.7)}} nuclear reactor, fission reactor. {{has_subtype(nuclear reactor)}} {{has_subtype(heater, R386)}} power reactor. {{has_subtype(nuclear reactor)}} breeder reactor; fast breeder, fast breeder reactor. {{consumes(nuclear reactor)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{analogous_to(fuel, R388)}} fissionable material, nuclear fuel. {{has_subtype(fissionable material)}} {{has_subtype(uranium)}} enriched uranium. {{function(nuclear reactor): emit[obj=heat]}}. {{has_subtype(fissionable material): plutonium}}. {{forms(nuclear reactor)}}{{has_subtype(industrial waste, @R659a)}} {{property_of(radioactive, @P2.6.1.7)}} nuclear waste. {{has_part(electric power supply)}} {{emitted_by(electric current)}} {{connects(electric power supply + electric equipment)}} contact, output contact. {{has_subtype(output contact)}} output connector, electrical connector. {{has_subtype(output contact)}} receptacle, electric receptacle. {{has_subtype(electric receptacle): outlet, @P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. {{has_subtype(conductor, @P2.6.1.9)}} {{has_subtype(natural material, P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} natural conductor. {{has_subtype(natural conductor): ground, Earth; salt water}}. {{alternative_to(conductor)}} {{property_of(nonconducting)}} insulator, electrical insulator. {{has_unit(electrical power)}} watt. {{needed_for(fluid)}} hydraulic power, fluid drive; vacuum power; steam power. {{contained_in(electric power)}} {{emits(electric power)}} {{part_of(electric power supply)}} live circuit. {{has_part(live circuit)}} {{has_subtype(wire, @R205)}} live wire. {{has_part(live circuit)}} {{location_of(electric railroad)}} live rail, third rail. <-- can one have battery-operated house current? Solar power generated? --> {{has_subtype(live circuit)}} {{emits(electrical generator)}} house current. {{emits(electric power)}} {{has_subtype(electric power supply)}} cell, electric cell, battery; fuel cell; solar panels. Adj. {{has_subtype(powered)}} {{required_for(electrical power)}} electrically powered, electrical, electric. {{has_property(conductor)}} conductive, conducting. {{antonym_of(conductive)}} insulating, nonconducting, nonconductive. <-- break down inertness into physical, mental, chemical? --> P2.6.1.1.R1 PHYSICAL INERTNESS (R172) #172. Physical Inertness. N. {{antonym_of(power, P2.6.1.1)}} inertness, physical inertness, dullness &c. adj.; inactivity, torpor, languor; latency, inaction; passivity. {{&caused_by}} inertia, inertion[obs3]. {{mcaused_by: mental inertness; sloth &c. (inactivity) R683; inexcitability[obs3] &c. R826; irresolution &c. R605; obstinacy &c. R606}}. {{&causes: permanence &c. R141}}. {{property_of: rare gas; paraffin, @R356c; noble metal}}. {[in_subject(chemistry)]} unreactivity. {{similar_to: immobility, quiescence, R265}}. V. be inert, be inactive, be passive, not act, do nothing. {[of(explosive, P2.3.1.3.4.5)]} hang fire. {[of(fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1)]} smolder. {{has_subtype(do nothing)}} {[of(person, R372a)]} sit like a lump, sit around like a bump on a log; watch passively, stand idly by. {[of(person, R372a): veg out, @R452; avert the eyes, @R442a]}. {[of(person, R372a): relax]}. Adj. inert, inactive, passive; torpid &c. R683; sluggish, dull, heavy, flat, slack, tame, slow, blunt. {{similar_to: immobile, quiescent, R265}}. unresponsive, unreactive; lifeless, dead, uninfluential[obs3]. latent, dormant, smoldering, unexerted[obs3]. {[in_subject(chemistry)]} unreactive, inert. Adv. inactively &c. adj.; in suspense, in abeyance. <-- [[mechanics]] --> P2.6.1.2 MECHANICAL PHENOMENON N. {{conceptual_part_of(mass, P2.2.1.5/motion, P2.42/force, P2.6.1.2.3)}} mechanical phenomenon, mechanical phenomena[pl]. {{studied_in}} mechanics. P2.6.1.2.1 FRICTION (R331) #331. Friction. N. {{property_of(solid surface, @P1.2.4.2.3.1)}} {{has_subtype(force, P2.6.1.2.3)}} {{required_for(contact, @P2.6.1.2.4)}} friction, rubbing; frication[obs3], rub. {{causes: heating}}. {{&causes: @P2.4.2.4.3, abrasion, attrition, detrition, scraping}}. {{uses(baseball player)}} {{increased_by(friction[between=hand+baseball]): rosin}}. {{uses(baseball player)}} {{increased_by(friction[between= hand+bat])}} tar. {{decreased_by: lubrication, P2.6.1.2.1; smoothing, @R255, @P1.2.4.3.2.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} massage. {{affected_by: texture, P1.2.4.3.2; smoothness, P1.2.4.3.2; roughness, P1.2.4.3.2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} rolling friction; sliding friction; starting friction. {{{has_relative_val(starting friction + sliding friction): ">1"}}}. V. rub, slide; graze. {{&causes: @P2.4.2.4.3, chafe, rasp, abrade, wear down, scratch, scrape, scrub, fray, scour, polish, rub out, gnaw, file, grind}}. {{has_subtype(abrade): reduce to powder, @R330}}. {{&has_ersult}} set one's teeth on edge. {{used_in(rosin)}} rosin, rosining. Adj. frictional. rubbing; chafing. <-- anatriptic[obs3].?? --> <-- [Absence of friction. Prevention of friction.] --> P2.6.1.2.2 LUBRICATION (R332) #332. Lubrication. N. {{decreased_by(friction, R331)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} lubrication, lubrification[obs3], lubricating. {{has_property: unctuousness &c. R355}}. {{has_method}} {{used_in(lubricating oil)}} oiling. {{has_method}} {{used_in(grease, R356)}} greasing. {{has_method}} {{used_in(wax)}} waxing. {{has_method}} {{used_in(soap/lather)}} lathering, soaping. {{uses(lubrication)}} {{has_subtype(substance)}} lubricant. {{has_subtype(lubricant)}} {{has_subtype(oil)}} oil, lubricating oil. {{has_subtype(lubricant): glycerine}}. {{has_subtype(lubricant): saliva}}. {{has_subtype(lubricant): grease &c. R356}}. {{has_subtype(lubricant): teflon; synovial fluid}}. {{function_of(lubricate[obj=joint])}} {{has_subtype(body part, R1002)}} {{contained_in(synovial fluid)}} synovia[Anat]. {{metaphor_of(grease)}} {{has_subtype(force[of=person])}} {{not_has_subtype(grease)}} elbow grease. V. lubricate, lubricitate[obs1]. {{has_method}} oil, grease, lather, soap; wax. Adj. lubricant, lubricative. lubricated &c. v.; lubricous[obs2]. <-- Impulse and recoil had been under "motion", and are moved here. Was: P2.4.2.3 MOTION CONJOINED WITH FORCE R276, R277 "pressure" has two different meanings, here, one of which is essentially synonymous to the technical term "force" One amusing cycle in this ontology is that force causes pressure, and pressure also causes force. Obviously, more distinctions must be made. [[force]] --> P2.6.1.2.3 FORCE N. {{caused_by(propulsion, R284/impulse, P2.6.1.2.4.1)}} {{property_of(directed, @R278)}} force; pressure, directed pressure. {{has_conceptual_part: direction, @R278; intensity}}. {{property_of}} force field. {{has_subtype(force field)}} gravitational field; centrifugal field; electrical field; magnetic field. {{has_subtype: pushing force, P2.6.1.2.3.2; pulling force, P2.6.1.2.3.1}}. {{has_subtype}} counterforce, reaction. {{{has_orientation(force^direction + counterforce^direction): opposite}}}. {{has_subtype(counterforce): inertia, @P2.2.1.5; acceleration, @R274; friction, P2.6.1.2.1; drag, @P2.6.1.2.1}}. {{has_unit(force)}} pound; dyne. {{&causes(force): motion; pressure, @P2.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(force)}} {{has_subtype(vector)}} attraction; repulsion. {{&caused_by(force)}} {{has_subtype(tensor)}} fluid pressure. {{has_subtype(force)}} electrical force; gravity, gravitational force; magnetic force; mechanical force. magnetism. {{caused_by(mechanical force)}} elasticity, restorative force. {{caused_by(gravitational force)}} height, drop, gravitational differential; gravitational attraction; gravity constant; mass. {{has_subtype(electrical force)}} electrostatic force, voltage. V. {{used_in(force)}} push; force. <-- [Was under "motion", moved to "force". force causing to draw closer.] --> P2.6.1.2.3.1 ATTRACTION (R288) #288. Attraction. N. attraction, attractiveness, pulling force; attractivity[obs3]; drawing to, pulling towards, adduction[obs3]. {{has_property(electricity/electrical field)}} electrical attraction, static electricity, static, static cling. {{has_property(magnetic field)}} magnetism, magnetic attraction. {{has_property(gravitational field)}} gravity, attraction of gravitation. {{property_of(magnetic)}} {{caused_by(magnetic attaction)}} lodestone, loadstone, lodestar, loadstar[obs3]; magnet, permanent magnet, siderite, magnetite; electromagnet; magnetic coil, voice coil; magnetic dipole; motor coil, rotor, stator. {{property_of(electrical)}} {{caused_by(electrical attaction): @P2.3.1.1.2, electrical charge; positive charge, negative charge}}. {{part_of(magnet)}} magnetic pole; north pole, south pole; magnetic monopole. V. attract, draw; draw towards, pull towards, drag towards; adduce. Adj. attracting &c. v.; attrahent[obs3], attractive, adducent[obs3], adductive[obs3]. centrifugal. Phr. ubi mel ibi apes [Latin][Plautus]. <-- {Was under "motion", moved to "force". force driving apart.] --> P2.6.1.2.3.2 REPULSION (R289) #289. Repulsion. N. repulsion, pushing force; driving from, driving apart; repulse, abduction. electrical repulsion. magnetic repulsion, magnetic levitation. centrifugal force. antigravity [hypothetical]. V. repel, push from, drive apart, drive from &c. R276; chase, dispel; retrude[obs3]; abduce[obs3], abduct; send away; repulse. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(communication)}} keep at arm's length, turn one's back upon, give the cold shoulder; send off, send away with a flea in one's ear. Adj. repelling, pushing away, driving apart; repellent, repulsive; abducent[obs3], abductive[obs3]. centrifugal. Phr. like charges repel; opposite charges attract; like poles repel, opposite poles attract. <-- [[collision]][[contact]] --> P2.6.1.2.4 Collision Phenomena. N. collision phenomenon. {{has_extreme(nearness)}} collision, contact, touching. {{&has_result(collision): penetration, P2.6.1.2.4.3}}. {{has_result(collision): impulse, R276; recoil, R277}}. {{has_subtype(contact): @R331, grazing contact, rubbing}}. {{has_result(rubbing): abrasion, @P2.4.2.4.3}}. <-- for this ontology, we consider "impulse, push" to be a result of "force", i.e. when the force causes motion. Force not causing motion is not considered impulse. Impulse is in turn required for propulsion [[impulse]] --> P2.6.1.2.4.1 IMPULSE (R276) #276. Impulse. N. {{causes(force, P2.6.1.2.3)}} {{caused_by(propulsion, R284)}} impulse, impulsion, impetus; momentum; push, thrust, shove, jog, jolt, brunt, booming, boost [U.S.], throw, pulsion[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: acceleration, @R274}}. {{&caused_by: explosion &c. (violence) R173}}. {{has_high_intensity(impulse)}} shock. {{&caused_by(shock)}} {{has_subtype(coming in contact, @R199)}} collision, percussion, concussion, occursion[obs1], clash, encounter, carambole[obs3], appulse[obs3], bump. {{has_high_intensity(collision)}} impact, crash. {{has_subtype(collision)}} {{caused_by(recoil, R277)}} elastic collision. {{has_subtype(collision)}} {{property_of(glancing, @R217)}} glancing blow. {{has_subtype(collision)}} blow, hit, knock, slam, bang, dint[obs2]. {{has_subtype(collision)}} {{property_of(intentional)}} stroke, whack, thwack, buffet[1]. {{member_of(buffet[1])}} {{property_of(repeated)}} buffeting, battering. cuff &c. R972; squash, dowse, swap. {{has_subtype(blow)}} {{used_in(fist, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} punch, thump, pelt, plug, whap[obs3], punce[obs1], calcitration[obs3]; ruade[obs3]; arietation[obs1]. {{has_low_intensity(punch)}} jab, slap, smack. {{member_of(punch): pummeling, @M7.3.5.1.2.2}}. {{conceptual_part_of: charge &c. (attack) R716; beating &c. (punishment) R972; violence, @M7.3.5.1.2.2}}. {[in_frame(fencing)]} {{has_subtype(attack)}} cut, thrust, lunge, yerk[obs1]. {{has_subtype(blow)}} {{used_in(foot)}} kick. {{has_low_intensity(blow)}} fillip; tap, rap, pat, dab. {{has_subtype(glancing blow)}} sideswipe [U.S.], carom, carrom[obs3], clip, sidewinder [U.S.], sidewipe[obs3]. {{function_of: hammer, @P2.3.1.3.12.6}}. {{function_of: flail, ram, @P2.3.1.3.12.6}}. {{carried_out_by: pile driver, @P2.3.1.3.17.3}}. {{carried_out_by: jack hammer, @P2.3.1.3.17.3}}. {{has_metaphor: sledge hammer, pile driver}}. {{studied_in}} dynamics. {{measured_by: @P2.3.1.3.12.3.1, seismometer, accelerometer, earthquake detector}}. V. impel, push, shove, give an impetus, give a push, give a shove. thrust, prod, foin[Fr]; start, give a start to, set going; drive, urge, boom; cant; hustle, hurtle, jog, jolt, encounter; impinge; boost [U.S.]; bunt; fan, fan out. come into a collision, enter into collision; collide; foul; fall foul of, run foul of. {{has_subtype(glancing blow)}} sideswipe, carom, clip, glance off, strike at a glancing angle. {{used_in(fist)}} jab, plug. {{used_in(body)}} elbow, shoulder, jostle, justle[obs3]; butt, run against, bump against, butt against; knock one's head against, run one's head against. strike, knock, hit. {{has_subtype(hit)}} {{used_in(club, P2.3.1.3.23.3)}} club, bludgeon. {{has_subtype(hit[mode=violently])}} beat, thump, bang, slam, blow, dash, swap, dowse[obs1], baste, lambaste. {{has_subtype(hit)}} thwack, whack, swat. {{has_subtype(hit)}} punch. {{has_high_intensity(hit)}} hit hard, strike hard. {{member_of(blow)}} {{has_subtype(strike[mode=repeatedly])}} buffet, batter; pelt, patter, belabor. {{has_subtype(violence)}} {[with_subject(person, P2.3.2.3)]} fetch one a blow; poke at, pink, lunge, yerk[obs3]; kick, calcitrate[obs3]. {{&causes(collide)}} {{has_subtype(crumple, @R258)}} {{caused_by(shorten, @R201)}} telescope. {{has_low_intensity(strike)}} flap, dab, pat; tap, rap, slap. {{has_subtype: strike at &c. (attack) R716; @R972, hit, whip, beat}}. Adj. impelling &c. v.; impulsive, impellent[obs3]; booming; dynamic, dynamical; impelled &c. v.. Phr. "a hit, a very palpable hit" [Hamlet]. P2.6.1.2.4.2 RECOIL (R277) #277. Recoil. N. {{has_subtype(reaction, @R179)}} {{conceptual_part_of(elastic collision, @P2.6.1.2.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(return)}} recoil; revulsion; bounce, rebound, ricochet; repercussion, recalcitration[obs3]; kick, contrecoup[Fr]; springing back &c. v.; elasticity &c. R325; reflection, reflexion[Brit], reflex, reflux; reverberation &c. (resonance) R408; rebuff, repulse. ducks and drakes; boomerang. {{function_of}} spring, reactionist[obs3]. {{requires}} elasticity. {{has_mesaure(elasticity)}} coefficient of restitution. V. recoil, react, rebound, spring back, fly back, bounce back, bound back. reverberate, repercuss[obs3], recalcitrate[obs3]; echo, ricochet. Adj. recoiling, rebounding, ricocheting; reacting, refluent[obs3], repercussive, recalcitrant, reactionary; retroactive. Adv. on the rebound, on the recoil, on the ricochet, on th bounce. Phr. for every action there is a reaction equal in force and opposite in direction [Sir Isaac Newton]. <-- this meaning of penetration is for two solid objects. Permeation of a liquid into a solid is elsewhere, and a solid in a liquid is "immersion". [[puncture]] --> P2.6.1.2.4.3 PENETRATION N. {{caused_by(opening, R260)}} {{has_function(piercing object, P2.3.1.3.12.4.2)}} {{has_subtype(passing through, @P2.4.2.3.9.10)}} penetration, puncture, perforation, apertion[obs3], transforation[obs3]. piercing, puncturing, penetrating, perforating, terebration[obs3], empalement[obs3], pertusion[obs1]. {[in_frame(medicine): acupuncture, @P2.6.4.8.3; injection]}. {{&result_of}} jab, thrust, stab; punching; insertion. {[with_obj(soil): digging, P2.6.1.2.4.3.1]}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.12.4, penetrating instrument, drill, awl, knife, spear}}. V. {{has_subtype(pass through, @P2.4.2.3.9.10)}} puncture, pierce, perforate, penetrate, empierce[obs1]. go through, transit. prick, stick, inject. drill, drill into, drill through; tap, bore. {[with_obj(soil): @P2.6.1.2.4.3.1, tunnel, tunnel into, excavate; dig, delve, undermine, burrow, stave in, mine]}. scoop, scoop out; gouge, gouge out. transpierce[obs3], transfix. stab, knife; enfilade, impale, spike; spear; gore; spit; pink, puncture, lance, riddle. punch; stave in. {[with_obj(vegetation)]} cut a passage through, cut one's way through, hack one's way through. make way for, make room for. jab, thrust. P2.6.1.2.4.3.1 DIGGING N. {{has_subtype(penetration[ptnt=ground surface, @R342], P2.6.1.2.4.3)}} digging. shoveling; drilling; boring; tunneling; mining; excavating, ecavation. burrowing. {{performed_at(digging): garden; graveyard; archaeological site, archaeological dig}}. {{performed_at(excavation)}} construction site; open-pit mine. {{performed_at(tunneling): tunnel, @R627; mine, @R260}}. {{forms(tunneling): tunnel, @R627}}. {{forms(mining)}} {{performed_at(mining): mine, @R260}}. {{performed_at(boring): @R260, borehole, well}}. {{exhibited_by(burrowing): burrowing animal}}. V. dig. tunnel, tunnel into, burrow; excavate; delve; undermine; stave in, mine. <-- This is for physical separation, a subtype of the abstract separation at R44. This is for the action; the result is a gap. [[parting]] The concept of "division" was included in this section, but has been made a subtype. The difference is between two separate objects moving apart, and one object being divided into two or more. "Division" was the majority of words found here. The slightly more abstract notion of two people who were living together moving apart is included here. WAS M7.3.1.1.2 PARTING --> P2.6.1.2.4.4 SEPARATION N. {{has_subtype(separation, R44)}} {{caused_by(interval, P1.2.2.2.1.3)}} separation, parting, separating, moving apart. segregation; moving away. {[of(married couple, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81): end of marriage, M8.3.1.1.17; divorce, R905; annulment, M8.3.1.1.17.3]}. {{has_subtype(separation[of=traveler, R268][from=point of departure, @R293]): departure, R293}}. {{has_subtype: partitioning, @R228}}. <-- , sejunction[obs1], seposition[obs1], diduction[obs3], diremption[obs3], discerption[obs3] --> V. part, separate[1], move apart, move away. {{has_subtype: set free &c. (liberate) R750}}. loose, unloose. {{has_subtype(loose)}} undo, unbind, untie. {{has_subtype(loose)}} cut loose; unchain, unshackle, unlock &c. (fix) R43. {{has_subtype(cut loose[obj=boat])}} cut adrift. disband; disperse &c. R73. {{has_subtype: unpack, @R297}}. throw out of gear. {[with_obj(person[from=person])]} part, part company; separate[2], leave. <-- division is closely related to separation, but it emphasizes the resulting parts [[divide]]. This is the physical action, a subtype of the abstract action at R44 --> P2.6.1.2.4.4.1 DIVISION N. {{has_subtype(division, @R44)}} {{has_subtype(parting[of=whole, R50])}} division, dividing. {{forms: @R51, part, fraction}}. detachment, detaching. {{has_subtype: cutting, P2.8.1}}. elision; rupture; luxation[obs3]; severance, disseverance; abscission; disruption, abruption[obs3]; avulsion[obs3], divulsion[obs3]; fission. {{has_subtype(division[ptnt=group, R72])}} segregation. {[of(space)]} compartmentation, compartition [obs1]. {{has_subtype: @P2.8.1, punching, die cutting, punching out}}. {{requires}} partibility[obs3], separability. {{&caused_by: decomposition &c. R49}}. V. divide[trans & intrans]. [intransitive] fall apart, come apart; come off, detach[1], fall off, come loose, get loose; come to pieces, fall to pieces, break apart. {{has_subtype(come off)}} {{has_action(surface layer, @R204)}} peel off[1], flake off, flake, scale. {{has_method}} {[with_obj(surface ayer, @R204)]} [trans] pull off, tear off, detach[2], peel off[2]. {{has_subtype(division[ptnt=group, R72])}} segregate. splinter. [trans & intrans] chip, crack, snap, break, tear, burst; wrench, rupture, shatter. [trans] split, sunder, rend asunder, split apart, chop, shiver, crunch, cranch[obs3], craunch[obs3]. {{has_subtype(split)}} split in two, cleave in twain, rend in twain. {{has_function(punch, @P2.3.1.3.12.4.1): @P2.8.1, punch, punch out}}. {{formed_by(piece[num=>1], @R51)}} chop up, cut up, slice up, cut to pieces, cut into pieces; rip up; hack, hew, slash; whittle, shave; haggle, hackle, discind[obs1], scramble, mangle, gash, hash. {{formed_by(piece[num=>1], @R51)}} {{used_in(plane, @R253a)}} plane. disintegrate; dismember, disbranch[obs3]; dislocate, disjoint; break up; mince; comminute &c. (pulverize) R330; apportion &c. R786. take to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces, tear to pieces; tear to tatters, tear piecemeal; divellicate[obs3]. {{has_subtype(pull to pieces)}} {[with_obj(animal, R366)]} tear limb from limb. {{has_subtype(tear limb from limb)}} quarter; draw and quarter. {{process_of(quarter): hang draw and quarter, @R972}}. {{has_subtype(pull off)}} {[with_obj(skin[from=body, R1001], @R1002): skin &c. R226]}. {{has_subtype(detach[2][ptnt=body part, R1002])}} dissect, anatomize; dislimb[obs3]. {{has_subtype(detach[2][ptnt=component part[num=>0], @P2.3])}} {[with_obj(complex object, @P2.3)]} [trans] disassemble, unassemble, take apart, break down. Adj. divided. detached. broken. {{has_subtype(broken)}} cracked; split, cleaved, cleft; torn, rent; chopped. cut up, sliced up, chopped up. dismembered; disintegrated. disassembled. dividing. <-- Roget heating has been divided into heating and combustion (384a) [[heating]] !!?? many artifacts here. They must be moved!! --> P2.6.1.3 THERMAL PHENOMENON N. thermal phenomenon, phenomenon of heat. P2.6.1.3.1 HEATING (R384) #384. Heating. N. {{has_function(heater, P2.3.1.3.17.1)}} heating, increase of temperature, calefaction[obs3], tepefaction[obs3], torrefaction[obs3]. {{required_for: melting, fusion; liquefaction &c. R335}}. {{required_for: distillation (vaporization) R336}}. boiling, simmering; coction[obs3], ebullition, estuation[obs3], elixation[obs1], decoction; ebullioscope[obs3]. {[of(ground water, @P2.3.1.1.5.1)]} {{causes: geyser, @P2.7.2.4}}. {{&caused_by}} heat exchange; diathermy. {{function_of(heat exchange)}} heat exchanger. {{has_subtype(heating, R384)}} {{has_subtype(preparation[of=food, R298][for=eating], R673): cooking, P2.8.7}}. {{function_of: furnace &c. R386}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype}} keeping warm. {{function_of(keeping warm): blanket, @R223}}. {{function_of(keeping warm): @P2.3.2.2.3.2, flannel, fur}}. {{function_of(keeping warm): clothing &c. R225; wadding &c. (lining) R224}}. {{used_in}} cremation, concremation[obs3]; cautery, cauterization; ustulation[obs3], calcination; cracking, refining; incineration, cineration[obs3]; carbonization; cupellation[Chem]; smelting, scorification[obs3]. {{used_in: still; fractionating column, fractionating tower, cracking tower}}. <-- incension[obs1], accension[obs3]; --> <-- [biological effects resembling the effects of heat] --> {[of(body)]}{{&causes: burn, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1}}. {{caused_by(burn, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} [substances causing a burning sensation and damage on skin or tissue] cauterizing agent, cauterizer. <-- catheretic[obs3] --> {{caused_by(burn, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1): @P2.3.1.3.4, acid, alkali}}. sunstroke, coup de soleil[Fr]; insolation. <-- [artifacts requiring heat in their manufacture] --> {{required_for: production[of=fired objects]}}. {{has_subtype(fired object): pottery, ceramics, crockery, porcelain, china; earthenware, stoneware; pot, mug, terra cotta[Sp], brick, clinker}}. <-- [products of heating organic materials] --> {{forms(heating[obj=coal]): coke; coal tar}}. {{forms(heating[obj=organic matter]): carbon}}. {{forms(heating[obj=wood]): charcoal, wood charcoal; wood alcohol; turpentine; tea tree oil}}. {{forms(heating[obj=petroleum]): @R388, gasoline, kerosene, naptha, fuel oil, wax, paraffin}}. {{forms(heating[obj=petroleum])}} {{has_subtype(mixture)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{property_of(sticky)}} {{property_of(complex, R59a)}} {{property_of(color[val=black], R428)}} residue, tar. {{has_method(transmission[of=heat, R382])}} thermal conduction, conduction; radiation, heat radiation. {{has_method(transmission[of=heat, R382])}} {{has_subtype(ascent[of=fluid, @R333], R305)}} {{has_action(fluid, @R333)}} convection. {{has_subtype(convection)}} upwelling. {{has_subtype(upwelling): upwelling, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4; mantle plume}}. {{requires(thermal conduction)}} heat conductivity, conductivity. {{has_subtype(heating)}} {{used_in(microwave radiation)}} diathermy[med.]. <-- diathermancy[obs3], transcalency[obs3], --> {{causes(heating)}} thermal expansion. {{has_measure(thermal expansion)}} coefficient of expansion. V. [transitive] heat, warm, make hot. {{causes: be hot, @R382}}. {[with_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} sun oneself, sunbathe, take the sun. {{has_subtype(heat[method=by rubbing])}} {[with_object(hand)]} chafe. <-- , stive[obs3], foment --> {{has_result: @R335, liquefy, melt, thaw, fuse}}. {{causes(heat)}} {[with_object(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{has_action(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} boil. {{has_subtype(boil[mode=slowly])}} simmer. [intrans.] seethe. {{used_in(boil/simmer): cook, P2.8.7}}. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(damage[by=heating])}} scald. <-- do to rags.? --> {{uses: blaze &c. (flame) @P2.6.1.3.3.1}}. Adj. heated, warmed, made hot. molten. rechauffe; heating &c. v.. <-- "heat" is generally taken as a temperature relative to that comfortable for a human (ca 20 deg. c), bnut also is intuitively thought of as a type of substance generated by a heat source, flowing to other bodies. This entry does not attempt to distinguish the two. --> P2.6.1.3.2 HEAT (R382) [[HEAT]] #382. Heat. N. {{has_subtype(energy, R171)}} heat, caloric. warmth, calidity[obs3]; incalescence[obs3], incandescence. {{has_measure}} temperature. {{has_subtype(temperature)}} {[of(atmosphere)]} atmospheric temperature. {{has_high_intensity}} high heat, intense heat, red heat, white heat. {{required_for: @R384, heating, warming}}. {{requires: @P2.3.1.17.1, heat source, source of heat, heater}}. {{has_subtype(heat source): @P2.6.1.3.3.1, fire, spark, scintillation, flash, flame, blaze, bonfire, wildfire}}. {{has_subtype(heat source): @P2.3.1.3.18.1, firework, pyrotechnic device}}. {{property_of(mythological)}} phlogiston. {{metaphor_of: fervor; glow, flush; fever, hectic}}. {{used_in: baking &c. R384}}. {{has_high_intensity}} blistering heat, tropical heat, Afric heat[obs3], Bengal heat[obs3], summer heat, blood heat. {{has_unit}} thermal unit. {{has_subtype(thermal unit)}} calorie, gram-calorie, small calorie; kilocalorie, kilogram calorie, large calorie; British Thermal Unit, BTU, "B.T.U."; therm, quad. {{has_unit(temperature)}} degree; degrees Kelvin, kelvins; degrees centigrade, degrees Celsius; degrees Fahrenheit. {{measured_by(temperature): thermometer, R389, P2.3.1.3.12.3.2}}. {{property_of(hot): @R349, sirocco, simoom}}. {{property_of(hot)}} broiling sun; insolation. {{property_of(hot)}} summer, dog days; canicular days[obs3]. {{has_instance(heat source): sun &c. (luminary) R423}}. {{studied_in}} thermodynamics; statistical mechanics; pyrology[obs3], thermotics[obs3]. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(treatise)}} thermology[obs3]. {{property_of: hot place}}. {{has_subtype(hot place): the tropics; Hell, Hades; kitchen}}. V. be hot. {{has_low_intensity}} be warm; be tepid. {{has_high_intenisty(be hot)}} glow, boil, burn, blister, broil; blaze, flame. {{has_subtype(be hot)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} flush, sweat, swelter, bask, pant. smoke, reek, stew, simmer, seethe; smolder; parch, fume. {{conceptual_part_of: heat &c. (make hot) R384}}. thaw, give. <-- recalesce[obs3]; ??. --> Adj. {{has_degree(temperature)}} hot; warm, tepid, lukewarm. thermal, thermic; unfrozen; calorific; fervent, fervid; ardent; aglow. mild, genial. {[of(atmospheric temperature)]} sunny, torrid, tropical, estival[obs2], canicular[obs3], steamy; close, sultry, stifling, stuffy, suffocating, oppressive; reeking &c. v.; baking &c. R384. {{has_high_intensity}} red hot, white hot, smoking hot, burning hot, piping hot, boiling hot, blistering hot; like a furnace, like an oven; burning, hot as fire, hot as pepper; hot enough to roast an ox, hot enough to boil an egg. fiery; incandescent, incalescent[obs3]; candent[obs3], ebullient, glowing, smoking; live; on fire; dazzling &c. v.; in flames, blazing, in a blaze; alight, afire, ablaze; unquenched, unextinguished[obs3]; smoldering; in a heat, in a glow, in a fever, in a perspiration, in a sweat; sudorific[obs3]; sweltering, sweltered; blood hot, blood warm; warm as a toast, warm as wool. volcanic, plutonic, igneous; isothermal[obs2], isothermic[obs2], isotheral[obs2]. Phr. hot as hell, hot as hades; "if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen"; not a breath of air; " whirlwinds of tempestuous fire " [Paradise Lost]. <-- Roget's "combustion" is essentially the same as "fire", so fire is given a separate entry [[combust]] --> P2.6.1.3.3 COMBUSTION (R384A) #384a. Combustion. N. {{has_subtype($oxidation)}} {{has_subtype(heat source, @P2.3.1.3.17.1)}} {{emitted_by(heat, R382/energy, R171)}} combustion, burning, ambustion[obs3]. &&{{has_property($oxidation): rapid}}. {{has_subtype: fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1}}. {{emits: heat; light}}. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} oxidizer. {{has_subtype(oxidizer): oxygen; chlorine}}. {[in_frame(rocketry)]} {{has_subtype(oxidizer)}} nitric acid; liquid oxygen, lox. {{&emits: light; heat}}. {{has_subtype(gas, P2.3)}} {{forms(combustion)}} {{property_of(hot, @R382)}} combustion gas, exhaust gas. {{has_beginning}} ignition. {{requires}} {{has_property(fuel, R388)}} inflammability, combustibility. {{produces}} cinder, ash; embers; soot; slag, scoriae. {{has_subtype(soot): lampblack, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.4}}. {{produces}} {{has_subtype(gas)}} combustion gas, fumes. {{consumes: fuel, R388, P2.3.1.2.4.5; oxidizer}}. {{has_subtype(oxidizer): oxygen}}. {{has_subtype(combustion gas)}} smoke. <-- empyrosis[obs3], --> V. combust. {{has_subtype: burn, P2.6.1.3.3.1}}. Adj. {{has_requirement(combustion)}} inflammable, combustible, flammable, burnable. burning, on fire. volcanic. {{causes}} scorched, burned, burnt, adust[obs3]. <-- diathermal[obs3], diathermanous[obs3]. --> Adv. aflame, in flames. Phr. where there's smoke, there's fire. <-- [[fire]] --> P2.6.1.3.3.1 FIRE N. {{has_subtype(COMBUSTION, P2.6.1.3.3)}} fire, blaze. {{has_epart}} flame, flames[pl]. {{has_unit(flame)}} tongue, tongue of flame. {{used_in}} burning, incinerating. spark, scintillation, flash. open fire; enclosed fire. conflagration, inflammation[obs2], adustion[obs3], flagration[obs1]. deflagration. sheet of fire, lambent flame; devouring element; recalescence[Phys]. {{used_in}} incineration, ashing. {{has_location(enclosed fire): heater, P2.3.1.3.17.1}}. {{has_subtype(open fire)}} {{property_of(controlled)}} campfire; bonfire. {{has_subtype(open fire)}} {{property_of(uncontrolled)}} wildfire. {{has_subtype(wildfire)}} {{location_of(forest)}} forest fire. {{has_subtype(wildfire)}} {{location_of(brush)}} brush fire, brushfire. {{has_subtype(wildfire)}} {{location_of(grass/field/grassland)}} grass fire. {{&has_location}} incinerator. {{has_subtype(burning[of=structure])}} incendiarism, arson. {{has_subtype(burning[of=heretic])}} auto da fe[Fr]. {{performed_by(arson)}} arsonist, incendiary, petroleuse[Fr]. coal fire; wood fire. <-- adiathermancy[obs3]. --> V. burn. {{has_commencement}} take fire, catch fire, ignite. go up in flames, burn to the ground. [transitive] {{caused_by(burn)}} {{has_commencement(burn)}} fire, set fire to, set on fire, kindle, enkindle, inflame, light, ignite; strike a light; apply the match to, apply the torch to. {{has_subtype(kindle[mode=again, @R104])}} rekindle, reignite, relume[obs3]. fan the flame, blow the fire; add fuel to the flame; poke the fire, stir the fire; make a bonfire of. [transitive] {{used_in(fire)}} roast, toast, fry, grill, singe, parch, bake, torrefy[obs3], scorch; brand, cauterize, sear, burn in; corrode, char, calcine, incinerate; smelt, scorify[obs3]; commit to the flames, consign to the flames. incinerate, ash, reduce to ashes; burn to a cinder. {{has_subtype(burn[mode=completely])}} {[of(structure)]} burn down. <-- part of Roget's "liquefaction" has been moved to "dissolution" at Physical Chemical phenomena. The original "liquefaction (under heat) has been divided into "melting" [[melting]] and condensation--> P2.6.1.3.4 MELTING #335. Melting. N. {{required_for(heating, P2.6.1.3.1)}} {{has_subtype(liquefaction, @P2.6.1)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} melting, fusion, liquescence[obs3], liquescency[obs3]. colliquation[obs1], colliquefaction[obs1]. {[of(snow/ice)]} thaw, thawing. {[of(ore)]} {{has_process(refining[obj=metal, P2.3.1.2.3])}} smelting. V. [t+i] melt, liquefy. {{caused_by}} [transitive] render liquid. {{has_subtype(run, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} [intransitive] run. {[of(ore)]} {{has_process(refine[obj=metal, P2.3.1.2.3])}} smelt. Adj. liquefied &c. v.; liquescent, liquefiable. P2.6.1.3.5 VAPORIZATION (R336) #336. Vaporization. N. {{&required_for(heating, P2.6.1.3.1)}} {{has_subtype(change of state, @P2.6.1)}} {{inverse_of(condensation, P2.6.1.3.7)}} vaporization, volatilization, evaporation, gasification, vaporation[obs3]. {{generates: gas, vapor}}. {{has_requirement}} {{has_subtype(pressure, @P2.2.1.1): vapor pressure, @P2.6.2}}. {{has_measure(vapor pressure): pressure, @P2.2.1.1}}. {{beginning_of}} {{!required_for(heating, P2.6.1.3.1)}} distillation; cupellation[Chem]; cohobation; sublimation, sublimination[obs3]. {{has_subtype(distillation)}} {{caused_by(chemical reaction)}} destructive distillation. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{has_subtype}} {{has_conceptual_part(distillation)}} {{causes(heating, P2.6.1.3.1)}} boiling. {{has_ending(distillation/sublimation): condensation, P2.6.1.3.7}}. {{&produces(evaporation)}} {{has_subtype(mineral/rock)}} evaporite. {{conceptual_part_of: exhalation}}. {{forms(distillation)}} {{has_subtype(liquid)}} distillate. {{forms(condensation)}} {{has_subtype(liquid)}} condensate. {{facilitated_on(vaporization)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} low-boiling substance. {{has_conceptual_part: vapor pressure, @P2.6.2}}. {{has_obj_requirement}} {{conceptual_part_of(vapor pressure, @P2.6.2)}} volatility. {{required_for}} drying. {{function_of}} vaporizer; still, distillation apparatus; retort. {{function_of}} mister, spray. {{used_in}} fumigation, steaming. <-- bay salt, chloride of sodium[obs2]. ??relation?? --> {{has_subtype}} bubbling, effervescence; evolution of gas. V. vaporize, evaporate, volatilize. distill; sublime. transpire, emit vapor. exhale, smoke, fume, reek, steam; fumigate[obs2]; cohobate[obs3]; finestill[obs3]. render gaseous, render vaporous. bubble, effervesce; boil. sparge. {{requires(vaporization)}} vaporizable. {{has_high_level(vaporizable)}} {{property_of(low-boiling substance)}} low-boiling. {{antonym_of(low-boiling)}} high-boiling. Adj. vaporized, volatilized, gasified. reeking &c. v.; volatile; evaporable[obs3], vaporizable. bubbly, effervescent, boiling. <-- here, cold is a relative term, but "very cold" is relative to normal ambient living temperatures. [[cold]] --> P2.6.1.3.6 COLD (R338) #383. Cold. N. {{antonym_of(heat, P2.6.1.3.2)}} cold, low temperature, coldness. {{has_high_intensity}} frigidness, freezing temperature, intense cold, frigidity[obs2]. {[of(weather)]} {{has_subtype(inclemency, P2.7.2.1)}} chilliness, iciness, frostiness. {{property_of: ice, @P2.3.1.1.5.1; snow, @P2.7.2.1}}. {{property_of: @P1.1.1.4, winter, depth of winter, hard winter}}. {{property_of(freezing temperature): @P2.3.1.3.4, freezing mixture, dry ice, liquid nitrogen, liquid helium}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(place, @R183)}} cold place. {{has_instance(cold place)}} Siberia; Novaya Zyemlya, Nova Zembla; Alaska; the poles; North Pole; South Pole; the Arctic, above the Arctic Circle; The Antarctic, below the Antarctic Circle; Antarctica. {{habitat_of(the Arctic): polar bear; caribou; reindeer}}. {{habitat_of(the Antarctic): penguin}}. {{has_high_intensity}} freezing temperature. {[of(weather)]} {{has_measure}} wind-chill factor. {{constitutes(ice, @P2.3.1.1.5.1)}} {{property_of(freezing temperature)}} {{property_of(natural): @P2.7.2.1, snow, snowflake, snow crystal, snow drift; sleet; hail, hailstone}}. {{constitutes(ice, @P2.3.1.1.5.1)}} {{property_of(freezing temperature)}} {{property_of(natural): @P2.3.1.1.5.1, rime, frost; hoar frost, white frost, hard frost, sharp frost; icicle; iceberg, icefloe; floe berg; glacier}}. <-- , fresco[obs3] [Sensation of cold]. to sensation M6.1.2. --> V. [stative] be cold. {{has_high_intensity(be cold)}} be freezing. {{&caused_by: refrogeration, R385}}. horripilate[obs3], make the skin crawl, give one goose flesh. Adj. {{has_degree(temperature)}} cold, cool; chill, chilly; icy; gelid, frigid, algid[obs3]. cold as a stone, cold as marble, cold as lead, cold as iron, cold as a frog, cold as charity, cold as Christmas; cool as a cucumber, cool as custard. {[of(weather)]} icy, glacial, frosty, freezing, pruinose[obs3], wintry, brumal[obs3], hibernal[obs3], boreal, arctic, Siberian, hyemal[obs3]; hyperborean, hyperboreal[obs3]; ice-bound; frozen out. unwarmed[obs3], unthawed[obs3]; lukewarm, tepid; isocheimal[obs3], isocheimenal[obs3], isocheimic[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} very cold, freezing. Adv. coldly, bitterly &c. adj.; pierre fendre[Fr]. Phr. cold as a witch's tit[vulg]; "Cold as a frog's leg in a pool, cold as the tip of an eskimo's tool, cold as a frozen mammoth's zit, cold, as cold as a witch's tit"; a stone-cold tomb. <-- vapor to liquid transition --> P2.6.1.3.7 CONDENSATION N. {{required_for(cold, P2.6.1.3.6)}} {{has_subtype(change of state, @P2.6.1)}} {{inverse_of(vaporization, P2.6.1.3.5)}} {{has_subtype(reduction[of=volume])}} condensation. {{produces: liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1}}. V. condense. {{has_subtype: precipitate, @P2.7.2.1}}. <-- This entry is for solidification due to cold. The general entry for solidification is under "solidity", R321. [[solidify]] --> P2.6.1.3.8 FREEZING N. {{&result_of(solidity, R321)}} {{has_subtype(solidification, @R321)}} {{formed_by(physical solid, P2.2.1.2)}} {{required_for(cold, P2.6.1.3.6)}} {{has_subtype(change of state, @P2.6.1)}} freezing, congelation[obs3], conglaciation[obs1]. congealing, solidation[obs3]. gelling, gelation, thickening. {[of(water)]} {{forms: ice, R383}}. condensation; caseation[obs3]; consolidation. {{similar_to: petrification &c. (hardening) R323}}. {[with_subj(vapor)]} sublimation; deposition; vapor deposition, epitaxial deposition. {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} {{prevented_by(freezing[ptnt=water])}} {{function_of(prevent[obj=freezing[ptnt=water]])}} antifreeze. V. {{has_subtype(solidify, @R321)}} {{&causes(cold, R383/refrigeration, R385)}} freeze, solidify. condense, thicken, gel. <-- note that freezing, above, is a solidification, and is caused by refrigeration, below. --> P2.6.1.3.9 REFRIGERATION (R385) #385. Refrigeration. N. {{antonym_of(heating, P2.6.1.3.1)}} refrigeration, cooling, infrigidation[obs3], reduction of temperature. {{has_result: decrease[of=temperatue]}}. {{&causes: freezing, P2.6.1.3.8; solidification, R321}}. {{function_of: refrigerator, R385}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(building)}} air conditioning; central air conditioning. V. cool, refrigerate, cool down. chill; fan; ice; freeze, glaciate. refresh. benumb, starve[obs2], pinch[obs2], petrify, regelate[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} chill to the marrow, nip, cut, pierce, bite, make one's teeth chatter. Adj. cooled &c. v.; frozen out; cooling &c. v.; frigorific[obs3]. <-- divide Roget R388a into insulation (R388a) and fire extinction (R388b) --> P2.6.1.3.10 INSULATION (R388A) #388a. Insulation. N. {{antonym_of(heating, R384)}} insulation, incombustible material, noncombustible material. fire wall, fire door. {{property_of}} insulator, heat insulator. {{has_property(heat insulator)}} incombustibility, incombustibleness. {{has_property(heat insulator)}} low heat conductivity. {{has_instance(heat insulator)}} amianth[obs3], amianthus[obs3]; earth-flax, mountain-flax; asbestos. {{has_subtype(additive)}} {{function_of(render[prop=incombustible])}} fire retardant, flame retardant. V. insulate. Adj. {{property_of(insulator)}} insulating. fireproof, flameproof, incombustible, nonflammable, uninflammable, unflammable[obs3]. {{has_property(fire retardant)}} fire retardant. P2.6.1.3.11 FIRE EXTINCTION (R388B) #388b. Fire extinction. N. {{has_method(extinguish[obj=fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1])}} fire extinction. forest fire fighting; structural fire fighting. {{performed_by: firefighter, P2.3.2.3.6.5.77}}. {{uses(firefighter)}} pumper, fire truck, hook and ladder, aerial ladder, bucket; fire hose, fire hydrant. {{uses(forest fire fighting)}} backfire, firebreak, trench; aerial water bombardment. {{uses}} wet blanket; fire extinguisher. {{has_subtype(fire extinguisher)}} soda and acid extinguisher; dry chemical extinguisher; CO-two extinguisher; carbon tetrachloride; foam; sprinklers, automatic sprinkler system; fire bucket, sand bucket. {{has_subtype(signal)}} {{function_of(detect[obj=fire])}} fire alarm, evacuation alarm. {{has_subtype(law)}} {{purpose_of(prevent[obj=fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1])}} fire code, fire regulation. {{has_subtype(violation[obj=fire code], @R742)}} fire code violation. {{&has_result(fire code violation)}} citation. {{job_of(enforce[obj=fire code])}} fire inspector. V. go out, die out, burn out; fizzle. extinguish; damp, slack, quench, smother; put out, stamp out; douse, snuff, snuff out, blow out. damp, slack quench; put out, stamp out; extinguish; go out, burn out (incombustibility) R388a. Phr. fight fire with fire. <-- (i) SOUND IN GENERAL Note that perception of sound is in the mental section., Note that we define a "source of sound". This is intended to mean the direct source of the pressure waves causing the actual sound, as distinct, for example, from a person on the other end of a telephone line, in which case the source would be the telephone receiver, not the speaker. [[acoustics]]--> P2.6.1.4 SOUND (R402) #402. Sound. N. {{has_subtype(wave[of=pressure], P2.4.2.3.17)}} sound. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(frequency, @P1.1.3.3)}} pitch, frequency. {{has_conceptual_part: duration, @P1.1.1.4}}. {{emitted_by}} {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(source, A7.1)}} source of sound, sound source. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of($pitch)}} tone, steady tone. &&{{has_property(pitch): uniform[over=time], @A2.2.1}}. {{property_of(disordered, R59)}} noise. {{property_of(ordered, R58): music, R415}}. {{has_measure}} intensity, sound intensity. {{has_units(sound intensity)}} bel; decibel. {{has_subtype}}{{has_requirement(hearing, M6.1.2.6.8)}} audible sound. {{has_property(audible sound): audibility, @M6.1.2.6.8}}. {{has_property(audible sound): sound intensity[val=>0 decibels]}}. {{&has_property: resonance &c. R408}}. {{studied_in}} acoustics; phonics, phonetics, phonology, phonography[obs3]; diacoustics[obs3], diaphonics[obs3]; phonetism[obs3]. {{has_subtype: voice, R580, M8.1.3.3.2.3.1}}. {{has_high_intensity(sound, R402)}} intense sound. {{has_subtype(noise)}} {{has_subtype(intense sound): @P2.6.1.4.R2, din, racket; blare; clang, clangor; clatter, roar}}. {{property_of(intense sound): sound intensity[val=>85 decibels]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{emits(speaker)}} electronic sound. {{function_of(amplify[obj=sound], @A6.1.1)}} {{shape_of(cone)}} megaphone, speaking trumpet. {{function_of(amplify[obj=sound], @A6.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(artifact)}} ear trumpet; hearing aid; stethoscope. V. produce sound, sound, make a noise, give out sound, emit sound. {{has_subtype: resound &c. R408}}. Adj. acoustic; phonic, phonocamptic[obs3]. sounding; soniferous[obs3]; sonorous, sonorific[obs3]; resonant; phonetic. {{has_property(audible sound): @M6.1.2.6.8, audible, distinct}}. {{antonym_of(audible): @M6.1.2.6.8, inaudible, indistinct}}. {{has_low_intensity(audible): @M6.1.2.6.8, scarcely audible, just audible, barely audible}}. sonic. Adv. acoustically. audibly. Phr. "a thousand trills and quivering sounds " [Addison]; forensis strepitus[Lat]. P2.6.1.4.R1 SILENCE (R403) #403. Silence. N. {{has_subtype(quiet, R265, P2.4.2.R1)}} {{has_extreme(faintness, P2.6.1.4.R3)}} silence, quiet, noiselessness, soundlessness; peace, hush, lull; solemn silence, awful silence, dead silence, deathlike silence. {{&caused_by}} muting, silencing. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): muteness &c. R581]}. {{function_of(silencing)}} silencer; sound insulation. V. be silent &c. adj.; hold one's tongue &c. (not speak) R585. render silent &c. adj.; silence, still, hush; stifle, muffle, stop; muzzle, put to silence &c. (render mute) R581. Adj. silent; still, stilly; noiseless, soundless; hushed &c. v.; mute &c. R581. soft, solemn, awful, deathlike, silent as the grave; inaudible &c. (faint) R405. Adv. silently &c. adj.; sub silentio[Lat]. Int. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&caused_by}} "hush!", "silence!", "soft!", "whist!", "tush!"; "chut!"[obs3]; "tut!"; "pax!"[Lat]; "be quiet!"; "be silent!", "be still!", "shut up!"[rude]; "chup!"[obs3], "chup rao!"; "tace!"[It]. Phr. one might hear a feather drop, one might hear a pin drop, so quiet you could hear a pin drop; grosse Seelen dulden still [German]; le silence est la vertu de ceux qui ne sont pas sages [Fr]; le silence est le parti le plus sar de celui se defie de soi-meme[Fr]; "silence more musical than any song " [C. G. Rossetti]; tacent satis laudant[Latin]; better to be silent and thought a fool than to speak up and remove all doubt. <-- Most f the original Roget "loudness" cocnerned the perception of sound, (the psychological phenomenon of loudness), and has been moved to at M6.1.2.6.R2. Some of these remaining parts probably should be moved there. --> P2.6.1.4.R2 LOUDNESS (R404) #404. Loudness. N. {{has_property(intense sound, @R402)}} loudness, power, noisiness. {{has_subtype(intense sound, @R402)}} din, racket; blare; clang, clangor; clatter, noise, bombilation[obs3], roar. {{has_subtype(intense sound, @R402)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} uproar, hubbub, bobbery[obs3], fracas, charivari[obs3]. {{has_subtype(intense sound, @R402)}} trumpet blast, flourish of trumpets, fanfare, tintamarre[obs3], peal, swell, blast, larum[obs3], boom; bang (explosion) R406; resonance &c. R408. {{has_subtype(intense sound, @R402)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): vociferation, hullabaloo &c. R411]}. {{property_of}} {{has_instance(person, P2.3.2.3)}} Stentor. {{property_of(intense sound, @R402): artillery, cannon; thunder}}. {{has_high_intensity}} {{property_of(sound intensity[val=>100 decibels])}} deafening sound. V. be loud, be noisy. {{has_high_intensity}} be deafening. peal, swell, clang, boom, thunder, blare, fulminate, roar. {{conceptual_part_of: resound &c. R408}}. {[of(voice): speak up, shout &c. (vociferate) R411; bellow &c. (cry as an animal) R412]}. rend the air, rend the skies; fill the air; din in the ear, ring in the ear, thunder in the ear; pierce the ears, split the ears, rend the ears, split the head; deafen, stun; faire le diable a quatre[Fr]; make one's windows shake, rattle the windows; awaken the echoes, startle the echoes; wake the dead. Adj. loud, noisy, sonorous. high-sounding, big-sounding; deep, full, powerful, blatant, clangorous, multisonous[obs3]; trumpet-tongued. {[of(music/electronic sound)]} blaring. {{has_high_intensity}} {{has_property(deafening sound)}} {{property_of(sound intensity[val=>100 decibels])}} deafening, ear-splitting, ear-rending, ear-deafening; piercing; obstreperous, rackety, uproarious; thundering; enough to wake the dead, enough to wake seven sleepers. shrill, cacophonous, piercing. stentorian, stentorophonic[obs1]. {{has_subtype: @R411, clamorous, vociferous}}. Adv. loudly, noisily; aloud; at the top of one's voice, at the top of one's lungs, lustily, in full cry. {{has_high_intensity}} deafeningly, piercingly, thunderingly. Phr. the air rings with; "the deep dread-bolted thunder" [Lear]; "loud enough to wake the dead". P2.6.1.4.R3 FAINTNESS (R405) #405. Faintness. N. {{has_property(faint sound)}} faintness, softness. {{has_low_intensity(sound, R402)}} faint sound, soft sound. <-- these words are generic, not just for voice --> {[of(voice, R580)]} faint speech. <-- all of the "faint speech" words are also used metaphorically for faint sounds --> {{has_subtype(faint speech)}} {{has_metaphor(faint sound): whisper, @R582}}. {{has_subtype(faint speech)}} breath, undertone, underbreath[obs3]. {{has_subtype(faint sound)}} {{part_of(whisper, @R582)}} susurration, murmur. {{has_subtype(faint sound)}} hum. {{has_subtype(faint sound)}} {{has_subtype(ringing, M6.1.2.6.3.1)}} tinkle, tinkling. {{&caused_by(faint speech)}} hoarseness, huskiness, raucity[obs3]. V. be faint, be soft, be hard to hear. breathe, purl, hum, gurgle, ripple, babble, flow; tinkle, susurrate[obs3]. {[of(voice)]} {{&caused_by}} speak low, speak softly, speak faintly. {{has_subtype(speak softly)}} {{has_metaphor(be faint): @R582, whisper, murmur}}. {[of(voice)]} {{&caused_by: mutter &c. (speak imperfectly) R583}}. steal on the ear; melt in the air, float on the air. Adj. faint. whispering, murmuring, susurrant[obs3], susurrous[obs3]. low, dull; stifled, muffled; hoarse, husky; gentle, soft, faint; floating; purling, flowing &c. v.; liquid; soothing; dulcet &c. (melodious) R413. {{has_subtype(faint)}} {[of(speech, M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1): whispered, @M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1]}. {{has_high_intensity(faint)}} {{has_low_intensity(audible, @R418)}} inaudible; scarcely audible, just audible. Adv. faintly. {[of(voice, R580)]} in a whisper, with bated breath, sotto voce[Lat], between the teeth, aside; piano, pianissimo; de la sourdine[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @M6.1.2.6.8, inaudibly}}. {{&caused_by(faintly)}} {{has_subtype(distance)}} out of earshot, too far away. Phr. " still small voice". <-- 420 - 427 Electromagnetic radiation generally wavelength propagation intensity absorption refraction, focusing reflection interference collimation visible light (TE 334 - 340) 420. Light 421. Darkness 422. Dimness 423. Luminary 424. Shade 425. Transparency 427. Semitransparency 426. Opacity ultraviolet, uv infrared, ir xrays microwave gamma rays radio waves magnetism Subatomic physics astronomy, cosmology mechanics (TE 346) Applied physics, technology meteorology TE 347 tools TE 348 automation TE 342 electronics Technically, we should distinguish quantity of light from intensity. Not done yet (6-16-94). Ther are three types of "reflection", action, a type of light, and an image. [[light]] --> P2.6.1.5 LIGHT (R420) #420. Light. N. {{!has_subtype(electromagnetic radiation, P2.2.1.1.1)}} {{!emits(luminary, R423, P2.6.1.5.R6)}} {{!needed_for(luminary, R423, P2.6.1.5.R6)}} light. <-- naive Newtonian optics here, no curved space! --> {{constitutes}} {{has_subtype(path[of=light], R627)}} {{property_of(straight, @R246)}} light ray, ray, beam, stream, gleam, streak, pencil. {{consists_of: photon[num=>0], @P2.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(sky, @P2.3.1.1.3)}} aurora. visible light; infrared light; ultraviolet light. {{has_subtype(light)}} monochromatic light; polychromatic light. {{has_property(monochromatic light): wavelength[num=1], @P2.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_property(polychromatic light): wavelength[num=>1], @P2.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_property(polychromatic light)}} {{has_subtype(numerical dispersion, @A2.6.1.2)}} dispersion[of=wavelength, @P2.2.1.1.1], wavelength dispersion. {{has_subtype(visible light)}} {{has_subtype(polychromatic light)}} {{has_subtype(mixture[2], @R41)}} white light. {{has_component(white light): primary color[num=>3]}}. {{has_property(primary color): wavelength dispersion[val=narrow]}}. transmitted light. {{has_subtype}} {{co-occurs_with(day)}} {{emits(earth's sun)}} daylight, sunlight, sunshine, light of day, light of heaven. {{has_part(sunlight)}} {{has_subtype(light ray)}} sunbeam. {{emits(candle)}} candlelight. firelight. {{has_subtype}} {{&emits(electron[when=moving, @R264], @P2.3.1.1.2)}} Cerenkov radiation. {{emits(reflector)}} reflected light. {{co-occurs_with (night)}} {{emits(moon)}} {{has_subtype(reflected light)}} moonlight, moonglade[obs3], moonshine. {{has_part(moonlight)}} {{has_subtype(light ray)}} moonbeam. {{co-occurs_with(night)}} {{emits(star)}} starlight, owl's light. {{exhibits}} {{has_subtype(recoil[of=light], P2.6.1.2.4.2)}} reflection[1], reflexion[Brit], reflecting. {{has_subtype}} {{constitutes(reflected light)}} reflection[2]. {{has_subtype(image)}} {{has_subtype(reflection[2])}} reflection[3]. {{exhibits(transmitted light)}} {{affects(wavelength)}} {{has_subtype(bending)}} refraction, refractivity. {{has_property(refraction)}} dispersion, optical dispersion. {{required_for(reflection)}} reflector. {{emitted_by: luminary, R423}}. {{emitted_by(daylight): sun, @P2.3.1.1.3}}. {{emitted_by(moonlight): moon, @P2.3.1.1.3}}. {{emitted_by(starlight): star, @P2.3.1.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(daylight)}} {{co-occurs_with(midday)}} broad daylight, noontide light, noonday sun. glow &c. v.; glimmering &c. v.; glint; play of light, flood of light; phosphorescence, lambent flame. halo, glory, nimbus, aureola; corona. spark, scintilla; facula; sparkling &c. v.; scintillation, flash, coruscation. {{has_high_intensity}} {{property_of(bright)}} bright light, blaze, glare, dazzling light. {{emitted_by: fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(reflection[2])}} glitter, shimmer. {{has_subtype(reflection[2])}} luster, radiance; gloss. {{has_subtype(reflection[2])}} {{exhibits(fabric)}} sheen. {{exhibits(gemstone): radiance}}. {{exhibited_by(glitter)}} tinsel; spangle. effulgence, splendor, brilliance, resplendence, refulgence; fulgor[obs3], fulgidity[obs3]; dazzlement[obs3], transplendency[obs3]. {{required_for}} irradiation; illumination. {{has_measure}} light quantity. {{has_units(light quantity)}} lumen. {{has_property}} brightness[1], light intensity, illuminance. {{has_units(illuminance)}} foot-candle. {{{has_relative_val(lumens + square feet): foot-candles}}}. {{has_high_intensity(illuminance)}} {{has_property(bright light)}} brightness[2], brilliancy. actinic rays, actinism. {{used_in: photography, P2.3.1.3.6.2}}. {{measured_by: photometer, @R445}}. {{studied_in}} optics; photology[obs3], photometry; dioptrics[obs3], catoptrics[obs3]. {[in_frame(image)]} {{has_extreme(brightness)}} maximum brightness. {[in_frame(image)]} {{has_extreme(dimness)}} mimimum brightness. {[in_frame(image)]} {{{has_difference(maximum brightness + minimum brightness)}}} contrast, tone, tonality, range of brightness. {{has_high_intensity(contrast)}} high contrast, broad contrast. {{has_subtype(high contrast)}} chiaroscuro, clairobscur[obs3], clear obscure, light and shade, black and white. {{used_in(reflection[of=sunlight])}} {{has_subtype(communication)}} heliography. {{has_subtype}}{{emits(laser)}}{{property_of(collimated)}} laser light. {{has_property(visible light): wavelength[val=400-800 nanometers]}}. <-- emication[obs1], fulguration[obs3], --> <-- most verbs meaning to shine can be used for the original emmiters of light as well as for sources of reflected light --> V. [stative] be lighted, be lit, be visible. [stative] shine, glow, give off light, give out light. [stative] be bright, be lit up, be illuminated. <-- this "emit" is for sources of light, not reflectors --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_paction(luminary, R423)}} emit light. {{has_subtype(be lighted)}} {{has_paction(reflector, @R420)}} reflect, reflect light. glitter, sparkle, scintillate, coruscate, flash; glister, glisten; twinkle, gleam; flare, flare up; glare, beam, shimmer, glimmer, flicker, blaze; daze, dazzle, bedazzle, radiate, shoot out beams; fulgurate. {{has_subtype(reflect light[mode=brightly]): sparkle; glitter}}. clear up, brighten. {{&caused_by(be lit up)}} [transitive] light up[1], illuminate, shine upon, lighten, enlighten, cast light upon, cast light in, throw light upon, throw light in, shed light upon, shed luster upon, illume[obs3], illumine; irradiate. hang out a light; strike a light. fluoresce; phosphoresce. {{caused_by(emit light)}} light, light up[2]. {{has_subtype(light[obj=fuel]): @P2.6.1.3.3.1, kindle, rekindle, set fire to}}. Adj. lighted, lit; aglow, lit up. shining, glowing, giving off light, vivid. luminous, luminiferous[obs3]; lucid, lucent, luculent[obs3], lucific[obs3], luciferous; lightsome. {{has_high_intensity(lighted)}} bright, light, brightly lighted. splendent[obs3], nitid[obs3], lustrous, shiny, beamy[obs3], scintillant[obs3], radiant, lambent; sheen, sheeny; glossy, burnished, glassy. {{has_property(daylight)}} sunny, meridian, orient[ob3]; noonday, tide; cloudless, clear; unclouded, unobscured[obs3]. garish, gairish[obs3]; resplendent, transplendent[obs3]; refulgent, effulgent; fulgid[obs3], fulgent[obs3]; relucent[obs3], splendid, blazing, in a blaze, ablaze, rutilant[obs3], meteoric, phosphorescent. {{has_high_intensity(bright)}} bright as silver; light as day, bright as day, light as noonday, bright as noonday, bright as the sun at noonday. actinic; photogenic[obs2], graphic; heliographic; heliophagous[obs3]. Phr. " a day for gods to stoop and men to soar " [Tennyson]; "dark with excessive bright" [Milton]. P2.6.1.5.1 DIMNESS (R422) #422. Dimness. N. {{has_low_intensity(darkness, R421)}} dimness, gloominess. {{property_of}} partial shadow, penumbra. {{has_subtype: paleness &c. (light color) R429}}. {{property_of}} half light, demi-jour; shadow of a shade; glimmer, gliming[obs3]. {{property_of: nebulosity}}. {{property_of: aurora, @R423}}. {[of(daylight)]} {{property_of: @R126, dusk, twilight}}. {[of(daylight)]} {{property_of: @R125, twilight, break of day, daybreak, dawn}}. {{property_of: @P2.6.1.5, moonlight, moonbeam, moonglade[obs3], moonshine, starlight, owl's light, candlelight, rushlight, firelight, farthing candle}}. {{&caused_by: @R426, mist, cloud}}. {{&caused_by: cloud, R353a}}. {{&causes: indistinguishability; invisibility}}. V. be dim, grow dim &c. adj.; flicker, twinkle, glimmer; loom, lower; fade; pale, pale its ineffectual fire [Hamlet]. render dim &c. adj.; dim, bedim[obs3], obscure; darken, tone down. Adj. {{has_low_intensity(dark, R421)}} dim. dull, lackluster, dingy, darkish, dusky, shorn of its beams. faint, shadowed forth; glassy; cloudy; blear; muggy[obs2], fuliginous[obs3]; nebulous, nebular; obnubilated[obs3], overcast, crepuscular, muddy, lurid, leaden, dun, dirty; looming &c. v.. pale &c. (colorless) R429. {{&causes: @R447, confused, invisible}}. <-- Roget's R424, shade included also "mask" which should be under concealment. It was moved to R528, below--> P2.6.1.5.1.R1 SHADE (R424) #424. Shade. N. {{function_of(create[obj= shadow, @R421])}} {{property_of(opacity)}} shade. parasol, sunshade. umbrella. {{has_subtype(umbrella)}} {{property_of(compactible)}} folding umbrella. chick; portiere; screen; curtain; shutter; blind; mantle. {{has_function: block[obj=illumination]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(window)}} window shade. {{has_subtype(blind)}} {{location_of(window)}} Venetian blind. {{has_subtype(umbrella)}} {{property_of(large)}} beach umbrella. {{causes: dimness, P2.6.1.5.1}}. {{has_subtype: awning &c. (cover) R223}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(natural): cloud, mist, gathering of clouds}}. gauze, veil, chador. V. draw a curtain; put up a shutter, close a shutter; veil &c. v.; cast a shadow &c. (darken) R421. Adj. shady, umbrageous. Phr. " welcome ye shades! ye bowery thickets hail " [Thomson]. <-- A "shadow" is listed here under darkness, but probably should be under "dimness" [[dark]] --> P2.6.1.5.R1 DARKNESS (R421) #421. Darkness. N. {{antonym_of(light, R420)}} darkness, absence of light. blackness; obscurity, gloom, murk. {{has_low_intensity(darkness): dimness, R422}}. {{not_part_of(light)}} {{has_high_intensity(darkness)}} total darkness, absolute darkness. {{has_instance}} Cimmerian darkness, Stygian darkness, Egyptian darkness. {{property_of: dark color, R431}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(night, R126a)}} moonless night; starless night. {{has_subtype}} shade, shadow, umbra, umbrage. {{needs(shadow): luminary, R423, P2.6.1.5.R6 + shadowing body}}. <-- we need an object which would be illuminated, except for some intervening object. "location" should be more specific??? --> {{has_location(shadow)}} shadowed object. {{caused_by(shadow)}} {{&has_result(alignment, @R278)}} {{required_for(alignment)}} {{has_result(interposition[of=shadowing body][between=light source + shadowed object])}} shadowing, occultation, masking, obscuration, adumbration, obumbration[obs3]; obtenebration[obs3], offuscation[obs1], caligation[obs1]. {{caused_by(shadowing)}} {{has_subtype(opaque object, @P2.6.1.5.R3)}} shadowing body, occulting body. <-- this "mask" is the kind used for making integrated circuits --> {{has_subtype(shadowing body)}} mask. {{has_subtype(shadowing body): shade, P2.6.1.5.1.R1}}. {{has_subtype(shadowing body)}} {{has_subtype(tree): shade tree, @P2.3.2.1.2.3}}. {{{between(shadowing body): light source + shadow}}}. {{property_of(aligned/in-line): light source + shadowing body + shadow}}. {{&has_location(shadow): @P2.3.1.1.6.2.6, woods, forest, glade}}. {{&caused_by: extinction[of=luminary]}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(occultation): @P2.6.1.8, eclipse, total eclipse}}. {[of(day)]} {{caused_by}} gathering of the clouds. {{conceptual_part_of}} shading; distribution of shade; chiaroscuro &c. (light) R420. noctivagation[obs3]. {{property_of(dark)}} black body; hohlraum[Phys]; black hole; dark star; dark matter, cold dark matter. blind man's holiday; darkness visible, darkness that can be felt; palpable obscure; Erebus. {{causes: invisibility, R447}}. <-- ; sciagraphy[obs3] --> V. be dark. {{caused_by}} darken, obscure, shade; dim; tone down, lower; overcast, overshadow; eclipse; obfuscate, offuscate[obs1]; obumbrate[obs3], adumbrate; cast into the shade becloud, bedim[obs3], bedarken[obs3]; cast a shade, throw a shade, spread a shade, cast a shadow, cast a gloom, throw a shadow, spread a shadow, cast gloom, throw gloom, spread gloom. {[of(luminary)]} {{caused_by}} extinguish; put out, blow out, snuff out; douse, doubt[obs2]. {{&caused_by}} turn out the lights, douse the lights, dim the lights, turn off the lights, switch off the lights. Adj. dark, darksome[obs3], darkling. obscure, tenebrious[obs3], sombrous[obs3]; caliginous[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} pitch dark, pitchy, pitch black. sunless, lightless; somber, dusky; unilluminated, unlighted; nocturnal; dingy, lurid, gloomy; murky, murksome[obs3]; shady, umbrageous. darkened; blackened; eclipsed, occulted, obscured. {{has_high_intensity}} dark as pitch, dark as a pit, dark as Erebus. benighted; noctivagant[obs2], noctivagous[obs2]. {{has_low_intensity: dim, R422}}. {[of(color, R431): black, dark]}. Adv. in the dark, in the shade. Phr. " brief as the lightning in the collied night " [M. N. D.]; " eldest Night and Chaos, ancestors of Nature " [P. L.]; " the blackness of the noonday night " [Longfellow]; " the prayer of Ajax was for light " [Longfellow]; "the jaws of darkness " [Midsummer Night's Dream]; "sable-vested night " [Milton]. <-- This section, hiding, refers to hiding things from sight. IT was mixed in with "concealment" in communication (at M8.1.2.2) but is relocated here because of its relationship to light. It still has the two meanings of a person hiding, and an object being invisible, plus "furtiveness", a concealment of action. "Masking", to prevent illumination, should be a fourth concept. [[conceal, hide]] --> P2.6.1.5.R1.1 CONCEALMENT #528. Concealment. N. {{has_method(avoid[obj=detection, @M6.1/observation, @M6.1.2.7.3.1/illumination], R623)}} concealment, hiding. occultation, masking; secreting. stealth, stealthiness, sneakiness; obreption[obs1]. {{has_subtype(concealment[obj=information, M3.1.1.2]): reticence, M8.1.2.2}}. {{has_subtype: camouflage, R530}}. {{causes: invisibility, R447}}. {{uses: screen &c. R530; disguise &c. R530; hiding place &c. R530}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(disguise)}} masquerade. {{uses(masquerade)}} mask. {{has_subtype(mask)}} ski mask; nylon stocking. {{has_result}} privacy, secrecy, secretness[obs3]; incognita. {{has_subtype: seclusion &c. R893}}. {{property_of(concealed)}} masked battery. {{performed_by}} stowaway. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor}} snake in the grass. {{uses(occultation)}} mask. {{&has_method: burial}}. {{property_of(hidden)}} buried treasure. {{&has_method(concealment): darkness, R421}}. {{&uses(concealment)}} {{conceptual_part_of(darkness, R421)}} {{co-occurs_with(night, R126a)}} cover of night. {{requires(concealment): opacity, R426; darkness, R421}}. <-- latitancy[obs3], latitation[obs3]; ?? --> V. {{has_method(avoid[obj=detection/observation])}} [transitive] conceal, hide, secrete, put out of sight. lock up, seal up, bottle up. [transitive] cover, screen, cloak, veil, shroud; cover up one's tracks; screen from sight, screen from observation; draw the veil on, draw the curtain on, close the curtain on; curtain, shade, eclipse, throw a view over; becloud, befog; mask, bemask, disguise; ensconce, muffle, smother. [intransitive] be concealed, be hidden, be out of sight. [intransitive] {{&caused_by(be hidden)}} keep out of sight, stay out of sight, suffer an eclipse; get out of sight, retire from sight, couch; hide, hide oneself; lie hid, lie in perdu[Fr], lie in close; seclude oneself &c. R893; lurk, sneak, skulk, slink, prowl; steal into, steal out of, steal by, steal along; play at bopeep[obs3], play at hide and seek; hide in holes and corners; still hunt. {{causes(conceal)}} {{antonym_of(be seen)}} escape notice, escape detection, not be seen. {{has_subtype(hide onself): lie in ambush (ambush) R530}}. {{has_subtype(conceal[obj=information, M3.1.1.2]): be reticent, @M8.1.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} {{has_method(keep out of sight)}} move under the cloak of darkness, move under cover of night, work under the cloak of darkness, work under cover of night. Adj. concealed, hidden, out of sight. undercover, behind closed doors, under the counter. under wraps, kept under wraps; covered up. {[when_modifying(payment, R807)]} off the books. occult, secret, recondite, mystic, cabalistic, dark; cryptic, cryptical[obs3]; private, privy, in petto, auricular, clandestine, close, inviolate; tortuous. behind a screen; under an eclipse; in ambush, in hiding, in disguise; in a cloud, in a fog, in a mist, in a haze, in a dark corner; in the shade, in the dark; clouded, wrapped in clouds, wrapt in clouds[obs3]; buried, underground, perdu[Fr]. {{&consequence_of: secluded &c. R893}}. {{requires(concealed): opaque, R426}}. {{causes(concealed): invisible, R447}}. {{&consequence_of(out of sight)}} furtive, stealthy, secretive, evasive, obreptitious[obs3], feline; skulking, lurking, lying in wait &c. v.; surreptitious, underhand, underhanded, hole and corner; sly &c. (cunning) R702. {{has_subtype(concealed)}} {[in_frame(communication)]} {[with_obj(information, M3.1.1.2/document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): @M8.1.2.2, undisclosed, withheld, kept confidential, kept secret]}. Adv. secretly &c. adj.; in secret, in private, in one's sleeve, in holes and corners; in the dark &c. adj.. januis clausis[Lat], with closed doors, a huis clos[Fr]; hugger mugger, a la derobee[Fr]; under the cloak of, under the rose, under the table; sub rosa[Lat], en tapinois[Fr], in the background, aside, on the sly, with bated breath, sotto voce[Lat], in a whisper, without beat of drum, a la sourdine[obs3]. behind the veil; beyond mortal ken, beyond the grave, beyond the veil; hid from mortal vision; into the eternal secret, into the realms supersensible[obs3], into the supreme mystery. underhand, underhandedly, by stealth, like a thief in the night; stealthily &c. adj.; behind the scenes, behind the curtain, behind one's back, behind a screen, behind closed doors; incognito; in camera. {{has_property(move under cover of night)}} under the cloak of darkness, under cover of night. furtively, stealthily, surreptitiously; secretively, evasively. {{has_subtype(secretly): slyly, @R702}}. <-- [Means of concealment]. [[disguise]] was M8.1.2.4 --> P2.6.1.5.R1.2 CAMOUFLAGE (R530) #530. Camouflage. N. {{uses(concealment, R528)}} camouflage, disguise, mimicry. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} hiding place, secret place. {{has_subtype(hiding place)}} {{has_subtype(drawer, @P2.3.1.3.20)}} secret drawer. {{has_subtype(hiding place): closet, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1}}. {{has_subtype(hiding place)}} recess; hold; holes and corners; crypt, adytum[obs3], abditory[obs3], oubliette. {{has_subtype(hiding place)}} inside a mattress; under a mattress. {{has_subtype(hiding place)}} {{has_subtype(container, P2.3.1.3.9)}} disguised container. {{&used_in: @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.2, ambush, ambuscade}}. {{has_subtype}}{{uses(ambush, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.2)}} lurking hole, lurking place. secret path, back stairs; retreat &c. (refuge) R666. stalking horse. {{has_metaphor}} screen, cover, shade, blinker; veil, curtain, blind, cloak, cloud. {{has_metaphor}} mask, visor, masquerade dress, domino. {{has_subtype(disguise)}} {{has_subtype(clothing, P2.3.1.3.5)}} costume, masquerade. {{used_in(costume)}} masquerade ball, masquerade; masqerade party. {{has_subtype(costume)}} Halloween costume. pitfall &c. (source of danger) R667; trap &c. (snare) R545. V. blend in, blend into the background. lie in ambush &c. (hide oneself) R528; lie in wait for, lurk; set a trap for &c. (deceive) R545; ambuscade, ambush. [transitive] camouflage. Adj. camouflaged, hidden, concealed. Adv. aux aguets[obs3]. P2.6.1.5.R2 TRANSPARENCY (R425) #425. Transparency. N. {{antonym_of(opacity, P2.6.1.5.R3)}} transparence, transparency, clarity, pellucidness, limpidity, pellucidity[obs3]. crystallinity, glassiness. {{has_low_intensity: @P2.6.1.5.R5, translucence, translucency, lucidity, diaphaneity}}. transillumination, translumination[obs3]. {{property_of: transparent medium, glass, crystal, lymph, vitrite[obs3], water, air}}. {{&has_property(crystal): fluorescence, @P2.6.1.5.R6}}. V. be transparent &c. adj.; transmit light. Adj. transparent, pellucid, clear, limpid. glassy, crystalline, clear as crystal, vitreous, transpicuous[obs3], hyaline; hyaloid[Med], vitreform[obs3]. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} serous. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{has_high_intensity(transparent)}} colorless, water-white. {{has_low_intensity: @P2.6.1.5.R5, diaphanous, translucent, lucid, tralucent[obs1], relucent[obs3]}}. P2.6.1.5.R3 OPACITY (R426) #426. Opacity. N. {{antonym_of(transparency, P2.6.1.5.R2)}} opacity, opaqueness. {{property_of: dense cloud, @R353a}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} opaque object. {{property_of: @P2.6.1.5.1.R1, shade, mask}}. {{property_of}} {{has_part(camera)}} lens cover. {{property_of: pea-soup fog, @P2.7.2.1.1}}. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{extreme_of: turbidity, R426a}}. V. be opaque &c. adj.; obstruct the passage of light; obfuscate, offuscate[obs1]. Adj. opaque, impervious to light, adiaphanous[obs3]. turbid, thick, muddy, thick as pea soup, opacous[obs1]; obfuscated. smoky, fumid[obs3], murky, dirty. <-- "turbidity" is usually used of liquids, not solids, so we label it that way --> P2.6.1.5.R4 TURBIDITY (R426A) #426a. Turbidity. N. {{has_subtype(diffusion[of=light])}} {{&has_property(fluid)}} turbidity, cloudiness. smokiness, murkiness, dirtiness. {{has_low_intensity}} haze, haziness. {{property_of: fog}}. {{has_high_intensity}} muddiness, obscurity. {{measured_by}} nephelometer; turbidimeter. Adj. turbid. {{has_low_intensity}} hazy; misty. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{has_high_intensity}} thick, muddy, obfuscated, murky, dirty. foggy, vaporous. {[of(gas)]} {{has_high_intensity}} smoky, fumid[obs3]; sooty, fuliginous[obs3]. {{has_subtype: cloudy, R353a}}. P2.6.1.5.R5 TRANSLUCENCE #427. Semitransparency. N. {{has_subtype(diffusion[of=light])}} {{&has_property(solid/fluid)}} {{has_low_intensity(whiteness)}} translucence, semitransparency, translucency, semiopacity, lucidity. {{similar_to}} {{has_subtype(thinness, @R203)}} diaphaneity. opalescence, milkiness, pearliness[obs3]. {{property_of(diaphaneity)}} gauze, muslin; film; mica, mother-of-pearl, nacre. {{property_of: cloud, P2.2.2.2.2.5, R353a}}. [opalescent jewel] opal. turbidity &c. R426a. Adj. semitransparent, translucent, semipellucid[obs3], semidiaphanous[obs3], semiopacous[obs3], semiopaque; opalescent, opaline[obs3]; pearly, milky; frosted, nacreous. V. opalesce. <-- [[lamp]] --> <-- [Source of light, self-luminous body.] --> P2.6.1.5.R6 LUMINARY (R423) #423. Luminary. N. {{emitted_by(light, R420)}} luminary, light emitter, luminous object, glowing object, source of illumination, light source, source of light. {{has_property}} luminousness, brightness, luminosity, lucidity[obs3]; radiance. {{has_subtype: fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1}}. spark, scintilla. zodiacal light; anthelion[obs3]; Lucifer; mock sun, parhelion. aurora, polar lights; northern lights, aurora borealis; southern lights, aurora australis. {{has_subtype: @P2.7.2.1, lightning, chain lightning, fork lightning, sheet lightning, summer lightning, ball lightning, kugelblitz [German]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{not_needed_for(combustion)}} cold light. <-- ; renitency[obs1], nitency[obs3] --> <-- ?? [COM:chemical substances giving off light without burning] --> {{has_subtype(cold light)}} {{&causes(illumination)}} {{property_of(long-lived)}} phosphorescence. {{needs(phosphorescence)}} phosphorescent substance. {{has_subtype(cold light)}} {{&causes(illumination)}} {{property_of(short-lived)}} fluorescence. {{needs(fluorescence)}} fluorescent substance. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{emitted_by(phosphorescence)}} phosphorus, yellow phosphorus. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{emitted_by(phosphorescence)}} phosphor. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{emitted_by(luminescence)}} scintillator. {{has_subtype(luminescence)}} {{emits(firefly)}} firefly luminescence. ignis fatuus[Lat]; Jack o'lantern, Friar's lantern; will-o'-the-wisp, firedrake[obs3], Fata Morgana[Lat]; Saint Elmo's fire. [luminous insects] glowworm, firefly, June bug, lightning bug. [luminous fish] anglerfish. {{has_subtype(artifact)}} {{used_by(combustion)}} gas light, lime light, lantern, lanthorn[obs3]; dark lantern, bull's-eye; oil &c. (grease) R356; Argand[obs3], moderator, duplex; torch, flambeau, link, brand; gaselier[obs3], chandelier, electrolier[obs3], girandole[obs3], sconce, luster; burner. {{main_component_of(wax)}} {{function_of(burn + emit[obj=light])}} candle, bougie[Fr], taper. {{has_subtype(string)}} {{has_part(candle/oil lamp)}} wick. {{has_part(candle)}} {{has_subtype(wick)}} candlewick. {{part_of(candle)}} candlestick; candelabrum, candelabra. {{similar_to(candle)}} {{property_of(inexpensive)}} rushlight, rush candle; farthing candle. {{has_subtype(artifact)}} lamp, light. {{has_subtype(lamp)}} incandescent lamp; flashlight, torch[Brit]; arc light; laser; maser [microwave radiation]; neon bulb, neon sign; fluorescent lamp. {{has_part(light)}} {{emitted_by(light, R420)}} light bulb. {{has_part(light)}} {{has_subtype(electric receptacle)}} {{contained_in(light bulb)}} socket. {{has_subtype(light bulb)}} incandescent light bulb; fluorescent light bulb. {{has_part(incandescent light bulb)}} {{emitted_by(light, R420)}} {{property_of(temperature[val=>500 deg C][while=operating])}} filament. {{has_subtype(incandescent light bulb)}} tungsten bulb. {{has_part(light bulb)}} contacts. {{has_subtype: pyrotechnic device, @P2.3.1.3.18.1}}. {{has_subtype: lighthouse, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1}}. {{property_of(mythological)}} Phoebus; Apollo; Aurora. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.1.3, sun, orb of day, star, meteor, falling star, shooting star}}. {{has_subtype(star): @P2.3.1.1.3, blazing star, dog star, Sirius, canicula, Aldebaran}}. {{has_subtype}} {{member_of(star): constellation, galaxy}}. V. illuminate &c. (light) R420. Adj. self-luminous, glowing. phosphorescent, phosphoric[obs2]; fluorescent. incandescent; luminescent, chemiluminescent. radiant &c. (light) R420. fluorescing; phosphorescing. Phr. " blossomed the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the angels " [Longfellow]; " the sentinel stars set their watch in the sky " [Campbell]; " the planets in their station list'ning stood " [Paradise Lost]; " the Scriptures of the skies " [Bailey]; " that orbed continent, the fire that severs day from night " [Twelfth Night]. <-- This "gravity" is the physical gravitational force. "Weight" is the downward force exhibited by a physical object in the earth's gravitational field. [[gravity]] [[weight]]--> <-- should break gravity into gravitation (force) and heaviness (mass) --> P2.6.1.6 GRAVITY (R319, R320) #319. Gravity. N. {{has_subtype(force)}} {{has_subtype(attraction, P2.6.1.2.3.1)}} gravity, gravitation, gravitational attraction, gravitational force. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(force)}} weight. {{has_case: massive body[num=2], @P2.2.1.5}}. {{needs: mass, P2.2.1.5}}. {{has_subtype(massive body)}} attractor; attractee. {{has_arith_product(attractor^mass + attractee^mass)}} product of masses. {{causes(weight): pressure}}. {{property_of(weight): @R190, load, burden, burthen[obs3]}}. {{{has_relative_value(weight + mass): proportional}}}. {{{has_relative_value(gravitational force + product of masses)}}} universal gravitational constant. {{has_high_quantity(weight)}} heaviness, ponderousness, weightiness, massiveness, pondorosity[obs3]. {{{has_relative_value(mass + volume)}}} specific gravity, density. {{has_high_intensity(density)}} high density. {{property_of(high density): lead; gold; uranium; depleted uranium}}. {{has_unit(mass)}} lump of, mass of, weight of. {{has_large_quantity(weight)}} heavy weight; massive object. {{has_metaphor(heavy weight)}} {{has_subtype(heavy weight)}} millstone. {{has_subtype(massive object): mountain}}. {{assessed_by(weight)}} weighing, ponderation[obs3], trutination[obs1]. {{has_subtype(weighing)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} weighing in. {{uses(weighing)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{has_subtype(standard): @P2.3.1.3.1.3.2, weight, weights[pl]}}. {{has_measure(weight)}} avoirdupois weight; troy weight; apothecaries' weight. {{has_units(avoirdupois weight)}} ounce[1]; pound[1], lb; hundredweight, cwt; ton, short ton; long ton; stone. {{has_units(apothecaries' weight)}} grain; scruple; dram, drachm, drachma; ounce[2]; pound[2]. &&{{{has_relative_value(pound[1] + ounce[1]): "16"}}}. &&{{{has_relative_value(hundredweight + pound[1]): "100"}}}. {{has_units(troy weight)}} ounce[3], troy ounce; pound[2]; pennyweight; grain. {{{has_relative_value(stone + pound[1]): "14"}}}. quintal; carat; pennyweight; tod[obs3]. {{has_units(weight)}} arroba[Spain, Mexico, Brazil]. {{{has_relative_value(arroba[Mexico] + pound[1]): "25.36"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(arroba[Brazil] + pound[1]): "32.38"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(ounce[1] + gram)}}} "28.350". {{has_units(weight/mass)}} {{has_subtype(metric unit)}} gram; centigram, milligram; microgram; kilogram; nanogram; picogram; femtogram; attogram; metric ton. {{measured_by(weight/mass): scale, balance, @P2.3.1.3.12.11}}. {{studied_in}} statics; general theory of relativity, general relativity. {{studied_in: astronomy}}. Ossa on Pelion. V. be heavy, be massive. gravitate, weigh, press, cumber, load. {{assessed_by(weight)}} weigh, poise. Adj. weighty, heavy; weighing &c. v.; heavy as lead; ponderous, ponderable; lumpish[obs3], lumpy, cumbersome, burdensome; cumbrous, unwieldy, massive. incumbent, superincumbent[obs3]. <-- Roget's "levity" was the phenomenon of things rising in a liquid or gas due to a density lighter than the surrounding medium, or (as with dust) due to extreme lightness. This is now distinguished from low weight by breaking the entry into several entries [[levity]]. Note that "low density" is a relative concept. We think of pumice as having low density (for a rock), although it will not float in water. --> P2.6.1.6.R1 LEVITY (R320) #320. Levity. N. {{antonym_of(heaviness, @P2.6.1.6)}} levity, lightness. {{has_subtype}} {{has_low_intensity(density, @P2.2.2)}} low density. {{similar_to(lightness)}} imponderability. volatility. {{property_of}} mustard grain. {{property_of(low density)}} {[of(bread/cake)]} {{uses(cooking)}} {{caused_by}} {{caused_by(bubble): leaven, ferment, barm[obs3], yeast}}. V. be light. render light &c. adj.; lighten. Adj. light, subtile, airy; imponderous[obs3], imponderable; astatic[obs3], weightless, ethereal, sublimated; volatile. portable, carryable by hand. <-- here buoyancy is the intrinsic property of a physical object --> P2.6.1.6.R1.1 BUOYANCY N. {{causes(low density, @P2.6.1.6.R1)}} buoyancy, ability to float. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(fluid)}} suspending fluid. {{causes}} {{location_of(liquid surface, P1.2.2.3.1.1)}} floating on liquid. {{has_subtype}} {{case_of(suspending fluid[val=water])}} buoyancy in water. {{causes(buoyancy in water)}} floating on water. {{has_location(floating on water): water surface, @P2.3.1.1.6.1}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} buoyant object. {{causes}} floating. {{has_subtype(low density)}} density lighter than air; density lighter than water. {{!has_relative_value(suspending fluid^density + buoyant object^density): ">1"}}. {{!property_of(density lighter than air)}} {{has_subtype(balloon)}} lighter-than-air balloon. {{has_subtype(lighter-than-air balloon)}} helium balloon; hydrogen balloon; hot air balloon. {{{has_relative_value(air^density + lighter-than-air balloon^density): ">1"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(water^density + density lighter than water): ">1"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(air^density + density lighter than air): ">1"}}}. {{property_of(buoyancy in water)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{function_of(float[on=water])}} float; buoy. {{property_of(buoyancy in water): cork, @P2.3.1.2.4; ice, @P2.3.1.1.5.1; boat; ship; life preserver; raft; pontoon; gas}}. {{property_of(buoyancy in water): bubble, P2.2.2.2.2.4}}. {[of(hot fluid)]} {{causes}} convection. {{has_subtype(convection)}} thermal draft, thermal. {{function_of(convection): flue, chimney}}. corkiness, suberosity[obs3]. V. be buoyant, float. rise; swim; be buoyed up. rise like a balloon, float like a balloon. Adj. buoyant, floating &c. v.. uncompressed, diffused. {{has_subtype(buoyant)}} buoyant in water. lighter than air, buoyant in air. {{has_property(cork)}} corky, suberose[obs3], suberous[obs3]. Phr. rise to the top like cream. P2.6.1.6.R1.2 FEATHERINESS N. featheriness. {{facilitates}} wafting, suspension in air. {{property_of}} feather; dust; mote; down; thistle; straw. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(thinness): gossamer, @R203}}. {{property_of(gossamer, @R203)}} {{produces(spider, @P2.3.2.1.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(network)}} {{property_of(two-dimensional)}} cobweb, spider web; tissue paper. {{property_of}} {{exhibited_by(wafting): spider on a thread; dandelion seed}}. V. leaven. Adj. light as a feather, light as a thistle, light as air. {{has_subtype(light)}} {{has_subtype(thin): @R203, gossamer; gossamery}}. Phr. "I dream of Jeanie with the light brown hair, floating, like a vapor, on the soft summer air"[song]; "away they all flew like the down of a thistle" [The night before Christmas]. <-- [[fission]] --> P2.6.1.7 SUBATOMIC PHENOMENA N. {{studies(nuclear physics)}} subatomic phenomenon. {{exhibited_by: subatomic particle, P2.3.1.1.2}}. {{&exhibits(atomic nucleus)}} {{has_subtype(division, P2.6.1.2.4.4.1)}} radioactivity; nuclear fission, atomic fission, fission. {{has_subtype(element)}} {{exhibited_by(radioactivity)}} {{property_of(radioactive)}} radioactive element. {{emits(radioactive element)}} radiation, ionizing radiation. {{&exhibits(atomic nucleus)}} nuclear fusion, fusion. {{has_subtype(force)}} {{location_of(atomic nucleus)}} strong interaction; weak interaction. {{has_property(nucleus)}} chemical shift, nuclear magnetic resonance. {{used_in(atomic fission): atom bomb}}. {{used_in(nuclear fusion): hydrogen bomb}}. {{has_subtype(radioactivity/ionizing radiation)}} alpha particle, alpha ray; beta ray, beta particle; X-ray; cosmic radiation, cosmic ray; background radiation. {{has_subtype(radioactivity/ionizing radiation)}} {{has_subtype(electromagnetic radiation)}} gamma ray. {{emitted_by(radioactivity)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} radioactive material. {{has_subtype(radioactive material)}} radioactive element. {{emitted_by(radioactivity)}} {{has_part(radioactive element)}} {{has_subtype(isotope, @P2.3.1.2.2)}} radioactive isotope. <-- a partial list of the more common radioactive isotopes --> {{has_subtype(radioactive isotope)}} tritium, "hydrogen-3"; "uranium-238", "U-238"; "uranium-235", "U-235"; "carbon-14","C-14"; "oxygen-18"; "phosphorus-32"; "sulfur-35"; "chlorine-36"; "strontium-90"; "cobalt-60"; "iodine-125"; "iodine-126"; "gold-195". {{has_subtype(radioactive element): uranium; thorium; plutonium; radon; radium; polonium; astatine; protoactinium; neptunium; americium; curium; Einsteinium; Fermium; Mendelevium}}. Adj. {{has_property(radioactive isotope/radioactive material/radioactive element)}} radioactive. {{has_property(radioactive isotope/radioactive material): hazardous, @R655}}. {{requires(fission)}} fissile. <-- [[astronomy]] --> P2.6.1.8 ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA N. {{exhibits(astronomical formation, P2.3.1.1.3)}} astronomical phenomenon, astronomical phenomena[pl]. {{studied_in}} astronomy; uranography, uranology[obs3]; cosmology, cosmography[obs3], cosmogony; star gazing. {{job_of(astronomy)}} astronomer, star gazer[obs3]. {{uses(astronomy): telescope}}. {{has_subtype(building)}} {{location_of(telescope)}} observatory, astronomical observatory. {{has_subtype(building)}} planetarium. {{has_concern(astronomy)}} origin of the universe. {{has_subtype(theory[of=origin of the universe])}} {{concern_of(big bang)}} big bang theory; steady state theory. {{has_beginning(expansion of the universe)}} big bang. {{has_concern(astronomy)}} {{has_instance(expansion, P2.4.2.4.1)}} expansion of the universe. {{measured_by(expansion of the universe)}} rate of expansion, Hubble constant. {{causes(big bang)}} cosmic background radiation, "3K radiation". {{has_subtype(velocity[of=astronomical formation])}} recession velocity; star motion. {{has_subtype(star motion)}} star streaming. {{has_measure(recession velocity)}} red shift. {{exhibits(moon)}} {{has_subtype(cycle, A6.2.1)}} phase of the moon, waxing and waning of the moon. {{caused_by(phase of the moon): orbiting[of=moon][around=earth]}}. {{has_manifestation(phases of the moon)}} waxing; waning. {{has_measure(waxing)}} moon's age, days after the new moon. {{has_subtype(phase of the moon)}} new moon; full moon; first quarter; last quarter. {{property_of(new moon): dark, unlighted}}. {{has_subtype(occultation, @P2.6.1.5.R1)}} eclipse. {{has_case(eclipse): luminary; shadowing body; shadow}}. {{has_subtype(eclipse)}} partial eclipse; total eclipse. {{caused_by(eclipse): @P2.3.1.1.3, planet, moon}}. {{has_subtype(eclipse)}} eclipse of the sun, solar eclipse; eclipse of the moon, lunar eclipse. {{has_subtype(eclipse of the sun)}} {{has_subtype(partial eclipse)}} annular eclipse. {[in_frame(eclipse of the sun)]} {{has_instance(shadowing body): moon, earth's moon}}. {[in_frame(solar eclipse/lunar eclipse)]} {{has_instance(luminary): earth's sun}}. {[in_frame(eclipse of the sun)]} {{has_location(shadow): earth}}. {[in_frame(eclipse of the moon)]} {{has_instance(shadowing body): earth}}. {[in_frame(eclipse of the moon)]} {{has_location(shadow): earth's moon}}. <-- [[electronics]] --> P2.6.1.9 ELECTRICAL PHENOMENON N. {{conceptual_part_of(electron, @P2.3.1.1.2)}} {{conceptual_part_of(electrical charge, @P2.3.1.1.2)}} ELECTRICAL Phenomenon, electricity[1], galvanism, voltaic electricity, voltaism. {{required_for: electrical device, P2.3.1.3.19}}. {{studied_in}} electronics; electricity[2]. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(current)}} {{has_subtype(motion[of=electrical charge, @P2.3.1.1.2])}} {{has_subtype(motion[subj=electron])}} {{causes(voltage differential)}} electric current, current, flow of electricity, electric flow. {{required_for(electric current): electric power, P2.6.1.1.2}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @P2.3.1.3.19.R1, transistor, vacuum tube}}. {{studies(electronics): electronic device, P2.3.1.3.19.1}}. {{conceptual_part_of(electricity + magnetism)}} electromagnetism. {{conceptual_part_of(electrical potential)}} voltage differential, voltage drop, voltage, potential difference, electrical potential. {{has_lexpression(electromagnetism)}} field equations, Maxwell's equations. {{requires(electric current)}} {{has_subtype(path[for=electric current])}} {{used_in(electric equipment)}} electric circuit. {{&has_part(electric circuit): electric wire}}. {{has_property(electric circuit)}} {{has_subtype(ability[to=conduct], R157)}} conductivity, electrical conductivity. {{has_action(conductor)}} {{has_subtype(flow[of=electric current], @R262)}} conduction. {{has_low_intensity(conductivity)}} low conductivity. {{requires(electric current)}} {{uses(electric circuit)}} {{property_of(electrical conductivity)}} conductor. {{has_subtype(conductor)}} {{has_subtype(liquid)}} {{component_of(ion)}} electrolyte. {{caused_by(conduction[by=electrolyte]): motion[of=ion], R264}}. {{has_subtype(conductor)}} {{has_subtype(artifactual material, P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} artifactual conductor. {{&has_major_component(artifactual conductor): metal, @P2.3.1.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(artifactual conductor)}} {{property_of(low conductivity)}} semiconductor. {{&has_major_component(semiconductor): silicon; arsenious phosphide}}. V. {{has_action(conducter)}} {{has_subtype(conduct[obj=electricity], @R270)}} {{has_subtype(carry[obj=electric current], @R270)}} conduct. Adj. electrical, electric. electronic. magnetic. electromagnetic. <-- As with other scientific phenomena, the chemistry section has only a few of the numerous technical concepts that are required for an expert's understanding. These will be filled in as needed (as encountered in general text), or by adopting from specialist thesauri where possible. [[Chemistry]] --> P2.6.2 CHEMICAL PHENOMENON N. {{exhibits(chemical substance, P2.3.1.3.4)}} chemical phenomenon. {{studied_in}} chemistry. {{has_branch(chemistry)}} physical chemistry. {{has_subtype(chemistry)}} {{not_conceptual_part_of(theory, M3.1.2.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(description, R594/observation, @R463)}} descriptive chemistry. {{has_branch(chemistry)}} {{studied_in(organic chemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4)}} organic chemistry; physical organic chemistry. {{has_branch(organic chemistry)}} natural product chemistry; synthetic organic chemistry; medicinal chemistry. {{has_subtype(interaction[between=atoms], P2.6)}} {{has_subtype(physical process): @P2.6.2.3, chemical reaction, reaction}}. {{has_subtype(linkage[between=atoms], A3.3.3.R1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(chemical compound)}} {{conceptual_part_of(electron)}} chemical bond, bond. {{caused_by(chemical bond)}} {{has_property(atom/radical)}} {{has_subtype(capacity)}} valence, valency, chemical valence. {{has_subtype(matter): P2.3.1.3.4, chemical, chemical substance, substance, compound}}. {{has_subtype(chemistry)}} inorganic chemistry; separation chemistry. {{has_subtype(chemistry): analytical chemistry, P2.6.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(chemical substance): materials, R635, P2.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(chemical substance): inorganic chemical; organic chemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4}}. {{has_subtype(chemical substance): organic chemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4}}. {{has_subtype(chemical substance): @P2.3.1.3.4, ion, radical, nucleophile, electrophile}}. {{has_property(chemical substance)}} chemical property; physical property, property. {{has_subtype(physical property)}} boiling point; melting point; index of refraction; density; spectrum; solubility; crystalline form; vapor pressure. {{affects(temperature): vapor pressure}}. {{increases(temperature increase): vapor pressure}}. {{has_subtype(chemical property)}} reactivity; ionizability; nucleophilicity; structure, chemical structure. {{&has_property(chemical structure)}} isomerism. {{has_subtype(isomerism)}} optical isomerism. {{exhibited_by(optical isomerism)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} optical isomer, optically active substance. {{exhibits(optical isomer)}} {{has_subtype(rotation[of=polarized light])}} optical rotation. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} acid; base, alkali; salt. {{has_subtype(chemical bonding)}} unsaturation. {{property_of(unsaturation)}} {{has_subtype(chemical bond)}} double bond. {{has_subtype(resonance)}} {{exhibited_by(unsaturated compound)}} aromaticity; non-bonded resonance. {{part_of(double bond)}} resonant structure, alternating double bonds. {{has_part(resonant structure)}} {{constitutes(electron[num=>1])}} pi clouds. Adj. {{&has_property(organic chemical)}} aromatic; aliphatic. {{&has_property(organic chemical)}} hydrophilic. {{antonym_of(hydrophilic)}} hydrophobic, greasy. {{has_property(ion, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} ionized, ionic. {{antonym_of(ionic)}} nonionic, unionized. amphoteric; zwitterionic. P2.6.2.1 PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PHENOMENA <-- part of Roget's "liquefaction" has been moved here. The original "liquefaction (under heat) has been renamed "melting"[[dissolution]] --> N. physical chemical phenomenon. {{studied_in: physical chemistry, @P2.6.2}}. <-- [[the head word is the action of dissolving --> P2.6.2.1.1 DISSOLUTION N. {{exhibits(solvent, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} dissolution, solution[1], dissolving. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(mixture)}} solution. {{!!has_component(solution)}} solute, dissolved substance. {{!!has_component(solution): solvent, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{has_property($solution)}} {{has_subtype(volume): solution^volume}}. &&{{&has_component($solution): solution^solute}}. &&{{has_property(solution^solute)}} {{has_subtype(mass): solute^mass}}. &&{{has_property(solution^solute)}} {{{has_relative_val(solute^mass + solution^volume)}}} {{has_subtype(density, @P2.2.2)}} concentration. {{has_subtype(concentration)}} molar concentration; molal concentration. {{has_units(concentration): milligrams per milliliter}}. {{has_obj_requirement(dissolving)}} solubility. infusion, flux, apozem[obs3], lixivium[obs3]. liquation[obs1], deliquation[obs1], deliquescence; lixiviation[obs3]. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1): @P2.3.1.3.4, solvent, menstruum, alkahest[obs3]}}. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{has_extreme(solubility)}} miscibility. V. dissolve, solve, resolve. liquefy. liquate[obs1]; hold in solution. deliquesce. Adj. soluble, colliquative[obs3]. deliquescent. dissolved, in solution. {{antonym_of(soluble)}} insoluble. {{has_low_intensity(soluble)}} semisoluble, poorly soluble. {{has_extreme(solubile)}} miscibile. P2.6.2.2 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY N. analytical chemistry. {{studies}} analysis, chemical analysis. {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(composition[of=chemical substance], A2.5.5)}} {{has_subtype(list[of=components], R86)}} chemical composition, composition, composition of matter, chemical makeup, chemical components. {{has_subtype(chemical composition)}} {{member_of(chemical element, P2.3.1.2.2)}} elemental composition. {{has_subtype(chemical analysis)}} biochemical analysis; physical analysis. {{has_concern(analysis): @P2.6.2, structure, chemical structure}}. {{has_method}} analytical method, analytical technique. {{has_subtype(analytical technique)}} {{measured_by(chemical structure, @P2.6.2)}} X-ray crystallography; spectroscopy. {{produces(spectroscopy)}} spectrogram, spectrum. {{produces(X-ray crystallography)}} X-ray crystallograph. {{has_subtype(spectrum)}} infrared spectrum; visible spectrum; ultraviolet spectrum; nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum; mass spectrum; Raman spectrum; nuclear overhauser effect spectrum, NOE spectrum. {{has_subtype(nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum)}} proton magnetic resonance spectrum. {{uses(chemical analysis)}} crucible, reagent; ordeal; ring; litmus paper, curcuma paper[obs3], turmeric paper; test tube. {{uses(chemical analysis): analytical instruments &c. R633}}. P2.6.2.3 CHEMICAL REACTION N. {{has_subtype(interaction[between=atoms], P2.6)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} {{has_subtype(creation[obj=chemical substance], A7.4)}} {{has_subtype(destruction[obj=chemical substance], R162)}} chemical reaction, reaction. <-- for this conceptualization, a "functional group" may be as small as a single atom, i.e. whatever group of atoms is altered in a chemical reaction --> {{has_patient(chemical reaction): chemical substance; functional group}}. {{has_property(chemical reaction)}} {{has_subtype(rate, @R151)}} reaction rate, chemical reaction rate. {{stimulated_by(chemical reaction)}} {{increased_by(chemical reaction rate)}} {{has_subtype(chemical reaction)}} catalysis. {{paction_of(catalysis): catalyst, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{has_case(chemical reaction)}} {{affected_by(reaction rate)}} activation energy. {{has_case(chemical reaction)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} reactant. {{ruled_by(reaction rate)}} {{has_subtype(rule, @P2.6.1)}} law of mass action. <-- "rate of reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants" --> {{conceptual_part_of(chemical reaction)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} {{uses(manufacturing[obj=chemical substance, P2.3.1.3.4], M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} chemical process. {{has_subtype(chemical reaction)}} {{has_subtype(creation[obj=chemical substance], A7.4)}} synthesis. {{has_subtype(synthesis[obj=biochemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1])}} {{exhibits(organism, R357)}} biosynthesis. {{has_subtype(synthesis)}} {{performs(chemist)}} total synthesis. {{has_subtype(chemical reaction)}} {{property_of(unintended, @R621)}} side reaction[Chem.]. {{has_case(chemical reaction)}} reactant[num=>0]; product[num=>0]. {{has_subtype(chemical reaction)}} hydrolysis; disproportionation; phosphorolysis. {{has_subtype(chemical reaction)}} {{has_subtype(exchange, @R148)}} metathesis; substitution, substitution reaction. {{has_patient(substitution reaction): moiety, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2}}. {{has_subtype(substitution)}} nucleophilic substitution; electrophilic substitution. {{has_property(chemical reaction)}} mechanism, reaction mechanism. {{has_subtype(reaction mechanism)}} second order reaction; first order reaction. {{has_subtype(chemical reaction)}} {{has_subtype(exchange, @R148)}} {{has_subtype(reaction mechanism)}} "SN1 reaction"; "SN2 reaction". <-- no compound is completely inactive, so these "inactive" words should be interpreted as low reactivity --> {{property_of(low reactivity)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} unreactive substance. {{has_subtype(unreactive substance): noble gas; noble metal}}. {{not_exhibits(unreactive substance): chemical reaction}}. {{has_low_level(reactivity)}} low reactivity, unreactivity, slow reactivity. {{antonym_of(reactivity)}} {{has_extreme(low reactivity)}} inertness. {{has_subtype(chemical reaction)}} acylation; hydrogenation; chlorination; iodination; bromination. {{has_case(acylation)}} {{has_subtype(functional group)}} acyl group. {{has_subtype(acylation)}} acetylation; formylation; propylation; butylation. {{has_case(acetylation)}} {{has_subtype(functional group)}} acetyl group. {{has_case(formylation)}} {{has_subtype(functional group)}} formyl group. {{has_case(propylation)}} {{has_subtype(functional group)}} propyl group. {{has_case(butylation)}} {{has_subtype(functional group)}} butyl group. V. [trans & intrans.] react. {{has_subtype(react)}} [transitive] acylate; chlorinate; iodinate; brominate; reduce; oxidize; substitute. {{has_subtype(react): hydrolyze[trans. & intrans.], @R49}}. {{has_method(hydrolyse)}} {{has_method(synthesize[obj=soap, @R652a]): saponify[trans.], @R355a}}. {{has_method(reduce)}} hydrogenate. {{has_subtype(acylate)}} acetylate; formylate; propylate; butylate. Adj. reactive. {{antonym_of(reactive)}} unreactive, inert. nucleophilic. {{antonym_of(nucleophilic)}} electrophilic. {{has_consequence(acylation)}} acylated; chlorinated; iodinated; brominated; reduced; oxidized. {{consequence_of(reduced)}} hydrogenated. {{has_subtype(acylated)}} acetylated; formylated; propylated; butylated. <-- [[biochemistry]] --> P2.6.3 BIOCHEMISTRY N. {{studied_in(chemistry[of=life])}} biochemistry. {{studies}} {{exhibits(enzyme, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(chemical reaction, @P2.6.2)}} enzymatic reaction. {{part_of(enzymatic reaction)}} enzymatic process; enzymatic cascade; metabolic pathway. {{studies}} {{has_subtype(organic chemical): biochemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{studied_in(body fluid/body chemical)}} physiological chemistry. {[in_frame(enzymatic reaction)]} {{has_subtype(reactant, @P2.6.2)}} substrate, enzymatic reactant, enzyme substrate. {{has_measure(binding[of=substrate][to=enzyme])}} {{has_property(substrate)}} Michaelis constant, Km. {{affects(Michaelis constant)}} rate of reaction. {{has_case(enzyme, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.1)}} {{inhibited_by(enzymatic reaction)}} {{has_subtype(inhibitor, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} inhibitor, enzyme inhibitor. {{has_subtype(enzymatic process)}} {{used_in(microbe/microbiual enzyme)}} fermentation. {{has_subtype(fermentation)}} {{produced_by(alcohol)}} alcoholic fermentation. {{has_subtype(alcoholic fermentation)}} {{produced_by(ethanol)}} {{used_in(brewer's yeast)}} brewing. {{has_subtype(fermentation)}} {{produced_by(acetone)}} acetone fermentation. <-- "Biology" excludes animate objects & vitality generally) --> <-- categories from prospective volition cf. ends, goals (subservience). Retain non-health aspects in volition e.g. created 659a damage for the concept of damage generally --> <-- health 654 health 655 disease 656 salubrity 657 insalubrity 658 improvement 659 deterioration therapy 660 restoration 661 relapse 662 remedy 663 bane --> <-- PO parts of remedy, bane to POPHARM and POTOX, POMEDTOOL, PODIAGINST, POMTHERINST --> <-- [[BIOLOGY]] --> P2.6.4 BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON N. {{exhibits(life, P2.2.3.1)}} biological phenomenon. {{studied_in}} {{studied_in(life, P2.2.3.1)}} biology, science of life. {{has_branch(biology)}} ecology, oecology. {{studies(ecology)}} {{has_subtype(abode, R189)}} ecological system, biome, habitat. {{studies(ecology)}} {{has_subtype(surroundings[of=living organism])}} environment. {{has_branch(ecology)}} animal ecology. {{has_branch(biology): anatomy, P2.6.4.5.1}}. {{has_branch(biology)}} physiology. <-- WAS "PROPERTIES OF LIVING THINGS" R441 TO R443, R163, R166, R167 R654, R656, R657, R658, R663 This should be similar to the UMLS "biological function" (include nutrition, excretion, growth, metabolism ) (most of perception and sensation are placed in M.4 cognition and M.5 mind-matter interactions) properties of living entities (cf. perception ) 441. Vision 442. Blindness 443. Dim-sightedness 163. Reproduction, Genetics 166. Paternity 167. Posterity R654 -663 health, bane, recovery --> P2.6.4.1 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION N. {{has_process(ORGANISM, P2.3.2.1)}} biological function. <-- [[physiology]] --> P2.6.4.1.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION N. {{has_biofunction(organism, P2.3.2.1/body, P2.3.2.2.3.1)}} physiological function. {{has_biofunction(body, P2.3.2.2.3.1)}} body function. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(reaction, @R154)}} {{&causes(event, R151/experience, R151a)}} physiological reaction. {{produced_by(tear)}} tearing. {{has_subtype(tearing): crying}}. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(gas, @R334)}} {{affected_by(intestine, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} flatulence, flatulency. {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} {{purpose_of(ingest[obj=air])}} breathing, respiration. {{has_part(breathing)}} inhalation; exhalation. {{has_subtype(breathing)}} {{property_of(abnormal)}} {{has_low_intensity(wind)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} sneeze, sneezing, sternutation; hiccup, hiccough; catching of the breath. V. function. {{has_low_intensity(waft)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} respire, breathe. {{has_part(respire)}} inhale; exhale. {{has_subtype(breathe)}} {{property_of(abnormal)}} puff; whiff, whiffle; gasp, wheeze; snuff, snuffle; sniff, sniffle; sneeze, cough. P2.6.4.1.1.1 ORGAN FUNCTION N. organ function. {{&has_subtype}} regeneration, renewal, regrowth. V. function. regenerate, grow back, regrow. <-- vision, here, mostly refers to the bilogical and physiological aspects of the vision faculty. At R441a, the psychological aspects of vision are treated. [[see]]. The subjective aspects of vision, and the appearance of the image are in mental categories, e.g. R448, appearance --> P2.6.4.1.1.1.1 VISION (R441) #441. Vision. N. {{hperforms(observer, R444)}} {{has_subtype(perception)}} vision, sight, eyesight, seeing[1], light perception. {{function_of}} visual system. {{needs}} {{has_subtype(organ, P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} visual organ; organ of vision. {{has_subtype(visual organ): @R1002, eye, naked eye, unassisted eye, optics[obs2], orbs[pl]}}. {{has_case(seeing[1])}} {{has_subtype(location[of=observer, R444], R183)}} viewpoint, point of view, perspective. {{has_result(seeing)}} {{has_subtype(image)}} view, look, espial[obs3], gander, ken, coup d'oeil[Fr]. {{has_subtype(look)}} {{property_of(short duration, @R108)}} glance, glimpse, glint, peep. {{has_property(view): appearance, R448}}. <-- this seeing is the deliberate act of looking --> {{has_conceptual_part(vision)}} {{hperforms(observer, R444)}} {{required_for(attention, R457)}} viewing, looking, seeing[2], observing, observation[1]. {{has_subtype(seeing[1][obj=color])}} color perception. {{required_for(color perception): color vision, @M6.1.2.7.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(look)}} {{property_of(prolonged, @R110)}} gaze, stare. {{-hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}}{{has_subtype(stare[mode=lasciviously][at=person, P2.3.2.3])}} leer. {{has_low_intensity(leer): ogle, @R895}}. {{has_result(seeing[2])}} observation[2], something seen. {{has_subtype(eye)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]}{{property_of(ugly, @R846)}} saucer eyes, goggle eyes, gooseberry eyes. {{has_part(eye): @P2.3.2.2.3.2, retina, pupil, iris, cornea, white}}. {{has_part(eye)}} {{has_subtype(cover): @P2.3.2.2.3.2, eyelid}}. {{has_subtype(sight)}} {{property_of(imperfect): short sight &c. R443}}. {{has_high_quality}} good vision, keen eyesight, "20-20 vision"; clear sight, sharp sight, quick sight, eagle sight, piercing sight, penetrating sight, clear glance, sharp glance, quick glance, eagle glance, piercing glance, penetrating glance, clear eye, sharp eye, quick eye, piercing eye, penetrating eye. {{has_requirement(good vision)}} vision enhancement; vision correction. {{function_of(vision enhancement/vision correction): optical instruments, R445, P2.3.1.3.12.2.2 }}. V. see, observe, discern, perceive, have in sight, descry, sight. view, behold; make out, discover, distinguish, recognize, spy, espy, ken; get a sight of, have a sight of, catch sight of, catch a sight of, get a glimpse of, have a glimpse of, catch a glimpse of, get a glimpse at. look, glance, take a gander, glint, peep. [transitive] eye, glimpse. Adj. {{has_subj_requirement(see)}} sighted. {{antonym_of(sighted): blind, R442}}. <-- [Imperfect vision.] The psychological entry, R443a contains all references to Fallacies of vision. --> P2.6.4.1.1.1.1.1 DIMSIGHTEDNESS (R443) #443. Dimsightedness. N. {{has_subtype(vision)}} {{property_of(bad)}} dimsightedness, poor vision, bad vision, poor sight, dim sight, dull sight, failing sight. half sight; short sight, near sight, nearsightedness; long sight, farsightedness; double sight, double vision; astigmatism, astigmatic sight. myopia, presbyopia[obs3]; color blindness, chromato-pseudo-blepsis[obs3], Daltonism; nyctalopia[obs3]; strabismus, strabism[obs3]; squint; day blindness, hemeralopia[obs3], nystagmus; xanthocyanopia[obs3], xanthopsia[Med]; cast in the eye, swivel eye. {{&property_of(strabismus)}} albino. {{has_high_intensity}} legal blindness. {{&caused_by}} cataracts; eye trauma; foreign body in the eye, foreign body. {{&caused_by(eye trauma): cutting, penetration; solvent; ultraviolet exposure}}. {{has_subtype(remedy[for=poor vision]): eyeglasses; contact lenses}}. {{has_subtype(remedy[for=cataracts])}} corneal transplant. {{has_low_intensity}} sore eye; tired eye; bloodshot eye. {{has_subtype(remedy[for=sore eye])}} eye drops; eyewash. V. be dimsighted, see poorly; see double; have a mote in the eye, have a mist before the eyes, have a film over the eyes. Adj. dim-sighted; myopic, presbyopic[obs3]; astigmatic; moon-eyed, mope-eyed, blear-eyed; one-eyed, blind of one eye, monoculous[obs3]; half-blind, purblind; cock-eyed, dim-eyed, mole-eyed; dichroic. nearsighted; farsighted; color blind; double sighted; strabismic. <-- most of the Roget entry on blindness refers to psychological aspects. See R442a "Blindness". This section, R442 is renamed as "absence of vision", and is physiological. --> P2.6.4.1.1.1.1.R1 ABSENCE OF VISION #442. Absence of Vision. N. {{caused_by(blindness, R442a)}} {{has_subtype(physical handicap)}} absence of vision, blindness. {{&has_property: incurable}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=eye, @P2.3.2.2.3.2], R187)}} lack of visual organ. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(damage[to=eye, @P2.3.2.2.3.2], R659a)}} blinding. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(damage[to=visual system, @R441], R659a)}} loss of vision. {{trait_of}} blind person, sightless person. {{&uses(blind person)}} {{has_subtype(copy[of=eye, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} {{constitutes(glass)}} glass eye. {{&uses(blind person)}} {{has_subtype(cover[on=eye, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} eye patch. V. be blind, be sightless. {{&caused_by}} blind, render blind. Adj. blind, sightless, visionless. {{&caused_by}} eyeless. blinded &c. v.. P2.6.4.1.1.2 ORGANISM FUNCTION N. {{has_property(organism, R357)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} organism function. V. function. <-- The Roget reproduction included "resurrection, apotheosis" here. We moved that to organism function, above, and reserve this entry for reproduction of the species. The related "new edition" is moved to copying. [[reproduction]] --> P2.6.4.1.1.2.1 REPRODUCTION (R163) #163. Reproduction. N. {{has_subtype(copying[of=organism, R357])}} {{has_subtype(production [of=organism, R357], R161)}} {{has_subtype(creation[of=organism, R357], R161)}} {{exhibits(organism, R357)}} reproduction, biological reproduction, procreation, propagation, propagation of the species; multiplication. {{has_case: parentage, R166}}. {{has_case}} {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(beginning[of=life], R66)}} {{exhibits_p(organism, R357)}} birth. {{co-occurs_with(reproduction): birth[of=organism]}}. {{result_of(birth[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{hperforms(mother, @R11)}} parturition, birth-throe, childbirth, delivery, confinement, accouchement, travail, labor, geniture[obs3]. {{has_process: @P2.6.4.2, heredity, inheritance}}. {{has_subtype}} sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction. {{has_subtype(asexual reproduction)}} {{&exhibits(microbe, P2.3.2.1.3)}} sporulation; binary fission; budding. {{has_conceptual_part(sexual reproduction)}} mating. {{has_manifestation(sexual reproduction)}} sexuality, sex, sexual behavior. {{has_subtype(sexual behavior)}} mating behavior, mating ritual. {{part_of(mating)}} breeding. {{studied_in(birth[of=person])}} obstetrics; midwifery. {{&has_conceptual_part}} {{follows(birth[of=animal[1], R366])}} pregnancy. {{has_subtype(preparation[for=birth], R673)}} {{co-occurs_with(pregnancy)}} gestation. {{has_subtype(gestation)}} {{location_of(egg, P2.3.1.3.2.12)}} incubation, hatching. {{requires(incubation[of=bird^egg])}} {{exhibits(bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2)}} sitting. {{forms}} {{has_subtype(beginning[of=organism], R66)}} germ. {{has_subtype(germ[of=plant, R367])}} seed. {{part_of(seed)}} seed case, seed pod, pod, seed vessel. {{has_subtype(seed[of=fruit])}} stone, pit, kernel, grain. {{&has_subtype(seed)}} {{property_of(dry)}} berry. {{has_subtype(seed)}} nut. {{has_subtype(germ)}} embryo; bud; fertilized egg. {{has_subtype(embryo[of=seedling])}} radicle, embryonic root. {{has_subtype(birth)}} multiple birth. {{produces(multiple birth): @P2.3.2.3.6.2.2, twins, triplets, quadruplets, quintuplets, sextuplets}}. {[of(beast)]} {{produces(multiple birth): litter, @R167}}. {{has_subtype(productiveness, R168)}} rapid breeding, pullulation, fructification, superfetation. {{uses}} reproductive structure; germ. {{has_subtype(reproductive structure)}} sex organ. {{produces(sex organ[of=eukaryote])}} {{property_of(haploid)}} {{has_subtype(eukaryotic cell)}} gamete, gametangium[obs3], germ cell, germinal matter. {{has_subtype(sex organ)}} ovary. {{has_subtype(ovary)}} {{has_part(plant, R367)}} plant ovary. {{has_part(plant ovary)}} pericarp. {{has_subtype(germ cell)}} {{!produces(female)}} ovum, egg. {{has_subtype(germ cell)}} {{!produces(male, @R366)}} semen, sperm, spermatozoa[pl]. {{has_location(sperm)}} {{has_subtype(body fluid)}} seminal fluid. {{produced_by(seminal fluid): testes; prostate}}. {{&has_subtype(reproductive structure[of=microorganism])}} {{produces(sporulation)}} spore; spore sac. {{has_beginning(growth[of=spore])}} germination. {{&has_subtype(reproductive structure)}} {{produces(budding)}} bud. {{has_subtype(sex organ): mammalian sex organ, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2}}. {{&location_of(germ cell)}} {{uses(egg-laying animal): egg, @P2.3.1.3.2.12}}. V. reproduce, propagate, procreate, multiply, repeat, progenerate[obs3]; resurge[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part(reproduce)}} {{caused_by(be born)}} bear, give birth, give birth to, lie in, be brought to bed of, beget, fecundate, bring forth, usher into the world. mother; father, sire; hatch. get. {{caused_by(pregnancy)}} impregnate. {{has_conceptual_part}} be born. {{has_conceptual_part}} be pregnant, incubate. {{has_subtype(be pregnant)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} carry a child, be with child. breed; pullulate, fructify. crop up, spring up like mushrooms. {[with_object(organism): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, propagate; procreate; breed]}. {[with_subject(animal[1], R366)]} lay, whelp, evolve; teem, ean[obs3], yean[obs3], drop; pup; kitten; kindle. {[with_subject(pig)]} farrow. Adj. reproductive, procreative. reproduced &c. v.; renascent, reappearing; suigenetic[obs3]. pregnant, gravid. {{has_subtype(pregnant)}} {[of(human)]} in the family way, with child, big with child. {[referring_to(sperm)]} seminal, spermatozoal. <-- [[father; paternity]] --> P2.6.4.1.1.2.1.R1 PARENTAGE (R166) #166. Parentage. N. {{has_subtype(cause, R153)}} parentage, parenthood. {{is_a: consanguinity &c. R11}}. paternity, fatherhood. motherhood, maternity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{performed_by: parent, P2.3.2.3.6.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(series, A4.2.4)}} {{conceptual_part_of(parentage)}} genealogy, descent, line, line of ancestors, pedigree, lineage, extraction, strain, birth, ancestry, heritage, stem, stock, stirps, stirpes[pl]. {{conceptual_part_of(genealogy): race, family, house}}. {{property_of: ancestor}}. Adj. parental. paternal; maternal; family, ancestral, linear, patriarchal. geneological. Phr. avi numerantur avorum[Lat]; "happy he with such a mother" [Tennyson]; hombre bueno no le busquen abolengo[Sp]; philosophia stemma non inspicit [Lat][Seneca]. P2.6.4.1.1.2.1.R2 POSTERITY (R167) #167. Posterity. N. posterity, progeny, breed, issue, offspring. {[of(beast)]} brood, litter, seed, farrow, spawn, spat. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} family; grandchildren; great-grandchild. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} heirs. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_conceptual_part}} inheritance, legacy. {{has_subtype(posterity): descendant; child, son, daughter, P2.3.2.3.6.2.2}}. straight descent, sonship[obs3], line, lineage, filiation[obs3], primogeniture. Adj. filial; diphyletic[obs3]. Phr. "the child is father of the man" [Wordsworth]; "the fruit doesn't fall far from the tree", "like father, like son". <-- R654 -663 health, illness, remedy, bane recovery --> P2.6.4.1.1.2.2 HEALTH (R654) #654. Health. N. {{has_subtype(goal, M7.1.2.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(good, M7.1.2.1.2.1)}} {{antonym_of(sickness, @P2.6.4.1.2.1)}} health, sanity, soundness, healthiness, good health. {{has_high_intensity}} vigor, hardiness, robustness, haleness, perfect health, excellent health, rude health, robust health; bloom; good state of health, clean bill of health. Hygeia[obs3]; incorruption, incorruptibility; eupepsia[obs3]; euphoria, euphory[obs3]; "St. Anthony's fire"[obs3]. {{has_low_level: ill health}}. V. be in health, be healthy. be hale, be hearty, be vigorous. bloom, flourish. keep body and soul together, keep on one's legs; enjoy good health, enjoy a good state of health; have a clean bill of health. return to health; recover &c. R660; get better &c. (improve) R658; take a new lease of life, fresh lease of life; recruit; restore to health; cure &c. (restore) R660; tinker. Adj. healthy, sound, in health, in good health, well. {{has_high_intensity}} well, hearty, hale, fresh, green, whole; florid, flush, hardy, stanch, staunch, brave, robust, vigorous, buxom, weatherproof. unscathed, uninjured, unmaimed[obs3], unmarred, untainted; sound of wind and limb, safe and sound. on one's legs; sound as a roach, sound as a bell; fresh as a daisy, fresh as a rose, fresh as April[obs3]; hearty as a buck; in fine feather, in high feather; in good case, in full bloom; pretty bobbish[obs3], tolerably well, as well as can be expected. sanitary &c. (health-giving) R656; sanatory &c. (remedial) R662. Adv. well; healthily. Phr. " health that snuffs the morning air" [Grainger]; non est vivere sed valere vita [Lat][Martial]; mens sana in corpore sano[Lat: a sound mind in a sound body]. <-- R655, disease to pathology --> P2.6.4.1.1.2.2.1 SALUBRITY #656. Salubrity. N. {{&caused_by(health, P2.6.4.1.1.2.2)}} salubrity, healthfulness, healthiness, wholesomeness. {{property_of}} fine air, fine climate; eudiometer[obs3]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(precaution)}} hygiene. {{property_of}} sanitarium, sanitorium. {{job_of}} sanitarian. {{property_of: preventive medicine, P2.6.4.8.4}}. V. be salubrious &c. adj.; agree with; assimilate &c. R23. Adj. {{&caused_by(health, P2.6.4.1.1.2.2)}} healthful, salubrious, salutary, wholesome, healthy, salutiferous[obs3]. sanitary, clean; hygeian[obs3], hygienic; prophylactic. bracing, tonic, invigorating, good for, nutritious. {{has_low_level(healthful)}} innocuous, harmless, benign, uninjurious, innoxious[obs3], innocent. {{has_subtype(innocuous)}} {[of(microorganism)]} uninfectious, non-pathogenic. sanative &c. (remedial) R662; restorative &c. (reinstate) R660; useful &c. R644. <-- [[nutrition]] --> P2.6.4.1.1.2.3 NUTRITION (TE 306, 307) N. {{needs(health, P2.6.4.1.1.2.2)}} {{has_method(preservation[of=life, R359], R670)}} nutrition, nourishment, sustentation, alimentation, nurture, sustention[obs2]. {{has_low_quantity}} {{property_of(bare sufficiency)}} subsistence. {{consumes: food, R298}}. {{!has_method: eating}}. {{&has_method}} {[in_frame(medical care)]} tube feeding; intravenous feeding. {{has_subtype(eating)}} {{property_of(habitual)}} diet, regimen. {{has_subtype(diet)}} macrobiotic diet. {{topic_of(macrobiotic diet)}} {{has_subtype(theory, M3.1.2.1)}} macrobiotic theory. &&{{asserts(macrobiotic theory)}} {{causes(macrobiotic diet): long life, @R128}}. {{has_subtype: human nutrition, P2.8.3.1}}. {{has_conceptual_part: @P2.8.3.1, chewing, mastication, swallowing, deglutition, gulp, rumination}}. {{has_measure}} {{has_property(food, R298)}} nutritional value. {{has_conceptual_part(nutritional value)}} caloric content. {{has_conceptual_part(nutritional value): protein, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1; carbohydrate, @P2.3.1.3.4.4; fat, @R356b; vitamin, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1.2}}. {{has_conceptual_part(nutritional value)}} {{has_subtype(biochemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} {{increased_by(peristalsis, @R299)}} fiber, fibre. {{has_subtype(fiber)}} {{&has_part(food, R298)}} soluble fiber; insoluble fiber. {{has_unit(caloric content): @R382, calorie, large calorie}}. {[of(microbe)]} {{location_of(stationary water, P2.3.1.1.6.1.1)}} {{caused_by}} eutrophication, eutrophy. V. [transitive] nourish, sustain, nurture. {{has_method}} feed. cultivate. cradle, nurse, dry nurse, suckle, put out to nurse. {{has_subtype(feed[obj=plant, R367]): fertilize, manure}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(accelerate[obj=plant growth], @R35)}} force. foster, cherish. Adj. nourishing. eutrophic. <-- "pathological function" is inserted here for consistency with UMLS --> P2.6.4.1.2 PATHOLOGICAL FUNCTION N. {{&has_process(organism, R357)}} {{studies(pathology, P2.6.4.8.2)}} pathological function. <-- here we would place all of the diseases known to medicine. Since those are extensively covered in the UMLS metathesaurus, we will delay entering until sytematic supplementation is started --> <-- Here the distinction between disease and symptom is not carefully followed. For a more comprehensive classification of disease, the Merck Manual can be referred to online. [[disease]] [[illness]]--> <-- [[sick]] --> P2.6.4.1.2.1 DISEASE OR SYNDROME #655. Disease. N. {{has_subtype(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} {{&caused_by(death, P2.2.3.2)}} {{has_subtype(evil, R619)}} disease, illness, sickness, malady, ailment, disorder, complaint. {{conceptual_part_of}} sickness, ill health, illness[2]. {{&caused_by: bane, P2.6.4.1.2.1.R1}}. acute illness; chronic illness. {{has_subtype(instance[of=illness], A2.2.1.2)}} case. {{property_of(inherited)}} {{&causes(genetic mutation)}} genetic disease, inherited disease, hereditary disease. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(communicable/transmissable)}} communicable disease, transmissable disease, contagious disease, contagion. {{affected_by(child)}} childhood disease, disease of childhood. {{causes}} sickliness, loss of health, lack of health, poor health, ill health. morbidity, morbosity[obs1]; infirmity, indisposition; distemper, distemperature[obs3]. {{has_subtype(chronic illness)}} invalidism. {{studied_in}} pathology, etiology, nosology[obs3]. {{has_subtype}}{{causes(toxin, P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} poisoning, intoxication, venenation[obs1]. {{has_subtype(intoxication)}} {{causes(botulin, @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} botulism. ailing, feeling ill; "all the ills that flesh is heir to " [Hamlet]. visitation, attack. seizure, fit; stroke. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(pathogen, @P2.3.2.1.3): infection, P2.6.4.1.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(parasite)}} infestation. {{has_symptom}} symptom. {{&member_of(symptom)}} syndrome. {{has_symptom(hepatitis)}} jaundice, yellowed skin, jaundiced skin. {{has_subtype(disease)}} {{affected_by(liver)}} hepatitis, liver disease. {{has_subtype(hepatitis)}} {{causative_organism_of(virua)}} viral hepatitis. {{has_subtype(hepatitis)}} cirrhosis of the liver, cirrhosed liver. {{has_subtype(symptom)}} hemoglobinuria. {{has_subtype(symptom): fever; pain}}. {{causes: deterioration, R659; unhealthiness, R657, P2.6.4.8.2.2}}. {{facilitated_by}} delicacy, frail constitution. invalidation, cachexy[obs3]; cachexia[Med], atrophy, marasmus[obs3]; indigestion, dyspepsia; decay &c. (deterioration) R659; palsy, paralysis; prostration. {{&caused_by}} taint, pollution. {{property_of(multiplicity)}} {{affected_by(group)}} epidemic, pandemic, endemic, epizootic; murrain, plague, pestilence, pox. {{affected_by(blood)}} blood disorder, blood disease. {{has_subtype(blood disease)}} anemia; leukocytopenia; low blood pressure, hypotension; high blood pressure, hypertension. {{has_subtype(blood disease)}} {{has_subtype(genetic disease)}} {{affected_by(hemoglobin)}} {{property_of(inherited)}} thalassemia; sickle cell anemia. {{has_subtype(thalassemia)}} thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia. {[of(skin)]} abscess, fester, boil; eruption; rash, breaking out. {[of(skin)]} sore, ulcer; rot, canker, cold sore, fever sore. {[of(skin)]} {{has_subtype: blemish, M3.3.2.1.2.1.3}}. {[of(skin)]} carbuncle, gathering, imposthume[obs3], peccant humor, issue. {{has_subtype}}{{affected_by(skin)}} psoriasis. tuberculosis, consumption, decline. neoplastic disease, tumor, neoplasm. {{has_subtype(tumor)}} benign tumor; malignant tumor, malignancy. {{has_subtype(tumor)}} cancer. {{has_subtype(cancer)}} sarcoma; carcinoma. {{has_subtype(blood disease)}} {{has_subtype(cancer)}} leukemia. caries. fever, temperature, calenture[obs3]; inflammation. ague; angina pectoris[Lat]; Asiatic cholera; spasmodic cholera; biliary calculus; kidney stone; black death, bubonic plague, pneumonic plague; blennorrhagia[obs3], blennorrhoea[obs3]; blood poisoning; bloodstroke[obs3]; bloody flux; brash; breakbone fever[obs3]; dengue fever, malarial fever; Q-fever; heart attack; cardiac arrest; cardiomyopathy[Med]; hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis; bronchocele[Med]; canker rash; cardialgia[Med]; carditis[Med]; endocarditis[Med]; asphyxia; chlorosis; chorea; cynanche[obs3]; dartre[Fr]; enanthem[obs3]; enanthema[obs3]; erysipelas; exanthem[obs3]; exanthema; gallstone; goiter; hay fever; heartburn; heaves; rupture, hernia; hemorrhoids, piles; itch; king's evil; phthisis[obs3]; psora[obs3], pyaemia[obs3]; pyrosis[Med]; quinsy; rachitis[obs3]; ringworm; "St. Vitus's dance"; scabies; scarlatina; scrofula, seasickness; struma[obs3]; syntexis[obs3]; tetter[obs3]; tonsillitis, tonsilitis[obs3]; tracheocele[Med]; trachoma; trismus[Med]; varicella[Med]; varicosis[Med]; variola[Med]; water qualm; yellow jack. {{has_subtype(death[of=cell/organ], P2.2.3.2)}} necrosis. {{has_subtype(necrosis)}} gangrene, mortification, corruption, sphacelus[obs3], sphacelation[obs3]. green sickness. {{affected_by(appendix)}} appendicitis. fatal disease &c. (hopeless) R859; dangerous illness, galloping consumption, churchyard cough; general breaking up, break up of the system. {[of(mind): idiocy &c. R499; insanity &c. R503]}. {{property_of(sick[mode=chronically])}} martyr to disease; cripple; " the halt the lame and the blind"; valetudinary, valetudinarian; invalid, patient, case; sickroom, sick-chamber. [Veterinary] anthrax, bighead; blackleg, blackquarter[obs3]; cattle plague, glanders[obs3], mange, milk sickness; heartworm, feline leukemia, roundworms; quarter-evil, quarter-ill; rinderpest. {{has_subtype(pathogen): virus, bacterium, bacteria; protozoan}}. {{has_trait(valetudinary)}} valetudinarianism. {{causative_agent_of(prion, P2.3.2.1.3.5)}} scrapie; kuru; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome; fatal familial insomnia. {{has_subtype}} {{affected_by(plant, R367)}} plant disease. {{has_subtype(plant disease)}} blight; wilt; rust, plant rust; mildew. {{has_causative_agent(rust/mildew): fungus, P2.3.2.1.3.2}}. V. be ill &c. adj.; ail, suffer, labor under, be affected with, complain of, have; droop, flag, languish, halt; sicken, peak, pine; gasp. keep one's bed; feign sickness &c. (falsehood) R544. lay by, lay up; take a disease, catch a disease &c. n.; catch an infection; break out. Adj. {{antonym_of(healthy, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.2)}} diseased, ailing, ill, ill of, unwell, sick, unhealthy, in ill health; taken ill, seized with; affected with illness, afflicted with illness. {{has_low_intensity}} indisposed, squeamish, poorly, seedy; under the weather [U. S.]. {{has_high_intensity}} laid up, confined, bedridden, invalided, in hospital, on the sick list; out of health, out of sorts; valetudinary[obs3]. unsound, unhealthy; sickly, morbid, morbose[obs3], healthless[obs3], infirm, chlorotic[Med], unbraced[obs3]. drooping, flagging, lame, crippled, halting. contaminated, poisoned, tabid[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} morbid, deathly ill; tainted, vitiated, peccant; mangy; cankered; rotten, rotten to the core, rotten at the core; withered, palsied, paralytic; dyspeptic; luetic[obs3], pneumonic, pulmonic[Med], phthisic[obs3], rachitic; syntectic[obs3], syntectical[obs3]; tabetic[obs3]. {[of(vein)]} varicose. touched in the wind, broken-winded, spavined, gasping; hors de combat[Fr] &c. (useless) R645. anemic; leukemic. weakly, weakened &c. (weak) R160; decrepit; decayed &c. (deteriorated) R659; incurable &c. (hopeless) R859; in declining health; cranky; in a bad way, in danger, prostrate; moribund &c. (death) R360. morbific[obs3] &c. R657; epidemic, endemic; zymotic[obs3]. {{has_property(communicable disease)}} communicable, transmissable, infectious, contagious, catching, taking. epizootic. P2.6.4.1.2.1.1 INFECTION N. {{causative_organism_of(pathogen)}} infection. sepsis, septicity[obs3]. {{affected_by(mouth)}} {{causative_organism_of(Candida albicans)}} thrush. urinary tract infection, UTI[acron]. {{causative_organism_of(Clostridium tetani)}} tetanus, lockjaw[1]. {{has_symptom(tetanus)}} lockjaw, jaw spasm. {{produces(Clostridium tetani)}} {{has_subtype(toxin)}} tetanospasmin. {{causes(tetanospasmin)}} tetanic contraction. cholera; pertussis; whooping cough; yellow fever. {{has_subtype(childhood disease)}} measles; mumps; chicken pox. polio, poliomyelitis; scarlet fever. {{affected_by(lungs)}} influenza, grip, grippe, flu; pneumonia. meningitis. {{has_subtype(gangrene)}} {{causative_agent_of(Clostridium perfringens/Clostridium novyi)}} gas gangrene, emphysematous gangrene, gangrenous emphysema, clostridial myonecrosis. {{has_subtype(skin disease)}} {{causative_organism_of(Mycobacterium leprae)}} leprosy, Hansen's disease. {{causative_agent_of(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)}} gonorrhea, urethritis venera. rubeola. herpes. {{has_subtype(rubeola)}} {{causative_agent_of(rubella virus/Rubivirus)}} rubella, German measles, epidemic rubeola, three-day measles. AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome. {{has_subtype(contagious disease)}} contagious abortion. V. infect. Adj. infected. septic. leprous. <-- divide bane into hurt, generally and poisonous substances to PO --> P2.6.4.1.2.1.R1 BANE (R663) #663. Bane. N. {{property_of(hurtfulness, @R649)}} {{&caused_by(sickness, P2.6.4.1.2.1)}} bane, curse. {{&causes: pain, @R830}}. scourge &c. (punishment) R975; damnosa hereditas[Lat]; white elephant. {{property_of(sharp)}} {{caused_by(pain)}} sting, fang, thorn, tang, bramble, brier, nettle. {{has_subtype: poison, P2.3.1.3.4.2}}. miasma, leaven[obs2], miasm[obs3], mephitis[obs3]; azote[obs3]. {[of(plant, P2.3.2.1.2): @R655, fungus, mildew; dry rot, rust]}. {{has_subtype(bane[of=plant, R367, P2.3.2.1.2])}} {{has_subtype(disease-causing organism, @P2.3.2.1.3)}} {{&has_developmental_form(moth, @P2.3.2.1.1.2.1)}} cankerworm, canker[obs2]. {{has_subtype: venomous animal; poisonous plant}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.1.3, disease-causing organism, pathogen}}. cancer; torpedo; demon &c. R980. Adj. {{has_subtype(bad, R649)}} hurtful, baneful. Phr. bibere venenum in auro[Lat]. P2.6.4.1.2.2 UNHEALTHFULNESS #657. Unhealthfulness. N. {{caused_by(disease, R655)}} {{has_subtype(evil, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1)}} insalubrity, unhealthfulness, unhealthiness &c. adj.; nonnaturals[obs3]. {{property_of}} poor diet, unhealthy diet; poor sanitation, lack of sanitation; exposure to communicable disease; drug use, drug abuse, drug habit; exposure to the elements, exposure to cold, exposure. {{has_extreme(poor diet)}} starvation. {{property_of: alcoholism, R959}}. {{property_of: disease, R655; poison, P2.3.1.3.4.2}}. {{property_of: bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(uncongenial, @R24)}} insalubrious, unhealthy, unhealthful, unwholesome. noxious, noisome. morbific[obs3], morbiferous[obs3]; mephitic, septic, azotic[obs3], deleterious; pestilent, pestiferous, pestilential; virulent, venomous, envenomed. narcotic. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.4.2, poisonous, toxic, toxiferous[obs3]}}. innutritious[obs3], indigestible, ungenial. {{has_extreme: deadly, @R361}}. <-- this part of R659, deterioration deals specifically with biology. The general concept of deterioration (part of the original R659) is contained in ENDS under R659a, damage (@volition) --> P2.6.4.1.2.3 DETERIORATION #659. Deterioration. N. {{&causes(disease, R655)}} {{has_subtype(deterioration, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2)}} deterioration, deterioration of health, degeneration, worsening, deteriorating, degenerating; decline, decline of health, decay, decaying, degradation, declining; devolution; falling off. {{causes}} degenerateness, degeneracy, decadence, decadency[obs3]; caducity[obs3], decrepitude. {{causes: R659a, damage[1]}}. delaceration[obs1], outrage, havoc, inroad, ravage, scath[obs3]. {{&caused_by: @R655, poisoning, intoxication}}. {{caused_by: bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1): blow, buffet, stroke}}. {{has_subtype(blow)}} {{property_of(deadly)}} mortal blow, fatal blow. {{has_subtype(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1): wound}}. {{has_subtype(wound)}} scratch; bruise; gash; mutilation; immedicabile vulnus[Lat]. {{caused_by}} canker; festering sore. {[of(plant, R367)]} {{caused_by}} aphid, Aphis, plant louse, puceron[obs3]; vinefretter[obs3], vinegrub[obs3]. {{exhibited_by}} wreck, mere wreck, honeycomb, magni nominis umbra[Lat]. {{exhibited_by}} {{has_subtype(horse)}} jade, plug, nag, rackabones [obs3][U. S.], skate [U. S.]. <-- ; tackey[obs3], tacky [U. S.].. ?? --> V. deteriorate, degenerate, worsen, become worse, become deteriorated, fall off; decline, droop. {{has_subtype: sicken, take ill}}. {{causes}} be worse, be deteriorated, have seen better days. wane &c. (decrease) R36; ebb; go down &c. (sink) R306; go downhill, go from bad to worse, go farther and fare worse; jump out of the frying pan into the fire. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] injure, damage, harm, hurt. {{has_subtype: regress &c. (relapse) R661}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(taint, @R653)}} [transitive] infect; contaminate, poison, empoison[obs3]; envenom. {{&caused_by}} canker; vitiate, inquinate[obs1]; deflower; debauch, deprave; ulcerate. {{has_subtype(taint, @R653)}} {[with_obj(physical object): stain &c. (dirt) R653]}. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} {{has_subtype: @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1, wound, stab, pierce, maim, lame, surbate[obs1], cripple, hough[obs3], hamstring, hit between wind and water, scotch, mangle, mutilate, disfigure}}. Adj. worsened, deteriorated. injured &c. v.. {{facilitated_by(deteriorate)}} {[of(leaf/antler)]} deciduous, being lost periodically, falling off periodically. decrepid[obs3], decrepit. P2.6.4.1.2.3.1 RELAPSE #661. Relapse. N. {{has_subtype(return[to=bad condition], R145)}} relapse, regression, lapse; falling back &c. v.. retrogradation &c. (retrogression) R283; deterioration &c. R659. [Return to, or recurrence of a bad state] backsliding, recidivation [obs1], recidivism, recidivity[obs3]; recrudescence. V. relapse, regress, regression, lapse; fall back, backslide, slide back, sink back. recidivate. decline again, deteriorate again, worsen again, fall off again. Adj. relapsing, regressive. recidivistic. P2.6.4.1.2.4 CELL OR MOLECULAR DISFUNCTION N. cellular disfunction; molecular disfunction. <-- from UMLS --> P2.6.4.1.2.5 EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF DISEASE N. disease model, experimental model of disease. {{used_in(experimental animal)}} animal model, animal model of disease. {{&uses}} in vitro model, in vitro model of disease. <-- [[genetics]] [[gene]] --> P2.6.4.2 GENETICS N. genetics. {{studies}} {{has_subtype(unit[of=heredity, @P2.6.4.2], @R87)}} {{acontained_in(heredity)}} gene. {{studies}} {{has_subtype(inheritance[of=gene, @P2.6.4.2], @R154)}} heredity, inheritance. {{studies}} {{property_of(inherited)}} {{has_subtype(trait, R79a)}} {{causes(inheritance)}} inherited characteristic. {{part_of(gene)}} genome. {{part_of(genome[num=>0])}} {{part_of(gene[num=all])}} genetic complement, complete genetic complement. {{has_part(genome)}} chromosome[num=>0]. {{consists_of(gene/genome)}} genetic material. {{has_subtype(genetic material): @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1, DNA, desoxyribonucleic acid, RNA, ribonucleic acid}}. {{has_representation(genome)}} genetic map. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(change[in=genome], A6)}} mutation, genetic mutation. {{exhibits(genetic complement)}} {{has_subtype(combining[of=genomes], R48/mixing[of=genomes], R41)}} genetic mixing. {{has_subtype(genetic mixing)}} recombination; crossover. {{result_of(genetic mixing): mating, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1}}. {{purpose_of(genetic mixing)}} {{used_in(mating)}} breeding. {{has_subtype(genetic complement)}} {{part_of(genome[num=1])}} haploid genetic complement. {{has_subtype(genetic complement)}} {{part_of(genome[num=2])}} diploid genetic complement. {{has_subtype(genetic complement)}} {{part_of(genome[num=>2])}} polyploid genetic complement. {{!!has_property(haploid genetic complement)}} haploidy. {{!!has_property(diploid genetic complement)}} diploidy. {{!!has_property(polyploid genetic complement)}} polyploidy. Adj. {{has_subtype(innate, @R5)}} {{property_of(gene/genome)}} genetic, hereditary, inherited, inborn, incarnate, congenital, coeval with birth, congenite[obs1], genetous[obs3], haematobious[obs3], syngenic[obs3]; ingenerate[obs3], ingenite[obs1]. radical, immanent; connate, running in the blood, in the blood; indigenous; in the grain &c. n.; bred in the bone, instinctive; to the manner born; infused, implanted. {{has_consequence(breeding)}} bred. {{has_subtype(bred)}} thoroughbred; inbred; cross-bred, cross-bred. {{!!has_property(haploid genetic complement)}} haploid. {{!!has_property(diploid genetic complement)}} diploid. {{!!has_property(polyploid genetic complement)}} polyploid. P2.6.4.2.1 MOLECULAR GENETICS N. {{has_branch(molecular biology, @P2.6.4.9)}} molecular genetics. {{studies: gene, @P2.6.4.2; DNA, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1; RNA, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1}}. {{studies}} {{has_part(gene)}} regulatory region. {{has_subtype(regulatory region)}} intitiator region. {{studies}} {{has_subtype(information transmission)}} {{property_of(natural)}} coding, genetic coding. {{uses(genetic coding)}} {{has_subtype(code)}} {{property_of(natural)}} genetic code. {{studies}} {{has_subtype(RNA, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} messenger RNA. {{studies}} {{has_subtype(gene, @P2.6.4.2)}} repressor gene. {{required_for(gene)}} expression. {{required_for(expression)}} {{has_subtype(synthesis[ptnt=messenger RNA])}} transcription. {{codes_for(prepressor gene)}} {{has_subtype(protein, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} repressor. {{has_biofunction(repressor): inhibit[obj=transcription], @R179}}. {{has_action(repressor): bind[to=initiator region], @R43}}. <-- [[evolution]] --> P2.6.4.3 EVOLUTION N. {{conceptual_part_of(heredity, @P2.6.4.2/ancestry, @R166)}} evolution, biological evolution. {{causes}} speciation, origin of species. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(goal, R620)}} {{has_subtype(selection, @R609)}} natural selection, survival of the fittest. {{&caused_by(natural selection): competition[for=resources, R632], M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. {{affected_by(natural selection)}} {{has_subtype(rate[of=reproduction, R163], @R151)}} reproduction rate. {{&caused_by: mutation, @P2.6.4.2}}. {{has_subtype(mutation, @P2.6.4.2)}} {{not_causes(natural selection)}} genetic drift. {{has_manifestation: fossil, @R362}}. {{has_conceptual_part(natural selection)}} {{conceptual_part_of(death, R360)}} selection pressure. {{has_conceptual_part(natural selection)}} {{has_subtype(death[of=species], P2.2.3.2)}} extinction, extinction of species. {{has_conceptual_part}} evolutionary branch; evolutionary line. {{studied_in}} {{has_subtype(theory[of=evolution, P2.6.4.3], M3.1.2.1)}} Darwinism; neo-Darwinism; Lamarkism; neoLamarkism; Weismannism. V. evolve. Adj. evolutionary. evolved. P2.6.4.4 DUMMY N. dummy, unused place holder. <-- [[zoology]] --> P2.6.4.5 ZOOLOGY #368. Zoology. N. {{studied_in(animal[1], R366)}} zoology, zoonomy[obs3], zoography[obs3], zootomy[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: @P2.3.2.2.1.1.1, anatomy, comparative anatomy}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} physiology, animal physiology, comparative physiology. taxidermy. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(mammal)}} mammalogy, mastology[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(bird)}} ornithology. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(fish)}} ichthyology, ichthyotomy[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(snake)}} herpetology, ophiology[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(worm)}} helminthology[Med], vermeology[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(insect)}} entomology. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(ancient life)}} paleontology, oryctology[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{studied_in(mollusk)}} malacology. {{job_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, zoologist}}. {{job_of(mammalogy): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, mammalogist}}. {{job_of(icthyology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, icthyologist}}. {{job_of(herpetology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, herpetologist}}. {{job_of(ornithology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, ornithologist}}. {{job_of(entomology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, entomologist}}. {{job_of(anthropology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, anthropologist}}. {{job_of(helminthology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, helminthologist}}. {{job_of(paleontology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, paleontologist}}. {{job_of(malacology): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.7, malacologist}}. Adj. zoological. P2.6.4.5.1 ANATOMY N. {{studied_in(structure[of=body, R1001])}} anatomy. {{has_conceptual_part}} morphology. vertebrate anatomy; invertebrate anatomy. {{studied_by: anatomist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.1.1}}. Adj. anatomical, anatomic. P2.6.4.5.2 PHYSIOLOGY N. {{exhibits(organism, R357)}} {{has_process(life, P2.2.3.1)}} {{has_process(cell, P2.3.2.2.2)}} physiology. {{has_conceptual_part: biochemistry, physiological chemistry, P2.6.3}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} metabolism, metabolic activity. {{has_conceptual_part(metabolism)}} anabolism; catabolism. {{generates(metabolism)}} {{requires(life, R359)}} {{has_subtype(energy, R171)}} metabolic energy. {{acontained_in(metabolic energy)}} {{has_subtype(biochemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} adenosine triphosphate, ATP. {{formed_by(ATP): catabolism[of=food, R298]}}. {{&formed_by(ATP): catabolism[of=glucose, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1]}}. {{part_of(glucose, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(polysaccharide)}} glycogen. {{&has_process}} invagination[Biol]; isogamy[obs3], oogamy[obs3]; metaplasm[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(development[of=organism, R357], @R35)}} ontogeny, development. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(development[of=species[2], @R75], @R35)}} phylogeny. polymorphism. {{studied_by: physiologist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.1.1}}. <-- karyaster[obs3]; macrogamete[obs3], microgamete[obs3]. --> Adj. {{has_property(physiology)}} physiological. {[referring_to(phylogeny)]} phylogenetic. {[referring_to(development)]} developmental. <-- the headword is the process of classifying organisms --> P2.6.4.6 TAXONOMY N. {{has_subtype(classification[1][of=organisms, R357], A2.6.4)}} taxonomy[1], taxonomization. <-- ther resulting arrangement is also called a taxonomy --> {{has_result(taxonomize)}} taxonomy[2]. {{has_part(taxonomy[2])}} {{has_subtype(group[of=organisms, R357], R72)}} taxon, taxa[pl]. {{has_subtype(classification[2][of=organisms], @A2.6.4)}} {{has_subtype(hierarchy, @A2.6.4)}} {{property_of(hierarchical)}} Linnaean taxonomy. {{has_subtype(taxonomy[1])}} {{property_of(hierarchical)}} cladistics. V. taxonomize. Adj. taxonomic, taxonomical. cladistic. P2.6.4.7 VETERINARY MEDICINE N. {{purpose_of(heal[2][ptnt=beast, @R366], @R658)}} veterinary medicine. {{job_of: veterinarian, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4}}. Adj. veterinary. <-- note that the medical section is very sketchy, postponing supplementation until the first version is complete. It may be more efficient simply to refer to the UMLS CD-ROM than to attempt to supplement this format.[[medicine]] --> P2.6.4.8 HUMAN MEDICINE N. medicine, human medicine, the healing arts. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(device, R633)}} medical device. {{has_subtype(medical device)}} diagnostic device; therapeutic device. {{has_subtype(diagnostic device)}} diagnostic test. P2.6.4.8.1 DIAGNOSIS N. {{requires(healing)}} diagnosis, diagnostics. {{plural}} diagnoses. {{has_conceptual_part}} examination, medical examination. {{has_purpose: discover[obj=illness, R655], @R480a}}. {{&has_purpose: discover[obj=cause[for=symptom, @R655], R153], @R480a}}. {{job_of: diagnostician, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(analysis)}} diagnostic test. {{requires: diagnosis, P2.6.4.8.1}}. radiology, radiological examination. {{uses(diagnosis)}} {{has_subtype(medical device)}} clinical thermometer; stethoscope; proctoscope. {{uses(radiology)}} {{has_subtype(medical device)}} X-ray machine. {{has_subtype(diagnostic test)}} urinalysis; biopsy. {{produces}} {{has_subtype(evaluation/prediction)}} prognosis. V. diagnose. Adj. {[referring_to(diagnosis)]} diagnostic. P2.6.4.8.2 PATHOLOGY (R655, R659, R658, R661) N. {{studied_in(disease, R655/pathological function)}} pathology. <-- remedy; Can we distinguish this general term from medicine in general? medicine .. to be greatly expanded, preferably from the UMLS --> <-- [[therapy]] --> P2.6.4.8.3 THERAPY #662. Remedy. N. {{&caused_by(healing, P2.6.4.8.3.R2)}} {{hperforms(health care worker)}} {{has_subtype(good, M7.1.2.1.2.1)}} therapy, remedy, remedial treatment, help, curing, redress, treatment, medical treatment, regimen, recure[obs1], sanation[obs1]. {{&causes: @P2.6.4.8.3.R2, cure, getting well, improvement, healing}}. occupational therapy. {{used_in(needle)}} acupuncture. {{has_conceptual_part}} therapeutic category. {{has_subtype(cure)}} radical cure, perfect cure, certain cure; sovereign remedy. {{has_subtype(treatment): medicating, P2.6.4.8.3.3}}. {{has_subtype(treatment): surgery, P2.6.4.8.3.1}}. {{has_subtype: preventive measure, P2.6.4.8.4}}. compress, pledget[obs3]; bandage &c. (support) R215. {{part_of}} treatment, medical treatment. dietary regimen, dietetics; vis medicatrix[obs3], vis medicatrix naturae[Lat][obs3]; medecine expectante[Fr]; bloodletting, bleeding, venesection[Med], phlebotomy; operation, surgical operation; transfusion; catheter; feeding tube. allopathy[obs3], heteropathy[Med], osteopathy, hydropathy[Med]; cold water cure; dietetics; healing art, leechcraft[obs3]. orthopedics, orthopedy[obs3], orthopraxy[obs3]; pediatrics; dentistry, midwifery, obstetrics, gynecology; tocology[obs3]; sarcology[obs3]. cicatrization; disinfection. {{performed_at}} hospital, infirmary; pesthouse[obs3], lazarhouse[obs3]; lazaretto; lock hospital; maison de sante[Fr]. ambulance. {{has_subtype(hospital)}} Hotel des Invalides; sanatorium, spa, pump room, well; hospice; Red Cross. {{job_of(medical treatment): medical practitioner, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4}}. cupping[obs3], sanguisae[obs3], leeches[obs3]. V. treat, apply a remedy, minister to, attend. doctor, physic, nurse, dress the wounds, plaster; drain; prevent &c. R706; relieve &c. R834; palliate &c. R658; restore &c. R660; drench with physic. bleed[obs3], cup[obs3], let blood[obs3]. manicure[obs2]. {[of(fracture)]} set [obj=bone], splint. Adj. remedial. restorative &c. R660; corrective, palliative, healing; sanatory[obs3], sanative; prophylactic, preventative, immunizing; salutiferous &c. (salutary) R656; medical, medicinal; therapeutic, chirurgical[Med], epulotic[obs1], paregoric, tonic, corroborant, analeptic[obs3], balsamic. dietetic, alimentary; nutritious, nutritive; peptic; alexipharmic[obs3], alexiteric[obs3]; remediable, curable. Phr. aux grands maux les grands remedes[Fr]; Dios que da la llaga da la medicina[Sp]; para todo hay remedio sino para la muerte[Sp]; temporis ars medicina fere est [Lat][Ovid]; " the remedy is worse than the disease " [Dryden]; " throw physic to the dogs, I'll none of it " [Macbeth]; "doctor, heal thyself". <--- The "surgery" section obviously should be vastly larger. For the first version, only those surgical concepts directly referring to toher concepts in the thesaurus are included. Eventual suplementation from the NMLS system will increase the size enormously. [[surgery]] --> P2.6.4.8.3.1 SURGERY N. {{hperforms(surgeon)}} surgery, operation, surgical operation, chirurgery[Med], chirurgy[obs3]. {{has_patient: animal[1], R366}}. {{has_spatient}} {{has_subtype(body part, R1002)}} point of operation. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(cutting, P2.8.1)}} incision. {{uses: surgical instrument}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(optional, @R600)}} elective surgery. {{alternate_to(elective surgery)}} {{property_of($compulsion, R744)}} emergency surgery. &&{{caused_by($compulsion)}} {{has_subtype(emergency, @R183a)}} {{property_of(life-threatening)}} life-threatening emergency. {{has_subtype}} {{patient_of(joint, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} arthroscopic surgery. {{uses(arthroscopic surgery): arthroscope, @P2.3.1.3.22}}. {{required_for(surgery)}} {{has_subtype(replacement[obj=organ, P2.3.2.2.3.2.2], @R147)}} organ transplant. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(removal[of=sex organs], R38)}} neutering, fixing. {{has_subtype(neutering[of=male animal])}} castration, emasculation. {{has_subtype(castration[of=animal[1], R366])}} gelding. {{has_subtype(neutering[of=female animal])}} spaying. {{has_subtype(removal[obj=body part], R38)}} amputation. V. operate, perform surgery. [transitive] operate on, perform surgery on. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(cut, P2.8.1)}} incise. {{&has_conceptual_part(operate)}} {{has_subtype(remove, R38)}} excise, cut out. {{has_conceptual_part(operate)}} {{has_subtype(repair[obj=incision], M7.3.5.4.1.5)}} {{analogous_to(sew)}} {{used_in(needle)}} suture, sew up, stitch. {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(be impotent)}} {{result_of(sterility)}} sterilize. {{has_subtype(sterilize)}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=sex organs], R38)}} neuter, fix, alter, desex, desexualize. {{has_subtype(neuter[obj=male animal])}} castrate, emasculate. {{has_subtype(castrate[obj=animal[1], R366])}} geld. {{has_subtype(neuter[obj=female animal])}} spay. {{has_subtype(sever)}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=limb, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], R38)}} amputate. Adj. surgical, chirurgical. operating. {{has_result(neutering)}} neutered, fixed. {{has_subtype(neutered)}}{{has_result(castrating)}} castrated, emasculated; gelded. {{has_subtype(neutered)}} {{has_result(spaying)}} spayed. Prep. {{has_marker(point of operation)}} on. Suff. {{has_symbol(removal[mode=by surgery], R38)}} {{has_subtype(suffix)}} "-ectomy". {{has_symbol(cutting[mode=by surgery])}} {{has_instance(suffix)}} "-otomy". P2.6.4.8.3.2 THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE N. therapeutic exercise. <-- as a subtype of ingestion, we do not distinguish between giving medicine and taking medicine --> P2.6.4.8.3.3 MEDICATING N. {{has_subtype(ingestion)}} medicating, medication, giving medicine, administration of medicine. taking medicine, undergoing medication. {{uses(medicating): medicine, P2.3.1.3.4.1}}. infusion, intravenous infusion. pharmacy[1], pharmacology, pharmaceutics. pharmacopoeia, formulary; acology[obs3], Materia Medica[Lat], therapeutics, posology[obs3]. homeopathy. dispensary, dispensatory[obs3]; drug store, pharmacy[2], apothecary, druggist, chemist. V. medicate, give medicine, administer medication. drug. take medicine. dose. <-- The general concept of repair was broken out of this section, which now deals specifically with health (medical). "Repair" is now in the "action" section under M7.3.5.4.1.5. This section is very similar to healing, P2.6.4.8.2.3.R1, but is used specifically for recovery due to therapy. Perhaps not a useful distinction. A further distinction is that this section deals mostly with complete recovery, not just some improvement. [[recover]] --> P2.6.4.8.3.R1 RESTORATION #660. Restoration. N. {{&has_result(therapy)}} {{has_subtype(repair, M7.3.5.4.1.5)}} {{conceptual_part_of(healing, P2.6.4.8.3.R2)}} restoration, cure, recovery, recuperation, rehabilitation, redintegration[obs3]. {{caused_by(cure)}} {{used_by(remedy, R662, P2.3.1.3.4.1): @P2.6.4.8.3, therapy, cure}}. revival, revivessence[obs3], reviviscence[obs3]; refreshment &c. R689; resuscitation, reanimation, revivification, reviction[obs1]. rectification; instauration[obs3]. renaissance, second youth, rejuvenescence[obs3]; new birth. resumption; sanativeness[obs3]. {{part_of}} convalescence. {{has_metaphor(revival)}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Phenix, Phoenix. rechauffe[Fr], rifacimento[It]. {{has_requirement}} curableness. V. restore, put back, place in statu quo[Lat], redintegrate[obs3]; reinstate, replace, reseat, rehabilitate, reestablish, reestate[obs3], reinstall. {{&causes}} resume, reappear. {{&causes}} return to the original state, recover. {{&causes}} rally, revive; come come to, come round, come to oneself; pull through, weather the storm, be oneself again; get well, get round, get the better of, get over, get about; come to, come to life again; live again, rise again; rise from one's ashes, rise from the grave; survive &c. (outlive) R110. {[of(health)]} heal, skin over, cicatrize. right itself. redress, recure[obs3]; cure, heal, remedy, doctor, physic, medicate; break of; bring round, set on one's legs. resuscitate, revive, reanimate, revivify, recall to life; reproduce &c. R163; warm up; reinvigorate, refresh &c. R689. make whole; recoup &c. R790; make good, make all square; rectify, correct; put right, put to rights, set right, set to rights, set straight; set up; put in order &c. (arrange) R60; refit, recruit; fill up, fill up the ranks; reinforce. regenerate, grow back. Adj. restored &c. v.; redivivus[Lat], convalescent; in a fair way; none the worse; rejuvenated. restoring &c. v.; restorative, recuperative; sanative, reparative, sanatory[obs3], reparatory[obs3]; curative, remedial. restorable, recoverable, sanable[obs3], remediable, retrievable, curable. Adv. in statu quo[Lat]; as you were. Phr. revenons a nos moutons[Fr]; medecin[Fr], gueris-toi toi-meme[Fr]; vestigia nulla retrorsum [Lat][Horace]. <-- improvement could also be listed as a goal of therapy, but since it can occur spontaneously, i.e. without treatment, it will be listed here as part of pathology. The similar notion of restoration (via therapy) is at P2.6.4.8.3.R1 This relates to improvement only as regards health. The general concept of improvement is broken out into an entry R658a and moved to ENDS at volition, subservience [[heal]] --> P2.6.4.8.3.R2 HEALING #658. Healing. N. {{antonym_of(deterioration, P2.6.4.1.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(good, M7.1.2.1.2.1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(recovery, P2.6.4.8.3.R1)}} {{&has_result(treatment, R662)}} {{has_process(body, R1001/organism)}} {{precedes(illness, R655)}} healing, restoration to health, cure, getting well, restoration of health. {{has_subtype(healing)}} {{property_of(partial)}} improvement, amelioration. {{has_subtype}} {{&exhibited_by(body part)}} regeneration, regrowth, regeneracy[obs3], regenerateness[obs3]; palingenesis[obs3], reconversion. V. [intransitive] heal[1], mend, amend, get well, return to health. {{has_subtype(heal[1])}} {{property_of(partial)}} improve; be better, become better, get better. {{&has_result(treat, R662)}} [transitive] heal[2], cure. Adj. healing. P2.6.4.8.4 HEALTH MAINTENANCE MEASURES N. {{&caused_by(health, P2.6.4.1.1.2.2)}} health maintenance measure, preventive measure, prevention, health maintenance. {{has_subtype(medicine, P2.6.4.8)}} preventive medicine, preventative medicine. <-- "routine checkup is different from an exam caused by a complaint --> {{has_subtype(preventive measure)}} {{has_subtype(medical examination, @P2.6.4.8.1)}} {{not_mcauses(symptom)}} checkup, routine checkup, routine examination. {{has_subtype(routine checkup)}} {{property_of(annual)}} annual checkup, annual examination. {{has_purpose(routine checkup): discover[obj=disease, R655], @R480a}}. {{has_subtype(preventive measure)}} immunization, shot, inoculation. {{has_subtype(immunization)}} vaccination. {{uses(immunization)}} {{has_subtype(medicament)}} vaccine; gamma globulin. {{&causes(immunization)}} immunity. {{has_contrast(immunization)}} desensitization. {{has_subtype(shot)}} booster, booster shot. {{has_subtype(preventive measure)}} healthy living, healthy life style. {{has_part(healthy life style)}} diet, healthy diet, proper diet. {{has_part(healthy life style)}} {{has_subtype(human action, P2.8)}} {{has_subtype(exertion, R686)}} {{used_in(muscle, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} exercise, physical exercise, workout, working out, exercising, exercitation[obs3]. {{has_subtype(exercise): athletics, @M8.2.2.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(exercise)}} {{property_of(light, @R705)}} calisthenics; walking. {{has_subtype(exercise)}} {{used_in(legs, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} {{similar_to(running)}} jogging; running in place. {{has_subtype(exercise)}} {{uses(bicycle)}} bicycling. {{has_subtype(exercise)}} {{property_of(strenuous, @R686)}} {{uses(weight[3], @P2.3.1.3.1.3.2)}} weight lifting; body building. {{has_subtype(weight lifting)}} dead lift; clean; jerk; clean and jerk; bench press; curl; squat; press. {{has_subtype(exercise)}} {{property_of(vigorous, R574)}} running; aerobic exercise, aerobics. {{&performed_at(exercise)}} health club, fitness center, gym. <-- another sketchy section. Lots of terms could be included, but first just those terms likely to occur in newspapers --> P2.6.4.9 APPLIED BIOLOGY N. applied biology. biotechnology, bioengineering. molecular biology, molecular genetics. recombinant technology, genetic engineering. {{uses}} recombinant DNA; DNA hybridization; cloning, DNA cloning. {{uses(DNA hybridization)}} annealing. {{uses}} synthetic genes, designer genes[jocular]. {{uses}} polymerase chain reaction, PCR[acron]. {{uses}} DNA sequencing. {{studies}} DNA sequence. {{has_part(DNA sequence)}} operon; gene. {{has_part(operon)}} promoter, regulatory sequence. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(fermentation, @P2.6.3)}} fermentation technology, industrial fermentation. {{has_subtype(industrial fermentation)}} brewing. {{&produces(industrial fermentation): @P2.3.1.3.2.10.1, beer, ale, wine}}. {{&produces(industrial fermentation): pharmaceutical; ethanol, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1; acetone}}. <-- biochemical engineering fermentation technology brewing--> <-- [[PHENOMENA]] (GENERALLY, FRAMES AND SCRIPTS NOT DIRECTLY REFERRING TO HUMAN ACTIONS & EXCLUDING NATURAL PHENOMENA IN P2.5) --> P2.7 COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS N. phenomenon, physical phenomenon, complex interactions of physical objects[pl], physical phenomena[pl]; interactions. P2.7.1 REMARKABLE PHENOMENON R872 #872. Phenomenon. N. {{property_of(remarkable)}} {{has_subtype(wonder, M3.3.2.1.5.4)}} remarkable phenomenon, phenomenon, prodigy, wonder, wonderment, phenomenon. marvel, miracle; monster &c. (unconformity) R83; jeu de theatre[Fr], coup de theatre; gazingstock[obs3]; sign; "St. Elmo's fire", "St. Elmo's light"; portent &c. R512. {{property_of(interesting)}} curiosity, sight, spectacle. what no words can paint; wonders of the world; annus mirabilis[Lat]; dignus vindice nodus[Lat]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary)}} nine days' wonder. {{has_subtype(spectacle): bursting of a shell, bursting of a bomb; volcanic eruption}}. {{has_subtype(spectacle): @P2.7.2.1, lightning, thunder, peal of thunder, thunderclap, thunderbolt, lightning bolt}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} lion. {{has_subtype(wonders of the world)}} wonder of the ancient world[yr=200 B.C.], seven wonders of the ancient world[pl]. {{has_instance(wonder of the ancient world)}} great pyramid at Giza, Great Pyramid, Pyramids of Egypt; Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Colossus at Rhodes; Lighthouse at Alexandria, Pharos of Alexandria; Temple of Artemis at Ephesus; Mausoleum at Halicarnassis; Statue of Zeus at Olympia. Phr. natura il fece e poi roppe la stampa [Ital.]. <-- (INCLUDES WEATHER) [[WEATHER]] (NAIVE OBSERVATIONS) --> P2.7.2 NATURAL PHENOMENA N. natural phenomenon, phenomenon of nature. P2.7.2.1 WEATHER N. {{location_of(atmosphere, @R338)}} weather, weather phenomenon. {{conceptual_part_of}} climate. good weather, fair weather, fine weather, clear weather, sunny weather, sunshine. {{antonym_of(good weather)}} bad weather, inclement weather. {{property_of}} {{has_part(atmosphere, @P2.3.1.1.5.2)}} air mass. {{has_subtype(air mass)}} {{property_of(high pressure, @P2.7.2.1.5)}} high. {{has_subtype(air mass)}} {{property_of(low pressure, @P2.7.2.1.5)}} low. {{has_part(air mass)}} {{has_subtype(edge)}} front. {{has_subtype(front)}} {{property_of(moving)}} warm front; cold front. stationary front. {{has_subtype(bad weather)}} {[when(raining, P2.7.2.1.2)]} rainy weather; dropping weather, falling weather. {{property_of(bad weather)}} inclemency. {{studied_in}} meteorology, climatology; pneumatics. {{part_of(water)}} precipitation. {{conceptual_part_of(cloud, P2.7.2.1.1)}} cloudy weather. {{conceptual_part_of(fog, @P2.7.2.1.1)}} foggy weather. {{conceptual_part_of(high winds, @R349)}} windy weather, blustery weather. {{conceptual_part_of(heat, M6.1.2.3)}} hot weather, heat wave, hot spell. {{has_high_level(humidity)}} humid weather, oppressive humidity. {{has_subtype(precipitation)}} dew. {{has_subtype(bad weather)}} {[when(cold)]} cold weather, icy weather. {{has_subtype(cold weather)}} {{has_subtype(precipitation): @P2.7.2.1.3, snow; sleet; hail}}. thaw, thawing, melting. {{has_high_intensity(cold weather)}} icy weather, freezing weather, subzero temperature. {{co-occurs_with(cold weather): winter}}. {{co-occurs_with(hot weather): summer}}. {{has_subtype(ice)}} {{co-occurs_with(cold weather): @P2.3.1.1.5.1, rime, frost; hoar frost, white frost, hard frost, sharp frost; icicle; iceberg, icefloe; floe berg}}. {{causes(cold weather): glacier, @R342}}. {{causes(cold weather): freeze[ptnt=body of water]}}. {{job_of(report[obj=weather]): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.2, weatherman, weather forecaster, weather reporter, weatherperson}}. {{has_subtype(electric current, @P2.6.1.9)}} {{has_subtype(luminary, R423)}} {{property_of(sudden, R113)}} {{location_of(sky, @R338)}} {{shape_of(branching, @R240)}} lightning, lightning bolt, flash of lightning, lightning flash, levin[obs3]. {{has_subtype(lightning)}} chain lightning, fork lightning; sheet lightning; summer lightning. {{&causes(lightning)}} {{has_subtype(luminary, R423)}} {{shape_of(sphere, R249)}} ball lightning, kugelblitz [German] {{causes(lightning)}} {{has_subtype(boom, @R406)}} {{property_of(sudden)}} thunder, peal of thunder, thunderbolt, thunderclap, thunder-clap; thunder-bolt. {{&causes(thunder): fright, @R860}}. {{caused_by(lightning bolt): voltage differential, @P2.6.1.9}}. <-- what do we call a lightning bolt that hits the ground? (as contrasted with one between clouds)--> {{has_subtype(lightning)}} {{adjacent_to(ground, R342)}} {{formed_by(path[between=ground, R342 + cloud, P2.7.2.1.1])}} {{has_subtype(electric current[between=ground, R342 + cloud, P2.7.2.1.1], @P2.6.1.9)}} surface lightning. {{caused_by(surface lightning): voltage differential[between=cloud, P2.7.2.1.1 + ground, R342], @P2.6.1.9}}. Adj. meteorological; weatherwise[obs3]. {{has_property(good weather)}} clear, sunny. {{has_property(bad weather)}} rainy; stormy. Phr. Mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the noonday sun [Noel Coward]. P2.7.2.1.1 CLOUD N. {{has_subtype(cloud, R353a)}} {{constitutes(water, R337)}} {{location_of(atmosphere)}} {{property_of(translucent, R427)}} cloud. scud, messenger, rack, nimbus; cumulus, woolpack[obs3], cirrus; stratus; cirrostratus, cumulostratus; cirrocumulus; mackerel sky, mare's tale, dirty sky; curl cloud; frost smoke. white cloud; dark cloud. {{has_subtype(white cloud)}} fluffy white cloud. {{has_subtype(dark cloud)}} {{generated_by(rain, P2.7.2.1.2)}} thunderhead. {{has_subtype}} {{requires(rain, P2.7.2.1.2)}} rain cloud; storm cloud. {{has_subtype}} {{adjacent_to(ground)}} fog, mist. {{has_subtype(fog)}} {{property_of(opaque, P2.6.1.5.R3)}} pea-soup fog. {{&produces: lightning, @P2.7.2.1}}. <-- [[RAIN]] --> P2.7.2.1.2 RAIN N. {{has_subtype(precipitation, @P2.7.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{constitutes(water, R337)}} rain, rainfall. {{has_large_quantity}} downpour, cloudburst, drenching rain; hyetology[obs3], hyetography[obs3]; predominance of Aquarius[obs2], "reign of St. Swithin"[obs2]. {{has_subtype(downpour)}} {{property_of(windy)}} driving rain. {{has_low_intensity}} drizzle, mizzle[obs3], stillicidum[obs3], plash[obs2]. {{exhibits(freeze[on=ground])}} freezing rain. mist, serein[obs3]. {{has_small_quantity}} shower, scud; soft day[Irish]. {{has_subtype(storm)}} {{has_large_quantity(rain)}} {{location_of(northeast United States)}} northeaster. squall, storm, tempest. {{has_subtype(storm)}} {{property_of(large area)}} {{has_large_quantity(rain)}} {{has_conceptual_part(high winds, @P2.7.2.1.4)}} hurricane; monsoon; typhoon. {{&causes}} {{has_manifestation(refraction, @R420)}} {{has_manifestation(spectrum, @R428)}} {{property_of(variegated, R440)}} rainbow. Phr. raining cats and dogs. <-- We distinguish between the weather phenomenon, snow[1]=snowing, and the product, snow[2] (on the ground) [[snow]] --> P2.7.2.1.3 SNOW N. {{has_subtype(precipitation, @P2.7.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(solid)}} {{constitutes(water)}} snow[1], fall of snow, snowing. {{forms}} snow[2]. {{has_subtype(snow[2])}} sleet; hail. {{has_large_quantity(snow[1])}} heavy snow, heavy fall; blizzard. {{has_member(hail)}} hailstone. {{has_member(snow[1]/snow[2])}} snowflake, snow crystal. {{constitutes(snow[2])}} snow drift, snow bank. {{caused_by(snow drift)}} drifting snow. sleet; slush. ice. V. snow, be snowing. hail; sleet. {{has_subtype(move[agnt=wind, P2.7.2.1.4])}} blow[transitive], drive[transitive]. {{causes(blow)}} be blown[intransitive]. {{has_subtype(be blown[ptnt=snow])}} {{caused_by(snow drift)}} drift. <-- [Air in motion] [[WIND]] --> P2.7.2.1.4 WIND #349. Wind. N. {{constitutes(air, P2.3.1.1.5.2)}} {{property_of(motion)}} wind, draught. {{has_low_intensity}} breath, breath of air, breath of fresh air; puff, whiff, zephyr; blow, breeze, drift; aura. {{location_of(high altitude)}} stream, current, jet stream. {{has_high_intensity}} high wind, strong wind, high winds[pl], gust, blast, gale, half a gale. {{has_subtype(vortex)}} whirlwind, tornado; samiel; cyclone; anticyclone; dust devil. simoon[obs3], simoom; harmattan[obs3], trade wind, sirocco, mistral, bise[obs3], tramontane, levanter; capful of wind; fresh breeze, stiff breeze; keen blast; blizzard, barber [Can.], candelia[obs3], chinook, foehn, khamsin[obs3], norther, vendaval[obs3], wuther[obs3]. windiness &c. adj.; ventosity[obs1]; rough weather, dirty weather, ugly weather, stress of weather; dirty sky, mare's tail; thick squall, black squall, white squall. {{studied_in}} anemography[obs3], aerodynamics. {{measured_by}} wind gauge, weathercock, vane, weather-vane, wind sock; anemometer, anemoscope[obs3]. sufflation[obs3], insufflation[obs3], perflation[obs3], inflation, afflation[obs3]; blowing, fanning &c. v.; ventilation. {{function_of(create[obj=wind])}} air pump, air blower, lungs, bellows, blowpipe, fan, ventilator, punkah[obs3]. <--- branchiae[obs3], gills, flabellum[obs3], vertilabrum[obs3]. --> {{affects(wind)}} whiffle ball. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(mythology)]} kamikaze [Japamese: divine wind]. {{has_subtype}} {{produces(farting, @P2.8.4): fart, @P2.8.4}}. {[in_frame(mythology)]} {{caused_by}} {{property_of(mythological)}} {{has_subtype(god)}} Eolus; Boreas; Zephyr. {[in_frame(mythology)]} {{caused_by}} {{property_of(mythological)}} cave of Eolus. {{has_low_intensity(wind)}} {{&exhibits(animal[1], R366): @P2.6.4.1.1, sneeze, sneezing, sternutation; hiccup, hiccough; catching of the breath}}. V. blow, waft; blow hard, blow great guns, blow a hurricane &c. n.; wuther[obs3]; stream, issue. {{has_low_intensity(waft)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366): @P2.6.4.1.1, respire, breathe, puff; whiff, whiffle; gasp, wheeze; snuff, snuffle; sniff, sniffle; sneeze, cough}}. fan, ventilate; inflate, perflate[obs1]; blow up. Adj. windy, blowing, gusting. breezy, gusty, squally; stormy, tempestuous, blustering; boisterous &c. (violent) R173. {{has_property(lung)}} pulmonic[Med], pulmonary. Phr. "lull'd by soft zephyrs" [Pope]; "the storm is up and all is on the hazard" [Julius Caesar]; "the winds were wither'd in the stagnant air" [Byron]; "while mocking winds are piping loud" [Milton]; "winged with red lightning and tempestuous rage" [Paradise Lost]. P2.7.2.1.5 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE N. air pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure. {{has_part(weather map)}} {{has_representation(air pressure)}} {{has_subtype(line)}} isobar. rise and fall of the barometer. high pressure; low pressure. P2.7.2.1.6 HUMIDITY N. {{property_of(atmosphere)}} {{constitutes(water vapor, @P2.3.1.1.5.1)}} humidity, relative humidity, humectation[obs3]. {{causes}} madefaction[obs1], dew. {{measured_by(humidity)}} hygrometry; hygrometer. {{has_units}} dew point; per cent saturation, per cent. P2.7.2.2. EARTHQUAKE N. {{has_subtype(vibration[of=ground, R342], @R314)}} {{has_subtype(geological process)}} earthquake, quake, ground quake, tremor, temblor. {{is_a}} {{has_subtype(vibration[of=ground, R342], @R314)}} seismic event. {{has_part}} shock. {{has_subtype(shock)}} main shock. {{has_subtype(shock)}} {{precedes(shock)}} aftershock. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(deformation[ptnt=Earth's crust], @R243)}} diastrophism; continent formation. {{has_conceptual_part(diastrophism)}} mountain-building; uplift. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(rising[ptnt=magma, @P2.7.2.3], R305)}} upwelling of magma. {{has_location(upwelling of magma): hot spot, @P2.7.2.3}}. {{causes(upwelling of magma)}} continental drift; subduction; seafloor spreading; continental rifting, rifting. {{has_patient(continental drift)}} {{has_part(earth's surface)}} {{property_of(solid, @R321)}} {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} crustal plate, tectonic plate. {{has_property(crustal plate): area[val=>100 sqare miles]}}. {{occurs_at(rifting)}} rift. {{&causes}} fault, geological fault. {{studied_in(continental drift)}} plate tectonics. {{&!caused_by(seismic event): underground nuclear explosion; meteor impact}}. P2.7.2.3 VOLCANIC ERUPTION N. {{exhibits(volcano, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(expulsion)}} volcanic eruption. {{produces}} {{has_subtype(rock)}} {{property_of(very hot/molten/viscous)}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} lava. {{produces}} volcanic ash. {{produces}} {{constitutes(lava)}} lava flow. {{has_subtype(lava flow)}} {{analogous_to(fountain, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.2)}} lava fountain. {{has_subtype(lava)}} aa. {{has_subtype(lava)}} {{location_of(underground)}} magma. {{&transformed_into(lava)}} {{property_of(porous)}} {{has_subtype(glass): @P2.3.1.1.4, pumice}}. {{has_source(lava)}} lava tube. {{&has_location}} hot spot. P2.7.2.4 GEYSER SPOUT N. {{has_subtype(jet, P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.2)}} {{property_of(boiling hot)}} {{constitutes(steam + water)}} geyser spout, geyser eruption. {{exhibited_by}} geyser. {{&has_location: Yellowstone Park; Iceland}}. {{has_instance(geyser)}}{{location_of(Yellowstone Park)}} {{property_of(regularity/periodicity)}} Old Faithful. <-- Human actions are classified in various places. Biological (physiological, usually involuntary) actions are under biology and medicine. Various types of travel are under travel. The following are simple physical actions performed usually by people, which do not primarily involve mental processes. These are relatively simple actions, but in general are transitive. In the original Roget, many of these were included in abstract concepts, or in mental categories. We consider the physical actions as consequences of the abstract concepts, and they are gathered here to try to make the distinction between more mental concepts and the concrete physical actions. Some human actions are under M7.3.1.1. [action]. The complex voluntary actions are classified in the mental realm under M7.3.2. [[humact]] --> P2.8 HUMAN PHYSICAL ACTIONS N. {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3/agent, R690)}} {{conceptual_part_of(move[obj=body, P2.3.2.2.3.1])}} {{has_subtype(action, P2.4)}} activity, physical activity, human physical action, human action, human activity. {{requires: @P2.8.6, physical effort, exertion}}. {{consumes: metabolic energy, @P2.6.4.5.2}}. {{has_subtype: @R777, grasping, holding, carrying}}. <-- [[cut]] --> P2.8.1 CUTTING N. {{has_subtype(sundering, R44)}} {{used_in(cutting instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.4.1)}} cutting, sundering, severance; slitting, slicing. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} cut object. cleaving, cleavage, chopping; sawing; hacking. {{has_subtype(cleaving)}} fracturing. {{causes(fracturing): @P1.2.2.2.1.3.1, fracture, rupture}}. carving. {[with_obj(lumber, P2.3.1.2.4.7)]} {{used_for(plane, @P2.3.1.3.12.4.1)}} planing. paring; whittling. {[of(body, @P2.3.2.2.3.1)]} scission; inscission, inscising, rescission, abscission; laceration, dilaceration[obs3]. {[of(foreskin, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)]} circumcision. snipping. punching, die cutting, punching out. {[of(plant, R367, P2.3.2.1.2)]} pruning; hewing; mowing, lawn mowing. {[of(beard, @R1002/moustache, @R1002)]} shaving. {{has_subtype(cutting[obj=beard, @R1002/moustache, @R1002/plant, R367])}} trimming. <-- "trimming" is cutting of excess matter. The excess matter is a small part of the total (more than 20% would be "slashing"!) --> {{causes(trimming): removal[ptnt=$piece[of=$cut object], @R51], @R38}}. &&{{{has_relative_value($cut object^length + $piece^length): ">5"}}}. &&{{has_property($piece): excess, @R641 + unwanted, @R647}}. {[of(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2)]} dismemberment; section, resection; dislocation. {[of(corpse, R362)]} dissection; autopsy. {[of(body part, P2.3.2.2.3.2)]} {{studied_in: anatomy, P2.6.4.5.1}}. {[of(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)]} metal cutting. {[of(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)]} felling. {{&uses(metal cutting): @P2.3.1.3.17.1, torch, welder's torch}}. V. cut, slice, slit, lacerate; rend, sunder, divide, subdivide, sever, dissever, abscind[obs3]; circumcise; incide[obs1], incise; saw; snip, nib, nip. cleave, axe, rive, split. {[with_object(beard, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)]} shave; trim. circumscise. chip, whittle; shear; pare. punch, punch out. {[with_object(plant, R367, P2.3.2.1.2)]} prune; hew; mow. {[with_object(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)]} fell. {[with_object(corpse, R362)]} dissect. {[with_object(body, @P2.3.2.2.3.1)]} dismember; dissect; autopsy. Adj. cut, sliced. slit; rent; sliced, severed, sundered, divided. pruned; hewn; mowed. sawed; snipped. circumcised. P2.8.2 PERFORATING (R260a) N. {{has_subtype(penetration, P2.6.1.2.4.3)}} perforating. V. perforate. <-- [[EATING]] break these 3 concepts apart : ingestion, eating, food. Ingestion is taking something into the body by any means. Eating and drinking are specific means. --> <-- this ingestion, injection, etc refers to animals, as distinct from the more general injection at P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.2 --> P2.8.3 INGESTION N. {{has_subtype(insertion[into=body/organism], P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.2)}} ingestion, ingesting. {{has_subtype}} {{used_for(mouth): eating, P2.8.3.1}}. {{has_patient(eating/gavage)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} ingesta. {{has_subtype(injection, @P2.4.2.3.8.1.1.1.2)}} injection[1], injecting. {{has_patient(injecting)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} injectant. {{has_result(injecting)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} injection[2], shot[coll.]. {{has_subtype(injection, @P2.8.3)}} inoculation. infusion; absorption. {{uses(injection/infusion)}} needle, syringe, hypodermic needle. {{uses(infusion)}} infusion tube; drip. {{&uses(infusion)}} {{has_subtype(pump)}} infusion pump, metering pump. {{has_subtype(injection)}} {{location_of(under[loc=skin])}} subdermal injection. {{has_subtype(injection)}} {{location_of(muscle)}} intramuscular injection. {{has_subtype(injection)}} {{location_of(vein)}} intravenous injection; intravenous infusion. {{has_subtype(absorption)}} {{location_of(skin)}} transdermic absorption. {{&uses(transdermic absorption)}} patch. {{&uses(transdermic absorption)}} {{location_of(anus)}} suppository. {{location_of(mouth)}} gavage. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(inhalation, @P2.6.4.1.1)}} inhalation, breathing in, sniffing, snorting[coll.]. V. ingest, take in. [transitive] inject; implant; insert. transplant; transfuse. infuse. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(inhale, @P2.6.4.1.1)}} [transitive] inhale, breathe in, sniff, snort[coll.]. Adj. ingested, taken, taken in. injected; implanted; inserted. percutaneous, transdermic, transcutaneous, diadermic. {{&has_property(injection)}} intravenous, "i.v."[abbr]; subcutaneous, "s.c."[abbr], subdermal. Adv. {{has_mode(injecting)}} by injection. {{has_subtype(by injection)}} subcutaneously; intramuscularly; intravenously; subdermally. {{has_mode(gavage/eating)}} per os, "p.o."[abbr]. <-- this eating is for people. The general "nutrition" is above, at P2.6.4.1.1.2.3 --> P2.8.3.1 EATING (R298a) #298a. Eating. N. {{consumed_by(food, R298, P2.3.1.3.2)}} {{conceptual_part_of(tasting, @R390)}} {{has_subtype(body function, P2.6.4.1.1)}} {{purpose_of(nutrition, P2.6.4.1.1.2.3)}} eating, human nutrition, feeding. {{has_conceptual_part}} biting; chewing, mastication; swallowing. deglutition; gulp; rumination. {{consumed_by(meal)}} dining. {{has_subtype(dining)}} {{has_activity(restaurant, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.4)}} dining out. {{property_of(excessive): gluttony &c. R957}}. {[with_object(horse)]} hippophagy[obs3]. {[with_object(fish)]} ichthyophagy[obs3]. {{mcaused_by: appetite &c. R865}}. {{uses(eating)}} {{has_subtype(body part): mouth, jaws, mandible, mazard[obs3], chops}}. carousal &c. (amusement) R840; drunkenness &c. R959. {{performed_by: diner; hippophage; glutton &c. R957}}. <-- epulation[obs3], manducation[obs3]?? --> V. eat, consume, feed, fare, devour, swallow, take. gulp; fall to; despatch, dispatch; discuss; take down, get down; lay in, tuck in; lick, pick, peck; gormandize &c. R957; bite, champ, munch, munch on, cranch[obs3], craunch[obs3], crunch, chew, masticate, gnaw, mumble. nibble, nibble at, nibble on. {{has_subtype(eat[mode=quickly])}} bolt down, wolf down, gulp down, snap down. live on; feed upon, batten upon, fatten upon, feast upon regale; carouse &c. (make merry) R840; eat heartily, do justice to, play a good knife and fork, banquet. {[of(grazing animal)]} browse, graze, crop. dine; breakfast; lunch; sup; break bread, break one's fast. <-- purvey &c. R637. --> Adj. eatable, edible, esculent[obs3], comestible, alimentary. cereal, cibarious[obs3]; dietetic; culinary. nutritive, nutritious; gastric; succulent. {{similar_to: tasty, delicious, appetizing R394}}. omnivorous; carnivorous; herbivorous; granivorous[obs3], graminivorous, phytivorous[obs3]; ichthyivorous[obs3]; omophagic[obs3], omophagous[obs3]; pantophagous[obs3], phytophagous[obs3], xylophagous[Biol]. Phr. "across the walnuts and the wine" [Tennyson]; "blessed hour of our dinners!" [O. Meredith]; "now good digestion wait on appetite, and health on both!" [Macbeth]; "who can cloy the hungry edge of appetite?" [Richard II]. <-- [[drinking]] --> P2.8.3.2 DRINKING N. {{has_subtype(body function, P2.6.4.1.1)}} drinking; potation, draught, libation. {{has_subtype(drinking[from=breast])}} {[with_object(mother's milk)]} {{&hperforms(baby)}} breast feeding. {{performed_by}} drinker. {{has_subtype(drinker)}} guzzler. V. drink, have. {{has_conceptual_part(drink)}} swallow. {{has_subtype(drink[mode=completely])}} drink up; empty one's glass, drain the cup. {{has_subtype(drink)}} drink in, drink one's fill; imbibe; suck, suck up; lap; toss off, toss one's glass; wash down, crack a bottle, wet one's whistle. {[with_object(alcoholic beverage)]} knock back; swig; swill. {{has_subtype(drink[mode=a little at at time, @R26])}} sip, sup. take tea. {{has_subtype(drink[obj=alcoholic beverage][mode=excessively]): tipple &c. (be drunken) R959}}. {{has_subtype(drink[mode=deeply])}} quaff. {{has_subtype(drink[mode=continuously+quickly])}} guzzle, chugalug[slang]. Adj. drinking. swallowing. imbibing; lapping; quaffing; guzzling. {{requires(drink)}} drinkable, potable, safe to drink, potulent[obs1]. bibulous. Phr. "Down the hatch!"; "Bottoms up!"; "kampai!"[Jap]. <-- Here, a "meal" is considered the food itself rather than the activity of dining Note that a meal may be part of "entertainment", and also that "entertainment" may accompnay a meal (as at a feast or festival)! These must be different senses of "entertainment", but they are not yet distinguished here. [[meal]] --> P2.8.3.R1 MEAL N. {{constitutes(food, R298)}} {{has_tobject(eating, M7.3.1.1)}} meal, repast. {{&part_of: entertainment}}. {{requires: preparation, R673}}. {{has_subtype(preparation[obj=meal]): cooking}}. feed, spread, mess, groaning board; regale, regalement[obs3], bait[obs2]; refection, collation. breakfast; brunch; lunch, luncheon; dinner, supper, evening meal, evening repast, dejeuner[Fr], bever[obs3], tiffin[obs3]. {{has_part(meal)}} {{constitutes(food, R298)}} course, dish, plate; appetizer, hors d'oeuvre[Fr]; main course, entree; dessert. {{has_subtype(dish)}} {{property_of(heated)}} hot dish. {{has_subtype(dish)}} {{not_property_of(heated)}} cold dish. {{precedes(appetizer): main course}}. {{precedes(main course): dessert}}. {{has_subtype(hors d'oeuvre)}} {{origin_of(Italy)}} antipasto. {{location_of(outdoors)}} cookout, barbecue, picnic. potluck, table d'hote[Fr], dejeuner a la fourchette[Fr]. {{has_small_quantity}} quick meal, fast food; snack, light meal, bite; junk food, whet, nosh, bait; TV dinner; microwave dinner. {{has_subtype(snack)}} midnight snack; between-meal snack. {{has_subtype(light meal)}} {{purpose_of(refreshment, R689)}} refreshment, refreshments[pl]; light refreshment. {{has_subtype(refreshment)}} {{has_subtype(junk food): @P2.3.1.3.2.3, hot dog, hamburger}}. {{has_subtype(refreshment)}} {{has_subtype(junk food): @P2.3.2.3.2.2, confection}}. {{has_subtype(refreshment)}} {{has_subtype(junk food)}} {{has_subtype(snack)}} pretzel; popcorn; potato chip; fritos. {{has_subtype(junk food)}} {{has_subtype(sandwich)}} submarine sandwich, submarine, grinder, hoagie; crackers and cheese. {{has_part(submarine sandwich)}} {{has_subtype(bread, P2.3.1.3.2.4)}} Italian bread. {{has_subtype(junk food)}} {{part_of(pie crust/cheese/tomato sauce)}} pizza, pizza pie. {{has_subtype(refreshment)}} {{has_subtype(junk food): @R298, cracker}}. <-- bara[obs3], chotahazri[obs3]; bara khana[obs3] --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_large_quantity(food, R298)}} hearty meal, square meal, substantial meal, full meal, soup to nuts, seven-course meal. {{has_subtype}} {{has_large_quantity(food, R298)}} {{conceptual_part_of(entertainment, @R840)}} feast, banquet, junket; wassail. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(outdoors)}} picnic; clambake. {{has_subtype}} {{has_large_quantity(food, R298)}} {{conceptual_part_of(entertainment, @R840)}} festival, fete, blowout. table, cuisine, bill of fare, menu, table d'hote[Fr], ordinary. V. dine, have a meal, eat a meal. breakfast, break one's fast; lunch; take tea; sup; break bread. snack. Adj. dining. snacking. {{has_property(meal)}} ready-to-eat. P2.8.4 EXCRETION #299. Excretion. N. {{has_subtype(body function, P2.6.4.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} excretion, discharge, emanation. exhalation; exudation; extrusion; secretion[2], effusion; extravasation[Med], ecchymosis[Med]. {{forms(secretion)}} {{has_subtype(substance, P2.1.1)}} secretion[2]. {{exhibits(bowel, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} defecation, evacuation, dejection. {{occurs_at(defecation): anus, @R1002}}. {{requires(defecation)}} {{exhibits(bowel, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} bowel movement, peristalsis. urination; sweating, perspiration, perspiring; salivation. {{!produces(defecation)}} {{has_subtype(semisolid)}} {{property_of(stench, R401)}} {{major_component_of(intestinal bacteria, @P2.3.2.1.3.1)}} faeces, feces, excrement, shit[vulg], stools, crap[vulg], offal, ordure, dung. {{has_subtype(feces)}} {[of(bird/bat)]} {{component_of(phosphate, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} guano. {{has_subtype(feces)}} {[of(livestock)]} manure. {{&component_of(manure)}} compost. {{has_subtype(natural fertilizer, @M7.3.5.4.1.2): guano; manure; compost}}. {{has_subtype(feces)}} {{produces(cattle, @R366)}} cow pattie. {{has_subtype(feces)}} {{produces(buffalo, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.6)}} buffalo chip. {{component_of(feces)}} sewage, sewerage; coprolite. {{has_subtype(feces)}} bloody flux; cacation[obs3]; coeliac-flux, coeliac-passion; dysentery. {{has_subtype}} going to the bathroom[euphemism]. {{has_subtype(going to the bathroom): urination; defecation}}. {{!produces(sweating)}} {{has_subtype(body fluid, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} perspiration, sweat. {{!produces(urination)}} {{has_subtype(body fluid, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} urine, piss[vulg]. {{produced_by(urine): kidney}}. {{produced_by(faeces): intestine}}. diaphoresis; eccrinology[Med]. <-- subation[obs3]; --> {{&produces(salivation)}} saliva, spittle, spit, rheum. ptyalism[obs3], catarrh; diarrhoea; ejecta, egesta[Biol], sputa; excreta; exuviae[Lat] &c. (uncleanness) R653. hemorrhage, bleeding; outpouring &c. (egress) R295. {{has_subtype}} farting, passing gas, breaking wind. {{occurs_at(passing gas): anus, @R1002}}. {{caused_by(farting)}} flatus, gas, intestinal gas, afflatus[obs2], efflation[obs3], eluvium[obs3]. {{produces(farting)}} {{property_of(stench, R401)}} flatus, fart[vulgar]. {{part_of(fart)}} {{has_subtype(contest, R720)}} crepitation contest, farting contest. V. {{conceptual_part_of(emanate, @R295)}} {{has_subtype(excrete, @R297)}} excrete. {{has_metaphor}} go to the bathroom. {{has_subtype(excrete[obj=urine])}} urinate. {{has_subtype(excrete[obj=feces])}} defecate. {{has_subtype(excrete[obj=sweat])}} sweat, perspire. {{has_subtype(excrete[obj=saliva])}} salivate. {{has_subtype(excrete[obj=fart])}} pass gas, break wind, fart[coll.]. <-- This concept "inactivity" is for physical actions of humans which would be classified as "inactivity". IT is distinguished from "inaction" (R681), under mental concepts, which refers to a volitional decision not to act. Thus the physical inactivity is usually a result of the mental decision of inaction. note that "inactivity" contains "sleep", so what is "repose"? Sleep seems to be a subtype of repose. So we put sleep and repose under human activities [acting]. The concept of human physical action is under P, human inaction is R681. "Inactivity" is . . . sloth, languor. More like resting. Should be "slow activity?" [[inactivity]] --> P2.8.5 Inactivity #683. Inactivity. N. {{has_low_level(activity, R682)}} {{has_subtype(inertness &c. R172)}} inactivity. {{result_of: inaction &c. R681; obstinacy &c. R606}}. {{has_subtype: repose, R687; sleep, P2.8.5.1.1}}. lull &c. (cessation) R142; quiescence &c. R265; rust, rustiness. idleness, remissness &c. adj.; sloth, indolence, indiligence[obs3]; dawdling &c. v.; ergophobia[obs3], otiosity[obs3]. dullness &c. adj.; sluggishness &c. (slowness) R275; procrastination &c. (delay) R133. torpor, torpidity, lethargy, torpescence[obs3]; stupor &c. (insensibility) R823; somnolence; drowsiness &c. adj.; nodding &c. v.; oscitation[obs3], oscitancy[obs3]; pandiculation[obs3], hypnotism,; statuvolence, heaviness[obs3], heavy eyelids; languor; segnity[obs1], segnitude[obs1]; lentor[obs3]. dull work; pottering; relaxation &c. (loosening) R47; Castle of Indolence. {{&caused_by}} lullaby. {{&caused_by: @P2.3.1.3.4.1.1, sedative, tranquilizer, hypnotic, sleeping pill, relaxant, anaesthetic, general anaesthetic}}. torpedo. {{trait_of(inactivity)}} idler, drone, droil[obs3], dawdle, mopus[obs3]; do-little, faineant[Fr], dummy, sleeping partner; afternoon farmer; truant &c. (runaway) R623; bummer[obs2], loafer, goldbrick, goldbicker, lounger, lazzarone[It]; lubber, lubbard[obs3]; slow coach &c. (slow) R275; opium eater, lotus eater; slug; lag[obs2], sluggard, slugabed; slumberer, dormouse, marmot; waiter on Providence, fruges consumere natus[Lat]. V. be inactive &c. adj.; do nothing &c. R681; move slowly &c. R275; let the grass grow under one's feet; take one's time, dawdle, drawl, droil[obs3], lag, hang back, slouch; loll, lollop[obs3]; lounge, poke, loaf, loiter; go to sleep over; sleep at one's post, ne battre que d'une aile[Fr]. take it easy, take things as they come; lead an easy life, vegetate, swim with the stream, eat the bread of idleness; loll in the lap of luxury, loll in the lap of indolence; waste time, consume time, kill time, lose time; burn daylight, waste the precious hours. idle away time, trifle away time, fritter away time, fool away time; spend time in, take time in; peddle, piddle; putter, putter around, potter, pudder[obs3], dabble, faddle fribble[obs3], fiddle-faddle; dally, dilly-dally. languish, expend itself, flag, hang fire; relax. render idle &c. adj.; sluggardize[obs3]; mitigate &c. R174. Adj. inactive, idle, inert; motionless &c. R265; unbusied[obs3], unoccupied &c. (doing nothing) R681. indolent, lazy, slothful, lusk[obs3], remiss, slack, torpid, sluggish, otiose, languid, supine; heavy, dull, leaden, lumpish[obs3]; soulless, exanimate[obs3]; drony[obs3], dronish[obs3]; lazy as Ludlam's dog. dilatory, listless, lackadaisical, half-hearted, puttering, pottering. laggard; lagging &c. v.; slow &c. R275; rusty, flagging; fiddle-faddle; pottering &c. v.. {{&mcaused_by: shilly-shally &c. (irresolute) R605}}. {{&caused_by: sedative &c. R174}}. Adv. inactively &c. adj.; at leisure &c. R685. indolently, lazily, slothfully, slackly, torpidly, sluggishly, languidly; heavily, dully, leadenly. dilatorily, listlessly, lackadaisically, half-heartedly, putteringly, potteringly, remissly. Phr. the eyes begin to draw straws; "bankrupt of life yet prodigal of ease" [Dryden]; " better 50 years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay" [Tennyson]; "idly busy rolls their world away " [Goldsmith]. P2.8.5.1 Repose #687. Repose. N. {{antonym_of(exertion, R686)}} {{has_subtype(pause[from=exertion, R686], R142)}} repose, rest, silken repose, reposing, resting. {{has_subtype: sleep, P2.8.5.1.1}}. sitting, sitting down; lying down; leaning against a support. relaxation, ease, relaxing, unbending. {{&co-occurs_with}} breathing spell, breathing time, time off; respite. {{&co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(day): @R685, day of rest, dies non, Sabbath, Lord's day, holiday, day off, red-letter day}}. {{part_of(day off): @R685, vacation}}. {[in_frame(school/legislature)]} recess. {[in_frame(working)]} coffee break. V. {{has_subtype(pause, R142)}} repose, relax, rest, rest and be thankful, take a rest, take one's ease, take it easy, take a break. {{has_subtype(take a break)}} take a breather, breathe, respire, drink in the ozone, draw a deep breath, draw breath, take a deep breath, take breath, gather breath, take a long breath, regain breath, recover breath. {{has_subtype(take a break)}} take five; take ten. {{has_metaphor(take a break)}} stop to smell the roses. relax, unbend, slacken, take time off; rest upon one's oars; stay one's hand. {{has_purpose(take a break): be refreshed, R689}}. {{has_subtype: sleep, P2.8.5.1.1}}. lie, lie down; recline, recline on a bed of down, recline on an easy chair. {{has_subtype(lie down)}} lie on one's back; lie on one's side; lie on one's belly. sit; squat; lean against a support, lean against a wall. {{has_subtype(sit)}} sit up, sit erect; sit back. {{&precedes(lie down): @P2.8.5.1.1, go to rest, go to bed, go to sleep}}. take a holiday, shut up shop; lie fallow &c. (inaction) R681. Adj. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} reposing, relaxing, resting. reclining, lying, sitting. {{causes(repose)}} rested; relaxed. {{similar_to(rested): refreshed}}. unstrained. [of materials and people] unstressed. Adv. at rest. Phr."the best of men have ever loved repose" [Thompson]; "to repair our nature with comforting repose" [Henry VIII]. <-- [[sleep]] --> P2.8.5.1.1 Sleep N. {{not_property_of(awareness/responsiveness)}} {{has_subtype(inactivity, R683)}} {{property_of(interruptable, @R142)}} sleep, slumber. {{topic_of}} treatise on sleep, hypnology[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} deep sleep, sound sleep, heavy sleep, balmy sleep. {{property_of(short duration, @P1.1.1.4)}} nap, doze, snooze, siesta, wink of sleep, forty winks. {{has_subtype(nap)}} {{property_of(short duration, @P1.1.1.4)}} cat nap. {{&has_process}} {{has_subtype(sound, R402)}} {{emits(throat, @R1002)}} snore, snoring. {{&co-occurs_with}} {{&has_process}} {{has_subtype(mental process): dream, @M1}}. {{similar_to(deep sleep)}} {{not_property_of(interruptable, @R142)}} coma; unconsciousness; catalepsy. {{has_subtype(deep sleep)}} {[of(beast, @P2.3.2.1.1)]} {{property_of(long duration[val=1-6 months], @P1.1.1.4)}} hibernation. {{similar_to}} {{property_of(awareness/responsiveness)}} hypnosis, hypnotic state. {{similar_to}} trance, ecstasy, ecstasis[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} Morpheus; Somnus. {{performed_by}} sleeper. {{co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(walking)}} sleepwalking, somnambulism. {{has_subtype(trance)}} hypnotic state, hypnotic trance. {{caused_by(hypnotic state)}} hypnotization, animal magnetism[obs2]. {{studied_in(hypnotization)}} hypnotism. V. sleep, slumber, be asleep. {{property_of(excessive)}} oversleep. {{has_high_intensity}} sleep soundly, sleep deeply, sleep heavily; sleep like a baby, sleep like a top, sleep like a log, sleep like a dormouse; snore one's best. get some z's, stack z's [coll.]. {{&co-occurs_with}} {{&has_process}} dream. doze, drowze[obs3], snooze, nap; take a nap, take forty winks. {{has_commencement}} settle to sleep, go to sleep, go off to sleep; doze off, drop off, drop off to sleep; fall asleep; drop asleep; close the eyes, seal up the eyes, seal up eyelids; weigh down the eyelids; get sleep, nod, yawn; go to bed, turn in. {{has_subtype(sleep deeply)}} {[of(beast, @P2.3.2.1.1)]} {{property_of(long duration, @P1.1.1.4)}} hibernate. {{&has_process}} snore. {{&precedes(lie down, @P2.8.5.1.1)}} go to rest, go to bed, go to sleep. {{has_subtype(cause[ptnt=trance])}} entrance. {{has_subtype(entrance)}} {{has_subtype(cause[ptnt=hypnotic state])}} hypnotize, mesmerize[obs2]. Adj. sleeping, asleep, stacking z's[coll]; fast asleep, dead asleep, sound asleep; in a sound sleep; sound as a top, dormant; in the arms of Morpheus, in the lap of Morpheus; unwakened, unawakened; dozing. {{&has_part(sleeping)}} snoring. sleepy, sleepful[obs3]; dozy[obs3], drowsy, somnolent, torpescent[obs3]; somnifacient[obs3]; heavy, heavy with sleep. lethargic, lethargical[obs3]; statuvolent[obs3], statuvolic[obs3]; napping; somnific[obs3], somniferous; soporous[obs3], soporific, soporiferous[obs3]; hypnotic. balmy, dreamy. comatose; unconscious; cataleptic. snoring. Phr. "the mystery of folded sleep" [Tennyson]; "the timely dew of sleep" [Milton]; "thou driftest gently down the tides of sleep" [Longfellow]; "tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep" [Young]. <-- [[acting]] put new actions or relocate actions here --> <-- This belongs under human physical actitivities, at P2.8 [[effort]] M7.3.4.7 --> P2.8.6 EXERTION #686. Exertion. N. {{antonym_of(repose, R687)}} exertion, effort; struggle, stroke of work, stitch of work. {{consumes}} {{has_subtype(energy, @R171): metabolic energy, @P2.6.4.5.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(muscle, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} physical exertion, physical effort. {{has_subtype(physical exertion)}} strain, tug, pull; throw; stretch, spell, spurt, spirt[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(brain, @P2.3.2.2.3.2/mind, M1/thought, R451)}} mental exertion, mental effort, mind work. {{&causes(effort)}} stress. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(sustained)}} sustained effort. {{has_subtype(physical exertion): @P2.6.4.8.4, exercise, physical exercise}}. heft; wear and tear; "a strong pull a long pull and a pull all together". {{occurs_in: productive activity, M7.3.5.10}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(prolonged, @R110)}} prolonged exertion. V. exert oneself; exert one's energies, tax one's energies; use exertion. take trouble, trouble oneself. {{has_commencement: bestir oneself, @R682}}. Adj. {{has_property(exertion)}} laborious, strenuous, energetic. strained; toilsome, troublesome, wearisome; herculean; gymnastic, palestric[obs3]. {{has_subtype(difficult)}} uphill. laboring, exerting, straining. hard-working, painstaking. hard at work, on the stretch. operose[obs3], elaborate. {{&property_of(mental effort): stimulating, @R824}}. Adv. laboriously, strenuously. lustily; pugnis et calcibus[Lat]; with might and main, with all one's might, with a strong hand, with a sledge hammer, with much ado; to the best of one's abilities, totis viribus[Lat], vi et armis[Lat], manibus pedibusque[Lat], tooth and nail, unguibus et rostro[Lat], hammer and tongs, heart and soul. through thick and thin &c. (perseverance) R604a. by the sweat of one's brow, suo Marte. Phr. aide-toi le ciel t'aidera[Fr];" and still be doing, never done" [Butler]; buen principio la mitad es hecha [Sp]; cosa ben fatta e' fatta due volte [It];" it is better to wear out than to rust out" [Bp. Hornel]; labor omnia vincit[Lat][Vergil]; "labor, wide as the earth, has its summit in Heaven" [Carlyle]; le travail du corps delivre des peines de l'esprit [Fr]; manu forti[Lat]; ora et labora[Lat]. <-- note that the antonym of exertion, Repose (R687) is located at P2.8.5.1. under human physical actions, due to little mental content (liesure is the "mental" equivalent of repose, i.e., repose for the mind) --> <-- this should have its own entry --> P2.8.7 COOKING N. {{has_subtype(heating, R384)}} {{has_subtype(preparation[of=food, R298][for=eating], R673)}} cooking. {{&has_purpose(cooking): improve[2][obj=flavor[of=food, R298], @R390], @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1}}. {{uses(cooking)}} {{has_subtype(ingredient, @P2.1.4)}} {{has_component(food, R298)}} food ingredient, ingredient. {{studied_in(cooking)}} cookery, culinary art. {{has_subtype(cooking)}} baking; frying; grilling; broiling; roasting; sauteeing. {{uses(cooking): cooking implement, P2.3.1.3.1.3.1}}. {{uses(grilling): @P2.3.1.3.1.3.1, grill, gridiron}}. V. {{has_subtype(heat, R384)}} cook. digest; stew; bring to boiling, parboil. {{has_subtype(cook)}} bake; fry; grill; sautee; roast; barbecue, barbeque. Adj. cooked. {{has_subtype(cooked)}} baked; fried; grilled; roasted; barbecued, barbequed. {{has_subtype(fried)}} pan-fried; deep-fried. <-- These words refer primarily to human sexuality, but no separate section is provided for the analogous sexual activity of non-human animals. Following common usage, sex and gender are not distinguished here, at the risk of offending prescriptivists. [[sex]] --> P2.8.8 SEXUAL ACTIVITY #374a. Sexual activity. N. {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} sexual activity. {{requires}} {{manifestation_of}} {{has_property(person, P2.3.2.3)}} sexuality; sex, gender. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(desire, R865)}} sex instinct, sex drive, libido, lust, concupiscence, aphrodisia[obs3]. {{!has_property(sexual activity): pleasurableness, R829}}. {{has_subtype(sex/gender)}} male. {{has_subtype(sexuality)}} masculinity, maleness, manliness. {{has_subtype(sex/gender)}} female. {{has_subtype(sexuality)}} femininity, womanliness. {{has_subtype(sex/gender)}} neuter; hermaphrodite. {{has_manifestation(sexuality)}} sexiness, attractiveness; sensuality, voluptuousness. {{has_subtype(sexual activity)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>1], P2.3.2.3)}} sexual relations. {{performed_by(sexual relations)}} {{has_subtype(reciprocal relation)}} sexual partner, mate. {{has_subtype(sexual relations): sexual immorality, R961}}. {{performed_by(sleep around)}} swinger. &&{{partner_of($swinger): mate[distrnum=>2]}}. {{has_subtype(sexual relations)}} {{hperforms(man + woman)}} sexual intercourse, copulation, mating, coitus, sex, lovemaking, sexual union, sleeping together, carnal knowledge, straight sex, heterosexual union, doing it[coll], fucking[vulgar], screwing[vulgar]. {{has_subtype(sexual intercourse)}} {[in_frame(marriage)]} {{hperforms(husband + wife)}} marital relations, the marital act. {{has_beginning(copulation)}} {{has_subtype(insertion[of=penis][into=vagina])}} intromission, penetration. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(feeling)}} sexual arousal, hots, horns [coll]; arousal, heat, rut, estrus, oestrus. {{causes(sexual arousal)}} erection, hard-on[vulgar], boner. {{has_manifestation}} masturbation, self-gratification, autoeroticism, onanism, self-abuse. {{has_part(sexual intercourse)}} {{property_of(intense pleasure)}} orgasm, climax. {{has_manifestation(climax[of=male])}} {{has_subtype(expulsion[of=ejaculate, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} ejaculation. {{has_subtype(copulation)}} {{hperforms(unmarried person)}} {{has_manifestation}} fornication. {{has_subtype(copulation)}} {{hperforms(married person + non-spouse)}} adultery. {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{trait_of(sexiness)}} {{has_subtype(woman)}} sex symbol, sex goddess. {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{trait_of(sexiness)}} {{has_subtype(man)}} stud, hunk. {{has_subtype(sexual intercourse)}} {{not_property_of(repeated)}} one-night stand. {{has_manifestation}} {{property_of(pornographic)}} {{has_subtype(movie, R556b/picture/document)}} pornography, porn, porno. {{has_subtype(pornography)}} hardcore pornography, softcore pornography. {{has_subtype(softcore pornography)}} pin-up, cheesecake; beefcake. {{topic_of(pornography)}} {{has_subtype(magazine)}} Playboy; Esquire; Hustler. {{has_subtype(sexual activity)}} {{property_of(unorthodox)}} perversion, deviation, deviance, sexual abnormality. {{has_subtype(perversion)}} fetish, fetishism; sodomy, buggery; pederasty; sadism, sapphism[obs3]; masochism, sado-masochism; incest; pedophilia. {{has_subtype(sexual activity)}} {{property_of(unorthodox)}} {{hperforms(homosexual, @R373/lesbian, @R374)}} homosexuality. {{has_property(homosexual, @R377)}} effeminacy, silkiness[obs2]. {{has_subtype(homosexuality)}} {{hperforms(lesbian, @R374)}} lesbianism. {{has_subtype(homosexuality)}} bisexuality, ambisexuality. {{has_manifestation}} {{property_of(impurity, R961)}} carnality, flesh, salacity; prurience, pruriency; lechery, lewdness, lasciviousness, lasciviency[obs3], lubricity. V. engage in sexual activity. {{hperforms(man + woman)}} mate, copulate; make love, have intercourse, fornicate, have sex, do it[coll.], sleep together; screw[vulgar], fuck[vulgar], bang[vulgar], get laid[vulgar]. {{has_subtype(have intercourse[mode=frequently])}} sleep around, play the field. {{has_high_quantity(play the field)}} be promiscuous. {{has_commencement(copulate)}} intromit. {{hperforms(person[num=1])}} masturbate, jerk off[coll.], jack off[coll.], play with oneself. {{has_commencement(sexual activity)}} become aroused, get hot, get the hots[coll], have the hots[coll]. {{causes(become aroused)}} {{has_subtype(swelling[of=tissue], @P2.4.2.4.1)}} {{affected_by(sex organ)}} tumescence. {{causes(become aroused)}} {{hperforms(man)}} {{affected_by(penis)}} {{has_subtype(tumescence[of=penis])}} have an erection, get it up[coll.], get a hard-on[coll]. {{has_process(copulate)}} come, climax, have a climax. {{has_subtype(climax)}} {{hperforms(man)}} ejaculate. Adj. sexy, erotic, sexual, carnal, sensual. hot, horny, randy, rutting; passionate, lusty, hot-blooded, libidinous. {{has_trait(homosexual, @R373)}} homosexual, gay, silky[derog.], queer[derog.]; lesbian; bisexual, ambisexual. {{has_property(tumescence)}} tumescent. {{!has_property(sexual activity): pleasurable, R829}}. <-- ************************************************************************* ** FACTOTUM(R) SemNet Version 0.56 ** ** Part 2 of 2 ** ************************************************************************* Copyright (C) MICRA, Inc. 1994, 1995. --> <-- History: . Last edit September 21, 1997. Size: 676 pages in the Mental section (using HP4 printer driver!) Last indexing September 21, 1997. Finished first scan through Roget October 10, 1995. Started systematic scan of mental section Aug 8, 1994, with 368 pages For information about the organization and notation used in this semantic network, refer to the header in the accompanying file (Part 1), fsn1.doc. ------------------------------------------------------------------ ======================================================================= M = Mental Universe ======================================================================= This division is for concepts that would not exist without intelligent minds to invent them. This is in contrast to abstract relations and physical objects, which can be thought of as having an "objective" existence. Most of the actions in this section involve some element of physical activity, such as inquiry, research, experiment; however, these are directed at obtaining information for comprehension by a mind, and therefore are classified under mental concepts. Similarly with communication, social phenomena, law, and property. On the other hand, there are some concepts classified in the "Physical" section, such as science in general, sexual activity, and most notably medicine, which have strong "mental" character(pursuit of a goal). This is because these concepts are primarily concerned with physical phenomena. Thus these classifications are to some extent arbitrary, but we believe that the distinctions are useful. [[mental]] --> M. MENTAL PHENOMENON N. mental phenomenon. <-- (I.) FORMATION OF IDEAS... 450-515 I Intellect in general R450 - R452 R453, R454 to M3 mental objects --> <-- note that in Roget the mind is considered to be the object which has emotions, as well as the object which thinks. The distinction between thought and affections is not absolute; however, for this hierarchy, we consider the mind as a more general phenomenon (possessed by some animals) and leave intellect to be the reasoning faculty. For language understanding (as contrasted with philosophical) purposes, we consider both the mind and the body to be part of the intelligent entity "self, I, me". This is to handle constructions such as "my mind" My body", "my soul". By the general rule that a part of a physical object is a physical object, and a part of a mental object is a mental object, the "self" will be both a physical and mental object. At present the usage is inconsistent; the self is directly in the hierachy as a subtype of mind, but is also related to the hierarchy by the "part" relationship. This reflects multiple uses, but perhaps should be made more precise??? This is a materialistic hierarchy, where the brain (natural or artificial) is a necessary substrate for the mind. Spirits are treated in a category separate from mind. This hierarchy anticipates the existence of true artificial intelligence, i.e. that machines will at some time also have minds. Thus minds are considered as a part of an agent, which includes animals. Artificial minds would also fall in the category of "person" as that is used in some of the relations in this network. THe mind causes awareness, but there is a subcategory, self-awareness, which presumably is possessed by people and perhaps other entities. Note that consciousness is labeled as a function of the mind. Just to avoid delving into impossible arguments, we add no more detail; this implies that when a person is unconscious the mind isn't functioning. Of course, the brain is functioning, and that affects the mind, but ... generally, it fits with how people use the word non-technically. To resolve this, we can consider the label "unconsciousness" to designate a lower level of consciousness. If it is truly qualitatively different, we will need a different relation. [[mind]] --> M1 MIND (R450 TO R452) N. mind, cognitive faculty, mental capacity. {{has_conceptual_part}} psychological feature. {{part_of(mind[num=1]): agent, R690}}. {{has_subtype(mind)}} human mind; artificial intellect. {{has_expression}} {{has_subtype(subjective reality)}} personality, individuality. {{has_property(mind)}} state of mind, mental state. {{uses: brain; computer}}. {{has_part: intellect, M1.R1}}. {{part_of}} sentient being. {{part_of: person, R372a, @P2.3.2.3}}. {{part_of: artificial intellect, intelligent robot}}. {{part_of: actor, agent, causal agent, mover, motive agent}}. {{has_action}} {{has_subtype(process, @R680)}} mental process. {{has_subtype(mental process)}} being conscious, being aware. {{has_subtype(psychological feature)}} {{has_expression(being conscious)}} consciousness, awareness. {{has_subtype(awareness)}} self-awareness. {{trait_of(self-awareness)}} self-aware entity. <-- a "dream" is a mental process, but we must distinguish it from conscious thinking, and from intuition --> {{has_subtype(mental process)}} {{co-occurs_with(sleep, P2.8.5.1.1)}} dream. {{has_subtype(dream)}} {{property_of(terrifying, @R860)}} nightmare, ephialtes[obs3]. {{-!has_part(nightmare)}} {{has_subtype(demon, @R980)}} {{property_of(imaginary, @R515)}} incubus; succubus. {{has_subtype(mental process): thinking, R451; intuition, R477}}. V. be conscious, be aware. Adj. {{has_subtype(sentient, R375)}} conscious, aware. Demonstrative Pron. they[pl]; them[dative, accusative]. Interrogative Pron. who; which; whose[possessive]; whom[dative, accusative]. <-- [[self]] --> M1.1 SELF N. {{part_of(mind, M1)}} {{has_subtype(self-aware entity)}} {{has_subtype(essence, R5)}} self, ego, individuality, identity, personal identity. {{has_part(self): soul, @R980}}. {{has_part(self): body}}. {{has_symbol}} {{has_subtype(proper name[of=agent, R690/self], R564): @R564, name, personal name}}. PersonalPron. I, I myself, myself[reflexive], me[dative, accusative]. {{has_plural(I)}} we, us[dative, accusative]. oneself. Possessive Pron. my. mine[dative, accusative]. M1.2 OTHER N. {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(self-aware entity)}} {{antonym_of(self, M1.1)}} {{has_subtype(else, @R9)}} other, another, someone else, somebody else, others[pl], other people[pl]. {{has_subtype(other)}} {{has_subtype(inanimate object, P2.3.1)}} something else. {{has_plural(he/she/it)}} they. {{has_plural(someone else)}} others. {{has_plural(you)}} you; youse[slang]; you all[dialect], y'all[dialect]. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(Judaism): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.3, goy, goyim[pl]]}. PersonalPron. {{has_subtype(someone else)}} you, thou, thee; he; she; thee[dative, accusative], thou[dative, accusative]; thyself, yourself; him[dative, accusative]; her[dative, accusative]; himself[dative, accusative]; herself[dative, accusative]; itself[inanimate]. {{member_of(himself/herself)}} theirselves, themselves. {{has_subtype(something else)}} it. PossPron. your; his; her; its. yours, thine[obs2]; hers. <-- note the property of "sensibility". We consider the intellect as a part of the perceptual system. --> M1.R1 INTELLECT #450. Intellect. N. {{property_of(sensibility, R822)}} {{property_of(excitibility, R825)}} {{has_part(mind)}} intellect, reason, wit, wits, thinking principle, cogitative faculties; discursive faculties, reasoning faculties, intellectual faculties, higher faculties, brains, cognitive powers, intellectual powers, parts. intellection, conception. {{part_of}} consciousness. {{has_manifestation: @R498, wit, intelligence, native intelligence, intellectuality}}. {{has_expression(intelligence)}} association of ideas; judgment, capacity, genius; ability &c. (skill) R698; Vernunft[Ger], Verstand[Ger]. {{has_expression(intelligence): reasoning, M5.4}}. {{has_function}} understanding. {{has_property}} rationality; intellectuality. {{uses: @M6.1, perception, senses}}. {{uses: observation, percipience}}. {{has_measure(intelligence)}} intelligence quotient, IQ[acron]. soul, spirit, ghost, inner man, heart, breast, bosom, penetralia mentis[Lat], divina particula aurae[Lat], heart's core; the Absolute, psyche, subliminal consciousness, supreme principle. {{requires: @P2.3.2.2.3.2, brain, organ of thought, seat of thought, cerebrum}}. {{has_metaphor(intellect)}} {{contained_in(brain): @P2.3.2.2.3.2, head, headpiece; pate, noddle[obs3], noggin, skull, cranium, sconce, upper story}}. <-- what is the computer analogy? CPU + RAM + program? --> {{analogous_to}} {[of(computer): @P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R2, central processing unit, CPU]}. {{has_property: immateriality, R317}}. universal concept, universal conception. {{studied_in}} psychology; psychiatry; ideology[obs2]; psychics, mental philosophy, moral philosophy; philosophy of the mind; metaphysics; pneumatology[obs3], phrenology; craniology[Med], cranioscopy[Med]. {{job_of(psychology): psychologist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.2}}. {{job_of(psychiatry)}} {{has_subtype(physician): psychiatrist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4}}. V. note, notice, mark; take notice of, take cognizance of be aware of, be conscious of; realize; appreciate; ruminate &c. (think) R451; fancy &c. (imagine) R515. Adj. {{has_subtype(immaterial, @R317)}} [Relating to intellect] intellectual, mental, rational. subjective, nooscopic[obs3], spiritual; ghostly; psychical[obs3], psychological; cerebral; animastic[obs3]; brainy; hyperphysical[obs3], superphysical[obs3]. subconscious, subliminal; unconscious. endowed with reason. Adv. intellectually, mentally, rationally. in petto. Phr. ens rationis [Lat]; frons est animi janua [Lat][Cicero]; locos y ninos dicen la verdad [Sp]; mens sola loco non exulat [Lat][Ovid]; " my mind is my kingdom " [Campbell]; " stern men with empires in their brains " [Lowell]; " the mind, the music breathing from her face " [Byron]; " thou living ray of intellectual Fire " [Falconer]. <-- differentiate between instinct and intuition. Intuition is reserved for people. --> M1.R2 ABSENCE OF INTELLECT (R450A) #450a. Absence of Intellect. N. absence of intellect, want of intellect, lack of intellect, lack of reason, lack of reasoning power, lack of intellectual faculties. {{trait_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.10.2, moron, imbecile, idiot}}. {{trait_of: fool, R501}}. {{property_of: beast, @R366; vegetable, brain-dead animal}}. brutality, brute force. {{property_of: @M3.2, instinct, brute instinct, stimulus-response loop, instinctive reaction}}. {{has_subtype: imbecility &c. R499}}. {{has_subtype: mimicry, aping (imitation) R19}}. V. mimic, ape (imitate) R19. Adj. unendowed with reason, void of reason; thoughtless, brainless [all pejorative]. imbecilic, moronic, idiotic. vegetative; brain-dead. Adv. instinctively, like Pavlov's dog; vegetatively. <-- [Absence or want of thought.] --> M1.R3 INCOGITANCY (R452) #452. Incogitancy. N. vacancy, vacuity, vacuousness, inunderstanding[obs3], incogitancy[obs3]. {{has_subtype: fatuity &c. R499; thoughtlessness &c. (inattention) R458}}. {{trait_of}} couch potato, vegetable. V. not think, nmot reflect, not think of, not consider. dismiss from the mind, dismiss from the thoughts, dismiss from consideration. indulge in reverie &c. (be inattentive) R458. put away thought; unbend the mind, relax the mind, divert the mind, veg out. not enter one's mind. Adj. vacant, unthinking. unintellectual, unideal[obs3], unoccupied, inconsiderate, thoughtless, mindless, no-brain, vacuous. {{has_subtype: absent &c. (inattentive) R458; diverted; irrational &c. R499; narrow-minded &c. R481}}. unthought of, undreamt of, unconsidered; off one's mind; incogitable[obs3], not to be thought of. Phr. absence d'esprit; pabulum pictura pascit inani[Lat][obs3]. M1.R4 INTUITION <-- this is one of 3 meanings of intuition: this is the intuitive faculty, distinct from the process and the result --> N. intuition, the intuitive faculty. instinct. M1.R5 AFFECT N. {{has_part(mind)}} affect, the affective faculty. {{exhibits: emotion, M3.3.2}}. <-- ONTOLOGY HERE? --> M2 KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION PHENOMENON (R455 TO R466) N. knowledge acquisition phenomenon, phenomenon related to knowledge acquisition. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(acquisition[ptnt=knowledge, R527b], R775)}} knowledge acquisition. {{has_requirement(knowledge acquisition): precursory condition for learning, M2.1}}. {{has_result(knowledge acquisition): knowing, R490}}. {{has_method(knowledge acquisition): learning, R539; observing, @R441; hearing, R418; perception, M6.1}}. M2.1 PRECURSORY CONDITION FOR LEARNING (R455 TO R460) N. {{has_requirement(knowledge acquisition)}} precursory condition for learning, requirement for learning. <-- 455. Curiosity 456. Incuriosity 457. Attention 458. Inattention 459. Care 460. Neglect --> <-- [The desire of knowledge.] [[curious]] --> M2.1.1 CURIOSITY (R455) #455. Curiosity. N. curiosity, curiousness, interest, thirst for knowledge, thirst for truth; inquisitiveness. {{&mcauses}} concern, emphasis. {{mcauses: attention, R457}}. {{has_case}} object of curiosity, object of interest, item of interest. omnivorous intellect, devouring mind, inquiring mind. {{trait_of}} inquirer. {{has_subtype(inquirer)}} quidnunc[Lat], newsmonger, Paul Pry, eavesdropper; gossip &c. (news) R532; rubberneck; seeker after truth. {{has_subtype(inquirer): @R268, sightseer, tourist}}. {{has_subtype(inquirer)}} {[in_frame(religion)]} seeker. {{has_subtype(inquirer): scholar, P2.3.2.3.6.4.6; learner, P2.3.2.3.6.5.4}}. V. be curious, be inquisitive; take an interest in, stare, gape. prick up the ears, lionize; pry; nose; rubberneck[U . S.]. see sights. <-- "curious" refers both to the person who is curious and the interesting item --> Adj. {{&has_trait(person, P2.3.2.3)}} curious[1], inquisitive. {{has_high_level(curious)}} burning with curiosity, overcurious, consumed with curiosity. {{has_property(object of interest)}} interesting, curious[2]. {{similar_to(interesting): interesting, @R457}}. prying, snoopy, nosy, peering; prurient; inquisitorial, inquisitory[obs3]; curious as a cat; agape &c. (expectant) R507. {{has_subtype(curious): inquiring &c. R461}}. Phr. "how does it work?"; "how did that happen?"; "what's the matter?"; "what next?"; curiosity killed the cat, satisfaction brought it back; "curiouser and curiouser" [Alice in Wonderland]. <-- This "incuriosity is very similar to "indifference", R688. We let this entry mean intellectual uncuriosity, and the :indifference" will be a broader category [Absence of curiosity.] --> M2.1.1.R1 INCURIOSITY #456. Incuriosity. N. {{has_subtype(indifference, R866)}} incuriosity, incuriousness, uninquisitiveness. boredom, ennui (weariness) R841; satiety &c. R639; foreknowledge (foresight) R510. {{&causes: inattention, M2.1.2.R1}}. V. be incurious &c. adj.; have no curiosity &c. R455; take no interest in &c. R823; mind one's own business. Adj. incurious, uninquisitive, indifferent, uninterested. impassive &c. R823; detached, aloof. {{has_subtype(uninterested): @R841, bored, blase}}. <-- [[attention]] --> M2.1.2 ATTENTION #457. Attention. N. {{requires(activity, R682)}} {{antonym_of(inattention, R458)}} {{mcauses(interest, R455)}} {{has_subtype(mental state, @M1)}} attention, attentiveness, alertness, advertence, advertency. {{has_high_intensity}} intentness, close attention, intentiveness[obs3]. {{mcauses}} {{used_in(perception)}} observance, observation, observing. {{has_result(observing): observation, @P2.6.1}}. {{has_topic}} subject of attention, object of attention. {{performed_by}} observer. {{similar_to(object of attention): object of interest, @R455}}. {{has_conceptual_part: thought, R451}}. {{has_subtype(observer): spectator, R444}}. {{conceptual_part_of: wonder, R870}}. {{required_for}} {{has_subtype(thought, R451)}} consideration, reflection. {{has_subtype(consideration)}} {{property_of(careful, @R864)}} deep reflection, careful consideration, perpension[obs1]. heed, heedfulness, mindfulness, presence of mind &c. adj.. assiduousness, thoroughness, particularity, minuteness, attention to detail; notice, regard &c. v.; study, introspection; revision, revisal. {{used_in(faculty of vision, M6.1.2.7.3.1)}} scrutiny, inspection. {{has_high_level}} fascination, absorption. {{property_of(fascinating)}} object of fascination. {{has_property(object of fascination)}} pizzazz, pizazz. {{is_a(object of fascination/object of attention): event, R151; fact, @M3.1.1.2; physical object, P2.3}}. {{&caused_by: beauty[1], R845}}. {{has_high_level: circumspection, diligence &c. (care) R459}}. active application, diligent application, exclusive application, minute application, close application, intense application, deep application, profound application, abstract application, labored application, deliberate application, active attention, diligent attention, exclusive attention, minute attention, close attention, intense attention, deep attention, profound attention, abstract attention, labored attention, deliberate attention. careful thought, active thought, diligent thought, exclusive thought, minute thought, close thought, intense thought, deep thought, profound thought, abstract thought, labored thought, deliberate thought, active study, diligent study, exclusive study, minute study, close study, intense study, deep study, profound study, abstract study, labored study, deliberate study. absorption of mind &c. (abstraction) R458. indication, calling attention to &c. v.. <-- "surveillance and monitoring" are not necessarily visual, but "watching" usually is. --> {{has_subtype(observation)}} {{property_of(careful, @R459)}} surveillance, monitoring. {{has_subtype(monitoring)}} {{property_of(careful, @R459)}} {{used_in(vision, @R441)}} watch, watching. {{has_purpose(observation/watch/surveillance): observe[obj=$event]}}. &&{{has_property($event): anticipated, @R507}}. V. {{antonym_of(neglect, R460)}} be attentive, pay attention, attend. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(vision, R441a)}} observe, look, advert to, see, view, remark, notice, regard, take notice, mark. {{conceptual_part_of: watch, @R507}}. {{has_subtype(observe)}} {{property_of(careful, @R459)}} surveil, monitor. {{has_subtype(monitor)}} {{used_in(vision, @R441)}} watch. give attention to, pay attention to, pay heed to, give heed to, have regard to, heed, mind, take cognizance of, entertain, recognize; trouble one's head about; give a thought to, animadvert to. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(listen, @R418)}} listen to, hearken to, incline an ear to, lend an ear to. occupy oneself with; look at, look to, look after, look into, look over; see to. {{has_subtype: contemplate &c. (think of) R451}}. revert to; prick up the ears; have the eyes open, keep the eyes open; come to the point. {{has_commencement(pay attention)}} take note of, turn the mind to, bend the mind to, apply the mind to, direct the mind to, give the mind to, turn the eye to, bend the eye to, apply the eye to, direct the eye to, give the eye to, turn the attention to, bend the attention to, apply the attention to, direct the attention to, give the attention to. make note of, note; have an eye to, have in one's eye; bear in mind; take into account, take into consideration; keep in sight, keep in view. {{has_subtype(be attentive)}} be mindful, be observant, be regardful; be alive to, be awake to; be alert, be open-eyed; be intent on, be taken up with, be occupied with. {{conceptual_part_of: take care of, R459}}. {{has_low_level(pay attention)}} examine cursorily, scan, scan quickly; glance at, glance upon, glance over; cast the eyes over, pass the eyes over; run over, turn over the leaves, dip into, perstringe[obs1]; take a cursory view of. {{has_low_level(pay attention)}} {{has_subtype(read, @R539): @R539, skim, skim over, skim the surface}}. examine; scan, scrutinize, consider; give one's mind to, bend one's mind to; overhaul, revise, pore over; inspect, review, pass under review; take stock of; fix the eye on, fix attention on, devote the eye to, fix the mind on, devote the thoughts to. hear out, think out; mind one's business. {{has_high_level(pay attention)}} examine closely, examine intently, rivet attention on. <-- this isn't exactly an action, is it??? --> {{has_action(object of attention)}} meet with attention; fall under one's notice, fall under one's observation; be present to the mind. {{has_subtype(meet with attention): be under consideration, @R454}}. {{&caused_by(pay attention)}} {{has_action(object of attention)}} interest, excite interest, attract notice, attract attention, catch the attention, awaken the attention, wake the attention, invite the attention, solicit the attention, claim the attention excite the attention, engage the attention, occupy the attention, strike the attention, arrest the attention, fix the attention, engross the attention, absorb the attention, rivet the attention, catch the mind, awaken the mind, wake the mind, invite the mind, solicit the mind, attract the mind, claim the mind excite the mind, engage the mind, occupy the mind, strike the mind, make one take notice; catch the eye, strike the eye; catch the thoughts, awaken the thoughts, wake the thoughts, invite the thoughts, solicit the thoughts, attract the thoughts, claim the thoughts excite the thoughts, engage the thoughts, occupy the thoughts, strike the thoughts. {{has_high_intensity(attract attention)}} {[with_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} [transitive] fascinate, engross, mesmerize, rivet, absorb, intrigue. {{has_high_intensity(attract attention)}} arrest the mind, fix the mind, engross the mind, absorb the mind, rivet the mind, make one sit up and take notice; arrest the thoughts, fix the thoughts, engross the thoughts, absorb the thoughts, rivet the thoughts; be uppermost in the mind. {{&caused_by(pay attention)}} point out, call to the attention, point to, point at, point the finger at; lay the finger on, indigitate[obs1], indicate; show; direct attention to, call attention to; put a mark on, put a sign on, put a note on; call soldiers to attention; bring under one's notice. {{&caused_by(pay attention): make manifest, R525}}. Adj. {{has_property(observer)}} attentive, mindful, regardful. {[when_modifying(object of attention)]} alive to, awake to, aware of, noticing. {{has_property(object of attention)}} observed, noticed, noted. {{has_high_level(attentive)}} observant, observing, noticing, paying attention; alert, open-eyed; intent on, taken up with, occupied with, engaged in; engrossed in, wrapped in, absorbed, rapt, transfixed, riveted, mesmerized, hypnotized; glued to [obj=the TV]; breathless. {{has_high_level: @R459, watchful, careful}}. {{conceptual_part_of: on the watch &c. (expectant) R507}}. {{&mcauses: @R458, preoccupied, inattentive}}. breathless, undistracted, upon the stretch. steadfast. {{has_property(object of attention)}} {{similar_to(interesting, @R455)}} interesting, attractive. {{has_high_level(interesting)}} fascinating, engrossing, mesmerizing, riveting, absorbing, inriguing. {{&caused_by(interesting): beautiful, R845}}. Int. "see!"; look, look here, look you, "look to it!"; "mark!"; "lo!"; "behold!"; "soho"[obs3]; hark, "hark ye!"; "mind!"; "halloo!"; "observe!"; "lo and behold!"; "attention!"; nota bene [Latin], "N.B.", note well; I'd have you to know; "notice!"; "O yes!", "Oyez!"; "dekko"[obs3]; "ecco"[obs3]; "yoho!". "attention!", "Now hear this!"; "Achtung!"[German]; "vnimanie!"[Russian]; "chui!"[Japanese]. Phr. this is to give notice, these are to give notice; dictum sapienti sat est [Latin: a word to the wise is sufficient]; finem respice[Lat][obs3]. <-- [Vigilance.] [[care]] --> M2.1.2.1 CARE #459. Care. N. {{has_high_level(attention, M2.1.2)}} {{antonym_of(neglect[1], R460)}} {{requires(accuracy, R494)}} care, heed, heedfulness; watchfulness, particularity, vigilance, alertness, keenness, a sharp eye. {{has_subtype: caution, R864}}. consideration, considerateness, solicitude, taking into account. surveillance. watch, vigil, look out, watch and ward, loeil du maitre[Fr]. monitoring, watching, tending. {{has_high_intensity: @R460a, anxiety, concern}}. {{has_subtype: scruple &c. (conscientiousness) R939}}. {{has_metaphor(vigilance)}} Argus, eyes of Argus, Argus' eyes. {{conceptual_part_of: @R864, caution, discretion, prudence, circumspection}}. {{has_subtype: forethought &c. R611; precaution &c. (preparation) R673}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(order, R58)}} neatness, tidiness; correctness, methodicalness. {{has_manifestation: cleanliness, R652}}. minuteness, attention to detail. V. {{antonym_of(neglect[2], R460)}} {{has_high_level(pay attention, R457)}} be careful, be heedful, be alert. be vigilant; reck[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @R864, take care, be careful, be cautious}}. take care of; look to, look after, see to, see after; chaperon, matronize[obs3], play gooseberry; keep watch, keep watch and ward; mount guard, set watch; keep in sight, keep in view; mind, mind one's business. monitor, tend, watch, tend to; keep an eye on, keep a sharp eye on. keep after, stay up on, keep up on. look sharp, look about one; look with one's own eyes; keep a good lookout, keep a sharp lookout; have all one's wits about one, have all one's eyes about one; keep one's eyes open, have the eyes open, sleep with one's eye open. {{has_conceptual_part: watch for &c. (expect) R507}}. Adj. careful regardful, heedful; taking care &c. v.; particular; prudent &c. (cautious) R864; considerate; thoughtful &c. (deliberative) R451; provident &c. (prepared) R673; sure-footed. guarded, on guard, on one's guard; watchful, on the qui vive, vigilant, on the alert, on watch, on the lookout, awake, wide awake, broad awake, wakeful; Argus-eyed; wide awake &c. (intelligent) R498; on the watch for (expectant) R507. {{has_subtype(orderly, @R58)}} neat, tidy, orderly, en regle[Fr]; well regulated, correct, methodical. {{has_extreme(tidy)}} anal. {{has_manifestation: tidy &c. (orderly) R58}}. {{has_manifestation: cleanliness, R652}}. {{&required_for: accurate &c. (exact) R494}}. scrupulous &c. (conscientious) R939; cavendo tutus[Lat] &c. (safe) R664. Adv. carefully, heedfully, thoughfully; with care, gingerly. neatly, tidily; correctly, methodically. with vigilance, with eyes open. Phr. "quis custodiet istos custodes?" [Latin: who will watch the watchers?]; "I am sure care's an enemy to life."[Twelfth Night]; "care will kill a cat" [Wither]; ni bebas agua que no veas [Sp]; "O polished perturbation! Golden care!" [Henry IV]; "the incessant care and labor of his mind" [Henry IV]. M2.1.2.R1 INATTENTION #458. Inattention. N. {{antonym_of(attention, R457)}} {{&mcauses(indifference, R866/incuriosity, M2.1.1.R1)}} inattention, inconsideration; inconsiderateness &c. adj.; oversight; inadvertence, inadvertency, nonobservance, disregard. abstraction; absence of mind, absorption of mind; preoccupation, distraction. thoughtlessness, etourderie[Fr], want of thought. {{has_subtype: supineness &c. (inactivity) R683}}. {{has_high_level: neglect, R460}}. V. be inattentive, not pay attention, be unobservant, be unmindful, be heedless, be casual, be unthinking, unheeding, be offhand, be offhanded; be mindless, be regardless. overlook, disregard; pass by &c. (neglect) R460; not observe &c. R457; think little of. {{&mcaused_by}} close one's eyes to, shut one's eyes to; pay no attention to; dismiss from one's thoughts, discard from one's thoughts, discharge from one's thoughts, dismiss from one's mind, discard from one's mind, discharge from one's mind; drop the subject, think no more of; set aside, turn aside, put aside; turn away from, turn one's attention from, turn a deaf ear to, turn one's back upon. {{has_commencement}} abstract oneself, dream, indulge in reverie. {{mcauses}} escape notice, escape attention; come in at one ear and go out at the other; forget &c. (have no remembrance) R506. {{has_commencement}} call off the attention, draw off the attention, call away the attention, divert the attention, distract the mind; put out of one's head; disconcert, discompose. put out, confuse, perplex, bewilder, moider[obs3], fluster, muddle, dazzle. throw a sop to Cerberus. Adj. inattentive; unobservant, unmindful, heedless, casual, blithe, unthinking, unheeding, undiscerning[obs3]; inadvertent; offhand, offhanded; mindless, regardless, respectless[obs3], listless &c. (indifferent) R866. blind, deaf; bird-witted; hand over head; cursory, percursory[obs3]; giddy-brained, scatter-brained, hare-brained; unreflective, unreflecting[obs3], ecervele [Fr]; dizzy, muzzy[obs3], brainsick[obs3]; giddy, giddy as a goose; wild, harum-scarum, rantipole[obs3], high-flying. {{similar_to: heedless , careless &c. (neglectful) R460}}. inconsiderate, thoughtless. absent, abstracted, distrait; absent-minded, lost; lost in thought, wrapped in thought; rapt, in the clouds, bemused; dreaming on other things, musing on other things; daydreaming, in a reverie &c. n.; off one's guard &c. (inexpectant) R508; napping; dreamy; caught napping. disconcerted, distracted, diverted; preoccupied. <-- note that inattention (to one thing) can be caused by attention (to something else). How to express that??? --> {{&mcaused_by: @M2.1.2, engaged, engrossed, wrapped up, absorbed, transfixed, riveted, mesmerized, hypnotized, glued to}}. Adv. inattentively, inadvertently, absent-mindedly &c. adj.; per incuriam[Lat], sub silentio[Lat]. Int. "Forget it!"; "Don't pay any attention to that."; stand at ease, "stand easy!". Phr. the attention wanders; one's wits gone a woolgathering, one's wits gone a bird's nesting; it never entered into one's head; the mind running on other things; one's thoughts being elsewhere; had it been a bear it would have bitten you. <-- "negligence" has a connotation of ignoring something that should be done, so we list as a case "duty". This distinguishes it from simple "carelessness", which may not necessarily involve matters of importance. [[neglect]] --> M2.1.2.R1.1 NEGLECT #460. Neglect. N. {{has_subtype(error, M4.1.2)}} {{has_high_level(inattention, M2.1.2.R1)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} neglect[1], negligence, carelessness; trifling &c. v.. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(inaction, R681)}} omission, oversight, laches[Law], default. {{has_case: duty, R926}}. {{&causes: @R923, negligent harm, tort}}. {{&caused_by: supineness, R683; inattention, R458; nonchalance, R823; imprudence, recklessness &c. R863}}. {{has_subtype: @R674, improvidence, unpreparedness}}. {{has_subtype(disorder, R59)}} want of method; untidiness; slovenliness. {{has_manifestation(untidiness): dirt, R653}}. {{has_subtype: improvidence &c. R674}}. {{&causes: noncompletion &c. R730}}. {[in_frame(rhetoric)]} paralipsis, paralepsis, paraleipsis. {{trait_of}} trifler, waiter on Providence, improvident person. {{has_metaphor(improvident person)}} Micawber, "Mr. Micawber". {{&caused_by: feebleness &c. R575}}. V. neglect[2], be negligent, be careless, be thoughtless; be perfunctory, be remiss; take no care of. let slip, let go; lay aside, set aside, cast aside, put aside; keep out of sight, put out of sight; lose sight of. overlook, disregard; pass over, pass by; let pass; blink; wink at, connive at;gloss over; take no note of, take no thought of, take no account of, take no notice of; pay no regard to; laisser aller[Fr]. skim, skim the surface. scamp; trifle, fribble[obs3]; do by halves; cut; slight &c. (despise) R930; play with, trifle with; slur; effleurer [Fr]; take a cursory view of &c. R457. leave a loose thread; let the grass grow under one's feet. [transitive] slur over, skip over, jump over, slip over; pretermit[obs3], miss, skip, jump, omit, give the go-by to, push aside, pigeonhole, shelve, sink; table [parliamentary]; ignore, shut one's eyes to, refuse to hear, turn a deaf ear to; leave out of one's calculation; not attend to &c. R457; not mind; not trouble oneself about, not trouble one's head about, not trouble oneself with. {{&causes: be caught napping &c. (not expect) R508}}. {{&caused_by: forget &c. R506}}. {{&caused_by}} render neglectful &c. adj.. {{&caused_by}} put off one's guard, throw off one's guard; distract, divert. Adj. unmindful, negligent, neglectful; heedless, careless, thoughtless; perfunctory, remiss; neglecting &c. v.. inconsiderate; uncircumspect[obs3], incircumspect[obs3]; off one's guard; unwary, unwatchful[obs3], unguarded; offhand. supine &c. (inactive) R683; inattentive &c. R458; insouciant &c. (indifferent) R823; imprudent, reckless &c. R863. {{has_subtype(disorderly, R59)}} slovenly, untidy. {{has_manifestation: dirty, R653}}. {{has_subtype: improvident &c. R674}}. {{&causes: error, M4.1.2}}. neglected, overlooked, disregarded; missed, passed over, passed by; let pass; winked at; glossed over; unheeded, uncared-for, unperceived, unseen, unobserved, unnoticed, unnoted[obs3], unmarked, unattended to, unthought of, unregarded[obs3], unremarked, unmissed[obs3]; shunted, shelved. unexamined, unstudied, unsearched[obs3], unscanned[obs3], unweighed[obs3], unsifted, unexplored. {{has_subtype: abandoned, @R782)}}. buried in a napkin, hid under a bushel, hidden under a bushel. Adv. negligently, unmindfully, neglectfully; heedlessly, carelessly, thoughtlessly; perfunctorily, remissly. inconsiderately; hand over head, anyhow, per incuriam[Lat]. {{has_subtype: unexpectedly, R508}}. Int. never mind, no matter, let it pass. Phr. out of sight, out of mind; not a care in the world; "Who cares?". <-- 461. Inquiry 462. Answer 463 Experiment 463a theorization 464. Comparison 465. Discrimination 465a. Indiscrimination 466. Measurement --> <-- Roget had inquiry (investigation) and question together under "inquiry". We use "inquiry" as the most general questioning, and separate out the non-linguistic "investigation" (here) from the linguistic "question", which moves to "communication" at M8.1. [[research]] --> M2.2 INQUIRY (R461) #461. Inquiry. N. {{has_subtype(intellectual pursuit, R622)}} {{conceptual_part_of(question, R461a)}} inquiry. {{has_tobject: information, M3.1.1.2}}. {{&has_result: learning, R539}}. examination, scrutiny, investigation, indagation[obs1], perquisition[obs3], perscrutation[obs3], pervestigation[obs1]. {{property_of(methodical, @R692a)}} research. {{has_subtype(research)}} {{used_in(scientific method, @R692a)}} scientific research. {{has_method(scientific research): scientific method, @R692a}}. {{has_subtype(scientific research)}} chemistry research, chemical research; aerodynamics research; physics research; psychological research; cancer research; medical research. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(official/judicial): inquest, @M8.1.1.2}}. {{part_of: search, quest, pursuit &c. R622}}. {{has_method(research): sifting, ordering, classifying; calculation; dissection; resolution; Baconian method[obs3]}}. {{has_method(research): @R476, reasoning, induction, deduction, analysis}}. {{has_subtype: question, R461a}}. reconnoitering, reconnaissance; prying &c. v.; espionage, espionnage[Fr]; domiciliary visit, peep behind the curtain; lantern of Diogenes. {{uses: clue, @R467}}. {{&has_result(scientific research): data, @M3.1.1.2; scientific discovery, @R480a}}. {{&has_result(scientific research): @R522, solution, explanation, rationale}}. {{has_subtype(research)}} {{has_activity(library)}} library research. {{has_subtype(search, @R622)}} fishing, groping, fishing around; fish for, grope for. <-- how do we specify the object of a "fishing expedition"? This may be concrete or abstract. --> {{has_tobject(fishing)}} {{has_subtype(object, @A1)}} {{property_of(unseen, @R447)}} unseen object, unknown object. {{&has_property(unseen object): nonexistence, R2}}. {{has_subtype(search, @R622)}} {{conceptual_part_of(fishing)}} fishing expedition. V. {{has_subtype(search, @R622)}} {{conceptual_part_of(ask, R461a)}} inquire, make inquiry. [transitive] investigate, look at, look into. conduct an inquiry, carry on an inquiry, carry out an inquiry, prosecute an inquiry, conduct an investigation, carry on an investigation. {{has_commencement}} take up an inquiry, institute an inquiry, pursue an inquiry, follow up an inquiry; preexamine. {{has_subtype(examine[mode=thoroughly])}} overhaul[obs2]. {{has_high_intensity}} dip into, dive into, delve into, go deep into; make sure of, verify; probe, sound, fathom; probe to the bottom, probe to the quick. {{has_high_intensity}} {{mode_of(thoroughly)}} analyze, anatomize, dissect, parse, resolve; sift, winnow; view in all its phases, try in all its phases; thresh out, hash out. {{&conceptual_part_of(analyze): calculate, @R85a; reason, R476}}. {{has_subtype(inquire)}} {[with_object(topic, R454)]} examine, study, scrutinize, research, consider, inquire about, inquire into. {{has_subtype(inquire into)}} {{has_subtype(search, R622)}} {{conceptual_part_of(motion, @R264)}} explore, reconnoiter, scan, sound, rummage, browse, rummage through, ransack, pry, peer, look round; look over, go over, look through, go through; spy; look for, look about for, look out for, look around for. {{has_subtype(browse)}} {{used_in(information link)}} surf[inform.]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(search, @R622)}} fish, fish around, conduct a fishing expedition. {{has_subtype(look for)}} fish for, grope for, fish around for. {{has_tobject(fish for): $information, M3.1.1.2; $object, @A1}}. &&{{has_property($information/$object): unspecified, @R78; unseen, R447}}. {{has_high_intensity(investigate)}} look into every hole and corner, peer into every hole and corner, pry into every hole and corner; nose; trace up; search out, hunt down, hunt out, fish out, ferret out; unearth; leave no stone unturned. {{has_subtype(inquire)}} {{has_subtype(pursue, R662)}} seek a clue, seek a clew. hunt, track, trail, trace, mouse, dodge; follow the trail, follow the scent; beat up one's quarters; fish for. feel for &c. (experiment) R463. bring in question, bring into question, subject to examination; audit, review, pass in review. {[in_frame(court of law)]} tax. {{has_subtype: put to the proof &c. (experiment) R463}}. take into consideration &c. (think over) R451; take counsel &c. R695. Adj. inquiring, inquisitorial; analytic. M2.2.1 EXPERIMENT #463. Experiment. N. {{has_subtype(attempt, R675)}} experiment, trial, tentative method, "tŸtonnement". {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(fact, @R527b)}} {{has_subtype(evidence &c. R467)}} finding, result, data, experimental data, experimental evidence. controlled experiment; uncontrolled experiment. {{has_conceptual_part}} test. {{has_subtype(test)}} {{uses(controlled experiment)}} control. {{&uses(controlled experiment)}} {{member_of(experimental animal)}} control group. {{has_subtype(controlled experiment)}} {{uses(scientific research)}} scientific experiment. {{has_subtype(scientific experiment)}} {{has_activity(laboratory, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} laboratory experiment. feeler; trial balloon, pilot balloon, messenger balloon; pilot engine; scout; straw to show the wind. {{has_result}} observation, result. {{member_of(test[of=group, A2.6.1])}} screen. {{has_subtype(experimental method)}} analysis. {{has_subtype(test)}} assay. {{uses}} experimental method. {{uses(experimental method)}} protocol, procedure. {{has_subtype(protocol)}} blind experiment, double-blind experiment. {{has_subtype(test)}} {{property_of(decisive)}} litmus test, acid test. {{has_method(analysis)}} analytical method. {{has_subtype(analysis): @P2.6.2.2, chemical analysis, biochemical analysis, physical analysis}}. verification, probation, experimentum crucis[Lat], proof, (demonstration) R478; criterion, diagnostic, test, probe, crucial test, acid test, litmus test. {{uses(chemical analysis): @P2.3.1.3.12, crucible, reagent, ring, litmus paper, test tube, analytical instrument}}. {{has_subtype(trial)}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} ordeal, trial by ordeal. {{has_subtype(experiment)}} {{has_conceptual_part(scientific method, @M7.2.3): test of hypothesis, @M7.2.3}}. {{uses(test/analysis/assay): measurement, R466}}. {{uses}} check, touchstone, pix[obs3]. {{has_subtype(experimental method)}} empiricism, rule of thumb. {{performed_by: adventurer}}. {{performed_by(analysis): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.1.3, analyzer, analyst, assayist}}. {{performed_by(experiment): scientist, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9}}. {{uses}} subject, experimentee[obs3], guinea pig, experimental animal. poll, survey, opinion poll. epidemiological survey[Med], retrospective analysis, retrospective survey, prospective survey, prospective analysis; statistical analysis. {{used_in(citation, @M8.1.2.4)}} {{used_in(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_method(learn[obj=published information, @M3.1.1.2])}} literature search, library research. tryout, audition. {{has_purpose}} {{&has_result: discovery &c. R480}}. {{&uses: measurement &c. R466}}. {{uses: @R476, deduction, induction, abduction}}. V. experiment; essay &c. (endeavor) R675; try, try out, assay; make an experiment, make a trial of; give a trial to; put on trial, subject to trial; experiment upon; rehearse; put to the test, bring to the test, submit to the test, submit to the proof; prove, verify, test, touch, practice upon, try one's strength; road-test, test drive, take for a spin; test fly. grope; feel one's way, grope for one's way; fumble, "tŸtonner", "aller Ÿ tŸtons"[Fr], put out a feeler, throw out a feeler; send up a trial balloon, send up a pilot balloon; see how the land lies, get the lay of the land, test the waters, feel out, sound out, take the pulse, see, check, check out[coll.], see how the wind blows; consult the barometer; feel the pulse; fish for, bob for; cast for, beat about for; angle, trawl, cast one's net, beat the bushes. try one's fortune &c. (adventure) R675; explore &c. (inquire) R461. Adj. experimental, empirical. probative, probatory[obs3], probationary, provisional; analytic, docimastic[obs3]; tentative;unverified, unproven, speculative, untested. Adv. on trial, under examination, on probation, under probation, on one's trial, on approval. Phr. check it out, give it a try, see how it goes; "Run it up the flagpole and see who salutes". <-- headword is the act of comparing --> M2.2.2 COMPARISON (R464) #464. Comparison. N. comparison[1], comparing, contrasting; comparative estimate, relative estimate, relativity. <-- case marker; with --> {{has_case: reference, R22}}. matching, pattern-matching. {{has_result}} comparison[2], contrast. {{&has_result}} similarity measure, measure of similarity; measire of difference, measure of contrast. {{has_subtype(arrangement)}} {{used_in(comparing)}} collation. {{used_in(comparing)}} identification. {{has_result: simile, similitude, analogy (similarity) R17}}. {{used_in: allegory &c. (metaphor) R521}}. {{has_subtype}} quantitative comparison, numerical comparison. {{&has_result(numerical comparison): @R84, ratio, proportion, difference}}. {{&has_result: discrimination, R465}}. {{&has_result: indiscrimination, R465a}}. {{&has_result: identification, R465b}}. V. compare, compare to, compare with. collate, confront; set against one another, pit against one another; contrast, balance. {{uses(compare): @R197, place side by side, juxtapose}}. {{&has_result}} identify, draw a parallel, parallel. compare notes; institute a comparison; parva componere magnis[Lat]. Adj. comparative; metaphorical &c. R521. contrasting. compared with &c. v.; comparable; judged by comparison. Adv. relatively &c. (relation) R9; as compared with &c. v.. Phr. comparisons are odious; " comparisons are odorous " [Much Ado about Nothing]. <-- [Lack of comparison] --> M2.2.2.R1 INCOMPARABILITY (R464a) #464a. Incomparability. N. incomparability; incommensurability; indistinguishablility &c. R465a. {{&caused_by}} different units of measure. Adj. incommensurable, incommensurate; incomparable. {{has_subtype(incommensurable): qualitatively different &c. R15}}. Phr. like apples and oranges; no basis for comparison; no standard for comparison. <-- [results of comparison. 1] This headword is the perception of the difference learned by comparison --> M2.2.2.R2 DISCRIMINATION (R465) #465. Discrimination. N. {{has_result(comparing, M2.2.2)}} discrimination, distinction[1], differentiation, perception of difference, appreciation of difference. {{has_case: difference, R15}}. {{conceptual_part_of: intelligence, R498}}. diagnosis, diorism[obs3]; nice perception; nicety, refinement; taste &c. R850. critique, judgment; acuteness, penetration; nuances. {{has_subtype: measurement, R466}}. past performances. V. discriminate, distinguish, severalize[obs3], match. {{&causes}} recognize, identify; separate; draw the line, sift; separate the chaff from the wheat, winnow the chaff from the wheat; separate the men from the boys. {{has_subtype(discriminate[mode=excessively])}} split hairs, draw a fine line, nitpick, quibble. {{has_subtype: measure, R466}}. know which is which, know what is what, "know 'a hawk from a handsaw'" [Hamlet]. take into account, take into consideration; give due weight to, allow due weight to; weigh carefully. dope out[coll], get the dope[coll]. Adj. discriminating, distinguishing; dioristic[obs3], discriminative, distinctive; nice. discerning, perspicacious, perceptive, observant. matching, recognizing. Phr. il y a fagots et fagots; rem acu tetigisti[Lat][obs3]; la critique est aisee et l'art est difficile [Fr]; miles apart. a distinction without a difference. <-- [results of comparison. 2] --> M2.2.2.R3 INDISCRIMINATION (R465A) #465a. Indiscrimination. N. {{&has_result(comparing, M2.2.2)}} {{has_subtype(failure)}} lack of discrimination, indiscrimination[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} indistinguishability; indistinctness, indistinction[obs3]. {{&caused_by: similarity; identity, R13}}. {{&caused_by: incomparability &c. R464a}}. {{&caused_by: uncertainty &c. (doubt) R475; error}}. V. not discriminate, not differentiate, not find a difference, not tell the difference, fail to distinguish, fail to notice a difference. confound, confuse. {{has_subtype(not find a difference)}}{{property_of(erroneous)}} overlook a distinction, disregard a distinction; gloss over a distinction; take no note of a distinction, take no account of a distinction, take no notice of a distinction; pay no regard to a distinction. Adj. indistinguishable, undistinguishable[obs3]. indiscriminate, promiscuous, undiscriminating; undistinguished[obs2]; unmeasured. Phr. valeat quantum valere potest[Lat.]. <-- the word "detection" in the sense meant for "detectors" is placed here. The "detection" at M6.1 is a mere perception, which does not at that stage of cognition imply that the detected object is recognized for what it is. This is somewhat problematic, since a "detector" is in fact designed for recognition, but it may accomplish that recognition by simple response, a mere "perception" of the signal for which it was designed. But the overall effect, of both the design of the detector, and the detection of the intended signal, is a "recognition", so we put that sense of "detection" here. The sense of "classification" here is "assignment to a category" (MW10 sense 2 of classify). For this definition (reflecting common usage), we only require a "similarity" with a class as a requirement for classification. For analytical purposes, a more precise definition would be needed. Since "identify" is often used to mean "establish identity", where "identity" is "sameness of essential or generic character" (MW10 sense 1a), no distinction is made here between identification and classification. Perhaps a separate sense of "identification" is needed???--> <-- [results of comparison. 3] [[identify]] --> M2.2.2.R3.1 IDENTIFICATION (R465B) #465b. Identification. N. {{required_for(perception, M6.1)}} {{precedes(detection, @M6.1)}} {{&has_result(comparing[with=standard, R22], M2.2.2)}} identification, recognition, classification, match, match-up, categorization. {{requires: similarity[with=class, R75], R17; identity[with=object, @R3a], R13}}. {{precedes(recognition): discovery, R480a}}. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(object, R3a)}} {{property_of(unidentified)}} unidentified object, unknown object, unknown, object to be identified. {{has_target: category, R75}}. <-- identification requires recognizing similarities to the relevant category, and differences from other categories --> {{has_conceptual_part: @R465, distinction[1], discrimination}}. {{has_conceptual_part: similarity[to=known category, @A2.6.1.1], R17}}. {{has_case: known category, @A2.6.1.1}}. {{uses: evidence, M5.2.1}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(sign, R550)}} {{has_subtype(evidence, M5.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(feature, R79a)}} identifying feature, characteristic, identifying characteristic. {{similar_to: R480a, discovery}}. {{uses}} {{has_requirement: memory, R505}}. {{uses: feature, R79a}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(certain)}} positive identification. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(uncertain)}} tentative identification, uncertain identification, shaky identification. {{caused_by(tentative identification): lack of discrimination}}. <-- the "detector" may be a human, or a sense faculty. This is for the case when perception and recognition occur essentially simultaneously (due to the design of the detector). The detector has a purpose, therefore it must be "designed", but it can be designed by evolution (natural) or by humans. --> {{has_subtype}} {{co-occurs_with(perception, M6.1)}} detection. {{uses(detection)}} {{purpose_of(detection)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} detector. {{has_subtype(detector): sensor, @P2.3.1.3.18.3}}. {{has_subtype(detector): sense faculty, @M6.1}}. apperception, assimilation. {{conceptual_part_of: chemical analysis; assay}}. {[in_frame(biochemical screening)]} dereplication. {{&uses: memory &c. R505; interpretation &c. R522; cognizance (knowledge) R490}}. {{has_subtype(identifying feature)}} {{has_subtype(pattern, A2.6.1.2)}} fingerprint; voiceprint; footprint; noseprint [for animals]. {[of_of(problem, @R735/malfunction, @M7.3.4.2/illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1)]} diagnosis, diagnostics. {{uses(diagnosis)}} {{has_subtype(identifying feature[of=problem, @R735/malfunction, @M7.3.4.2/illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1])}} diagnostic, symptom. {{has_subtype(diagnostic): symptom, @R655}}. {{uses(diagnosis)}} {{member_of(symptom, @R655)}} {{has_subtype(pattern[of=symptoms, @R655], A2.6.1.2): syndrome, @R655}}. {{has_subtype(identifying feature)}} {{has_subtype(sound[of=walking])}} footfall. {{uses(detction[obj=water])}} {{has_subtype(tool)}} divining rod. {{uses(detection)}} {{has_subtype(tool)}} detector. {{has_subtype(identifying feature[of=devil, @R980])}} cloven hoof. {{has_subtype(unidentified object)}} {{property_of(flying): @R443a, unidentified flying object, UFO}}. V. identify, distinguish, recognize, classify, place, realize, make out, categorize, assign to a category, match, match up. detect. {{has_result(classify)}} {{has_subtype(order, R60)}} put in its proper place, put in its proper niche, place in order. open the eyes to; see through, see daylight, see in its true colors, see the cloven foot; catch, catch tripping. find similarity. {[with_obj(problem)]} diagnose, determine, establish, pinpoint. {{&uses: recall, remember &c. (memory) R505}}. Adj. {{has_consequence(identify)}} identified, distinguished, recognized, classified, categorized, placed, made out. {{antonym_of(identified)}} {{has_property(unknown object)}} unknown, unidentified, not yet identified. identifying, recognizing, matching. {{has_property(identifying feature)}} {{has_subtype(signifying, @R550)}} characteristic, diagnostic, typical, typifying, symptomatic. classifying, categorizing. Int. "I see!"; "So that's it!". <-- [[measure]] here, measurement is the action and measure is the characteristic measured --> M2.2.2.R4 MEASUREMENT (R466) #466. Measurement. N. {{has_method(discovery, R480a)}} measurement[1], admeasurement[obs3], mensuration; gauging, measuring. {{has_patient: physical object}}. {{has_topic: physical quantity, @R25}}. valuation, appraisement, assessment, assize. {{property_of(inaccurate/approximate)}} estimation, estimating, guesswork, approximation, approximating. {{has_subtype(approximating)}} dead reckoning. metrology, weights and measures, compound arithmetic. {[of(location, R183)]} locating. {[of(size/width)]} calibration. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_result}} measure, measurement[2], value; estimate. {{has_units(physical quantity)}} {{has_topic(measurement[2])}} {{&has_conceptual_part(attribute, R79a)}} unit, unit of measure. {{conceptual_part_of(unit of measure)}} measuring system, system of measures. {{has_obj_requirement}} measurability, computability, determinability[obs3]. {{&uses(measurement[1][obj=water level])}} flood mark, high water mark; Plimsoll line. {{&uses: index &c. R550}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(scale, @R69)}} {{has_subtype(indicator[of=value, @A2.6.4.R5], @R550)}} scale, graduation, graduated scale; nonius[obs3]; vernier &c. (minuteness) R193. {{!uses: measuring instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(system of measures)}} metric system. {{has_subtype(system of measures)}} system of weights, weighing system. {{has_subtype(system of weights)}} avoirdupois system; Troy system; apothecaries' system. {{has_subtype(change[to=metric system])}} metricization, metrication. {{has_conceptual_part(locating)}} coordinate. {{has_subtype(coordinate)}} linear coordinate; angular coordinate. {{has_subtype(linear coordinate): @R244, ordinate, abscissa}}. {{has_subtype(angular coordinate): @R244a, angle, polar coordinates, latitude and longitude, declination and right ascension, altitude and azimuth}}. {{studied_in(locating)}} geometry, stereometry[obs3], hypsometry[obs3]; metage[obs3]; orthometry[obs3], altimetry[obs3]; cadastre[Fr]. {{has_subtype(locating[obj=geographical feature])}} surveying, land surveying; geodesy, geodetics[obs3], geodesia[obs3]. {{job_of(surveying)}} land surveyor, surveyor; geometer; geodesist. {{uses: quantity, R25}}. {{uses: number, R84}}. {{uses: measuring instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.3}}. {{has_subtype(measuring instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.3.1)}} astrolabe, armillary sphere[obs3]. V. measure, mete; gauge. determine, assay; evaluate, value, assess, rate, appraise, estimate, form an estimate, set a value on; appreciate; standardize. {{used_in(meter)}} meter. span, pace step; apply the compass &c. n.; plumb, probe, sound, fathom; heave the log, heave the lead; survey. weigh. {{has_subtype(measure[obj=thickness, R202a])}} calibrate. take an average &c. R29; graduate. metricize. Adj. measuring &c. v.; metric , metrical. {{requires(measuring)}} measurable; ponderable, determinable, fathomable. {{has_subtype(measurable)}} perceptible, noticeable, detectable, appreciable. geodetical, topographic, topographical, cartographic, cartographical. <-- [[system]] --> M3 MENTAL OBJECT N. mental object. {{&conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(complex, @R50)}} system, complex. {{!!has_conceptual_part(system): physical object; process, A7.7}}. {{has_subtype}} social system; physical system. {{&has_conceptual_part(social system): institution, M9.5.1; law, R963; human group, P2.3.2.3.5; custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(physical system): computer system}}. {{has_subtype(social system): feudal system; slavery, @R749}}. M3.1 IDEA (R453, R454) N. idea; item of knowledge, bit of knowledge, unit of knowledge. M3.1.1 SIMPLE CONCEPT N. simple concept. <-- here we put the generalized concept of "concept, knowledge, information", treating these as objects independent of the knowing entity. This is necessary as an addition to the Roget classification, since the entries "knowledge", "information", and "idea" in Roget relate primarily to the act of knowing in humans. --> <-- we distinguish a concept as a single idea, and a topic as a complex of ideas. A concept is static, but thought (as a process) is dynamic, dealing with many concepts. [[IDEA]]. Word, phrase, etc. here are concepts, not actual tokens of speech. Here we also introduce the word "case" as it is used in "has_case", being a part of a primitive concept. More complicated concepts can also be thought of as having cases, but for our purposes, we will define the "case" as being part of a primitive (which is part of complex concepts). --> <-- [Object of thought.] --> M3.1.1.1 CONCEPT (R453) #453. Concept. N. {{has_conceptual_part(topic)}} {{has_conceptual_part(thought, R451)}} concept, idea, conception, notion, conception, thought. {{property_of(indivisible, @A5.2.1)}} primitive concept. {{has_subtype(primitive concept)}} {{has_conceptual_part(primitive concept)}} case. {{part_of}} frame. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(relation[between=concepts], R9)}} semantic relation. {{has_part(frame): semantic relation}}. <-- we define a semantic network as a set of frames; but this does not express the relatedness between frames, so it is not a formal definition --> {{member_of(frame): semantic network, @R562}}. {{has_symbol(case)}} {[in_frame(FACTOTUM Thesaurus)]} {{has_subtype(word[2])}} case marker. {{&has_manifestation}} mental image, image. {{has_symbol}} word[1]. {{part_of(word[1])}} phrase; description. {{has_representation(word[1]): word, M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4}}. abstract idea. apprehension, impression, perception, mental image, image, eidolon[Grk]. sentiment, reflection, observation, consideration. {{has_subtype: @M3.1.2.1, archetype, paradigm, formative notion, guiding conception, organizing conception, image in the mind, regulative principle}}. {{has_subtype: view &c. (opinion) R484; theory &c. R514; conceit, fancy; phantasy &c. (imagination) R515}}. point of view &c. (aspect) R448; field of view. <-- recall distinction between objective reality and perception thereof: noumenon and phenomenon --> <-- In this entry, "information" consists of known facts. A known fact is a subtype of an objective fact (At A1.2), which is a part of reality. The relation "has_requirement", which is usually used to indicate the requirement of some condition for an action here indicates the requirement of a medium for the existence of information. Here "knowledge" is the facts known, and "knowledge" at M5.5 is the act of knowing. [[lore]][[information]] --> M3.1.1.2 INFORMATION #527b. Information. N. {{part_of(idea, M3.1.1.1)}} [collective] information, knowledge, lore, wisdom, learning. {{studied_in}} information theory. {{has_unit}} bit, bit of information. {{constitutes: information content, @M8.1.1.1}}. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(collection): body of knowledge}}. {{has_part(knowledge)}} {{has_member(body of knowledge)}} {{has_subtype(fact, A1.2)}} {{property_of(known[by=person])}} fact, datum, piece of information, known fact, data[pl], facts[pl], plain fact, plain matter of fact, positive fact, matter of fact. {{meaning_of(fact): assertion, R535}}. {{has_subtype(positive fact)}} {{has_subtype(event)}} accomplished fact, fait accompli[Fr]. {{has_subtype(known fact)}} {{property_of(known[by=many])}} general information, common knowledge, general knowledge, widely known information. {{has_contrast(widely known information)}} {{property_of(known[by=few])}} little-known information. {{has_subtype(common knowledge[about=physical universe])}} consensus reality. {{has_subtype}} {{has_result(publication, R531)}} {{property_of(known[by=many])}} published data, published information, public information, public lore, public data, no secret. {{has_location(public information)}}{{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): @R531, newspaper; magazine; journal; book; pamphlet}}. {{member_of(data)}} {{property_of(organized)}} {{has_subtype(body of knowledge)}} database, store of knowledge. {{has_location_x: memory[4], @R505; recording, R551}}. {{has_subtype(database)}} {{location_of(computer)}} computerized database. letters, literature. {{has_manifestation: representation, R554; words; statement, assertion, M8.1.1.5; @P2.3.1.3.6.1, pictures, illustrations, pictorial information}}. {{has_manifestation}} symbolic data representation; graphics; encoded data. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(systematic+experimental)}} scientific information. {{has_subtype(body of knowledge)}} {{part_of(scientific information)}} {{property_of(systematic/organized): science, M3.1.2.3.1}}. {{has_part(scientific information)}} experimental information, empirical information, experimental data. {{&uses(information theory)}} {{has_subtype(conversion[obj=information], R144)}} {{property_of(reversible, @R145)}} {{has_subtype(mapping, @R85a)}} isagelism, reversible information transformation. {{has_result(isagelism)}} isagel. {{has_subtype(isagelism): encoding}}. {{has_subtype(isagel): coded message, M8.1.1.1.2.2}}. {{has_unit}}{[in_subject(computers, P2.3.1.3.15.4)]} byte; word; doubleword[Comp]; quad word; paragraph; segment; megabyte, MB[acron]. {{{has_relative_value(byte + bit)}}} "8". {{{has_relative_value(megabyte + byte): "1000000", one million}}}. {{has_requirement}} data storage. {{has_purpose(data storage)}} {{has_subtype(recall[obj=record, R551], R505)}} information retrieval. {{studied_in}} knowledge representation; data encoding. {{has_requirement(data storage)}} data storage medium. {{has_subtype(data storage medium)}} {{has_subtype(memory[3], @R505)}} human memory. {{has_subtype(data storage medium): document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {[in_subject(Digital Computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.2)]} {{has_subtype(data storage medium): paper tape; magnetic media, optical media; random access memory, RAM; read-only memory, ROM; write once read mostly memory, WORM}}. {{has_concern(data storage)}} data compression. Adj. {{&has_property(known fact)}} known, understood, apprehended; ascertained, recognized. {{has_property(widely known information)}} well-known, widely known, received, notorious, noted; proverbial; familiar, familiar as household words, familiar to every schoolboy; hackneyed, trite, trivial, commonplace; all over town, on every tongue. {{has_property(isagelon)}} isagelic. <-- we consider a topic as a complex of simple ideas [Subject of thought, ] [[topic]] --> M3.1.1.R1 TOPIC (R454) #454. Topic. N. {{property_of(complexity)}} {{conceptual_part_of(concept, M3.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(domain, A8)}} {{has_topic(thought, R451/communication, R527)}} topic, subject, subject matter, matter, theme, noemata[Grk], what it is about, contents. {{has_conceptual_part: @R516, content, gist, essence, substance, meaning}}. {{has_property(topic)}} {{has_subtype(scope[of=thought, R451], @A2.5.5.5.R1)}} scope. thesis, business, affair, object of discussion. proposition, theorem. {[of(discussion, R476/debate, @R476)]} matter in hand, issue, question at hand, topic at hand, matter in dispute, matter at issue, argument[1], dispute, controversy, question, problem, moot point. {{has_subtype(proposition)}} {{has_subtype(reason, @R476): case, point, argument}}. field of inquiry; subject of thought, material for thought, food for the mind, mental pabulum. {{has_subtype(issue)}} {[in_frame(politics)]} political issue, political topic. <-- this "text" is the substance of a document as distinguished from the format, it is not the physical text. --> {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} text. {{conceptual_part_of: document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{conceptual_part_of: speech}}. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/speech)]} {{has_representation: @R564, heading, title}}. {[of(illustration)]} {{has_representation: @R564, caption}}. {[in_subject(parliamentary debate/committee)]} {{has_subtype(suggestion)}} motion, resolution. {{has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} title, running title, heading, head, chapter, section. {{member_of: agenda, @R86}}. V. float in the mind , pass in the mind &c. R451. Adj. topical, thought of; uppermost in the mind; in petto. Adv. under consideration; in question, in the mind; on the agenda, on foot, on the carpet, on the docket, on the tapis[obs3]; relative to &c. R9. M3.1.2 COMPLEX CONCEPT N. {{part_of(concept, R453)}} complex concept. {{has_subtype: method, R692a; plan, R626}}. <-- is This theory distinct from the "theory" at M5.7.1?? They are closely related, but we will use this entry for nmore formal and complicated hypotheses, and the section at M5.7.1 will be for new theories fresh out of the imagination. [[theory]] --> M3.1.2.1 THEORY N. {{has_subtype(explanation)}} {{property_of(formal, @R522)}} {{conceptual_part_of(hypothesis, M5.7.1)}} theory, postulate. dogma, doctrine. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(generally believed, @R484/established, @R478)}} rule, law. rule of thumb. {{has_subtype(law)}} {{studies(physics, @P2.6.1)}} law of physics. {{has_subtype(law of physics)}} {{has_subtype(quantitative relation)}} quantitative law of physics. {{part_of}} paradigm, theoretical framework, archetype, formative notion, guiding conception, organizing conception; image in the mind, regulative principle. {{has_instance}} special relativity; general relativity; big bang theory; eight-fold way. {{has_subtype(theory)}} grand unified theory, GUT[acron.]. <-- also idea systems(non-experimental: math, philosophy) --> <-- here we enter procedure as a set of concepts, such as a written procedure. In Roget, the main entry for procedure is under voluntary action, which is an action, not a concept which can be a subject of communication. This entry is closely related to "method" at M7.2.3. We consider "procedure" as the more general concept, and "method" as a better defined specialization of "procedure", so we classify "procedure" as a supertype of method. IT is here because we view a defined procedure as a mental object, since a procedure can be discussed as a single object. This will probably be a major point of disagreement with other ontologies. The distinction from a "recipe" is fine, but we consider that the main meaning of "recipe" is a method for using ingredients (MW10 sense 2), where the ingredients are a part of the final product which is an artifact. The other uses are metaphorical. This "process" is a defined process which is intended for human use, not merely some physical process. [[procedure]] [[process]] --> M3.1.2.2 PROCEDURE N. {{member_of(idea, M3.1.1.1)}} {{uses(goal, M7.1.2.1.2)}} procedure, protocol. {{has_subtype: method, R692a; plan, R626}}. {{has_execution}} {{has_subtype(physical process, @R151)}} {{part_of(action, M7.3.4): @R680, process, human process}}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R71, step, stage}}. {{has_conceptual_part: operation, M7.3.4}}. {{has_representation}} {{has_subtype(instruction)}} {{&property_of(recorded)}} directions, instructions. {{uses(person)}} {{uses(create[obj=artifact])}} {{has_subtype(process, @R680)}} manufacturing process. {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{has_subtype(directions)}} {{conceptual_part_of(list[of=ingredients])}} recipe. {{similar_to: precept, R697}}. {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{uses(industry, @M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} industrial process. <-- These words mostly relate to computation with numbers, but computation with symbols is included. The "subtraction" or taking away of things at R38 is labeled as analogous to the arithmetical concept of "subtraction". Perhaps a different relation is required. [[compute]] --> M3.1.2.2.1 COMPUTATION #85a. Computation. N. {{hperforms: arithmetician, P2.3.2.3.6.4.4}} {{has_subtype(procedure, M3.1.2.2)}} {{used_in(number, R84/symbol, R550)}} {{has_subtype(processing[ptnt=number, R84/symbol, M8.1.3.2.1.1.1], @R144)}} {{has_conceptual_part(mathematics, @R25)}} computation, calculation, reckoning, supputation[obs3]; calculus. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(mathematical object, @R25)}} operand. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(mathematical object, @R25)}} result. <-- an "equation" may be more conceptual than merely written, but it is always written somewhere -- or at least we are willing to ignore equations which aren't. It is defined here as a writing using non-linguistic symbols (not just words). It also has other properties. --> {{uses}} {{has_subtype(writing[2], @R590)}} {{part_of(symbol, M8.1.3.2.1.1.1)}} {{has_expression(relation[between=mathematical objects], R9)}} {{has_subtype(mathematical notation)}} equation. {{!!has_part(equation): equals sign}}. {{!!has_part(equation)}} {{part_of(symbol, M8.1.3.2.1.1.1)}} side[num=2]. {{has_subtype_x(side)}} left half, left part; right half, right part. {{!!between(equals sign): $left half + $right half}}. &&{{{!!has_relative_val($left half + $right half): equal}}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_branch(mathematics)}} arithmetic; analysis; algebra; geometry; calculus, infinitesimal calculus, calculus of differences; topology; statistics. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(processing[ptnt=number, R84], @R144)}} arithmetic calculation. {{has_subtype(calculus)}} lambda calculus. {{has_subtype(geometry)}} analytical geometry, fluxions[obs3]. {{has_subtype(calculus)}} differential calculus; integral calculus. {{has_subtype(computation)}} operation, function, mathematical operation, mathematical function. {{&uses(mathematical operation)}} operator, mathematical operator. {{has_subtype(mathematical operation)}} transformation, mathematical transformation. {{has_subtype(calculation)}} {{property_of(quick + approximate)}} back-of-the-envelope calculation. {{has_subtype(mathematical operation)}} notation; rule of three, practice; raising to a power; extraction of roots, taking the root; reduction, involution, evolution, estimation, approximation; interpolation; differentiation; integration; factoring; mapping. {{has_subtype(function)}} {{uses(topology)}} topological function. {{has_subtype(topological function)}} {{has_subtype(isagelism)}} homeomorphism. {{has_subtype(mathematical operation)}} {{has_conceptual_part(arithmetic)}} arithmetical operation. {{has_subtype(arithmetical operation)}} multiplication. {{has_subtype(arithmetical operation)}} division. {{has_subtype(subtraction, @A3.3.2)}} {{has_subtype(arithmetical operation)}} {{analogous_to(subtraction, R38)}} subtraction, subtracting, taking a difference. {{has_subtype(addition, R35)}} {{has_subtype(arithmetical operation)}} summation, addition. {{has_case(summation)}} {{has_subtype(operand)}} addend. {{has_case(summation)}} {{has_subtype(result)}} {{has_result(summation)}} {{{has_sum(operand + operand)}}} sum. {{has_subtype(function)}} algorithm, algorism[obs3], rhabdology[obs3], dactylonomy[obs3]. {{used_in: measurement &c. R466}}. {{has_inverse(addition): subtraction}}. {{has_inverse(multiplication): division; factoring}}. {{has_inverse(raising to a power): extraction of roots}}. {{has_inverse(differentiation): integration}}. {{has_subtype(operand)}} {[in_frame(subtraction)]} minuend; subtrahend. {{has_subtype(operand)}} {[in_frame(multiplication)]} multiplicand; multiplier, multiplicator[obs3]; factor; coefficient. {{has_subtype(operand)}} {[in_frame(division)]} dividend, numerator; divisor, denominator. {{has_subtype(result)}} {{has_result(subtraction)}} {{{has_difference(minuend + subtrahend)}}} difference, complement. {{has_subtype(result)}} {{has_result(multiplication)}} {{{has_arith_product(multiplicand + multiplier)}}} product, multiple. {{has_subtype(result)}} {{has_result(division)}} {{{has_relative_value(dividend + divisor)}}} ratio, quotient, proportion, submultiple[Math]. {{has_subtype(operation)}} permutation; combination. {{function_of(computation): calculating device, P2.3.1.3.15}}. V. compute, calculate; reckon. sum; sum up, cast up; tell off, score, cipher, suppute[obs3]. add, subtract, multiply, divide, extract roots; algebraize[obs3]. {{used_in(computation)}} check, balance; prove, demonstrate; audit, overhaul, take stock. amount to, add up to, come to. Adj. arithmetical, analytic, algebraic, statistical. computable, calculable. Adv. quantitatively; arithmetically. <-- "body of knowledge" is the implied supertype for all concepts pointed to by the relation "studied_in". The difference between this and "science", below is slim. We designate science as systematic. Thus a "body of knowledge" may not be systematic. (as, a mere collection of facts). Most "ologies" would be classified as "science" by this definition. --> M3.1.2.3 BODY OF KNOWLEDGE N. {{property_of(organized, @R58)}} {{studied_in(knowledge, R527b)}} body of knowledge, system of knowledge, branch of knowledge, branch of learning, area of knowledge, field of knowledge, branch of learning, field of learning. {{has_conceptual_part: theory, M3.1.2.1; discovery, R480a}}. Suff. {{has_symbol(body of knowledge)}} "-ology". <-- Note that science, the conceptual structures created by people to understand nature, is here under mental concepts, but the actual phenomena studied are under physical concepts. Science differs from the supertype, body of knowledge, in being organized. Most "ologies" would be classified as "science" by this definition. Corresponds to MW10 sense 2a. [[science]] --> M3.1.2.3.1 SCIENCE N. {{part_of(scientific information)}} {{property_of(systematic/organized)}} {{has_subtype(body of knowledge)}} science, system of knowledge, organized body of knowledge, systematic knowledge. {{alternative_to(science): humanities}}. experimental science, natural philosophy, experimental philosophy; physicism[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(mathematics)}} exact science. {{has_conceptual_part(exact science)}} {{has_subtype(law, @M3.1.2.1)}} {{property_of(quantitative + accurate)}} quantitative law. {{has_expression(quantitative law): equation, @R85a}}. {{has_subtype(exact science): chemistry; physics; astronomy}}. {{studies(experimental science): physical phenomena, P2.6.1}}. {{uses: theory, M3.1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{studied_in(causes)}} etiology, aetiology[obs3]. {{has_subtype(experimental science)}} physical science, the hard sciences, philosophie positive[Fr]. {{studied_in(matter)}} somatology[obs3], somatics. {{topic_of: @R593, cyclopedia, encyclopedia}}. {{performed_by: school &c. (system of opinions) R484}}. tree of knowledge; republic of letters &c. (language) R560. {{has_subtype(physical science): chemistry; physics; biology}}. {{has_subtype(science): engineering, M3.1.2.3.1.1; sociology}}. Adj. scientific. {{antonym_of(scientific)}} unscientific. M3.1.2.3.1.1 ENGINEERING N. {{used_in(science, M3.1.2.3.1)}} engineering, applied science, useful arts. {{studies: useful artifact, @P2.3.1.3}}. {{job_of: engineer, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.3.9}}. {{studied_in(electronic device)}} electronic engineering. {{studied_in(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)}} civil engineering. {{studied_in(airplane, P2.3.1.3.1.6.2.1.2)}} aeronautics, aeronatuiical engineering, aviation engineering. {{studied_in(chemical process, @P2.6.2)}} chemical engineering. <-- Only the most common words are included. A long list can be added when supplementation is unertaken. [[philosophy]] --> M3.1.2.3.2 HUMANITIES N. humanities. {{studies: human activity, @R680; artifact, P2.3.1.3; human being, P2.3.2.3; human mind, @M1}}. M3.1.2.3.2.1 PHILOSOPHY N. {{studied_in(knowledge)}} {{used_in(theory)}} philosophy, philosophical inquiry. universal wisdom, pansophy[obs3]. {[of(Aristotle)]} oral teachings, profound insights, acroama[obs2]. circle of the sciences; pandect[obs3], doctrine, body of doctrine. philosphical speculation, speculation about first causes. {{has_subtype}} school; branch. scholastic philosphy. metaphysics, ontology, philosphy of being, science of being. epistemology, theory of knowledge. aesthetics, theory of beauty. logic. {{has_subtype(school)}} monism; dualism. {{has_subtype(school)}} {{origin_of(ancient Greece)}} Platonic phiosophy, Platonism; Stoic philosophy, Stoicism; Aristotelian philosphy, Aristotelianism; Epicureanism. {{has_part(Platonic philosophy)}} ideality, idealism. {{has_subtype(school)}} analytic philosophy, philosophical analysis; logical positivism; Augustinianism; Averroism; Cartesianism; Comtism; cynicism; dialectical materialism; Marxism; Marxism-Leninism; Pythagoreanism; Schopenhauerism; Thomism; existentialism, existential philosophy; Hegelianism; Neoplatonism. {{has_subtype(school)}} transcendentalism, spiritualism. <-- no time to distinguish various types of transcendentalism --> {{has_concern(transcendentalism): immateriality, R317}}. {{has_concern(transcendentalism)}} {{property_of(immateriality, R317)}} {{property_of(unknowable, @R519)}} {{has_subtype(reality, @R1)}} transcendental reality, ultimate reality. {{has_concern(transcendentalism)}} {{has_subtype(truth)}} a priori truth. {{believed_by(transcendentalism)}} transcendentalist. {{has_instance(transcendentalist)}} {{property_of(dead, @R360)}} Immanuel Kant, Kant; "Henry D. Thoreau", Thoreau; Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson. {{alternative_to(transcendentalism)}} materialism, empiricism, phenomenalism. {{has_concern(materialism)}} {{has_subtype(reality, @R1): material reality, @R316}}. {{has_part_x(material reality): physical object; time, P1.1; space, P1.2}}. <-- if there are other universes, would these be part of the materialist or transcendentalist philosophy? --> {{believed_by(materialism): materialist, P2.3.2.3.6.4.31}}. realism; nominalism; essentialism. skepticism. {{believed_by(school)}} adherent, believer. {{believed_by(scholastic philosophy)}} schoolman, shoolmen[pl], scholastic philosopher. {{studied_by: philosopher, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.6}}. {{studied_by(metaphysics)}} metaphysician. V. philosophize. speculate. Adj. philosphical. speculative. philosophizing; speculating. monistic; dualistic. acroamatic, acroamatical, profound. Phr. "a handmaid to religion" [Francis Bacon]. <-- [[art]] --> M3.1.2.3.2.2 ART N. {{used_in(imagination, R515)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} art. {{forms(art)}} work of art, opus. fine art, fine arts[collective]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(useful, R644)}} useful art. {{has_subtype: literature, @R560; linguistics, @R560}}. {{forms(fine art)}} art, artwork, piece of artwork. {{has_subtype(opus)}} {{property_of(excellent, @R648)}} magnum opus. Adj. {{has_property(work of art)}} artistic. {{&has_property(work of art): entertaining, @R840; inspiring, @R824}}. <-- this entry is for the study or discipline of art. The physical objects created are under "visual representation" at P2.3.1.3.6 --> M3.1.2.3.2.2.1 VISUAL ART N. {{has_subtype(fine art)}} visual art, visual arts[collective]. {{has_subtype: painting; sculpture}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(useful art)}} {{property_of(utilitarian): graphic, P2.3.1.3.6.8}}. <-- [[music]] --> M3.1.2.3.2.2.2 MUSIC (R415) #415. Music. N. music, tune. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(sound, M6.1.2.6)}} {{property_of(pleasant, @R829)}} musical sound. strain, air. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(recorded)}} recorded music. {{&result_of}} {{used_in(musical instrument)}} playing music, playing. {{consitutes}} piece of music, piece, musical composition, work, number, opus, composition. {{has_subtype(piece of music)}} solo; duet, duo; trio; quartet, quartett[obs3]; quintet; septet, septett[obs3]; octet; orchestral piece, orchestral music; band music. {{has_conceptual_part: @R413, melody, harmony, rhythm}}. {{has_conceptual_part(orchestral music)}} orchestration. {{has_subtype(piece of music)}} etude; sonata; rondo, rondeau[Fr]; pastorale, cavatina[obs3], roulade[obs3], fantasia; variations; cadenza; cadence; toccata; fugue; canon; serenade; nocturne, notturno [Italian], prelude; dithyramb; tone poem, symphonic poem. {{uses(marching, @P2.4.2.1.1)}} martial music, march. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(strong rhythm, @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2)}} {{uses(dance, R840)}} dance music. {{has_subtype(dance music)}} {{uses(waltz, @R480)}} waltz. {{has_subtype(orchestral piece)}} symphony; concerto; overture. {{has_subtype(sonata)}} piano sonata; violin sonata. {{has_subtype(concerto)}} piano concerto; violin concerto. {{needed_for(bagpipe)}} highland air, pibroch[obs3]. {{&has_part(piece of music)}} accompaniment, second, bass; bourdon[obs3], drone, morceau[obs3], terzetto[obs3]. {{has_subtype(music)}} quodlibet. {{has_part(symphony/concerto/sonata)}} movement. {{has_representation}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} score; sheet music. {{has_execution(musical composition)}} performance, musical performance. {{has_subtype(musical performance)}} concert; recital; solo; impromptu performance. instrumental music; full score; concerted piece, potpourri, capriccio. {{uses(instrumental music/accompaniment): musical instrument, P2.3.1.3.13.1.1}}. Lydian measures; slow music, slow movement; adagio &c. adv.; minuet; siren strains, soft music, lullaby; dump. {{has_subtype(lament, R839)}} dirge. {{created_by: composer &c. R413}}. {{performed_by: musician &c. R416, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.2}}. {{performed_by: minstrelsy, band, orchestra}}. jazz. V. {{result_of(musical score)}} {{has_subtype(compose[obj=music], @R527)}} compose. {{result_of(music): perform &c. R416}}. attune. Adj. musical. instrumental. {{has_subtype(musical): harmonious &c. R413}}. Adv. musically. in rhythm; in tune; instrumentally. adagio; largo, larghetto, andante, andantino[obs3]; a capella, alla capella[It]; maestoso[obs3], moderato; allegro, allegretto; spiritoso[obs3], vivace[obs3], veloce[obs3]; presto, prestissimo[obs3]; con brio; capriccioso[obs3]; scherzo, scherzando[obs3]; legato, staccato, crescendo, diminuendo, rallentando[obs3], affettuoso[obs3]; obbligato; pizzicato; desto[obs3]. Phr. " in notes by distance made more sweet " [Collins]; " like the faint exquisite music of a dream " [Moore]; " music arose with its voluptuous swell " [Byron]; " music is the universal language of mankind " [Longfellow]; " music's golden tongue " [Keats]; " the speech of angels " [Carlyle]; " will sing the savageness out of a bear " [Othello]; "music hath charms to soothe the savage beast". M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1 SONG N. {{has_subtype(piece of music, @R415)}} {{used_in(voice, R580)}} {{conceptual_part_of(melody, R413)}} song[1], vocal music, vocalism[obs3], vocal piece. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(vocalization, R580)}} singing; chanting; caroling. {{performed_by: singer, @R416}}. {{&has_part: @R597, rhyme, poem}}. {{has_subtype(vocal music)}} {{part_of(words, R562)}} chaunt, chant; psalm, psalmody; hymn; song[2], lied[Ger.], lieder[Ger.][pl]; canticle, canzonet[obs3], cantata, bravura. {{has_subtype(song[2])}} lay, ballad; ditty; carol; folk song; pastoral; recitativo[It], solfeggio[obs3]; part song; descant; glee; madrigal; antiphon[obs3], antiphony; popular song. {{hperforms(choir, @R416/chorus, @R416)}} choral piece, catch, round, chorus, chorale. {{has_subtype(vocal music)}} {{part_of(song[2])}} {{has_subtype(drama): @R599, opera, operetta, musical}}. {{has_subtype(song[2])}} {{has_part(opera)}} aria, arietta[obs3]; recitative. oratorio; stave; passamezzo [Italian], toccata, Vorspiel [German]. {{has_subtype(song[2])}} blues; country music; rock and roll. V. {{has_subtype(vocalize, R580)}} {{hperforms(singer, @R416)}} sing, chaunt, chant, intone, warble, carol, chirp, chirrup. lilt, purl, quaver, trill, shake, twitter. hum; whistle; sol-fa[obs3]. Adj. vocal. singing. choral; lyric, lyrical; operatic. Wagnerian. a capella. Adv. vocally, in song. chorally; lyrically; operatically. a capella, without accompaniment. <-- M6.1.2.6.7 MUSICAL SOUNDS (R413 TO R415) --> <-- R416 musician to HROLE --> M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2 MELODY (R413) #413. Melody. N. {{has_conceptual_part(music, R425)}} melody. {{has_part(score)}} note, musical note, notes of a scale; sharp, flat, natural; bar, rest; appoggiato[obs3], appoggiatura[obs3]; acciaccatura[obs3]; interval. {{has_conceptual_part}} time, musical time. {{has_measure(musical time)}} measure. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_conceptual_part_of(musical time)}} rhythm. {{produced_by(rhythm)}} {{has_subtype(stress, @R157)}} beat. {{has_temporal_part}} passage; phrase. {{has_subtype(rhythm)}} {{uses(dance music)}} {{property_of(strong)}} {{property_of(regular)}} strong rhythm. {{has_property(note): pitch, P2.6.1.4}}. {{has_property(note)}} timbre, tone, intonation. {{uses}} scale, gamut. {{has_subtype(scale)}} diapason; diatonic chromatic scale[obs3], enharmonic scale[obs3]. {{part_of(note)}} chord. {{has_property(melody)}} key. {{has_property(melody)}} modulation; temperament; syncope, syncopation; preparation; suspension; resolution. {{has_part(score)}} staff, stave. {{has_part(staff)}} line, space, brace. {{has_part(staff)}} clef. {{has_subtype(note): high note &c.(shrillness) R410; low note &c. R408}}. {{has_subtype(note)}} semitone; second, third, fourth &c.; diatessaron[obs3]. {{has_part(staff)}} line; space. {{has_subtype(note)}} A; B; C; D; E; F; G. {{has_subtype(clef)}} G-clef; F-clef. {{has_property(note)}} {{has_subtype(interval, R108)}} duration. {{has_subtype(note)}} full note; half note; quarter note, quaver; semiquaver; demisemiquaver; hemidemisemiquaver; sustained note, drone, burden; breve, semibreve[Mus], minim, crotchet. {{{has_relative_value(full note^duration + half note^duration): "2"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(half note^duration + quarter note^duration): "2"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(quarter note^duration + semiquaver^duration): "2"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(semiquaver^duration + demisemiquaver^duration): "2"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(demisemiquaver^duration + hemidemisemiquaver^duration): "2"}}}. tonic; key note, leading note, fundamental note; supertonic[obs3], mediant[obs3], dominant; submediant[obs3], subdominant[obs3]. octave, tetrachord[obs3]. {{has_subtype(key)}} major key; minor key. {{has_subtype(scale)}} major scale; minor scale. {{has_subtype(mode)}} major mode; minor mode. piece of music &c. R415. {{created_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.8, @R416, musician, composer, harmonist[obs3], contrapuntist}}. Adj. {{has_property(melody)}} melodious, musical, melic[obs3]. tuneful, tunable; sweet, dulcet, canorous[obs3]; mellow, mellifluous; soft, clear, clear as a bell; silvery; euphonious, euphonic, euphonical[obs3]; fine-toned, full-toned, silver-toned. symphonious. {{&has_consequence(melodious): enchanting &c. (pleasure-giving) R829}}. measured, rhythmical, diatonic[obs3], chromatic, enharmonic[obs3]. Phr. "And our hearts, though stout and brave, still like muffled drums are beating funeral marches to the grave" [H. W. Longfellow, A Psalm of Life, 1839]. M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.3 HARMONY #413b. Harmony. N. harmony, concord, consonance, emmeleia[obs3]. unison, homophony, unisonance[obs3]; chime; tonality. {{property_of}} chord. {{has_part}} part, voice. {{studied_in}} harmonics. {{causes}}{{property_of(pleasant)}} euphony, euphonism[obs3]. thorough-bass, fundamental-bass; faburden[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of}} counterpoint. V. be harmonious, harmonize, chime, symphonize[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} transpose; put in tune, tune. accord. sing in tune, sing in harmony. {{has_subtype(tune[obj=stringed instrument, @R417])}} string. Adj. harmonious, harmonical[obs3]. in concord; in tune, in concert; unisonant[obs3], concentual[obs3], symphonizing[obs3], isotonic, homophonous[obs3], assonant; ariose[obs3], consonant. {{causes}} euphonious. Adv. harmoniously, in harmony. as one. Phr. " the hidden soul of harmony " [Milton]. <-- --> M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.3.R1 DISCORD (R414) #414. Discord. N. {{property_of(harshness, R410)}} discord, discordance, dissonance, cacophony, want of harmony. {{property_of}} caterwauling, caterwaul. {{property_of}} [Confused sounds] Babel; Dutch concert, cat's concert; marrowbones and cleavers; rasping sound, grating sound. {{has_subtype(rasping sound): cough, @P2.6.4.1.1}}. V. be discordant, be unharmonious, be dissonant, be inharmious, be unmelodious; jar &c. (sound harshly) R410. Adj. {{has_subtype(harsh, R410)}} {[in_frame(music, R415)]} discordant; dissonant, absonant[obs3]; out of tune, tuneless; unmusical, untunable[obs3]; unmelodious, immelodious[obs3]; unharmonious[obs3], inharmonious; singsong; cacophonous; jarring. M3.1.2.3.2.2.3 PERFORMING ART N. performing art, performing arts[collective]. {{has_subtype: drama, R599; dance, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.1; music, R415}}. <-- [Absence or want of thought.] --> <-- some instincts seem more complex than simple reactions -- but they depend on stimiui, so can be classified as reactions --> M3.2 LACK OF THOUGHT (R452) #452. Lack of thought. N. lack of thought, incogitancy[obs3], vacancy, inunderstanding[obs3]. {{has_subtype: fatuity &c. R499; thoughtlessness &c. (inattention) R458}}. vacuity. {{property_of}} reaction. {{has_subtype(reaction)}} reflex, reflex reaction, stimulus-response loop, instinctive reaction. {{has_subtype(reaction)}} gut reaction, emotional response. {{has_subtype(reaction)}} instinct, brute instinct. {{has_subtype(instinct)}} {{has_subtype(reaction)}} conditioned response, conditioned reflex, Pavlovian response. {{trait_of}} couch potato, vegetable. V. not think, not consider, not reflect; not think of. {{&mcaused_by}} put out of the mind, dismiss from the mind, dismiss from the thoughts, dismiss from consideration. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} act on instinct, respond instinctively, react, react reflexively. indulge in reverie &c. (be inattentive) R458. put away thought; unbend the mind, relax the mind, divert the mind, veg out. {{&caused_by}} {{has_commencement(trance, @P2.8.5.1.1)}} go into a trance. {{&caused_by(not think of): ignore, @R460; forget, R506}}. Adj. vacant, unintellectual, unideal[obs3], unoccupied, unthinking, inconsiderate, thoughtless, mindless, no-brain, vacuous; absent &c. (inattentive) R458; diverted; irrational &c. R499; narrow-minded &c. R481. unthought of, undreamt of, unconsidered; off one's mind; incogitable[obs3], not to be thought of. instinctive, reflexive. {{has_subtype(reflexive): emotional}}. Phr. absence d'esprit; pabulum pictura pascit inani[Lat][obs3]. <-- This group is closely related to M8.3, sympathetic affections, under M8, mind-mind interactions, which were grouped with these affections in Roget. The Roget classification had linguistic validity because feelings are often directed at external objects, rather than having a potentially independent existence, such as ideas. However, to maintain the overall structure of this classification (the distinction between actions of an individual mind and mind-mind interactions), the entry here allows the "affections, feelings" class to be considered a mental object, though it is in some way similar to a mind-mind interaction. One of the main problems is the resulting large distance between many of the emotions listed here, and the emotions of love and hate, usually thought of in similar terms. [[AFFECTIONS]] --> M3.3 AFFECTION N. {{similar_to: sympathetic affections, M8.3}} affection, affect, affections, feeling. <-- Note: entries 822. Sensibility 823. Insensibility 824. Excitation 825. Excitability 826. Inexcitability moved to M4.2 PROPERTIES OF THE AFFECTIVE FACULTY {{has_property(mind, R450)}} --> <-- here we distinguish propensities, habitual tendencies from less permanent feelings, and from personality, inborn characteristics: distinguish what one is from what one does what one is goes to traits, M4.2.2 .. habitual tendencies, R820, are a cause of habits, R613 (e.g. "mood, frame of mind" is less permanent than a habit of mind, whereas this section on affections refers to habitual tendencies. Note that emotions, momentary feelings are in the next entry, R821, under feelings. --> M3.3.1 HABITUAL AFFECTION #820. Habitual affection. N. {{caused_by(habit, R613)}} {{has_subtype(characteristic, R5a)}} {{part_of(feelings, R821)}} habitual affection, affections[collective], bent, bias, disposition, predisposition, proneness, proclivity, propensity, tendency, inclination, leaning; cast of mind, cast of soul, habit of mind, habit of soul, predilection, sentiment, turn, turn of mind, tone, natural turn of mind; propenseness[obs3], propension[obs3], propendency[obs1], diathesis[obs3]. humor, grain, mettle. {{has_subtype: sympathy &c. (love) R897}}. {{has_high_intensity: idiosyncrasy, M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1}}. {{has_subtype: @M4.2.2, trait}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @M4.2.2, character, qualities, disposition, nature, spirit, tone, personality, temper, temperament}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R7a, @P2.2.4, human condition, state}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} soul, heart, breast, bosom, inner man; heart's core, heart's strings, heart's blood; heart of hearts, bottom of one's heart, penetralia mentis[Lat]; secret and inmost recesses of the heart, cockles of one's heart; inmost heart, inmost soul; backbone. {{has_high_intensity}} passion, fervor, fire, pervading spirit; fullness of the heart, heyday of the blood, flesh and blood, flow of soul. energy, force, inner force. {{has_high_intensity(passion)}} ruling passion, master passion; furore[obs3]. {{has_subtype(point of view, M3.3.2)}} {{property_of(long-lasting)}} world view, outlook, weltanshauung[Germ.]. {{affects: ability, @R157(power)}}. V. have affections, possess affections, have a bent, have a bias, have a predisposition, have a proneness, have a proclivity, have a propensity, have a cast of mind, have a habit of mind, have a frame of mind, have a predilection. be of a character, be of a mold, be of a cast; be affected; breathe. Adj. affected, characterized, formed, molded, cast; attempered[obs3], tempered; framed; predisposed; prone, inclined; having a bias &c. n.; tinctured with, imbued with, penetrated with, eaten up with. inborn, inbred, ingrained; deep-rooted, ineffaceable, inveterate; pathoscopic[obs2]; congenital, dyed in the wool, implanted by nature, inherent, in the grain. affective [obs3][med. and general]. Adv. in one's heart &c. n.; at heart; heart and soul &c. R821. Phr. "affection is a coal that must be cool'd else suffer'd it will set the heart on fire" [Venus and Adonis]. <-- Roget division: FLEETING AFFECTIONS --> <-- the distinction between feeling and emotion, is not completely clear, but for now they are listed as different magnitudes of the same phenomenon. How to classify "a feeling of despair"? We don't say "he has an emotion of despair" or "emotions of pride"; but "express your feelings" and "express your emotions" are both valid. What is the difference? Is emotion more visible? For this entry, emotion is a strong feeling (definition 2c in MW10). Other differences should probably be defined. Although "emotion" is not directly a subtype of "action, R680", there is a component of action that is difficult to ignore. --> <-- ... [[Emotion]] --> M3.3.2 FEELING (R821) #821. Feeling. N. {{affects(human condition)}} {{caused_by(desire, R865)}} feeling, affection, feelings[pl]. {{has_case}}{{has_subtype(person)}} experiencer. {{has_high_intensity}} emotion. {{has_subtype(emotion)}} {{conceptual_part_of(judgment)}} judgmental emotion. {{has_subtype(judgmental emotion): disapproval, R932; approval, R931; blame, @R932a; credit, @R873}}. sentiment. tender feelings. {{part_of}} mood, ease, frame of mind, frame of soul, vein. <-- emotions directed at a fact, object, action, or state is an attitude. How to include the object? as a case?? We include a personal philosophy also as an affective quality, even though there may be some logical elements included. --> {{metaphor_of(position, R183)}} {{conceptual_part_of(feeling, M3.3.2)}} {{affected_by(opinion, @R484)}} attitude, point of view, viewpoint, posture, position, mental attitude, frame of reference. {{affected_by(attitude): prior experience, @R151a}}. {{has_subtype(frame of reference)}} {{property_of(long-lasting): @M3.3.1, world view, philosophy, outlook, weltanshauung[Germ.]}}. experience; impression, inspiration, sensation. pathos, deep sense. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(reaction, @R680)}} response, emotional response, emotional reaction. {{has_subtype(response): sympathy &c. (love) R897}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @M4.2.1.1.3.1, endurance, tolerance, sufferance}}. {{has_high_level}} fervor, ardor, zeal, passion, fervency, enthusiasm, empressement[Fr], gush, verve, furore[obs3]; fanaticism; warmth, glow, unction, gusto, vehemence. {{&mcauses(zeal)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} fighting for a cause, working for a cause, promoting a cause. {{&has_result(fighting for a cause): dying for a cause}}. {{purpose_of(fighting for a cause): cause, @R676}}. {{has_subtype: @R892, heartiness, cordiality}}. fullness of the heart &c. (disposition) R820. {{conceptual_part_of: passion &c. (state of excitability) R825}}. {{has_high_level: ecstasy &c. (pleasure) R827}}. {{has_subtype: enthusiasm; earnestness, eagerness, @R602}}. blush, suffusion, flush; hectic; tingling, thrill, turn, shock; agitation &c. (irregular motion) R315; quiver, heaving, flutter, flurry, fluster, twitter, tremor; throb, throbbing; pulsation, palpitation, panting; trepidation, perturbation; ruffle, hurry of spirits, pother, stew, ferment; state of excitement. {{caused_by: excitation of feeling &c. R824}}. {{similar_to: affections, R820}}. V. feel. receive an impression, receive an inspiration, be inspired, receive a sensation; be impressed with, be moved by, be impressed by, be moved with, be touched with, be touched by, be affected with, be affected by, be seized with, be imbued; be devoured by, be consumed with, be consumed by; be wrought up with. entertain feeling, harbor feeling, cherish feeling, cherish a sensation. respond, react; express an emotion, emote; catch the flame, catch the infection; enter the spirit of. bear, suffer, support, sustain, endure, thole [obs3][Scottish], aby[obs3]; labor under, smart under; bear the brunt of, brave, stand, withstand. {{conceptual_part_of(bear): abide, @M4.2.1.1.3.1}}. {{conceptual_part_of(feel): experience, R151a}}. taste, prove. {{has_high_intensity(feel)}} {{affected_by(physiology)}} swell, glow, warm; tingle, thrill, heave, pant, throb, palpitate, go pitapat, tremble, quiver, flutter, twitter. {{&causes: shake &c. R315; be agitated, be excited &c. R824}}. {{&causes}} look blue; wince; draw a deep breath. {{&causes(feeling)}} change color, turn color. {{has_subtype(change color)}} {{&causes(embarrassment)}} flush, blush, turn red, mantle. {{has_subtype(change color)}} {{&causes(anger)}} turn black in the face, look black. {{has_subtype(change color)}} {{&causes(fear)}} turn pale. impress &c. (excite the feelings) R824. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(experience)}} moving experience. {{&mcauses(zeal)}} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} fight for a cause, work for a cause, promote a cause. Adj. feeling, sentient. {{has_high_level}} emotive, emotional; sentimental. {{has_subtype(sentimental[mode=effusively])}} maudlin. responding, reacting. sensuous; sensorial, sensory; of feeling, with feeling &c. n.. {{has_property(feeling)}} felt[ppart]. {[causing(emotion)]} moving. {{has_subtype(moving)}} {[causing(tender feelings)]} touching. warm, quick, lively, smart, strong, sharp, acute, cutting, piercing, incisive; keen, keen as a razor; trenchant, pungent, racy, piquant, poignant, caustic. {{has_high_intensity(felt)}} deeply felt, strongly felt, deep felt, home felt, heartfelt; impressive, deep, profound, indelible; swelling, soul-stirring, deep-mouthed, heart-expanding, electric, thrilling, rapturous, ecstatic; taken to heart. earnest, sincere, wistful. {{has_high_level(emotional)}} {{similar_to(passionate, @R825)}} fervent, passionate, glowing, ardent, burning, red-hot, fiery, flaming, fervid, gushing. warm-hearted, hearty, cordial. {{has_subtype(emotional): @R602, eager, breathless, zealous, enthusiastic, boiling over}}. pervading, penetrating, absorbing; rabid, raving, feverish, fanatical, hysterical. {{conceptual_part_of(emotional): impetuous &c. (excitable) R825}}. {{consequence_of(emotional/passionate): wrought up &c. (excited) R824}}. impressed with, moved with, touched with, affected with, penetrated with, seized with, imbued with &c. R82; devoured by; struck all of a heap; rapt; in a quiver &c. n.. enraptured &c. R829. Adv. heart and soul, from the bottom of one's heart, ab imo pectore[Lat], at heart, con amore[It]. heartily, with a passion, with feeling; with love. devoutly, over head and ears, head over heels. Phr. the heart big, the heart full, the heart swelling, the heart beating, the heart pulsating, the heart throbbing, the heart thumping, the heart beating high, the heart melting, the heart overflowing, the heart bursting, the heart breaking; the heart goes out; a heart as big as all outdoors. <-- 822. Sensibility 823. Insensibility 824. Excitation 825. Excitability 826. Inexcitability moved to M4.2 properties of the affective faculty {{has_property(mind, R450) --> M3.3.2.1 PERSONAL AFFECTION (827-887) N. personal affection. <-- [[EMOTION]] --> M3.3.2.1.1 PASSIVE PERSONAL AFFECTIONS (R827 TO R844) N. passive personal affection. <-- 827. Pleasure 828. Pain 829. Pleasureableness 830. Painfulness 831. Content 832. Discontent Part of discontent (disappointment) , regret, relief to retrospective emotions M3.3.2.4 833. Regret 834. Relief 835. Aggravation 836. Cheerfulness 837. Dejection 838. Rejoicing 839. Lamentation 840. Amusement 841. Weariness 842. Wit 843. Dullness Note: 844. Humorist to P2.3.2.3.6.5.29 --> <-- note that physical pain and pleasure are under sensation, see: M6.1.1 SENSATION GENERALLY R375 TO R378 377. Pleasure 378. Pain Roget has several entries related to pleasure, and we shall distinguish three categories: (1) the mental sensation of pleasure, R827, similar to happiness (2) the physical sensation of pleasure, R377, M3.3.2.1 (comfort) (3) the quality of pleasurableness, giving (physical or mental) pleasure --> <-- [[happiness, pleasure]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.1 PLEASURE (R827) #827. Pleasure. N. {{property_of(desirable, @R865)}} pleasure, gratification, fruition; relish, zest. {{has_case}} {{has_patient(enjoy)}} thing enjoyed, thing causing pleasure. cheer, sunshine; cheerfulness &c. R836. {{caused_by: gusto &c. (physical pleasure) R377}}. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} indulgence, self-indulgence. {{&mcaused_by(self-indulgence): @R817a, greed, avarice, greediness}}. {{has_high_quantity(self-indulgence)}} {{member_of(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(series[of=action, R680], R69)}} bingeing, binging. <-- a binge is an event --> {{has_result(bingeing)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} binge, spree. <-- other causes should be added here ?? --> {{causes}} {{has_subtype(mental state, M4.2)}} happiness, felicity, bliss; beatitude, beautification. {{has_high_intensity(happiness)}} enchantment, transport, rapture, ravishment, ecstasy; summum bonum[Lat]; unalloyed happiness, unalloyed joy. hedonics[obs3], hedonism. {{has_metaphor(happiness): paradise, elysium &c. (heaven) R981; third heaven[obs2], seventh heaven, cloud nine}}. {{has_low_intensity(happiness): @R831, contentedness, satisfaction, complacency, mind at ease}}. {{has_high_intensity(pleasure)}} joy, enjoyment, gladness, delight, glee, delectation, oblectation[obs3], delection[obs3], unalloyed pleasure. well-being; good &c. R618; snugness, comfort, ease; cushion &c. R215. {{has_temporal_location(happiness)}} honeymoon; palmy days, halcyon days; golden age, golden time. {{has_location}} [metaphorical] land flowing with milk and honey. <-- Saturnia regna[Lat], , Dixie, Dixie's land. --> {{property_of(happiness)}} {{has_subtype(place)}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Arcadia[obs3], Shangri-La, happy valley; Agapemone[obs3]. V. {{has_subtype(feel[obj=pleasure], @R821)}} feel pleasure, experience pleasure, enjoy oneself, have a good time, be joyful, hug oneself[obs2]. {{has_high_intensity}} feel deep pleasure, experience joy, feel great pleasure, experience great joy. {{has_high_intensity(be pleased)}} be delighted, be thrilled, be enchanted, be entranced, be enraptured. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} be pleased, be charmed. feel at home, breathe freely. {{has_metaphor: be in clover &c. R377; be in elysium &c. R981}}. {{has_metaphor}} tread on enchanted ground; bask in the sunshine. {{has_commencement(be enraptured)}} fall into raptures, go into raptures. {{result_of}} {[with_object(pleasant thing, @R829)]} [transitive] enjoy, relish, like; be pleased with, be delighted with, be happy with; receive pleasure from, derive pleasure from, take pleasure in, derive happiness from; delight in, rejoice in, drink in; indulge in, luxuriate in; have a liking for. {{has_commencement(enjoy)}} {[with_object(pleasant thing, @R829)]} [transitive] take to, take a fancy to, develop a taste for, develop a liking for, enter into the spirit of. take in good part. {{has_subtype(enjoy)}} {[with_object(pleasant thing, @R829)]} [transitive] treat oneself to, solace oneself with. {{has_subtype(enjoy): gloat over &c. (physical pleasure) R377}}. {[act_causing(binge[1])]} binge[2]. {{conceptual_part_of(enjoy/delight in): love &c. R897}}. Adj. {{has_consequence(pleasure)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} pleased, charmed. {{has_high_intensity(pleased)}} delighted, thrilled, enchanted, entranced, enraptured, enravished[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(pleased)}} overjoyed; transported; fascinated, captivated. not sorry; glad, gladsome; pleased as Punch. happy, blest, blessed, beatified, joyful, happy as a clam at high water [U.S.], happy as a clam, happy as a king, happy as the day is long; thrice happy, ter quaterque beatus[Lat]; enjoying &c. v.; hedonic[obs3]. blithe &c. (in spirits) R836. {{has_high_intensity(happy)}} joyful, joyous, blissful, in a blissful state, in paradise, beatific, beatic[obs3]; ecstatic, in raptures, in ecstasies, in a transport of delight. {{has_low_intensity(pleased)}} comfortable, at ease. {{has_low_intensity(pleased): @R831, content, contented}}. with a joyful face, with sparkling eyes. {{has_property(thing enjoyed): pleasing &c. R829}}. painless, unalloyed, without alloy, cloudless. Adv. happily, joyfully, with pleasure, with glee. {{has_high_intensity(with pleasure)}} with delight, blissfully, ecstatically, rapturously. Phr. one's heart leaping with joy. mens sana in corpore sano [Latin: a sound mind in a sound body][Juvenal]. "a wilderness of sweets" [P.L.]; "I wish you all the joy that you can wish" [M. of Venice]; jour de ma vie; "joy ruled the day and love the night" [Dryden]; "joys season'd high and tasting strong of guilt" [Young]; "oh happiness, our being's end and aim!" [Pope]; "there is a pleasure that is born of pain" [O Meridith]; "throned on highest bliss" [P.L.]; vedi Napoli e poi muori[It]; zwischen Freud und Leid ist die Brucke nicht weit [German: the bridge between joy and sorrow is not wide]. <-- [Capability of giving pleasure; cause or source of pleasure (physical or mental).] [[pleasurable]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.1.R1 PLEASURABLENESS (R829) #829. Pleasurableness. N. {{caused_by(pleasure, M3.3.2.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(goodness[1], R648)}} pleasurableness, pleasantness, agreeableness, pleasurability, enjoyability, jucundity[obs3], delectability. attractiveness, attractability[obs3], invitingness[obs3] &c. adj.. {{has_subtype(attractiveness[of=person])}} charm, fascination, enchantment, witchery, seduction, winning ways, amenity, amiability; winsomeness. pleasure giving. {{has_subtype: loveliness &c. (beauty) R845}}. {{&mcauses: persuasion, @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1}}. sunny side, bright side; manna in the wilderness, land flowing with milk and honey; bittersweet; fair weather. {{has_subtype: savoriness, R394}}. {{property_of}} pleasant thing, source of pleasure; creature comfort. {{property_of: sweets &c. (sugar) R396}}. {{property_of: savory food, R394}}. {{property_of: @P2.8.3.R1, refreshment, regale, feast, picnic, festival}}. {{property_of: party, @R892}}. {{property_of: dainty &c. R394}}. {{property_of: amusement &c. R840}}. {{property_of: @R377, luxury}}. {{property_of: @R374a, sexual activity}}. V. please, charm, delight, cause pleasure, produce pleasure, create pleasure, give pleasure, afford pleasure, procure pleasure, offer pleasure, present pleasure, yield pleasure. take, captivate, fascinate; enchant, entrance, enrapture, transport, bewitch; enravish[obs3], becharm[obs3], imparadise[obs3]. {{has_subtype: gladden &c. (make cheerful) R836}}. gratify, provide gratification, give gratification; bless, beatify; satisfy; slake, satiate, quench; indulge, humor, flatter, tickle; tickle the palate &c. (savory) R394; regale, refresh; enliven; treat; amuse &c. R840; take one's fancy, tickle one's fancy, hit one's fancy; meet one's wishes; win the heart, gladden the heart, rejoice the heart, warm the cockles of the heart; do one's heart good. {{has_subtype(satisfy): satisfy[obj=desire, R865]}}. {{&causes: @R616b, @M7.1.3, attract, allure, entice, tempt, seduce}}. {{has_subtype: stimulate &c. (excite) R824}}. {{has_low_level(please): interest}}. {{result_of(pleasantness)}} make things pleasant, popularize, gild the pill, sugar-coat the pill, sweeten. Adj. {[causing(pleasure, R827)]} {{has_property(pleasurableness)}} pleasant, pleasurable, enjoyable, causing pleasure, pleasure-giving, pleasing, agreeable, grateful, gratifying, laetificant[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} delightful, felicitous, exquisite, ravishing, rapturous, heartfelt, thrilling, empyrean. {{has_subtype(pleasing)}} {{!has_consequence(beautiful, @R845)}} pleasing to look at, lovely to look at, pleasant to look at, pleasant to see. {{mcauses(look at[obj=something pleasing to look at]): pleased, @R827}}. {{has_consequence: pleased, @R827}}. {{has_consequence(delightful): ecstatic, @R821}}. {{has_subtype: lovely &c. (beautiful) R845}}. attractive, inviting, alluring, enticing; fascinating, captivating. sweet, nice, dainty. {{has_low_level(pleasant)}} acceptable, leef[obs1], lief, welcome, welcome as the roses in May; welcomed; favorite; to one's taste, to one's mind, to one's liking; satisfactory &c. (good) R648. {{has_low_level(pleasant)}} comfortable, comfy[coll]; cosy, snug. {{has_high_level(comfortable)}} luxurious. in comfort, at ease. <-- [[page25]] --> refreshing; cordial; genial. {[when_modifying(event/time)]} glad, gladsome, happy, good, halcyon, palmy, Saturnian. {[of(food)]} delectable; delicate, delicious; dulcet; luscious &c. R396; palatable &c. R394. voluptuous; sensual &c. R377. {{has_subtype(attractive)}} {[of(person): @R616b, @M7.1.3, attractive, alluring, seductive]}. {{has_subtype}} {[of(person)]} charming, prepossessing, engaging; winning, winsome; taking, killing; heart-robbing. bewitching; enchanting, entrancing, enravishing[obs3]. {{has_subtype: appetizing &c. (exciting) R824; cheering &c. R836}}. {{has_metaphor(delightful): @R981, heavenly, elysian, beatific, seraphic}}. Phr. decies repetita placebit[Lat]; "charms strike the sight but merit wins the soul" [Pope]; "sweetness and light" [Swift]; beauty is only skin deep. <-- [Expression of pleasure.] --> M3.3.2.1.1.1.R2 REJOICING (R838) #838. Rejoicing. N. {{has_manifestation(joy, @M3.3.2.1.1.1)}} rejoicing, exultation, jubilation. revelling. triumph; heyday, flush. crow, cheer, shout. crowing, cheering, shouting. {{has_subtype: jubilee &c. (celebration) R883; paean, Te Deum [Lat] &c. (thanksgiving) R990; congratulation &c. R896}}. {{has_subtype: merrymaking &c. (amusement) R840}}. {{&has_part: laughter, @R840}}. {{performed_by}} Momus; Democritus the Abderite[obs3]; rollicker[obs3]. V. rejoice, exult. cry for joy, jump for joy, leap with joy. thank one's stars, bless one's stars; congratulate oneself, hug oneself; rub one's hands, clap one's hands; smack the lips, fling up one's cap, throw up one's cap; dance, skip; sing, carol, chirrup, chirp; hurrah. cheer, shout. {{&has_subtype: boast, R884}}. hold jubilee &c. (celebrate) R883. {{&mcauses(triumph)}} exult, crow, crow over, neigh, chuckle, triumph. {{&mcauses(triumph)}} do a triumphal dance, hot dog. {{has_subtype: make merry &c. (sport) R840}}. {{has_part: @R840, laugh, raise laughter}}. Adj. rejoicing, joyful, jubilant, exultant, exulting. triumphant. flushed, elated, pleased, delighted, tickled pink. {{has_low_level(rejoicing): amused &c. R840; cheerful &c. R836}}. crowing, cheering, shouting. Int. "hurrah!", "Huzza!"; "aha!"[obs3]; "hail!"; "tolderolloll!"[obs3]; "Heaven be praised!"; "io triumphe!"[obs3]; "tant mieux!"[Fr]; so much the better. Phr. the heart leaping with joy; ce n'est pas etre bien aise que de rire[Fr]; "Laughter holding both his sides" [Milton]; " le roi est mort, vive le roi "; "with his eyes in flood with laughter" [Cymbeline]. <-- separate out entertainers which do not have their own entry, e.g. musician. Need singer, dancer, comedian = wit ##??NOTE: here the feeling of amusement is mixed in with things that cause the feeling of amusement (pleasure, R827). Need to be distinguished!! [[entertainment]] [[recreation]] [[amusement]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3 AMUSEMENT (R840) #840. Amusement. N. {{&caused_by(pleasure, R827/enjoyment, @R827)}} {{has_subtype(playing, @M7.3.4.3.1)}} {{property_of(unimportant, @R643)}} {{property_of(pleasant, @R829)}} amusement, entertainment, recreation, fun, fun and games. diversion, divertissement, pastime, passetemps[Fr], labor of love. passive entertainment; active entertainment. relaxation, reaction, solace. {{co-occurs_with: leisure &c. R685}}. {{&uses: toy, P2.3.1.3.13.1.2}}. frolic, merriment, jollity; joviality, jovialness[obs3]; heyday; jocosity, jocoseness[obs3]. {{has_subtype(conversation)}} banter, pleasantry. {{property_of(foolish+playful)}} drollery, buffoonery, tomfoolery, foolishness. mummery; quip, quirk. {{has_subtype: wit &c. R842}}. {{has_manifestation(amusement)}} {{has_subtype(voice)}} laughter. {{has_subtype(laughter)}} giggle, titter, twitter, snigger, snicker, chuckle, chortle. {{has_high_level(laughter)}} horse laugh, belly laugh, hearty laugh; guffaw; burst of laughter, fit of laughter, shout of laughter, roar of laughter, peal of laughter, cachinnation[obs3], Kentish fire. {{has_low_level}} smile, simper, smirk, grin; broad grin, sardonic grin. {{has_subtype(active entertainment)}} play, playing. {{has_subtype(play): sport, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3}}. {{has_subtype(party, @R892)}} festivity, merrymaking, revels, revelry, reveling, zarabanda[Sp.]. {{has_subtype(festivity)}} carnival; fete, festival, gala, ridotto[obs3]; blowout [U.S.], hullabaloo, hoedown, bat [U.S.], bum [U.S.], bust, donation party [U.S.], fish fry [U.S.], jamboree, kantikoy[obs3], nautch[obs3], randy, squantum [obs3][U.S.], tear, Turnerfest[obs3], yule log; saturnalia, high jinks; regale, symposium; carouse, carousal; jollification, junket, Irish wake, fete champetre[Fr], field day; treat. regatta. {{has_subtype: @R298, feast, banquet, picnic, wassail, clambake [U.S.]}}. game, game-playing; game at romps; gambol, romp. {{has_subtype(game)}} {{has_subtype(contest)}} competitive game. escapade, prank, antic, rig, lark, spree, skylarking; vagary, monkey trick, gambade, fredaine[obs3], echappee[Fr], bout, espieglerie[Fr]. {{has_subtype(prank): practical joke &c. (ridicule) R856}}. {{performed_by(game/game-playing): game player, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72}}. {{has_subtype(motion)}} {[of(person)]} {{used_in(leg)}} {{&used_in(music)}} {{property_of(rhythmic): dance, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.1}}. round of pleasures, dissipation, a short life and a merry one, racketing, holiday making. rejoicing &c. R838; jubilee &c. (celebration) R883. {{has_subtype: bonfire, @P2.6.1.3.3.1}}. {{has_subtype: pyrotechnic device, @P2.3.1.3.18.1}}. {{co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(liesure time, @R685): holiday; gala day, red letter day, play day; high days and holidays; high holiday, Bank holiday; May day, Derby day; Saint Monday, Easter Monday, Whit Monday; Bairam[obs3]; wayz-goos[obs3], bean feast; Arbor Day, Declaration Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Memorial Day, Thanksgiving Day; Mardi gras[Fr], mi-careme[Fr], feria[Lat], fiesta}}. {{&performed_at(entertainment)}} place of amusement, ballroom, assemblyroom[obs3]; amphitheater. {{&performed_at(sporting contest, M8.2.2.2.2.2)}} {{has_subtype(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)}} arena; stadium. {{&performed_at(entertainment)}} park, plaisance[obs3]; national park, national forest, state park, county park, city park, vest-pocket park, public park (public) R737a; arbor; garden &c. (horticulture) R371. {{&performed_at(entertainment)}} pleasure ground, playground, cricketground, croquet ground, archery ground, hunting ground; tennis court, racket court; bowling alley, green alley; croquet lawn, rink, glaciarum[obs3], skating rink; roundabout, merry-go-round; swing; montagne Russe[Fr]. {{has_subtype(game)}} game of chance. {{alternative_to(game of chance)}} game of skill. {{has_concern(competitive game)}} {{affected_by(winning, @R731/losing, @R732)}} score. {{has_subtype(game)}} {{hperforms(child)}} leapfrog, hop skip and jump; mother may I; French and English, tug of war; blindman's bluff, hunt the slopper[obs3], hide and seek, kiss in the ring; snapdragon; cross questions and crooked answers; crisscross, hopscotch; jacks, jackstones[obs3], marbles; mumblety-peg, mumble-the-peg, pushball, shinney, shinny; tag. {{has_subtype(competitive game)}} billiards, pool, pingpong, pyramids, bagatelle; bowls, skittles, ninepins, kain[obs3], American bowls[obs3]; tenpins [U.S.], tivoli. {{has_subtype(competitive game)}} {{needed_for(playing cards)}} cards, card game. {{has_subtype(card game)}} allfours; banker; beggar-my-neighbor; baccarat; bluff; blind hookey; boston, boaston[obs3]; blackjack, twenty-one, vingtun[Fr]; brag; bridge, contract bridge, bridge whist; casino, cassino[obs3]; commerce; commit; cribbage; loo; besique[obs3]; drole[obs3]; durak[Russ]; Earl of Coventry; ecarte[Fr]; euchre; fish, go fish; picquet[obs3]; quadrille; omber; reverse; Pope Joan; quinze[Fr]; thirty-one; put; speculation; connections; lottery; lotto; lift smoke; Napoleon; monte, three-card monte; nap; old maid; patience; pairs; Polish bank; penny-ante; poker; reversis[obs3]; snip-snap-snoren[obs3]; squeezers; fright; round game; whist; solitaire. {{has_conceptual_part(bridge/whist/casino)}} {{member_of(playing card)}} {{affected_by(score)}} trick. {{has_conceptual_part(bridge)}} rubber. blind poker, draw poker, straight poker, stud poker. {{&has_conceptual_part(poker)}} {{has_subtype(winnings)}} pot, pool. {{has_conceptual_part(card game)}} {{member_of(playing card[num=>0])}} hand, hand of cards. {{has_subtype(hand of cards)}} {{member_of(playing card[num=>0])}} poker hand[1]. {{has_property(poker hand)}} poker hand[2], hand value, value, poker value. {{has_subtype(poker hand[2])}} pair; two pair; three of a kind; straight; flush; full-house; four of a kind; straight flush; royal flush. <-- ; misere[Lat] &c. ??--> {{has_conceptual_part(game)}} {{conceptual_part_of(initiative, @R680/choice, M7.R1)}} {{has_subtype(turn, @R63)}} turn. {{has_subtype(turn)}} {{has_conceptual_part(board game[1])}} move. {{has_subtype(game)}} board game[1]. {{uses(board game[1])}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} board game[2]. {{uses(board game[1])}} {{has_part(board game[2])}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{shape_of(board, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} playing board. <-- this "game piece" is for the type moved around a board --> {{uses(board game[1])}} {{has_part(board game[2])}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{has_symbol(game player)}} piece, game piece. <-- only some game pieces are referred to as "my man" (chess pieces aren't) --> {{&has_metaphor(game piece)}} man. {{has_subtype(board game)}} {{has_subtype(game of skill)}} chess; draughts, checkers, checquers, chequers. {{uses(chess/checkers)}} {{has_subtype(playing board)}} {{shape_of(square, @R200a)}} checkerboard, checker board, chess board. {{has_part(checkerboard)}} square[num=64]. {{has_conceptual_part(chess)}} {{has_subtype(move)}} check; checkmate; capture; castling. {{has_subtype(game piece)}} {{uses(chess)}} chess piece. {{has_subtype(chess piece)}} king; queen; bishop; rook, castle; knight, horse; pawn. {{has_subtype(board game)}} backgammon; Monopoly; Scrabble; go; Chinese checkers; Mah-Jongg; shogi; Parcheesi; reversi. {{has_subtype(game)}} dominos, merelles[obs3], nine men's morris, go bang; game of fox and goose; lotto. {{has_subtype(game)}} {{used_in(word, R562)}} word games. {{has_subtype(word game)}} Scrabble; Scribbage; Boggle; crossword puzzle; hangman; ghost; anagram. {{has_subtype(crossword puzzle)}} diagramless crossword puzzle. morra[obs3]; gambling &c. (chance) R621. {{has_subtype(entertainment)}} {{required_for(travel, R266)}} {{performed_by(sightseer, @R268)}} sightseeing, sight-seeing, seeing sights, touring. risibility; derision &c. R856. V. amuse, entertain, divert, enliven; tickle the fancy; titillate, raise a smile, put in good humor; cause laughter, create laughter, occasion laughter, raise laughter, excite laughter, produce laughter, convulse with laughter; set the table in a roar, be the death of one. {{has_participant(person[num=1])}} enjoy oneself, amuse oneself, entertain oneself. recreate, solace, cheer, rejoice; please &c. R829; interest; treat, regale. play, game; play a game. {{has_conceptual_part(board game)}} move, take one's turn. {{has_conceptual_part(chess)}} {{has_subtype(move)}} check; checkmate; capture; castle. play pranks, play tricks; sport, disport, toy, wanton, revel, junket, feast, carouse, banquet, make merry, drown care; drive dull care away; dance &c. (leap) R309; keep up the ball; run a rig, sow one's wild oats, have one's fling, take one's pleasure; paint the town red; see life; desipere in loco[Lat], play the fool. {{has_part(competitive game)}} {{has_subtype(record[obj=score], @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} keep score. {{has_subtype(jump, P2.4.2.3.14)}} frolic, gambol, frisk, romp; caper. make holiday, keep holiday; go a Maying. {{has_low_level(entertain oneself)}} while away the time, beguile the time; kill time, dally. {{has_subtype(while away the time)}} lounge around; hang out. smile, simper, smirk; grin, grin like a Cheshire cat; mock, laugh in one's sleeve; laugh, laugh outright; giggle, titter, snigger, crow, snicker, chuckle, cackle; burst out, burst into a fit of laughter; shout, split, roar. shake one's sides, split one's sides, hold both one's sides; roar with laughter, die with laughter. {{required_for(travel, R266)}} {{hperforms(sightseer, @R268/tourist, @R268)}} see sights, sightsee, go sightseeing. Adj. {{has_subtype(pleasant, R829)}} amusing, entertaining, diverting. recreational, recreative, lusory[obs3]; fun, festive, festal, cheering, titilating; jovial, jolly, jocund, roguish, rompish[obs3]. {{has_subtype(amusing): witty, R842}}. {{antonym_of(serious, M3.3.2.1.1.9)}} playful, playful as a kitten, sportive, ludibrious[obs1]. funny; very funny, hilarious, uproarious, side-splitting, risible. amused, entertained, diverted; "pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw" [Pope]. {{causes(funny)}} smiling, grinning. {{causes(funny)}} laughing. {{has_subtype(laughing)}} chuckling, giggling, cackling, snickering; snorting, guffawing; ready to burst, ready to split, ready to die with laughter; convulsed with laughter, rolling in the aisles. {{has_subtype(amusing): laughable &c. (ludicrous) R853}}. Adv. at play, in sport. Int. "vive la bagatelle[Fr]!"; "vogue la galere!"[Fr]. Phr. "quips and cranks and wanton wiles, nods and becks and wreathed smiles" [Milton]; "on the light fantastic toe" [Milton]; deus nobis haec otia fecit[Lat]; dum vivimus vivamus[Lat]; dulce est desipere in loco [Lat][Horace]; "(every room) hath blazed with lights and brayed with minstrelsy" [Timon of Athens]; misce stullitiam consiliis brevem [Lat][Horace]. <-- [[dance]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.1 DANCE N. {{has_subtype(motion)}} {[of(person)]} {{used_in(leg)}} {{&used_in(music)}} {{property_of(rhythmic)}} {{has_subtype(performing art)}} dance. {{has_subtype(dance)}} hop; reel; rigadoon[obs3]; saraband[obs3], hornpipe; bolero; sword dance; hat dance. {{has_subtype(dance)}} {{hperforms(couple, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} ballroom dance. <-- ballet should be expanded greatly --> {{has_subtype(dance)}} {{&location_of(theater, @R599)}} ballet. {{&has_part(ballet)}} {{hperforms(couple, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} pas de deux. {{&has_part(ballet)}} pas de quatre. {{&has_part(ballet)}} {{has_subtype(leap, R309)}} pas de chat. {{&has_part(ballet)}} {{has_subtype(rotation[of=body[of=person, P2.3.2.3], R312], P2.3.2.2.3.1)}} {{used_in(foot[num=1])}} pirouette. {{has_subtype(dance)}} ball, bal; bal masque, bal costume, masquerade, masquerade ball; Terpsichore; cotillon, Sir Roger de Coverley; stag dance. {{has_subtype(ballroom dance)}} allemande[Fr]; beguine; black bottom[yr=1920]; cha-cha; bayadere[obs3]; breakdown; cake-walk, cornwallis [U.S.]; break dancing; country dance, folk dance; fling; fox trot; gavot[obs3], gavotte; hustle; jitterbug; Lambeth Walk; limbo; strathspey[obs3]; minuet; nautch-girl; polka; shindig [U.S.]; skirtdance[obs3]; galop[obs3], galopade[obs3]; malaguena; maramgue; mazurka; morisco[obs1], morris dance; samba; rhumba; shimmy; stroll; tango; twist; tarantella; two-step; waltz; watuzi. {{has_subtype(dance)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>3])}} group dance. {{has_subtype(group dance)}} quadrille; Virginia reel[USA]; square dance. {{has_subtype(folk dance)}} highland fling; Scotch reel; juba; jig, Irish jig; flamenco; fandango; hula. {{has_subtype(group dance)}} {{shape_of(line)}} line dance. {{has_subtype(line dance)}} conga, conga line; snake dance; bunny hop; cancan. {{has_subtype(group dance)}} {{shape_of(circle)}} circle dance. {{has_subtype(circle dance)}} hokey-pokey; hora, horah. {{has_subtype(dance): ballet &c. (drama) R599}}. V. dance. trip the light fantastic. M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2 SHOW N. {{has_subtype(passive entertainment)}} {{hperforms(entertainer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72)}} show, spectacle. pageant; peep-show, raree-show, gallanty-show; ombres chinoises[Sp]; magic lantern, phantasmagoria, dissolving views; biograph[obs3]; coup de theatre, jeu de theatre[Fr]. {{&has_part: @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1, insignia, banner}}. {{function_of: entertainer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72}}. {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{performed_at(drama, R599/musical performance, @R415)}} theater; hall. {{has_subtype(theater)}} {{performed_at(film, @R599)}} movie theater, cinema. {{has_subtype: cinematograph, moving pictures, @R599}}. {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{performed_at(musical performance, @R415)}} music hall, concert hall, concert room. {{has_subtype(passive entertainment)}} {{used_by(television)}} {{has_subtype(show)}} television show, television program, program. {{has_subtype(television show)}} sitcom; police drama; news program. {{has_subtype(television show)}} special. {{has_subtype(television show)}} {{property_of(repeated)}} series, TV series. {{has_member(TV series)}} episode. {{uses(pageant): pageantry, @R882}}. <-- This entry is for sports concepts generally, considered as an amusement. These are actions. The actual execution of this action, forming an event, is a sports contest, which is classified at M8.2.2.2.2.2 as a "sports contest". [[sport]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3 SPORT N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} sport, sporting, sports. {{&has_execution: sports contest, M8.2.2.2.2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{participant_in(team, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.24)}} team sport. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(personal violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} violent sport. {{has_subtype(violent sport): boxing; wrestling; football; martial arts}}. {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(bleeding[of=animal, R366], @R299)}} blood sport. {{has_subtype(blood sport)}} {{exhibits(cock, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.2.1)}} cock fighting. {{has_execution(cock fighting)}} {{has_subtype(contest, R720)}} cock fight. {{has_subtype(blood sport)}} {{exhibits(fighting dog)}} dog fighting. {{has_execution(boxing): boxing match, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(sport): @M7.1.2.1.2.3, hunting, fishing, falconry}}. mountain climbing, alpinism. racing. {{has_execution(racing): race, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(racing)}} yacht racing. {{has_subtype}} {{&used_in(parachute, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(flying, @R264)}} parasailing; parachuting, parachute jumping, sky diving. {{has_temporal_part(parachute jumping)}} free fall. {[in_frame(parasailing)]} {{connects(tow boat, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.1.2 + person)}} {{has_subtype(rope, @R205)}} tow line. {{has_subtype(sport)}} {{has_subtype(fighting, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} combat sport. {{has_subtype(combat sport)}} martial art; wrestling. {{has_subtype(combat sport)}} {{used_in(sword, P2.3.1.3.23.2)}} swordplay, swordsmanship. {{has_subtype(swordsmanship)}} fencing. {{has_execution(fencing): fencing match, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(martial art)}} karate; judo; jiujitsu, jiu-jitsu, jujutsu; kung-fu; tae kwon do; ninjutsu; hapkido. {{has_subtype(wrestling)}} greco-roman wrestling; sumo[Jap], sumo wrestling; arm wrestling; mud wrestling; Icelandic wrestling. {{has_execution(wrestling): wrestling match, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. bullfighting, tauromachy[obs3], gymkhana[obs3]. {{has_execution(bullfighting)}} bullfight. {{has_subtype(combat sport)}} pugilism, boxing, fisticuffs, the manly art of self-defense, gladiatorship[obs3]. {{has_subtype(boxing)}} {{property_of(professional, @M7.3.5.4.1.4)}} prize fighting. {{has_subtype(fighting, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{used_in(stick, @P2.3.1.3.23.3)}} stick fighting. {{has_execution(stick fighting): stick fight, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{&uses(stick fighting)}} {{has_subtype(stick, @P2.3.1.3.23.3)}} quarterstaff, single stick. {{has_subtype(athletic sport)}} winter sport; gymnastics; archery; rifle shooting; skating; sliding; rackets, fives, trap bat and ball; badminton, battledore and shuttlecock, la grace; pall-mall, tipcat[obs3]; croquet; polo, water polo; tent pegging; tilting at the ring, quintain[medieval]; greasy pole; quoits, horseshoes; discus, discus throwing; rounders; water polo; knurr and spell[obs3]. {{has_subtype(winter sport)}} hockey, ice hockey; tobogganing; ice skating; skiing; curling. <-- pallone[obs3]. --> {{has_subtype(skiing)}} downhill skiing, downhill racing; slalom; ski jumping; moguls; cross-country skiing; freestyle skiing. {{has_subtype(ice skating)}} figure skating; speed skating. {{has_subtype(ball game)}} football; baseball; soccer; basketball, hoops; cricket; lacrosse; rugby; beach ball; volleyball; golf, golfing. {{has_execution(football): football game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_execution(baseball): baseball game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_execution(soccer): soccer game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_execution(basketball): basketball game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_execution(cricket): cricket game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_execution(rugby): rugby game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_execution(volleyball): volleyball game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_execution(golf): golf game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(ball game)}} catch. {{has_subtype(ball game)}} {{used_in(racket)}} racquetball; tennis. {{has_subtype(baseball)}} stickball; softball; hardball; whiffleball. {{has_subtype(tennis)}} lawn tennis. V. {{has_subtype(compete, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} play. {{has_subtype(be on the offensive)}} {[in_frame(baseball)]} bat, be at bat, be up. Adj. sporting. at bat. <-- we don't adequately distinguish between funny and not-so-funny jokes. Here, all "jokes" are funny, and the exception is handled by "flat joke", which requires defeat of the normal property "funny" --> M3.3.2.1.1.1.R4 WIT (R842) #842. Wit. N. {{&caused_by(pleasure)}} {{&caused_by(amusement)}} {{used_in(communication, M8.1)}} {{not_property_of(serious, @M3.3.2.1.1.9)}} wit, humor, wittiness, funiness; sense of humor; attic wit, attic salt; atticism[obs3]; salt, esprit, point, fancy, whim, drollery, pleasantry. {{property_of}} farce, buffoonery, fooling, tomfoolery; shenanigan [U.S.], harlequinade &c. R599; broad farce, broad humor; fun, espieglerie[Fr]; vis comica[Lat]. {{property_of}} jocularity, jocosity, jocoseness[obs3]; facetiousness; waggery, waggishness; whimsicality. {{&part_of(wit): comicality &c. R853}}. {{property_of}} banter, repartee, badinage, retort, smartness, ready wit, quid-pro-quo. {{has_subtype(retort): ridicule &c. R856}}. {{property_of}} jest, joke, jape, jibe; facetiae[Lat], levity, quips and cranks; capital joke; canorae nugae[Lat]; standing jest, standing joke, private joke, conceit, quip, quirk, crank, quiddity, concetto[obs3], plaisanterie[Fr], brilliant idea; merry thought, bright thought, happy thought; sally; flash of wit, flash of merriment; scintillation; mot, bon mot, mot pour rire; witticism, smart saying; jeu d'esprit; epigram; dry joke, quodlibet, cream of the jest. {{property_of}} {{used_in(ambiguity, R520)}} play on words, word-play, jeu de mots[Fr], play of words, play upon words. {{has_subtype(play on words): @R521, double entente[Fr], double entendre, pun, punning}}. quibble, verbal quibble; acrostic, double acrostic, trifling, idle conceit, turlupinade[obs1]. {{has_subtype(play on words): anagram, @R562; conundrum, @R533}}. {{has_subtype(joke)}} {{property_of(old)}} {{not_property_of(funny)}} old joke, tired joke, flat joke, Joe Miller[obs2]. {{has_property(tired joke)}} {{&causes(repetition)}} flatness. {{member_of(joke)}} joke collection. {{topic_of(joke collection)}} {{has_subtype(book)}} joke book, jest book. V. joke, jest, crack a joke, make a joke, jape, cut jokes. perpetrate a joke; make fun of, make merry with; kid, kid around, fool around; set the table in a roar &c. (amuse) R840. {{has_subtype(jest)}} {{used_in(pun, @R521)}} pun, perpetrate a pun. retort, banter. ridentem dicere verum[Lat]; joke at one's expense. take in jest. {{has_subtype(make a joke)}} {{not_property_of(funny)}} {{property_of(dullness)}} make a flat joke, bomb, fall flat, go over like a lead balloon. Adj. {{has_property(wit)}} funny, jocular, jocose, humorous, amusing; facetious, waggish, whimsical; kidding, joking, puckish; playful &c. R840; merry and wise; pleasant, sprightly, light, spirituel[obs3], sparkling, epigrammatic, full of point, ben trovato[It]; comic &c. R853. witty, attic, quick-witted, nimble-witted; smart. zany, madcap. {{&part_of(wit): amusement, R840}}. Adv. jokingly, in joke, in jest, jestingly, jocosely, in sport, in play. wittily; baneringly; farcically; whimsically. Phr. adhibenda est in jocando moderatio[Lat][obs3]; "gentle dullness ever loves a joke" [Pope]; "leave this keen encounter of our wits" [Richard III]; just joking, just kidding; "surely you jest!". <-- Words like "distress", "affliction", and "anxiety" are used both to refer to the causes of suffering and the suffering itself. Some of the words are repeated as causes of suffering are in the next entry, "painfulness", M3.3.2.1.1.2.R1. The procedures for "grief", etc. should recognize both uses to disambiguate directly. [[suffer]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.2 SUFFERING (R828) #828. Suffering. N. {{has_subtype(evil[1], @R619)}} suffering, unhappiness, mental suffering, mental pain, pain, dolor, sufferance, infelicity. {{caused_by: physical pain, R378; harm[2], R659a}}. {{&caused_by: adversity, R735; evildoing}}. {{mcaused_by: painfulness, M3.3.2.1.1.2.R1}}. grief, sorrow, distress, affliction, trial, woe, heartache. {{analogous_to: physical pain, R378}}. {{has_metaphor}} heavy heart, aching heart, bleeding heart, broken heart. bitterness. [plural] trials, passion, woes. concern, care, anxiety, solicitude, dole, fret, burden, load; carking cares. {{has_conceptual_part(burden): duty, R926}}. {{mcaused_by}} trouble, trial, shock, blow, cark[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(trial)}} ordeal, fiery ordeal. {{has_high_intensity}} misery, tribulation, wretchedness, desolation; extremity, prostration, depth of misery. {{has_high_intensity(grief)}} heavy affliction, gnawing grief, deep affliction. {{&conceptual_part_of(misery): despair &c. R859}}. {{has_metaphor(ordeal): nightmare, @M1}}. {{has_high_intensity}} pang, anguish, agony, mental anguish; torture, torment. {{has_subtype(torment)}} {{temporal_location_of(afterlife)}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} eternal torment, eternal damnation. {{has_location(eternal torment): purgatory &c. (hell) R982}}. {{has_high_intensity}} hell upon earth; iron age, reign of terror; slough of despond &c. (adversity) R735; peck of troubles; "ills that flesh is heir to"[Hamlet]; miseries of human life; "unkindest cut of all" [Julius Caesar]. {{has_low_intensity}} displeasure, dissatisfaction, discomfort, discomposure, disquiet; malaise; inquietude, uneasiness, vexation of spirit; taking. {{has_low_intensity: discontent &c. R832}}. {{has_low_intensity}} annoyance, irritation, worry, infliction, visitation; plague, bore; bother, botheration; stew, vexation, mortification, chagrin, esclandre[Fr]; mauvais quart d'heur[Fr]. {{has_subtype: dejection &c. R837}}. {{has_low_intensity: weariness &c. R841; anhedonia[obs3]}}. {{trait_of}} sufferer, object of compassion, wretch. {{has_subtype(sufferer)}} victim, prey. {{patient_of(victim): accident, @R151; violence, M9.3.3.2.2.2; disaster, @R619}}. {{has_subtype(victim)}} martyr. {{has_metaphor(victim)}} shorn lamb. V. suffer, undergo suffering, feel pain, suffer pain, experience pain, undergo pain, bear pain, endure pain; smart, ache; bleed, ail; be the victim of. {{caused_by(suffering)}} cause suffering, cause to suffer. {{caused_by(suffering): inflict pain, @R830}}. {{has_high_intensity(suffer)}} be in agony, be in misery, be miserable, be tortured, undergo torture. labor under afflictions; bear the cross; quaff the bitter cup, have a bad time of it; go hard with, come to grief, fall a sacrifice to. {{has_metaphor(be in agony)}} drain the cup of misery to the dregs, "sup full of horrors" [Macbeth]. sit on thorns, be on pins and needles, wince, fret, chafe, worry oneself, be in a taking, fret and fume; take on, take to heart; cark[obs3]. grieve; yearn, repine, pine, droop, languish, sink; give way. {{&mcauses: despair &c. R859}}. {{caused_by}} break one's heart; weigh upon the heart. {{caused_by: inflict pain, M3.3.2.1.1.2.R1}}. {{has_manifestation: lament, R839}}. {{hperforms(martyr)}} {{has_subtype(die, R360)}} die for a cause. Adj. {{has_consequence(suffering)}} {{similar_to(in pain, @R378)}} in pain, in a state of pain, suffering, smarting, aching; pained, afflicted, worried. {{has_subtype(in pain): @R378, aching, griped, sore, hurting}}. saddened, grieving, distressed; cut up, cut to the heart, cut to the quick. displeased, annoyed, discomfited, discomposed, troubled, disquieted; fazed; crossed, irked, perplexed; disturbed, molested, teased, tired, vexed, plagued, bothered, pestered; bored, pothered, harassed, harried, badgered, heckled, baited, beset, infested, persecuted, importuned. wrung, harrowed, tormented, tortured. sorrowing, sorrowful, sorry, in a sorry state. cut up, chagrined, horrified, horror-stricken. in tears &c. (lamenting) R839; steeped to the lips in misery; heart-stricken, heart-broken, heart-scalded; broken-hearted; in despair &c. R859. {{has_high_intensity(in pain)}} wretched, miserable, full of pain, racked with pain, in agony, agonizing; in grief, grief-stricken, plunged in grief, a prey to grief; on the rack, in limbo; between hawk and buzzard. {{has_low_intensity}} uncomfortable, uneasy; ill at ease; in a taking, in a way; disturbed. {{has_low_intensity: discontented &c. R832; out of humor &c. R901a; weary &c. R841}}. heavy laden, stricken, crushed, a prey to, victimized, ill-used. unfortunate &c. (hapless) R735; to be pitied, doomed, devoted, accursed, undone, lost, stranded; fey. unhappy, infelicitous, poor, woe-begone; cheerless &c. (dejected) R837. concerned, careworn. Phr. "the iron entered into our soul"; haeret lateri lethalis arundo [Lat][Vergil]; one's heart bleeding; "down, thou climbing sorrow" [Lear]; "mirth cannot move a soul in agony" [Love's Labor's Lost]; nessun maggior dolere che ricordarsi del tempo felice nella miseria [It]; "sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things" [Tennyson]; "the Niobe of Nations" [Byron]. <-- [Capability of giving pain; cause or source of pain]. Many words (e.g. agony) are duplicated from the section above. There, the sense is the pain felt by the experiencer; here, it is the experience causing the suffering --> M3.3.2.1.1.2.R1 PAINFULNESS (R830) #830. Painfulness. N. {{caused_by(physical pain, R378)}} {{caused_by(suffering, R828)}} {{has_subtype(evil[2], @R619)}} painfulness, hurtfulness. dolorousness. intolerability, insufferability, insupportability; unbearableness, unbearability, unendurability. odiousness, hatefulness, execrableness, repulsiveness, repulsieness, abhorrence; horridness, horribleness; offensiveness. ruinousness, disastrousness, calamitousness, tragicness; desolating, desolation, withering; burdensomeness, onerousness, oppressiveness; cumbrousness. nauseousness; nastiness; loathsomeness. sharpness, soreness, severity, hardness, harshness, cruelty. {{has_low_level}} unpleasantness; disagreeableness, unpalatability, bitterness, distastefulness; unwelcomeness; undesirability; obnoxiousness; unacceptability, unpopularity, thanklessness. {{has_low_level}} unsatisfactoriness, untowardness, unluckiness, uncomfortableness. {{has_low_level}} joylessness, cheerlessness; dismalness; depressingness; dreariness, grievousness, piteousness; woefulness, ruefulness, mournfulness, deplorableness, pitiableness, lamentableness; sadness, patheticness. {{has_low_level}} unaccommodativeness, invidiousness, vexatiousness; troublesomeness, tiresomeness, irksomeness, wearisomeness; awkwardness. {{has_low_level}} importunateness. {{property_of}} shocking, terrifying, grimness, appalling, crushing; dreadfulness, fearfulness, fright; harrowing, rending. {{property_of}} caustic. {{property_of}} tragedy; heartbreak. {{property_of}} distress; irritation, provocation, stinging, annoying, aggravating, mortifying, galling; nauseating; disgusting, sickening, revolting. {{property_of}} cutting, corroding, consuming, racking, excruciating, searching, grinding, grating, agonizing; envenoming. {{property_of}} trial, ordeal, agony; affliction, infliction; blow, stroke, burden, load, curse; bitter pill, bitter draught; waters of bitterness. {{property_of}} trouble; shock, blow, cark[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(ordeal)}} fiery ordeal, crucible. {{property_of}} grievance, annoyance, bother, pother, nuisance, vexation, harassment, mortification, sickener[obs3]; hot water, "sea of troubles" [Hamlet], hornet's nest; plague, pest; bore. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(illness): cancer, ulcer, sting, thorn}}. {{property_of: canker &c. (bane) R663}}. {{property_of: dagger &c. (arms) R727; scourge &c. (instrument of punishment) R975}}. {{property_of}} carking care, canker worm of care; desagrement[Fr], esclandre[Fr], rub. {{property_of: mishap, misfortune &c. (adversity) R735}}. {{property_of}} source of irritation, source of annoyance; wound, open sore. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(emotion, @R821)}} embarrassment[1]. {{has_topic(embarrassment[1])}} {{property_of(sensitive, @M8.1.2.2)}} {{mcaused_by(embarrassment[1])}} embarrassing matter, sore subject, embarrassing subject, source of embarrassment, embarrassment[2], sensitive subject, sensitive matter. <-- an embarrassing matter can be almost anything --> {{has_domain(embarrassing matter): action, R680; state, R7b; fact, R527b}}. {{&mcauses(disclosure[obj=embarrassing subject]): disrepute, R874}}. {{has_metaphor(embarrassing subject)}} skeleton in the closet. {{mcaused_by(embarrassment): disclosure[obj=embarrassing subject], R529}}. {{property_of}} teasing, pestering, bothering, harassing, worrying, tormenting, carking, molestation, biting. {{property_of}} thorn in the flesh, thorn in one's side; where the shoe pinches, gall and wormwood. {{property_of}} sorry sight, heavy news, provocation. {{property_of: affront &c. R929}}. "head and front of one's offending" [Othello]. {{property_of}} infestation. {{property_of: malignity &c. (malevolence) R907}}. V. {{caused_by(physical pain, R378)}} cause pain, pain, hurt, inflict pain, give pain, bring pain, induce pain, produce pain, create pain, wound, inflict suffering, occasion pain, inflict grief, inflict sorrow, inflict distress, inflict woe, inflict heartache, cause grief, cause sorrow, cause distress, cause woe, cause heartache. {{has_result(cause pain)}} feel pain. {{has_subtype(cause pain[mode=intentionally]): be cruel, R907a}}. pinch, prick, gripe &c. (physical pain) R378; pierce, lancinate[obs3], cut. hurt the feelings, wound the feelings, grate upon the feelings, grate upon the nerves, jar upon the feelings; wring the heart, pierce the heart, lacerate the heart, break the heart, rend the heart; make the heart bleed; tear the heart strings, rend the heart strings; draw tears from the eyes. sadden, make unhappy, make sad, make sorry, make sorrowful; plunge into sorrow, grieve, fash[obs3], afflict, distress; cut up, cut to the heart. {{has_low_level(cause pain)}} {{has_low_level(cause suffering, @R828)}} annoy, irk, vex, bother, bug, displease, incommode, inconvenience, discomfort, disoblige, discompose, trouble, disquiet, faze, feaze[obs3], feeze [obs3], disturb, cross, perplex, tire, mortify, wherret[obs1], worry. {{has_low_level(cause pain): @R907a, molest, tease, plague, bother, pester, bore, pother, harass, harry, badger, heckle, bait, bullyrag, beset, infest, persecute, importune, wring, harrow}}. {{has_low_level(feel pain)}} feel embarrassment, be embarrassed. {{has_subtype: @R907a, torment, torture, put to the rack, put to the question, break on the wheel, rack, scarify, crucify, convulse, agonize, barb the dart, plant a dagger in the breast, plant a thorn in one's side}}. irritate, provoke, sting, nettle, try the patience, pique, fret, rile, tweak the nose, chafe, gall; sting to the quick, wound to the quick, cut to the quick; aggrieve, affront, enchafe[obs3], enrage, ruffle, sour the temper; give offense &c. (resentment) R900. maltreat, bite, snap at, assail. {{has_method(inflict pain): smite &c. @M9.3.3.2.2.2}}. sicken, disgust, revolt, nauseate, stink in the nostrils; go against the stomach, turn the stomach; make one sick, set the teeth on edge, go against the grain, grate on the ear; stick in one's throat, stick in one's gizzard, stick in one's craw; rankle, gnaw, corrode, horrify, appall, freeze the blood, appal[obs3]; make the flesh creep, make the hair stand on end; make the blood curdle, make the blood run cold; make one shudder. {{has_low_intensity}} disenchant, repel, offend, shock. haunt the memory; weigh on the heart, prey on the heart, weigh on the mind, prey on the mind, weigh on the spirits, prey on the spirits; bring one's gray hairs with sorrow to the grave; add a nail to one's coffin. Adj. {{has_subtype(bad, R649)}} causing pain, hurting, hurtful, painful; dolorific[obs3], dolorous. {{has_low_level(painful)}} unpleasant, disagreeable, unpleasing, displeasing; unpalatable, bitter, distasteful; uninviting, unwelcome, undesirable, undesired, unwanted. obnoxious; unacceptable, unpopular, thankless. distressing; afflicting, afflictive; joyless, cheerless, comfortless; dismal, disheartening; depressing, depressive; dreary, melancholy, grievous, piteous; woeful, rueful, mournful, deplorable, pitiable, lamentable; sad, affecting, touching, pathetic. {{has_high_level(painful)}} intolerable, insufferable, insupportable; unbearable, unendurable; past bearing; not to be borne, not to be endured; more than flesh and blood can bear; enough to drive one mad, enough to try a saint's patience, enough to provoke a saint, enough to make a parson swear, enough to gag a maggot. {{has_subtype(distasteful)}} {{has_property(embarrassing subject)}} {{consequence_of(sensitive, @M8.1.2.2)}} embarrassing. shocking, terrific, grim, appalling, crushing; dreadful, fearful, frightful; thrilling, tremendous, dire; heart-breaking, heart-rending, heart-wounding, heart-corroding, heart-sickening; harrowing, rending. odious, hateful, execrable, repulsive, repellent, abhorrent; horrid, horrible, horrific, horrifying; offensive. nauseous, nauseating; disgusting, sickening, revolting; nasty; loathsome, loathful[obs3]; fulsome; vile &c. (bad) R649; hideous &c. R846. sharp, acute, sore, severe, grave, hard, harsh, cruel, biting, caustic; cutting, corroding, consuming, racking, excruciating, searching, grinding, grating, agonizing; envenomed; catheretic[obs3], pyrotic[Med]. ruinous, disastrous, calamitous, tragical; desolating, withering; burdensome, onerous, oppressive; cumbrous, cumbersome. {{has_low_intensity}} unsatisfactory, untoward, unlucky, uncomfortable. {{has_low_intensity}} annoying, irritating, provoking, stinging, aggravating, mortifying, galling; unaccommodating, invidious, vexatious; troublesome, tiresome, irksome, wearisome; plaguing, plaguy[obs3]; awkward. {{has_low_intensity}} importunate; teasing, pestering, bothering, harassing, worrying, tormenting, carking. Adv. painfully &c. adj.; with pain &c. R828; deuced. Int. "hinc illae lachrymae!"[Lat]. Phr. surgit amari aliquid[Lat]; the place being too hot to hold one; the iron entering into the soul; "he jests at scars that never felt a wound" [Romeo and Juliet]; "I must be cruel only to be kind" [Hamlet]; "what deep wounds ever closed without a scar?" [Byron]. <-- [Expression of pain.] --> M3.3.2.1.1.2.R2 LAMENTATION (R839) #839. Lamentation. N. {{mcauses(suffering, M3.3.2.1.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(vocalization, R580)}} lament, lamentation. {{has_subtype(cry, R411)}} complaint, plaint, murmur, mutter, grumble, groan, moan, whine, sigh, suspiration, heaving, deep sigh. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(cry, R411)}} weeping, crying, wailing, cry, wail, wailing, outcry, wail of woe, ululation, melting mood, weeping and gnashing of teeth. {{has_high_intensity(crying)}} scream, howl. {{has_low_intensity(crying)}} {{property_of(quiet)}} whimper, sob, whimpering, sobbing. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(facial gesture)}} frown, scowl, grimace. {{causes(crying)}} {{produces(eye)}} {{main_component_of(water)}} tear; tears; flood of tears, fit of crying, lacrimation, lachrymation[obs3]. plaintiveness &c. adj.; languishment[obs3]; condolence &c. R915. mourning, deep mourning; lachrymatory[obs3]. {{&performed_at(mourning/weeping)}} funeral. {{has_manifestation(mourning)}} deep death song, dirge, coronach[obs3], nenia[obs3]. {{has_manifestation(mourning)}} {{has_subtype(speech)}} requiem, elegy, epicedium[obs3]. {{has_manifestation(mourning)}} threne[obs3]; monody, threnody. {{has_manifestation(mourning): knell &c. R363}}. {{has_subtype(lamentation)}} jeremiad, jeremiade[obs2]; ullalulla[obs3]. {{has_symbol(mourning): weeds, widow's weeds}}. {{has_symbol(mourning)}} crape; sackcloth and ashes; willow, weeping willow; cypress. {{performed_by}} mourner; complainer; cryer, weeper. {{has_subtype(weeper)}} crybaby. {{performed_by: grumbler &c. (discontent) R832}}. {{has_metaphor(mourner)}} Niobe; Heraclitus. V. {{&mcauses(suffer, R828)}} {{has_subtype(vocalize, R580)}} lament, deplore, grieve, bewail, bemoan. mourn; wear mourning, go into mourning, put on mourning; wear the willow, wear sackcloth and ashes; give sorrow words, weep over. condole with &c. R915. sigh; give a sigh, heave, fetch a sigh; "waft a sigh from Indus to the pole" [Pope]; "sigh 'like a furnace'" [As you Like It]. groan, moan. cry, weep, sob, blubber, pipe, wail, drop tears, shed tears, drop a tear, shed a tear, bibber[obs3]; melt into tears, burst into tears, greet[obs2]; fondre en larmes[Fr]; cry oneself blind, cry one's eyes out; yammer; pipe one's eye. {{has_low_intensity(cry)}} whimper, whine, pule, mewl, grizzle, snivel. {{has_high_intensity(cry)}} roar; roar like a bull, bellow like a bull; cry out lustily, rend the air. {{mcaused_by: @R828, fret, suffer}}. {{&mcauses(lament): scream &c. (cry out) R411}}. {{has_metaphor(cry): mew &c. (animal sounds) R412}}. {{has_high_intensity(lament)}} gnash one's teeth, wring one's hands, tear one's hair, beat one's breast, roll on the ground, burst with grief. cry out before one is hurt, complain without cause. {{has_low_intensity(lamentation)}} frown, scowl, make a wry face. Adj. lamenting, grieving, moaning. mourning, in mourning, in sackcloth and ashes; sorrowing, sorrowful &c. (unhappy) R828; mournful, tearful; lachrymose; plaintive, plaintful[obs3]; querulous, querimonious[obs3]; in the melting mood; threnetic[obs3]. in tears, with tears in one's eyes; with moistened eyes, with watery eyes; bathed in tears, dissolved in tears; "like Niobe all tears" [Hamlet]. elegiac, epicedial[obs3]. lamented, mourned, bewailed. lamentable. Adv. de profundis[Lat]; les larmes aux yeux[Fr]. Int. "heigh-ho!"; "alas!"; "alack!"; "O dear!", "ah me!", "woe is me!"; "lackadaisy!"[obs3], "well a day!"[obs2]; "lack a day!"[obs2], "alack a day!"[obs3]; "wellaway!"[obs3]; "alas the day!"; "O tempora O mores!"[obs3]; "what a pity!"; "miserabile dictu!"[Lat]; "O lud lud!"[obs3]; "too true!". Phr. tears standing in the eyes, tears starting from the eyes; eyes suffused, eyes swimming, eyes brimming, eyes overflowing with tears; "if you have tears prepare to shed them now" [Julius Caesar]; interdum lacrymae pondera vocis habent [Lat][Ovid]; "strangled his language in his tears" [Henry VIII]; "tears such as angels weep" [Paradise Lost]; infandum renovare dolorem [Lat][Vergil] &c. (regret) R833. <-- this "complaint" is not just a lamentation (cry of pain), as above, but also a criticism, or assigment of blame for one's problems to someone else. Comlaints about defective products are specifically envisioned here. This precise sense doesn't seem to be covered elsewhere. --> M3.3.2.1.1.2.R2.1 COMPLAINT (R839a) #839a. Complaint. N. {{has_subtype(criticism, @R932)}} {{has_subtype(accusation)}} {{has_subtype(lamentation, R839)}} {{&mcauses(negligent harm, @R460)}} {{&causes(discontent, M3.3.2.1.1.4)}} complaint, gripe[coll], beef[coll], grousing[coll], bitching[coll], bitching and groaning[coll], bellyaching[coll]. {{caused_by}} cause for complaint. V. {{has_subtype(lament, R839)}} complain, gripe[coll], beef[coll], bitch[coll], squawk[coll], bellyache[coll]. {{has_subtype}} murmur, mutter, grumble, growl, clamor, croak, grunt, maunder, grizzle, make a fuss about; deprecate &c. (disapprove) R932. {{has_large_quantity}} whine. {{has_subtype(complain)}} {{property_of(formal, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} lodge a complaint, enter a complaint, register a complaint. Adj. complaining; whining; bitching. Phr. "what's your problem?", "what's your beef?". M3.3.2.1.1.3 CONTENTMENT (R831) #831. Contentment. N. content, contentment, contentedness; complacency, satisfaction. entire satisfaction, ease, heart's ease, peace of mind. serenity &c. R826; cheerfulness &c. R836; comfort &c. (well-being) R827. {{has_low_intensity}} ray of comfort. {{mcauses}} lack of concern, lack of worry, sans souci[Fr:without worry], mind at ease, not a care in the world. {{&caused_by}} reconciliation. {{has_subtype(reconciliation): resignation &c. (patience) R826}}. {{trait_of}} waiter on Providence. V. be content, be satisfied, be contented, rest satisfied. rest and be thankful; take the good the gods provide, let well alone, let well enough alone, feel oneself at home, hug oneself, lay the flattering unction to one's soul. accept, tolerate; be reconciled to, make one's peace with. take up with, take in good part; get over it; take heart, take comfort; put up with &c. (bear) R826. {{has_result: @R762, consent, acquiesce, assent}}. {{has_result: agree, R488}}. set at ease, comfort; set one's heart at ease, set one's mind at ease, set one's heart at rest, set one's mind at rest. conciliate, reconcile, win over, propitiate, disarm, beguile, speak peace to. [transitive] content, satisfy, render content, render satisfied. gratify &c. R829. be tolerated, be accepted; go down, go down well, go down with; do; be OK. Adj. content, contented, satisfied, complacent. at ease, at one's ease, at home; with the mind at ease, sans souci[Fr], sine cura[Lat], easygoing, not particular; conciliatory; unrepining[obs3], of good comfort; resigned &c. (patient) R826; cheerful &c. R836. unworried, worriless, unafflicted, unvexed[obs3], unmolested, unplagued[obs3]; at rest, snug, comfortable; in one's element. {{has_subtype: serene &c. R826}}. {{has_high_level(contented)}} serenely contented. satisfactory, tolerable, good enough, OK, all right, acceptable. Adv. contently[obs3], contentedly, to one's heart's content; a la bonne heure[Fr]; all for the best. Int. amen &c. (assent) R762; very well, all the better, so much the better, well and good; it will do, that will do; it cannot be helped. Phr. nothing comes amiss; half a loaf is better than no loaf at all. "a heart with room for every joy" [Bailey]; ich habe genossen das irdische Gluck ich habe gelebt und geliebet [Ger][Schiller]; "nor cast one longing lingering look behind" [Gray]; "shut up in measureless content" [Macbeth]; "sweet are the thoughts that savor of content" [R. Greene]; "their wants but few their wishes all confined" [Goldsmith]; might as well relax and enjoy it. <-- disappointment was broken out to R832a, and moved to disappointment @retrospective affections, M3.3.2.4 --> M3.3.2.1.1.4 DISCONTENT (R832) #832. Discontent. N. {{antonym_of(contentment, M3.3.2.1.1.3)}} {{&caused_by(complaint, M3.3.2.1.1.2.R2.1)}} discontent, discontentment; dissatisfaction; dissent &c. R489. vexation of spirit, soreness. {{similar_to: worry fear &c. R860}}. {{similar_to: anxiety, inquietude, concern, R860a}}. {{trait_of}} malcontent, grumbler, growler, croaker, dissident, dissenter, laudator temporis acti[Lat]; censurer, complainer, fault-finder, murmerer[obs3]. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(meting)}} indignation meeting. {{has_metaphor}} cave of Adullam[obs3], "winter of our discontent" [Henry VI]. V. be discontented, be dissatisfied; quarrel with one's bread and butter; repine; regret &c. R833; wish one at the bottom of the Red Sea; take on, take to heart; shrug the shoulders; make a wry face, pull a long face; knit one's brows; look blue, look black, look black as thunder, look blank, look glum. take in bad part, take ill; fret, chafe, make a piece of work; grumble, croak; lament &c. R839. cause discontent &c. n.; dissatisfy, disappoint, mortify, put out, disconcert; cut up; dishearten. Adj. discontented; dissatisfied; unsatisfied, ungratified; dissident; malcontent, malcontented, exigent, exacting, hypercritical. repining, fretting, chafing; down in the mouth &c. (dejected) R837. in high dudgeon, in a fume, in the sulks, in the dumps, in bad humor; glum, sulky; sour as a crab; soured, sore; out of humor, out of temper. {{has_subtype: regretful &c. R833}}. {{has_subtype: dissenting, dissentient &c. R489}}. frustrated (failure) R732. Int. "so much the worse!". Phr. that won't do, that will never do, it will never do; curtae nescio quid semper abest rei [Lat][Horace]; ne Jupiter Quidem omnibus placet[Lat][obs3]; "poor in abundance, famished at a feast" [Young]; "with what I most enjoy contented least" [Shakespeare]. <-- Part of discontent (disappointment) , regret, relief to retrospective emotions M3.3.2.4 833. Regret 834. Relief --> M3.3.2.1.1.5 AGGRAVATION (R835) #835. Aggravation. N. {{has_subtype(exaggeration[of=discontent], R549)}} {{has_subtype(deteriorate, R659)}} aggravation, worsening, heightening; exacerbation; exasperation. <-- overestimation &c. R482. ?? what's this doing here?? --> V. aggravate, render worse, heighten, exacerbate. embitter, sour; exasperate, envenom; enrage, provoke, tease. add fuel to the fire, add fuel to the flame; fan the flame &c. (excite) R824. Adj. aggravated, exacerbated, made worse, rendered worse, worsened. worse, unrelieved; aggravable[obs3]; aggravating, exacerbating. Adv. out of the frying pan into the fire, from bad to worse, worse and worse. Int. "so much the worse!". M3.3.2.1.1.6 CHEERFULNESS (R836) #836. Cheerfulness. N. {{antonym_of(dejection, M3.3.2.1.1.7)}} {{has_manifestation(pleasure, R829)}} cheerfulness, cheeriness, merriness; geniality, gayety, l'allegro[Fr], cheer, good humor, spirits. high spirits, animal spirits, flow of spirits; light heart; sunshine of the mind, sunshine of the breast; gaiete de coeur[Fr], bon naturel[Fr]. {{has_high_level}} glee, high glee. liveliness &c. adj.; life, alacrity, vivacity, animation, allegresse[obs3]; jocundity, joviality, jollity; levity; jocularity &c. (wit) R842. mirth, merriment, hilarity, exhilaration. {{&causes: laughter &c. R838; merrymaking &c. (amusement) R840; heyday, rejoicing &c. R838}}. {{has_symbol}} marriage bell. nepenthe, Euphrosyne[obs3], sweet forgetfulness. {{correlated_with: optimism &c. (hopefulness) R858}}. self complacency; hedonics[obs3], hedonism. V. be cheerful, be cheery, be merry. have the mind at ease, smile, put a good face upon, keep up one's spirits; view the bright side of the picture, view things en couleur de rose[Fr]; ridentem dicere virum[Lat], cheer up, brighten up, light up, bear up; chirp, take heart, cast away care, drive dull care away, perk up. keep a stiff upper lip. {{has_manifestation(cheeriness)}} carol, chirrup, lilt; frisk, rollick, give a loose to mirth. {{caused_by}} cheer, enliven, elate, exhilarate, gladden, inspirit, animate, raise the spirits, inspire; perk up; put in good humor; cheer the heart, rejoice the heart. {{caused_by: delight &c. (give pleasure) R829}}. {{&causes: rejoice &c. R838}}. Adj. {{has_conceptual_part(happy, R827)}} cheerful; cheery, cheerly[obs3]; of good cheer, smiling; blithe; in spirits, in good spirits. breezy, bully, chipper [U.S.]; in high spirits, in high feather; happy as the day is long, happy as a king; gay as a lark; allegro; debonair; light, lightsome, light hearted; buoyant, debonnaire, bright, free and easy, airy; janty[obs3], jaunty, canty[obs3]; hedonic[obs3]; riant[obs3]; sprightly, sprightful[obs3]; spry; spirited, spiritful[obs3]. {{&mcauses}} lively, animated, vivacious; brisk as a bee; sparkling, sportive; full of play, full of spirit; all alive. sunny, palmy. {{correlated_with: hopeful &c. R858}}. merry as a cricket, merry as a grig[obs3], merry as a marriage bell; joyful, joyous, jocund, jovial; jolly as a thrush, jolly as a sandboy[obs3]; blithesome; gleeful, gleesome[obs3]; hilarious, rattling. winsome, bonny, hearty, buxom. playful, playsome[obs3]; folatre[Fr], playful as a kitten, tricksy[obs3], frisky, frolicsome; gamesome; jocose, jocular, waggish; mirth loving, laughter-loving; mirthful, rollicking. {{has_high_intensity}} elate, elated; exulting, jubilant, flushed; cock-a-hoop. {{&causes: rejoicing &c. R838}}. cheering, inspiriting, exhilarating; cardiac, cardiacal[obs3]; palmy. {{&caused_by: pleasing &c. R829}}. Adv. cheerfully &c. adj.. Int. "never say die!"; "come!"; "cheer up!"; "hurrah!"; "hence loathed melancholy!", "begone dull care!", "away with melancholy!". Phr. "a merry heart goes all the day" [A winter's Tale]; "as merry as the day is long" [Much Ado]; ride si sapis [Lat][Martial]. M3.3.2.1.1.7 DEJECTION (R837) #837. Dejection. N. {{antonym_of(cheerfulness, M3.3.2.1.1.6)}} {{has_conceptual_part(lamentation, R839)}} dejection, depression, dejectedness, lowness of spirits, depression of spirits, melancholy, heaviness, sadness, cheerlessness, joylessness, spiritlessness, somberness, lugubriousness, heavyheartedness, heaviness of heart, melancholia, the blues, the dumps, blues, dumps, blue devils, doldrums, low spirits, depressed spirits, dismalness, somberness, darkness, gloominess, tristesse[Fr], lugubriousness, mournfulness, bad spirits, drooping spirits, heart sinking, failure of heart, dismals[obs3], prosternation[obs1], il pensieroso[It], lachrymals[obs3], mumps[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} despondency, slough of Despond; disconsolateness &c. adj.; blank despondency; voiceless woe, prostration of soul; broken heart. {{&mcaused_by: despair &c. R859}}. {{has_metaphor(despair, R859)}} cave of despair, cave of Trophonius[obs2]. {{caused_by}} weight on the spirits, oppression on the spirits, damp on the spirits. {{similar_to: unhappy &c. R828}}. infestivity[obs3], gloom; taedium vitae, disgust of life; mal du pays &c. (regret) R833; anhedonia[obs3]. vapors, megrims, spleen, horrors, hypochondriasis[Med], pessimism; la maladie sans maladie [Fr], demureness[obs2]. {{trait_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.9, @R504, hypochondriac, seek sorrow, self-tormentor, croaker, pessimist, mope}}. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(facial gesture)}} frowning, pouting; long face. {{caused_by: affliction &c. R830}}. {{caused_by}} hope deferred; sorry sight; memento mori[Lat]; damper, wet blanket, Job's comforter. {{has_low_intensity: weariness &c. R841}}. {{has_low_intensity: boredom, M3.3.2.1.1.8}}. V. be dejected, be melacholy, be sad. grieve; take on, give way, lose heart, despond, droop, sink. lower, look downcast, frown, pout; hang down the head; pull a long face, make a long face; laugh on the wrong side of the mouth; grin a ghastly smile; look blue, look like a drowned man; lay to heart, take to heart. {{conceptual_part_of: lamentat, R839}}. mope, brood over; fret; sulk; pine, pine away; yearn. {{has_subtype: repine &c. (regret) R833}}. {{has_high_intensity: despair &c. R859}}. {{has_manifestation}} refrain from laughter, keep one's countenance; be grave, look grave, look mournful, look sad; repress a smile. {{caused_by(be dejected)}} depress; discourage, dishearten, dispirit; damp, dull, deject, lower, sink, dash, knock down, unman, prostrate, break one's heart; frown upon; cast a gloom, cast a shade on; sadden; damp one's hopes, dash one's hopes, wither one's hopes; weigh on the mind, lie heavy on the mind, prey on the mind, weigh on the spirits, lie heavy on the spirits, prey on the spirits; damp the spirits, depress the spirits. Adj. dejected, cheerless, joyless, spiritless, heavyhearted, uncheerful, dismal, somber, dark, gloomy, heavy-hearted, saturnine, lugubrious, triste[Fr], frowning, uncheery[obs3], unlively[obs3]. downcast, downhearted, down in the mouth; discouraged, disheartened, dispirited, crestfallen, jawfallen, down on one's luck; chapfallen[obs3], chopfallen[obs3]; moody, glum; in the dumps, down in the dumps, in the suds, in the sulks, in the doldrums; in doleful dumps, in bad humor; sullen; moping, mumpish[obs3], dumpish, mopish[obs3]; out of sorts, out of humor, out of heart, out of spirits; low spirited, in low spirits, ill at ease, a cup too low. {{mcauses: sulky, @R832}}. sad, melancholy, doleful, pensive, melancholic, penseroso[It], tristful[obs3], dolesome[obs3], splenetic[archaic]; woebegone, hypochondriacal, atrabilious[obs3], hypped[obs3]; lackadaisical. {{&consequence_of: bilious, @R901; jaundiced, @R920}}. {{has_high_intensity(sad)}} funereal, mournful, lamentable, dreadful; "melancholy as a gib cat"; oppressed with melancholy, a prey to melancholy. {{similar_to: unhappy &c. R828}}. {{has_high_intensity}} despondent, desponding, overcome; broken down, borne down, bowed down; cut up, dashed, sunk; unnerved, unmanned; down-fallen, downtrodden; broken-hearted; careworn. disconsolate, unconsolable, inconsolable, comfortless, forlorn, desolate, desole[Fr], sick at heart; soul sick, heart sick; au desespoir[Fr]; lost. heartstricken &c. (mental suffering) R828. {{has_expression}} grim; grim-faced, grim-visaged; rueful, wan, long-faced. {{&has_consequence}} lacrymose, lachrymose, in tears. {{&mcaused_by: @R859, despairing, hopeless, in despair}}. {{has_metaphor: clouded, murky, lowering}}. {{caused_by}} dreary, flat; dull, dull as a beetle, dull as ditchwater[obs3]; depressing, saddening; discouraging, disheartening, dispiriting. {{has_low_intensity: weary &c. R841}}. Adv. with a long face, with tears in one's eyes; sadly &c. adj.. Phr. the countenance falling; the heart failing, the heart sinking within one; "a plague of sighing and grief" [Henry IV]; " thick-ey'd musing and curs'd melancholy" [Henry IV]; " the sickening pang of hope deferred" [Scott]. <-- [[boredom]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.8 BOREDOM (R841) #841. Boredom. N. {{antonym_of(attention, R457)}} {{antonym_of(amusement, R840)}} {{has_low_intensity(dejection, M3.3.2.1.1.7)}} boredom, ennui. weariness, defatigation[obs1]. taedium vitae &c. (dejection) R837. {{has_high_intensity}} sickness. {{&mcaused_by: lassitude &c. (fatigue) R688}}. {{&mcaused_by: drowsiness &c. R683}}. {{&mcauses: @R867, disgust, nausea, loathing}}. {{similar_to: satiety &c. R869}}. {{caused_by}} dullness, wearisomeness, tediousness, tiresomeness, lack of interest, dryness. {{&caused_by}} dull work, tedium, monotony; twice-told tale. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{trait_of(boring)}} bore, drag[coll], buttonholer, pill[coll], proser[obs3]; stiff[coll]; party pooper[coll]; wet blanket. {{&caused_by}} long hours, heavy hours, "the enemy" [time]. V. [transitive] {{caused_by(boredom)}} bore; bore to death, weary to death, tire to death, bore out of one's skull, bore out of one's life, weary out of one's life, tire out of one's life, bore out of all patience, weary out of all patience, wear out one's patience, tire out of all patience; set to sleep, send to sleep; buttonhole; weary. [intransitive] be bored by, be tired of. {{has_high_intensity(be bored by)}} be sick of; die of boredom [hyperbole]. {{&caused_by: tire &c. (fatigue) R688}}. {{&has_commencement(be boring)}} become boring, pall. {{&has_commencement(be bored)}} become bored, pall, lose interest. harp on the same string; drag its slow length along, drag its weary length along. never hear the last of; be tired of, be sick of, be tired with &c. adj.; yawn; die with ennui. Adj. {{antonym_of(interesting, R457)}} boring, dull, uninteresting, bald, devoid of interest, dry, jejune, dry as dust, arid, tedious, flat, mortal. prosy, prosing; slow, soporific, somniferous. wearying, wearing, wearisome, tiresome, tiring; stupid, irksome; monotonous, humdrum, routine. unenjoyed[obs3]. {{mcauses(boring/uninteresting)}} bored, uninterested, indifferent, blase; flagging, used up, worn out, dulled out[coll], life-weary, weary of life; sick of. weary, tired &c. v.; drowsy &c. (sleepy) R683. {{has_subtype(be boring)}} {[of(joke, @R842): bomb, fall flat, go over like a lead balloon]}. Adv. wearily &c. adj.; usque ad nauseam[Lat]. Phr. "My eyes glaze over", MEGO[acron]; time hanging heavily on one's hands; toujours perdrix[Fr]; crambe repetita[Lat][obs3]. "Bore -- n. A person who talks when you want him to listen." [Ambose Bierce]. "We often forgive those who bore us, but we cannot forgive those whom we bore." [La Rochefoucald]. <-- relation between boredom and dejection??? not quite right --> M3.3.2.1.1.8.R1 DULLNESS (R843) #843. Dullness. N. {{&caused_by(boredom, M3.3.2.1.1.8)}} {{antonym_of(originality, @R515)}} dullness, unoriginality, heaviness, flatness, want of originality, lack of imagination. {{mcauses}} dearth of ideas. prose, matter of fact; heavy book, conte a dormir debout[Fr]; platitude. {{has_high_intensity: stupidity &c. R499}}. {{has_subtype}} stodginess, pedantry. {{&caused_by: dejection, R837}}. V. be dull &c. adj.; prose, take au serieux[Fr], be caught napping. render dull &c. adj.; damp, depress, throw cold water on, lay a wet blanket on; fall flat upon the ear. no joke, serious matter (importance) R642. {{antonym_of(imaginative)}} unimaginative, unoriginal. {{has_subtype(unimaginative)}} pedantic, stodgy, pedestrian, dry as dust. Adj. dull, unentertaining, uninteresting, flat, dry as dust, dull as ditch water, drab, stodgy, unimaginative. uncreative, unimaginative, sterile, unimaginative, uninspired, uninventive, trite, unoriginal; stereotyped, stereotypic, stereotypical; insulse[obs3]; dry as dust; prosy, prosing, prosaic, pedestrian, matter of fact, commonplace, pointless; "weary, stale, flat and unprofitable" [Hamlet]. unfunny, unlively[obs3], logy [U.S.]. stupid, slow, flat, insipid, vapid, humdrum, monotonous; melancholic &c. R837; stolid &c. R499; plodding. boring, tiresome, tedious &c. R841. Phr. davus sum non Aedipus[obs3]; deadly dull and boring, DDB[abbr]. <-- R844 humorist moved to person who ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.29 .. --> <-- this is for an attitude appropriate when conducting important business [[serious]] --> M3.3.2.1.1.9 EARNESTNESS N. {{caused_by(important matter, @R642)}} earnestness, seriousness, sobriety, gravity, solemnity, sedateness, sober-mindedness, staidness, decorum, decorousness. {{conceptual_part_of: formality}}. {{antonym_of: playfulness, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3; @R608, capriciousness, frivolous; @R842, facetiousness, jocularity, joke, jest}}. {{has_manifestation}} grave face. {{co-occurs_with: @R642, serious matter, important matter, grave matter, no joke}}. {{&causes(seriousness)}} {{has_subtype(mental state, @M4.2)}} pressure, mental pressure, urgency, sense of urgency, stress, mental stress. {{has_high_intensity(pressure)}} unbearable pressure, intense pressure. {{causes(stress): physiological reaction}}. {{&mcauses(pressure): anxiety, R860a}}. {{&mcauses(unbearable pressure): mental breakdown, @R503}}. V. be serious, be sober. conduct oneself seriously. Adj. earnest, serious, grave, solemn, sober, sedate, staid, sober-minded, stayed[obs2]. {{has_high_intensity}} {{mcauses(stress)}} stressed, pressured; stressed out. {{antonym_of: playfulness, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3; @R608, capricious, frivolous; @R842, facetious, jocular, joking, in jest}}. sober as a judge; grave as an undertaker; grave as a judge, grave as a mustard pot. Adv. seriously, soberly, earnestly, solemly, gravely. <-- [[JUDGMENTS]] This section contains judgmental emotions regarding objects. judgmental emotions regarding people are under M3.3.3.1.2, Moral judgments, R928 to R938 845. Beauty 846. Ugliness Note: R847. Ornament to P2.3.1.3.6 Art 848. Blemish 849. Simplicity 850. Taste 851. Vulgarity 852. Fashion 853. Ridiculousness Note: R854. Fop to (character ) 855. Affectation 856. Ridicule Note: R857. Laughingstock to P2.3.2.3.6.4.14 (character) --> M3.3.2.1.2 DISCRIMINATIVE AFFECTION (R845 TO R857) N. discriminative affection. M3.3.2.1.2.1 JUDGMENTAL EMOTION REGARDING OBJECTS (R845 TO R857) N. judgmental emotion regarding objects. <-- "beauty" here is mostly for physical objects. Beauty of action is under elegance, R578. [[BEAUTY]] --> M3.3.2.1.2.1.1 BEAUTY (R845) #845. Beauty. N. {{property_of(pleasurableness, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R1)}} {{&has_property(physical object)}} {{antonym_of(ugliness, M3.3.2.1.2.1.2)}} {{property_of(goodness, R648)}} beauty[1], the beautiful, to kalon[Grk], le beau ideal. {{studied_in}} aesthetics, callaesthetics[obs2]. {[of(person)]} pulchritude, form, elegance, grace, beauty unadorned, natural beauty; comeliness, fairness; polish, gloss; good effect, good looks; belle tournure[obs3]; trigness[obs3]; bloom. brilliancy, radiance. {{has_high_level(pulchritude)}} splendor, gorgeousness, magnificence; sublimity, sublimification[obs1]. {{has_subtype: symmetry &c. R242}}. delicacy, refinement, concinnity[obs3]; charm, je ne sais quoi[Fr], style. {{has_low_intensity}} attractiveness. {{property_of}} {{property_of(mythical)}} {{has_subtype(god)}} Venus, Aphrodite; Hebe; the Graces; Peri; Houri; Cupid; Apollo; Hyperion; Adonis; Antionous; Narcissus. {{property_of: peacock, butterfly; garden; flower; work of art}}. {{property_of: jewel &c. (ornament) R847}}. {{has_factor}} shapeliness, finish; proportion, eurythmy[obs3]. {{property_of: flower, @P2.3.2.1.2.1}}. beautifying; landscaping, landscape gardening; decoration &c. R847; calisthenics[obs2]. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(woman)}} beauty[2], beautiful woman, pretty woman, knockout[coll]. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(man)}} hunk, handsome man. V. be beautiful &c. adj.; shine, beam, bloom; become one &c. (accord) R23; set off, grace. {[of(person)]} be pulchritudinous, be comely, be fair, be good-looking. {{has_high_level(be beautiful)}} be gorgeous, be magnificent. render beautiful, beautify. {{has_subtype(beautify)}} polish, burnish; set out. {{has_subtype(beautify): gild &c. (decorate) R847}}. "snatch a grace beyond the reach of art" [Pope]. Adj. beautiful, beauteous, pretty, lovely; sightly. graceful, elegant, prepossessing; delicate, dainty, refined. {[of(person)]} handsome, fair, personable, comely, seemly; good-looking; well-proportioned, well-built, well-favored, well-made, well-formed; proper. {{has_subtype(well-proportioned)}} {[of(woman)]} shapely. {[of(woman)]} foxy[coll.]; bonny [Scottish]. {{has_subtype: symmetrical &c. (regular) R242; harmonious &c. (color) R428}}. {[of(person)]} pulchritudinous, unabashedly beautiful; polished, elegant, graceful. {{has_high_level}} brilliant, splendid, radiant. {{has_high_level(pulchritude)}} gorgeous, magnificent; sublime. {{&causes: @R616b, @M7.1.3, attractive, alluring, enticing, seductive}}. fit to be seen, passable, not amiss. {[of(person)]} goodly, dapper, tight, jimp[obs3]; gimp; janty[obs3], jaunty; trig, natty, quaint, trim, tidy, neat, spruce, smart, tricksy[obs3]. {[of(person)]} bright, bright eyed; rosy cheeked, cherry cheeked; rosy, ruddy; blooming, in full bloom. {{has_high_intensity(shapely)}} {[of(woman)]} voluptuous. {[of(man)]} handsome. brilliant, shining; beamy[obs3], beaming; sparkling, splendid, resplendent, dazzling, glowing; glossy, sleek. {[of(person/child)]} {{has_low_intensity}} cute, darling. rich, superb, magnificent, grand, fine, sublime, showy, specious. artistic, artistical[obs3]; aesthetic; picturesque, pictorial; fait a peindre[Fr]; well-composed, well grouped, well varied; curious. enchanting &c. (pleasure-giving) R829; becoming &c. (accordant) R23; ornamental &c. R847. undeformed, undefaced, unspotted; spotless &c. (perfect) R650. Phr. auxilium non leve vultus habet [Lat][Ovid]; "beauty born of murmuring sound" [Wordsworth]; "flowers preach to us if we will hear" [C.G. Rossetti]; gratior ac pulchro veniens in corpore virtus [Lat][Vergil]; "none but the brave deserve the fair" [Dryden]; "thou who hast the fatal gift of beauty" [Byron]. <-- [[ugly]] --> M3.3.2.1.2.1.2 UGLINESS (R846) #846. Ugliness. N. {{antonym_of(beauty[1], M3.3.2.1.2.1.1)}} ugliness, unattractiveness. {{&consequence_of}} deformity, inelegance; acomia[obs3]; want of symmetry, inconcinnity[obs3]. {{&consequence_of: disfigurement &c. (blemish) R848; distortion &c. R243; squalor &c. (uncleanness) R653}}. forbidding countenance, vinegar aspect, hanging look, wry face, "spretae injuria formae" [Vergil]. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(woman)}} witch, hag, ugly woman, figure, dog[coll.], woofer[coll.], pig[coll.], brute[coll]; harridan[obs2]. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} ugly person, eyesore, sight, fright; object. {{has_metaphor(ugly person): octopus, specter, scarecrow, satyr[obs2], toad, monkey, baboon; monster}}. {{has_metaphor(ugly person)}} Caliban, Aesop[obs3]. V. be ugly, be unattractive. look ill, grin horribly a ghastly smile, make faces. {{&caused_by}} render ugly, make unattractive. {{has_method(render ugly)}} {{has_subtype(harm[obj=surface, R220], @R659)}} deface; disfigure, defigure[obs1]. {{has_method(render ugly): distort &c. R23; soil &c. (render unclean) R653}}. {{has_method(render ugly): @R659, blemish, discolor}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(unpleasant)}} ugly, unattractive, unprepossessing, uninviting, unpleasing, unbeautiful, beautiless[obs3], unbeauteous[obs3]. unsightly, unseemly. {{&consequence_of}} misshapen, ill-shaped, ill-proportioned, bad-looking, ill-looking, hard featured, hard visaged; ill-favored, hard-favored, evil-favored, misproportioned[obs3]; curtailed of its fair proportions. {{&consequence_of(misshapen)}} {{has_subtype(manufactured[mode=poorly, @R699])}} ill-made, poorly made. {{has_subtype(misshapen)}} {{has_consequence(disfigure)}} disfigured, defaced. {{has_subtype(misshapen)}} distorted. {{&consequence_of}} discolored. {{has_subtype(discolored): tarnished; worn; weather-beaten}}. {{has_high_intensity}} frightful, hideous, monstrous, odious, uncanny, forbidding; repellant, repulsive, repugnant, grotesque, bizarre; grody [coll.], grody to the max [coll.]; horrid, horrible; shocking &c. (painful) R830. {{has_subtype(ill-shaped)}} {[of(person/beast, @R366): @R203, gaunt, scrawny, lean, emaciated, skinny, thin; lank, lanky, starved, wasted, wasted away]}. {{has_subtype(ill-shaped)}} {[of(person): dumpy &c. (short) R201]}. {{has_subtype(ill-shaped)}} {[of(person): fat, obese]}. {{has_subtype: @R243, unsymmetrical, crooked, distorted}}. {[of(person)]} homely, brute[coll]; plain; uncomely, unlovely; unshapely. {{has_low_level}} ordinary, unornamental[obs3], inartistic; sightless, seemless[obs3]; not fit to be seen, semibeautiful. {{has_subtype(ill-proportioned): shapeless &c. (amorphous) R241}}. {{has_low_level: @R849, bald, unornamented, plain, unadorned}}. {{has_high_level}} ugly as sin, ugly as a toad, ugly as a scarecrow, ugly as a dead monkey. {{has_low_level}} graceless, inelegant; ungraceful, ungainly, uncouth, stiff; rugged, rough, gross, rude, awkward, clumsy, slouching, rickety; gawky; lumping, lumpish[obs3]; lumbering; hulky[obs3], hulking; unwieldy. squalid, haggard. grim, grim faced, grim visaged. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(ill/injured)}} grisly, ghastly; ghost like, death like; cadaverous, grewsome[obs3], gruesome. {{has_subtype: foul &c. (dirty) R653; dingy &c. (colorless) R429; gaudy &c. (color) R428}}. Phr. "monstrum horrendum informe ingens cui lumen ademptum" [Latin][Vergil]. <-- R847 Ornament and R847a Jewelry to P2.3.1.3.6 Art --> M3.3.2.1.2.1.3 BLEMISH (R848) #848. Blemish. N. {{has_subtype(flaw, R651)}} {{&caused_by(ugliness, M3.3.2.1.2.1.2)}} blemish. {{has_high_level}} disfigurement, deformity. {{has_subtype(deformity)}} polydactylism, adactylism[obs3]. {{&caused_by: injury &c. (deterioration) R659}}. eyesore. stain, blot; spot, spottiness; speck, speckle, blur. tarnish, smudge; dirt &c. R653. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(skin[of=person])}} freckle, macula[Anat], patch, blotch, birthmark; reddishness, erythema; blobber lip[obs3], blubber lip; blain[obs3], maculation; scar, wem[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(skin[of=person])}} {{property_of(convexity, P1.2.4.3.1.1)}} mole, pimple, zit [slang]; wen, wheel, papule, papula[Med], pustule; whelk; excrescence; pock; proud flesh, growth, caruncle[obs3]; corn; wart, pappiloma; furuncle, polypus[obs3], fungosity[obs3], exostosis[obs3], bleb, blister, blain[obs3]; insect bite. {{&has_subtype: boil, sarcoma, fungus &c. (disease) R655}}. V. disfigure &c. (injure) R659; speckle. Adj. pitted, freckled, discolored; imperfect &c. R651; blobber-lipped, bloodshot; injured &c. (deteriorated) R659. M3.3.2.1.2.1.4 SIMPLICITY (R849) #849. Simplicity. N. simplicity; plainness, homeliness; undress, chastity. V. be simple, be plain. render simple, render plain; simplify, uncomplicate. Adj. simple. plain. bare, unadorned, unornamented, undecked[obs3], ungarnished, unarranged[obs3], untrimmed, unvarnished. {{has_subtype(plain)}} {{antonym_of(modified)}} unmodified, vanilla[coll], plain vanilla, off-the-shelf. {{has_subtype(off-the-shelf): mass-produced}}. bald, flat, dull. homely, homespun; ordinary, household. {{has_high_intensity(unadorned)}} chaste, inornate[obs3], severe. {[of(person)]} unaffected, free from affectation, free from ornament; simplex munditiis [Lat][Horace]; sans facon[Fr], en deshabille[Fr]. {{has_subtype(unaffected): ingenuous, sincere (artless) R703}}. Phr. veritatis simplex oratio est[Lat]. "It's a gift to be simple"; "less is more"[Robert Browning, quoted by architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]. <-- [Good taste.] --> M3.3.2.1.2.1.5 GOOD TASTE (R850) #850. Good Taste. N. {{has_subtype(discernment, @R465)}} {{antonym_of(bad taste, M3.3.2.1.2.1.6)}} taste, good taste, refined taste, cultivated taste; delicacy, refinement, fine feeling, gust, gusto, tact, finesse; to prepon[Grk]. {{&part_of: manners, breeding &c. (politeness) R894}}. {{has_expression}} {{has_subtype(formality, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} etiquette, decorum, propriety, gentility, bienseance[Fr], punctilio, form, good form, formality, gentlemanliness[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part(etiquette)}} conventions of society, point of etiquette. {{performed_by}} person of good taste, person of refinement. {{has_metaphor(person of good taste)}} Emily Post; "Mrs. Grundy". {{conceptual_part_of: custom &c. M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. {{similar_to: nicety &c. (discrimination) R465}}. {{property_of}} civilized life, civilization. {{has_high_level}} polish, elegance, grace. dilettantism, dilettanteism; virtue; fine art; culture, cultivation. {{studied_in: aesthetics}}. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(amateur, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1)}} connoisseur, man of taste, person of discernment; conoscente, cogniscenti[pl][It], virtuoso; Aristarchus[obs3], Corinthian, stagirite[obs3]; euphemist. {{has_subtype(connoisseur)}} judge, critic, arbiter elegantiarum[Lat]. "caviare to the general" [Hamlet]. {{similar_to: Fastidiousness, R868}}. V. {{has_subtype(discriminate, R465)}} appreciate. {{has_sonceptual_part(appreciate)}} judge. criticise. Adj. in good taste, tasteful; esthetic, aesthetic. cute, tasty; unaffected, pure, chaste, classical, attic; dainty; artistic. {[of(speech)]} euphemistic. {{conceptual_part_of: elegant &c. R578}}. {{has_high_level}} cultivated, refined. to one's taste, to one's mind; after one's fancy; comme il faut[Fr]; tire a quatre epingles[Fr]. Adv. elegantly &c. adj.. Phr. nihil tetigit quod non ornavit [Lat][from Johnson's epitaph on Goldsmith]; chacun a son gout[Fr]; oculi pictura tenentur aures cantibus [Lat][Cicero]. <-- This fashion is for clothing fashions specificaly; popular things generally are a supertype at M7.3.5.1.2.1 [[fashion]] --> M3.3.2.1.2.1.5.1 FASHION (R852) #852. Fashion. N. {{&conceptual_part_of(appearance, @R448)}} {{has_subtype(fashion, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} fashion, style, sylishness, vogue, chic, fashionability, prevailing taste, ton, bon ton[obs2]; mode, modishness, go, savoir faire[Fr]. {{trait_of}} society; good society, polite society; monde[Fr]; drawing-room, beau monde[Fr], high life, court; world; fashionable world, gay world; Vanity Fair. {{&conceptual_part_of: dress &c. R225}}. {{conceptual_part_of: ostentation, R822}}. {{&conceptual_part_of: rage &c. (desire) R865}}. {{has_high_level}} height of fashion, pink of fashion. {{trait_of}} man of fashion; woman of fashion; man of the world; woman of the world; star of fashion, glass of fashion, leader of fashion. {{trait_of: @R850, connoisseur, arbiter elegantiarum[Lat]}}. the beautiful people, the fashion set, upper ten thousand &c. (nobility) R875; elite &c. (distinction) R873; smart set; the four hundred [U.S.]; in crowd. V. be fashionable &c. adj.; be the rage &c. n.; have a run, pass current. follow the fashion, conform to the fashion, fall in with the fashion, follow the trend, follow the crowd &c. n.; go with the stream &c. (conform) R82; savoir vivre[Fr], savoir faire[Fr]; keep up appearances, behave oneself. set the fashion, bring in the fashion; give a tone to society, cut a figure in society; keep one's carriage. Adj. fashionable, in fashion, au courant. modish, stylish, chic, trendy, recherche, cool[coll.]; newfangled &c. (unfamiliar) R83; all the rage, all the go[obs2]; with it, in, faddish. a la mode, comme il faut[Fr]; admitted in society, admissible in society &c. n.; presentable; conventional, customary, @M7.3.5.1.2.1; genteel; well-bred, well mannered, well behaved, well spoken; gentlemanlike[obs3], gentlemanly; ladylike; civil, polite &c. (courteous) R894. polished, refined, thoroughbred, courtly; distingue[Fr]; unembarrassed, degage[Fr]; janty[obs3], jaunty; dashing, fast. in court, in full dress, in evening dress; en grande tenue[Fr] &c. (ornament) R847. Adv. fashionably &c. adj.; for fashion's sake. Phr. a la francaise, a la parisienne; a l' anglaise[Fr], a l' americaine[Fr]; autre temps autre moeurs; chaque pays a sa guise. <-- [Bad taste.] --> M3.3.2.1.2.1.6 VULGARITY #851. Vulgarity. N. {{antonym_of(good taste, M3.3.2.1.2.1.5)}} bad taste, vulgarity, vulgarism. breach of etiquette, solecism, barbarism, impropriety, breach of decorum. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(fashionability, @R852)}} unfashionability, lack of style. barbarism, Vandalism, Gothicism[obs2]; mauvis gout[Fr], bad taste; gaucherie, awkwardness, want of tact; ill-breeding &c. (discourtesy) R895. indecorum, misbehavior, courseness, indecorousness, ribaldry, grossness; unseemliness. lowness, homeliness; low life, mauvais ton[Fr], rusticity; boorishness &c. adj.; brutality; rowdyism, blackguardism[obs3]; ribaldry; slang &c. (neology) R563. {{property_of}} bad joke, mauvais plaisanterie[Fr]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(ornamentation)}} {{property_of(excessive)}} gaudiness, tawdriness, overornamentation; false ornament; baroque, baroqueness, rococo. {{has_subtype(overornamentation[of=building])}} gingerbread. {{&property_of}} finery, frippery, trickery, tinsel, gewgaw, clinquant[obs3]. {{trait_of}} rough diamond; tomboy, hoyden; cub, unlicked cub[obs3]; snob, cad, gent[obs2]; frump, dowdy. {{trait_of(unstylish)}} [derogatory] nerd, wonk, wombat; dork. {{&trait_of(studious): nerd, wonk}}. {{has_subtype(nerd)}} {{trait_of(expertise[in=computer programming, @R626a], @R698)}} computer nerd. {{has_instance(computer nerd)}} Pat Cassidy. {{trait_of: slattern &c. R653}}. {{trait_of: parvenu &c. R876}}. {{trait_of: clown &c. (commonalty) R876}}. {{trait_of}} Philistine, Goth, Vandal, Boeotian. V. be vulgar &c. adj.; misbehave; talk shop, smell of the shop. {{caused_by}} vandalize; overornament, overdecorate; gild the lily. Adj. {{antonym_of(fashionable, @R852)}} unfashionable, unstylish, out, uncool[coll.], out of it[coll.]. in bad taste, vulgar, unrefined. coarse, indecorous, ribald, gross; unseemly, unbeseeming[obs3], unpresentable[obs3]; contra bonos mores[Lat]; ungraceful &c. (ugly) R846. gaudy, tawdry, overornamented, baroque, rococo; bedizened, tricked out, gingerbread; obtrusive. {[of(person)]} ungenteel, shabby genteel; low, common, hoi polloi[Grk] &c. (plebeian) R876; uncourtly[obs3]; uncivil &c. (discourteous) R895; ill bred, ill mannered; underbred; ungentlemanly, ungentlemanlike; unladylike, unfeminine; wild, wild as an unbacked colt. {{has_subtype: @R491, untutored, unschooled, ignorant}}. {[of(person)]} unkempt, uncombed, untamed, unlicked[obs3], unpolished, uncouth; plebeian; incondite[obs3]; heavy, rude, awkward; homely, homespun, home bred; provincial, countrified, rustic; boorish, clownish; savage, brutish, blackguard, rowdy, snobbish; barbarous, barbaric; Gothic, unclassical[obs3], doggerel, heathenish, tramontane, outlandish; uncultivated; Bohemian. {[of(person): dowdy; slovenly &c. (dirty) R653]}. {{has_subtype: obsolete, @R614; unfashionable ; newfangled &c. (unfamiliar) R83; odd &c. (ridiculous) R853}}. particular. {[of(behavior)]} {{has_subtype: affected &c. R855}}. {{&has_high_level}} meretricious; extravagant, monstrous, horrid. {{&has_high_level: shocking, @R830}}. Phr. auers[Fr]; chaque pays a sa guise[Fr]. M3.3.2.1.2.1.6.1 RIDICULOUSNESS (R853) #853. Ridiculousness. N. ridiculousness, ludicrousness; funniness, laughability, grotesqueness, farcicality, oddness, comicality; extravagance, drollery; eccentricity. {{property_of}} farce, comedy. {{used_in: burlesque &c. (ridicule) R856}}. {{similar_to: buffoonery &c. (fun) R840}}. {{property_of}} frippery; doggerel, doggerel verses. {{property_of}} anticlimax, bathos. {{property_of: monstrosity &c. (unconformity) R83}}. {{similar_to: absurdity &c. R497}}. {{similar_to: bombast &c. (unmeaning) R517}}. {{trait_of: laughingstock, R857, P2.3.2.3.6.4.14}}. V. be ridiculous, be ludicrous, be comical; be funny, be laughable, be grotesque, be farcical, be odd, be absurd. pass from the sublime to the ridiculous; make one laugh; play the fool, make a fool of oneself, commit an absurdity. Adj. {{has_subtype(unusual, @R83)}} ridiculous, ludicrous; comical; funny, laughable, pour rire, grotesque, farcical, odd. whimsical, whimsical as a dancing bear, eccentric; fanciful, fantastic, queer, rum, bizarre, weird; screaming; strange, outlandish, out of the way, baroque, rococo. awkward, clumsy, spastic, uncoordinated. {{has_low_intensity}} droll, quizzical, quaint. extravagant, outre, monstrous, preposterous, bombastic, inflated, stilted, burlesque, mock heroic. drollish; seriocomic, tragicomic; gimcrack; doggerel; risible. {{has_subtype: ironical &c. (derisive) R856}}. {{has_subtype: contemptible &c. (unimportant) R643}}. Phr. risum teneatis amici [Lat][Horace]; rideret Heraclitus; du sublime au ridicule il n'y a qu'un pas [Fr][Napoleon]. <-- R854, FOP moved to P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.1.1. Fop --> <-- affectation is a behavior! Was at M3.3.2.1.2.1.6.2, judgmental emotions --> M3.3.2.1.2.1.6.2 DUMMY N. dummy. M3.3.2.1.2.1.7 RIDICULE (R856) #856. Ridicule. N. {{has_subtype(disrespect, R929)}} ridicule, mockery, derision. sardonic smile, sardonic grin; irrision[obs3]. {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(good-natured)}} banter, irony, persiflage, raillery, chaff, badinage; quizzing, hazing, roasting, roast, teasing, bantering, quiz[obs2]; asteism[obs3]. squib, satire, skit, quip, quib[obs3], grin. {{has_subtype(misrepresentation, R555)}} parody, burlesque, takeoff, lampoon, sendup, travesty, travestie[obs3]; caricature. {{has_subtype: farce, @R599}}. buffoonery &c. (fun) R840; practical joke; horseplay. scorn, contempt &c. R930. {{manifestation_of: laughingstock, R857}}. V. [transitive] ridicule, deride, mock, taunt. snigger; laugh in one's sleeve. {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(good-natured)}} tease, twit, badinage, banter, rally[obs3], chaff, joke, quiz, roast; haze [U.S.]. show up; tehee[obs3]; fleer[obs3]. {{has_low_level}} play upon, play tricks upon; fool to the top of one's bent; laugh at, grin at, smile at; poke fun at. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(misrepresent, R555)}} satirize, parody, caricature, burlesque, travesty, take off on, send up, lampoon. turn into ridicule; make merry with; make fun of, make game of, make a fool of, make an April fool of[obs3]; rally; scoff &c. (disrespect) R929. raise a laugh &c. (amuse) R840; play the fool, make a fool of oneself. Adj. derisory, derisive; mock, mocking; sarcastic, ironic, ironical, quizzical, burlesque, Hudibrastic[obs3]; scurrilous &c. (disrespectful) R929. Adv. in ridicule, in mockery, in derision. M3.3.2.1.3 PROSPECTIVE AFFECTION (R858 TO R869) N. {{conceptual_part_of(anticipation, R507)}} {{conceptual_part_of(feeling, R821)}} prospective affection. <-- The Roget category combines both emotions influencing action, and characteristics of the actions themselves which exhibit emotion. 858. Hope 859. Hopelessness 860. Fear 858a. anticipation 860a. anxiety 861. Courage 862. Cowardice 861, 862, 863, 864, and 868 should be in a different category, more closely allied to action rather than emotion. These are moved under M7.2, attitudes toward volition. 863. Rashness 864. Caution 865. Desire 867. Dislike 866. Indifference 868. Fastidiousness, 869. Satiety ?? To retrospective affections: Relief = 834 personal affections, disappointment = 832 discontent regret 833? --> <-- break anticipation, expectation away from hope; to R858a. distinguish this from expectation, R507 (under thought) which is simple expectation, not an emotion [[HOPE]] --> M3.3.2.1.3.1 HOPE (R858) #858. Hope. N. {{conceptual_part_of(desire &c. R865 + anticipation, R507)}} hope, hopes. {{&has_conceptual_part: faith &c. (belief) R484}}. {{has_high_intensity}} fervent hope, sanguine expectation. {{requires}} assumption, presumption. {{has_high_intensity}} high hopes; fond hope. {{has_low_intensity}} slim hope, slim hopes. trust; affiance, assurance; secureness, security; reassurance. {{has_extreme(slim hope): hopelessness, M3.3.2.1.3.3}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(improbable)}} airy hopes, fool's paradise; day dream, golden dream; dream of Alnaschar[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(attitude)}} hopefulness; buoyancy, enthusiasm, heart of grace, aspiration. {{has_high_intensity: optimism, R482}}. {{has_metaphor(high hopes)}} castles in the air, castles in Spain, chateaux en Espagne[Fr], le pot aut lait[Fr], Utopia, millennium. {{analogous_to(day dream): mirage &c. (fallacies of vision) R443}}. {{has_low_intensity}} beam of hope, ray of hope, gleam of hope, glimmer of hope, flash of hope, dawn of hope, star of hope; cheer. {{&mcaused_by}} good omen, good auspices; promise, well grounded hopes; good prospect, bright prospect; clear sky. {{mcaused_by}} bit of blue sky, silver lining, silver lining of the cloud, bottom of Pandora's box, balm in Gilead; light at the end of the tunnel. {{mcaused_by: probability, M5.3.3; possibility, M5.3.1}}. {{has_metaphor}} anchor, sheet anchor, mainstay. <-- staff &c. (support) R215; . --> {{conceptual_part_of: salvation, @R987}}. {{has_location(salvation, @R987): heaven &c. R981}}. {{trait_of: optimist, P2.3.2.3.6.5.37}}. V. {{conceptual_part_of(desire, R865)}} {{conceptual_part_of(anticipate, R507)}} hope, feel hope, entertain hope, harbor hope, indulge hope, cherish hope, feed hope, foster hope, nourish hope, encourage hope, cling to hope, live in hope. be hopeful; be optimistic, look on the bright side of, view with rose-colored glasses, view on the sunny side, voir en couleur de rose[Fr]. make the best of it, hope for the best; put a good face upon, put a bold face upon, put the best face upon; keep one's spirits up; take heart, take heart of grace; be of good heart, be of good cheer; flatter oneself, "lay the flattering unction to one's soul". {{has_high_intensity}} see land; feel assured, rest assured, feel confident, rest confident &c. adj.. {{has_high_intensity}} presume; promise oneself . {{conceptual_part_of}} trust, confide, rely on, put one's trust in; lean upon; pin one's hope upon, pin one's faith upon &c. (believe) R484. catch at a straw[Hamlet], hope against hope. reckon one's chickens before they are hatched, count one's chickens before they are hatched. {{caused_by}} give hope, inspire hope, raise hope, hold out hope &c. n.; promise, bid fair, augur well, be in a fair way, look up, flatter, tell a flattering tale; raise expectations[sentient subject]; encourage, cheer, assure, reassure, buoy up, embolden. Adj. hopeful, hoping; in hopes. {{has_high_intensity}} sanguine, optimistic, confident; in good heart, buoyed up, buoyant, elated, flushed, exultant, enthusiastic; heartsome[obs3]; utopian. {{has_extreme(hopeful): secure &c. (certain) R484}}. {{mcauses(optimism)}} unsuspecting, unsuspicious; fearless, free from fear, free from suspicion, free from distrust, free from despair, exempt from fear, exempt from suspicion, exempt from distrust, exempt from despair; undespairing[obs3], self reliant. {{mcaused_by(hope)}} probable, on the high road to; within sight of shore, within sight of land; promising, propitious; of promise, full of promise; of good omen; auspicious, de bon augure[Fr]; reassuring; encouraging, cheering, inspiriting, looking up, bright, roseate, couleur de rose[Fr], rose-colored. Adv. hopefully &c. adj.; with hope. Int. "Hope for the best!"; "God speed!". Phr. nil desperandum [Lat][Horace]; never say die, dum spiro spero[Lat], latet scintillula forsan[Lat], all is for the best, spero meliora[Lat]; every cloud has a silver lining; " the wish being father to the thought" [Henry IV]; "hope told a flattering tale"; rusticus expectat dum defluat amnis[Lat][obs3]. at spes non fracta[Lat]; ego spem prietio non emo [Lat][Terence]; un Dieu est ma fiance[Fr]; " hope! thou nurse of young desire " [Bickerstaff]; in hoc signo spes mea[Lat]; in hoc signo vinces[Lat]; la speranza e il pan de miseri[It]; l'esperance est le songe d'un homme eveille[Fr]; " the mighty hopes that make us men" [Tennyson]; " the sickening pang of hope deferred " [Scott]. <-- sections of R507, expectation, have been moved here to distinguish expectation as thought from anticipation as an emotion --> M3.3.2.1.3.2 ANTICIPATION (R858A) #858a. Anticipation. N. {{conceptual_part_of(expectation, R507)}} anticipation, expectation, expectancy. prospect, looking forward. {{has_conceptual_part}} suspense, waiting, abeyance. {{conceptual_part_of: curiosity &c. R455}}. anxious expectation, ardent expectation, eager expectation, breathless expectation, sanguine expectation; torment of Tantalus. assurance, confidence, presumption, reliance. {{has_subtype(waiting)}} {{has_conceptual_part("Windows 3.1", @R626a)}} "looking at the hourglass". {{has_high_intensity: hope &c. R858}}. {{conceptual_part_of: trust &c. (belief) R484}}. {{mcaused_by: @R511, prediction, auspices, omen}}. V. anticipate. look forward to. Adj. anticipating, expectant. <-- [Absence, want or loss of hope.] --> M3.3.2.1.3.3 HOPELESSNESS (R859) #859. Hopelessness. N. hopelessness; despair, desperation. abandonment, desolation. Job's comforter; bird of bad omen, bird of ill omen. {{has_low_intensity}} pessimism. {{trait_of(pessimism)}} pessimist. {{mcauses: despondency, depression &c. (dejection) R837}}. {{mcauses: resignation, surrender, submission &c. R725}}. hope deferred, dashed hopes; vain expectation &c. (disappointment) R509. {{similar_to: airy hopes &c. R858}}. {{caused_by}} forlorn hope; gone case, dead duck, gone coon [U.S.]; goner; bad job, bad business; enfant perdu[Fr]; gloomy horizon, black spots in the horizon; slough of Despond, cave of Despair; immedicabile vulnus[Lat]. V. despair; lose all hope, give up all hope, abandon all hope, relinquish all hope, lose the hope of, give up the hope of, abandon the hope of, relinquish the hope of; give up, give over; yield to despair; falter. despond &c. (be dejected) R837; jeter le manche apres la cognee[Fr]. {{caused_by}} inspire despair, drive to despair &c. n.; disconcert; dash one's hopes, crush one's hopes, destroy one's hopes; hope against hope. abandon; resign, surrender, submit &c. R725. Adj. hopeless, desperate, despairing, gone, in despair, au desespoir[Fr], forlorn, desolate; inconsolable &c. (dejected) R837; broken hearted. {{has_low_intensity}} unpromising, unpropitious; inauspicious, ill-omened, threatening, clouded over. out of the question, not to be thought of; impracticable &c. R471; past hope, past cure, past mending, past recall; at one's last gasp &c. (death) R360; given up, given over. incurable, cureless, immedicable, remediless, beyond remedy; incorrigible; irreparable, irremediable, irrecoverable, irreversible, irretrievable, irreclaimable, irredeemable, irrevocable; ruined, undone; immitigable. Phr. "if it's a blessing, it is very well disguised"[Winston Churchill]; "lasciate ogni speranza voi ch'entrate" [Dante]; its days are numbered; the worst come to the worst; "no change, no pause, no hope, yet I endure" [Shelley]; "O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon" [Milton]; "mene mene tekel upharson" [Old Testament]. <-- Roget's "fear" was subdivided into fear, R860, and anxiety, R860a [[fear]] --> M3.3.2.1.3.4 FEAR (R860) #860. Fear. N. fear, apprehensiveness, apprehension, fearfulness. {{has_topic: risk, R665}}. {{property_of(momentary)}} fright, scare, alarm, affright, boof[obs3], affrightment[obs3]. awe, dismay, consternation. {{has_high_intensity}} dread, terror, horror, panic. {{has_low_intensity: anxiety, R860a}}. nervousness, restlessness &c. adj.; worry; batophobia[obs3]; heartquake[obs3]; flutter, trepidation, fear and trembling, perturbation, tremor, quivering, shaking, trembling, throbbing heart, palpitation, ague fit, cold sweat; abject fear &c. (cowardice) R862; mortal funk, heartsinking[obs3], despondency; despair &c. R859. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(persuasion, @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1)}} intimidation. {{has_subtype(intimidation[of=human group])}} {{method_for(violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2/cruelty, @R907a)}} terrorism, reign of terror. {{caused_by}} bugbear, bug bear[obs2], nightmare, bugaboo, bete noire[Fr]; scarecrow; Gorgon, mormo[obs3]; ogre, Hurlothrumbo[obs3]; raw head and bloody bones, fee-faw-fum; enfant terrible[Fr]. {{&caused_by: hobgoblin &c. (demon) R980}}. {{&mcauses}} diffidence, want of confidence; feeze [obs3][U.S.]. {{&mcauses: cowardice, M7.1.1.11; caution, M7.1.1.13}}. {{mcauses: mistrust &c. (doubt) R485; hesitation &c. (irresolution) R605; caution, R864}}. {{&causes(panic)}} {[of(horses/cattle)]} stampede. {{&causes}} {[of(birds): @R293, scatter, take flight, flush]}. {{trait_of: alarmist &c. (coward) R862}}. V. [transitive] fear, quail at, stand in awe of; be afraid of, be frightened of, be in terror of, be scared of, be scared by. have qualms &c. n.; apprehend, sit upon thorns, eye askance; distrust &c. (disbelieve) R485. [transitive] alarm, startle, scare, scarify, fright, frighten; disquiet, dismay; astound. {{has_high_intensity(frighten)}} terrify, petrify; horrify; fright from one's propriety; frighten out of one's senses, frighten out of one's wits, scare out of one's wits, fright out of one's seven senses; awe; strike all of a heap, strike awe into, strike terror into; harrow up the soul, appall, unman; pile on the agony. {{has_commencement}} take fright, take alarm. {{has_expression}} start, wince, flinch, shy, shrink. hesitate &c. (be irresolute) R605; falter, funk, cower, crouch; skulk &c. (cowardice) R862; "let 'I dare not' wait upon 'I would'". {{mcauses: flee &c. (avoid) R623}}. {{has_expression}} tremble, shake; shiver, shiver in one's shoes; shudder, flutter; shake like an aspen leaf, tremble like an aspen leaf, tremble all over; quake, quaver, quiver, quail. {{has_expression}} grow pale, turn pale; blench, stand aghast; not dare to say one's soul is one's own. {{mcaused_by}} inspire fear, excite fear, inspire awe, excite awe; raise aprehensions[obs3]; be in a daze, bulldoze [U. S.]; faze, feeze [obs3][U. S.]; give an alarm, raise an alarm, sound an alarm, "cry 'wolf'". make one's flesh creep, make the skin crawl, make one's hair stand on end, make one's blood run cold, make one's teeth chatter; take away one's breath, stop one's breath; make one tremble, make one shudder. haunt; prey on the mind, weigh on the mind. {{caused_by}} put in fear, put in bodily fear; terrorize, intimidate, cow, daunt, overawe, abash, deter, discourage. {{caused_by: browbeat, bully; threaten &c. R909}}. Adj. afraid, fearful, apprehensive, frightened; in fear, in a fright &c. n.. alarmed; haunted with the fear of &c. n.; afeard[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} panicked, terror-stricken, panicky, panicking, panic-stricken, frightened to death, scared stiff, scared to death. {{has_high_intensity}} aghast; awe-stricken, awestruck, awe-stricken. fearing, dreading, quaking. {{has_high_intensity}} terrified, horrified, horror-stricken, petrified, horror-struck. afraid of one's shadow, restless, fidgety; more frightened than hurt. {{mcauses(afraid)}} timid, timorous; diffident, coy, faint-hearted. {{mcauses(afraid)}} nervous, tremulous, shaky, jittery. {{has_subtype(jittery)}} {{has_subtype(overeager, @R602)}} {{has_subtype(reckless, @R863)}} {{&mcaused_by(shoot, P2.3.1.3.23.4)}} trigger-happy. {{has_low_intensity: @R860a, worried, concerned, anxious}}. {{&causes(fear)}} {{has_subtype(pale, @R428)}} white as a sheet, pale, pale as a ghost, pale as death, pale as ashes. {{&causes(fear)}} breathless; in hysterics. {{mcaused_by(fear)}} alarming, scary, scarifying; formidable, redoubtable; perilous &c. (danger) R665; portentous; inspiring fear, inspiring dread. {{mcaused_by(fear)}} fearful; dread, dreadful, horrendous; fell; dire, direful; shocking; terrible, terrifying, terrific; tremendous; horrid, horrible, horrifying, horrific; ghastly; awful, awe-inspiring; revolting &c. (painful) R830; Gorgonian. Adv. fearfully, apprehensively, in fear. {{has_high_level(fearfully)}} in a terror, in terror, in terrorem[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of(in fear): in a panic}}. Int. " angels and ministers of grace defend us!" [Hamlet]. Phr. "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." [Franklin Delano Roosevelt]; ante tubam trepidat[Latin]; horresco referens[Latin], one's heart failing one, obstupui steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit [Lat][Vergil]. "a dagger of the mind " [Macbeth]; expertus metuit [Lat][Horace]; " fain would I climb but that I fear to fall" [Raleigh]; " fear is the parent of cruelty " [Froude]; " Gorgons and hydras and chimeras dire " [Paradise Lost]; omnia tuta timens [Latin][Vergil]; " our fears do make us traitors " [Macbeth]. <-- opposite of expectation? or assurance, confidence? We rank anxiety as a mental state of attention between fear and care. Treating the transition from attention at M2 (cognitive) to fear at M3 (affective) phenomena as a continuous change (with increasing affective elements) --> M3.3.2.1.3.5 ANXIETY (R860A) #860a. Anxiety. N. {{has_low_intensity(fear, R860)}} {{has_high_intensity(care, R459)}} anxiety, concern, worry, apprehension, unease, uneasiness, disquiet, solicitude, inquietude, disquietude. misgiving, trepidation, qualm, qualms[pl]; solicitude, care. suspicion. {{has_low_level}} discomfort. {{mcauses: caution, R864}}. Adj. anxious, concerned, apprehensive, uneasy, worried. suspicious, doubtful. {{has_low_level}} uncomfortable. <-- "love" and "liking" here are general terms which may be directed at objects or actions. For love specifically between humans see R897, M8.3.1.1.1.1 "love" [[desire]] --> M3.3.2.1.3.6 DESIRE (R865) #865. Desire. N. {{conceptual_part_of(goal, R620)}} desire, wish, want. {{has_patient}} {{property_of(desired)}} object of desire. {{has_property(object of desire)}} desirability. liking, love, fondness, relish. fancy, fantasy. {{has_subtype(object of desire): @R630, need, exigency}}. mind, inclination, leaning, bent, animus, partiality, penchant, predilection. {{&mcauses: propensity &c. R820}}. <-- willingness: a low level?? --> {{has_conceptual_part: willingness &c. R602}}. longing, hankering, inkling; solicitude, anxiety, anxiousness; yearning, coveting. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(success, R731/achievement, @M7.4)}} aspiration, ambition, dream, lifelong ambition, life's ambition, goal in life. {{has_high_intensity(ambition)}} driving ambition, vaulting ambition, height of one's ambition. {{has_subtype: motive, R615}}. {{has_high_intensity}} earnestness, intentness. {{has_high_level}} eagerness, zeal, zealousness, ardor, breathless impatience, strong desire, overanxiety, empressement[Fr], perfervidum aingenium[Lat]. {{has_high_level(eagerness)}} overeagerness, overzealousness. {{&mcauses: impetuosity &c. R825}}. appetite, appetition[obs3], appetence[obs3], appetency[obs3]; sharp appetite, keenness, hunger, stomach, twist; thirst, thirstiness; drouth, mouth-watering; itch, itching; prurience, cacoethes[Lat], cupidity, lust, concupiscence. edge of appetite, edge of hunger; torment of Tantalus; sweet tooth, lickerish tooth[obs3]; itching palm; longing eye, wistful eye, sheep's eye. {{has_low_intensity}} whim, whimsy, whimsey[obs3]. {{has_subtype: preference, @R609}}. {[of_object(person): love, M8.3.1.1.1.1]}. {[of_object(money)]} {{has_high_intensity: greed &c. R817a}}. {[of_object(food)]} {{has_high_intensity: voracity &c. (gluttony) R957}}. {{has_high_intensity}} passion, rage, furore[obs3], mania, manie[obs1]; infatuation, inextinguishable desire. {{has_subtype(mania)}} dipsomania; kleptomania; nymphomania; monomania. {{trait_of: lover P2.3.2.3.6.5.24.1}}. <-- Person who desires to LOVER --> {{has_tobject}} desideratum, something desired, the object of one's desire, the object of one's fancy. {{has_subtype(desideratum)}} attraction, magnet, allurement, fancy, temptation, seduction, fascination; whim, maggot. {{has_subtype(desideratum): @R873, distinction, good repute, fame, prestige}}. {{has_subtype(desideratum)}} hobby, hobby-horse. {{has_tobject: want &c. (requirement) R630}}. {{has_tobject: money, wealth; fame; health; power}}. "a consummation devoutly to be wished". {{&uses}} wishing well, Fortunatus's cap; wishing cap, wishing stone. <-- note that "want" occurs in two senses here. --> like, care for, affect, be big on[coll], list; take to, cling to, take a fancy to; fancy; prefer &c. (choose) R609. want, miss, need, feel the want of, would fain have, would fain do; would be glad of. {[with_object(food)]} hunger, be hungry, be famished, be ravenous; have a good appetite, play a good knife and fork. covet, be bent upon, have an eye for, have a mind to; find it in one's heart &c. (be willing) R602; have a fancy for, set one's eyes upon; cast a sheep's eye upon, look sweet upon; take into one's head, have at heart; set one's cap at, set one's heart upon, set one's mind upon. {{has_high_intensity}} crave, crave after, lust after, hunger for, ache for, hunger after, thirst after, itch after, hanker after, run mad after, die for, burn for, burn to, raven for. desiderate[obs3]; sigh for, cry for, gape for, gasp for, pine for, pant for, languish for, yearn for, long, be on thorns for, hope for; aspire after; catch at, grasp at, jump at. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(pursue)}} woo, court, solicit; fish for, spell for, whistle for, put up for. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(stare[at=person, P2.3.2.3], @R441)}} ogle. {{caused_by}} cause desire, create desire, raise desire, excite desire, provoke desire; whet the appetite; appetize[obs3], titillate, allure, attract, take one's fancy, tempt; hold out temptation, hold out allurement; tantalize, make one's mouth water, faire venir l'eau a la bouche [Fr]. {{&mcauses: gratify desire &c. (give pleasure) R829}}. Adj. desirous; desiring, wanting, wishing; partial to; fain, wishful, optative[obs3]; longing, wistful, anxious. {{has_consequence}} sedulous, solicitous. inclined &c. (willing) R602. {{has_high_intensity}} craving, sharp-set, peckish[obs3], ravening[1]; at a loss for. {{has_subtype(desirous[of=food])}} hungry, with an empty stomach, esurient[obs3], lickerish[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(hungry)}} pinched with hunger, famished, ravening[2], starving; hungry as a bear, hungry as a hunter, hungry as a hawk, hungry as a horse, hungry as a church mouse. {{has_subtype(desirous[of=beverage])}} thirsty, athirst, parched with thirst, dry, drouthy[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(desirous): greedy &c. R817a}}. unsatisfied, unsated, unslaked; unsaturated. eager, avid, keen, anxious. {{has_high_intensity}} bent on, intent on, set on, bent upon, intent upon, set upon, mad after, dying for, anxious for; ardent, fervent, burning, rabid, devoured by desire, "enrag,"[Fr.]; agog; all agog; breathless. {{mcauses(anxious for/ardent): impatient &c. (impetuous) R825}}. aspiring, ambitious, vaulting, sky-aspiring, high-reaching. {{consequence_of(desire)}} {{has_property(object of desire)}} desirable. {{&consequence_of(desirable): pleasing &c. (giving pleasure) R829}}. {{has_consequence(desire)}} {{has_property(object of desire)}} desired, wished, wanted; in demand. {{mcaused_by(desire)}} {{has_subtype(desirable)}} appetizing, appetible[obs3]; tantalizing. Adv. {{has_subtype(conforming[to=desire])}} {{has_subtype(satisfactorily, @R618)}} as desired, as wished for. eagerly, desirously; fervently, ardently; anxiously. wishfully, wistfully; fain. Int. would that, "would that it were!"; "O for!"; "esto perpetual" [Lat]. Phr. the wish being father to the thought; sua cuique voluptas[Lat]; hoc erat in votis[Lat], the mouth watering, the fingers itching; aut Caesar aut nullus[Lat]. "Cassius has a lean and hungry look" [Jul. Caesar]; " hungry as the grave " [Thomson]; " I was born to other things " [Tennyson]; " not what we wish but what we want " [Merrick]; " such joy ambition finds " [P. L.]; " the sea hath bounds but deep desire hath none " [Venus and Adonis]; ubi mel ibi apes[Lat]. M3.3.2.1.3.7 INDIFFERENCE (R866) #866. Indifference. N. {{has_subtype(unemotional)}} {{&mcaused_by(inattention, R458)}} {{has_subtype(incuriosity)}} {{&mcauses(insensibility, R823)}} indifference, apathy, neutrality; unconcern, insouciance, nonchalance; want of interest, want of earnestness. <-- how to say "neither for it nor against it --> {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(lack[of=desire], @R2)}} {{antonym_of(enthusiasm)}} lack of desire, lack of enthusiasm, absence of enthusiasm. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(lack[of=opposition, R719], @R2)}} lack of opposition. detachment; carelessness, mindlessness, disregard. {{has_subtype(indifference[to=food])}} anorexy[obs3], anorexia, inappetency[obs3]. {{has_subtype(indifference[to=people, P2.3.2.3])}} coldness, aloofness, unapproachableness, unapproachability, remoteness, lack of caring, lack of feeling, frigidity, coolness, lukewarmness, withdrawal. {{has_high_intensity}} callousness. {{has_metaphor(callousness)}} dry eyes; heart of stone, stock and stone, heart of marble, deadness. {{has_subtype(indifference[to=danger, R665]): recklessness &c. R863}}. {{mcauses: supineness &c. (inactivity) R683; disdain &c. R930; recklessness &c. R863}}. {{&caused_by}} anaphrodisiac[obs3], antaphrodisiac[obs3]; lust-quencher, passion-queller[obs3]. <-- ; anaphrodisia[obs3] --> V. be indifferent, be apathetic, be unconcerned, be uninterested; stand neuter, take no interest in. {{&mcaused_by: insensibility, R823; unimportance, R643}}. have no desire for, have no wish for, have no want for; have no taste for, have no relish for. not care for; care nothing for, care nothing about; not care a straw about, not care a fig for, not care a whit about; not mind. be casual, be natural, hang loose. not care a straw for, not care a fig about, not care a bit about, not care a whit about. {{mcauses: disregard &c. (neglect) R460; turn a deaf ear to &c. (inattention) R458}}. {{mcauses: set at naught &c. (make light of) R483; spurn &c. (disdain) R930}}. {{&caused_by}} inure; harden the heart; steel, caseharden, sear. Adj. indifferent, neutral, disinterested, apathetic, uncurious, uninterested; lukewarm. {{has_high_level}} withdrawn, detached, remote. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(anxious, @R860a)}} unconcerned, nonchalant, unworried, insouciant, easygoing, devil-may-care, casual[1], phlegmatic, pococurante[obs3], sans souci[Fr]. {{has_high_level(unconcerned)}} careless, mindless, regardless, disregarding. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(formal, @R882)}} informal, casual[2], natural, loose, unceremonious. undesirous[obs3], unsolicitous[obs3], unattracted. <-- "careless" is also a synonym of negligent. The distinction between this sense and the sense at R460 is difficult. We list R460 as a subtype. Perhaps a legitimate distinction would be to consider "negligence" as relating to a duty, whereas this sense of "careless" may also pertain to unimportant and unconsequential matters. --> {{has_subtype(careless): negligent, R460}}. {{&mcauses}} listless, lackadaisical; half-hearted. {{has_subtype(indifferent[to=social success])}} unambitious, unaspiring. {{has_subtype(indifferent[to=people])}} aloof, unapproachable, remote; uncaring, unfeeling; cold, frigid. cool, cool as a cucumber. {{&caused_by: @R815b, worthless, unattractive, unalluring, undesired, undesirable, uncared for, unwished[obs3], unvalued, all one to, vain}}. {{&causes: @R907, malevolent, hard-hearted, pitiless}}. {{&caused_by: insipid &c. R391}}. Adv. indifferently, with indifference, disinterestedly. casually, informally, naturally. nonchalantly. for aught one cares. Int. never mind; "Who cares?"; it doesn't matter, it's all the same to me, whatever you like, whatever. Phr. I couldn't care less, I could care less; anything will do; it's all the same, es macht nichts [German], vsyo ravno[Russian]. <-- Dislike and hatred here are general terms dislike specifically of people is under hate, M8.3.1.1.9 [[dislike]] --> M3.3.2.1.3.8 DISLIKE (R867) #867. Dislike. N. {{has_low_intensity(hate, @R898)}} dislike, distaste, disrelish, disinclination, displacency[obs3]. {{has_patient}} disliked thing. aversion, antipathy, averseness[obs3], aversation[obs1]. disaffection, disfavor, unpopularity. {{has_high-intensity}} disgust, repugnance, nausea, loathing. {{has_high_intensity: @R898, hate, hatred, detestation}}. {{has_high_intensity: @R898, abomination[1], abhorrence, horror, mortal antipathy, rooted antipathy, mortal horror, rooted horror}}. {{has_subtype: animosity &c. R900}}. {[of_object(action): reluctance; backwardness &c. (unwillingness) R603]}. {[of_object(water)]} hydrophobia, canine madness. {{has_expression}} shuddering, cold sweat. {{has_subtype(hatred[obj=person]): hate, M8.3.1.1.9}}. {{caused_by: gall and wormwood &c. (unsavory) R395}}. {{mcauses: avoidance, R623}}. <-- sickener[obs3]; byssa[obs3]. --> V. dislike, mislike misrelish[obs3], disrelish. mind, object to; have rather not, would rather not, prefer not to, not care for; have a dislike for, conceive a dislike to, entertain a dislike for, take a dislike to, have an aversion to, have an aversion for; have no taste for, have no stomach for. {{mcauses: shun, avoid &c. R623}}. {{mcauses}} eschew; withdraw from, shrink from, recoil from; not be able to bear, not be able to abide, not be able to endure; shrug the shoulders at, shudder at, turn up the nose at, look askance at; make a mouth, make a wry face, make a grimace; make faces. {{has_high_intensity}} hate, detest. {{has_high_intensity}} loathe, nauseate, abominate, abhor. {{has_subtype(hate[obj=person]): hate, R898}}. wish away, unwish. {{caused_by}} cause dislike, excite dislike; disincline, repel, sicken; make sick, render sick; turn one's stomach, nauseate, wamble[obs3], disgust, shock, stink in the nostrils; go against the grain, go against the stomach; stick in the throat; make one's blood run cold &c. (give pain) R830; pall. {{caused_by: take amiss &c. R900; have enough of &c. (be satiated) R869}}. Adj. disliking; averse from, loathe, loathe to, loth, adverse; shy of, sick of, out of conceit with; disinclined; heartsick, dogsick[obs3]; queasy. {{has_high_intensity(disliking): @R898, hating, detesting, loathing}}. {{has_consequence(dislike)}} {{has_property(disliked thing)}} disliked; uncared for, unpopular; out of favor. {{has_subtype(disliked)}} {[when_modifying(suitor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.74)]} crossed in love, forsaken, rejected, lovelorn, jilted. {{consequence_of(dislike)}} disagreeable, repellant, offensive, off-putting, yucky[coll]. {{has_high_level(disagreeable)}} repulsive, repugnant, abhorrent, insufferable, fulsome, loathsome, loathful[obs3], gross; disgusting, nauseous, nauseating, sickening. {{consequence_of(dislike): painful, R830}}. Adv. usque ad nauseam[Lat]. Int. {{has_lexpression(dislike)}} "disgusting!", "yuk!", "yuck!", "gross!"; "faugh!"; "foh[obs3]!"; "ugh!". Phr. non libet[Lat]. M3.3.2.1.3.9 SATIETY (R869) #869. Satiety. N. satiety, satisfaction, saturation, repletion; cloyment[obs3], satiation. {{caused_by}} glut, surfeit. {{&causes: weariness &c. R841}}. {{trait_of}} spoiled child; enfant gete[Fr], enfant terrible[Fr]. {{&caused_by}} too much of a good thing, toujours perdrix[Fr]; crambe repetita[Lat][obs3]. V. {{caused_by(satiety)}} sate, satiate, satisfy, saturate; cloy, quench, slake, pall, glut, fill up, gorge, surfeit. {[with_instr(food)]} stuff oneself, overeat. {{conceptual_part_of}} spoil. {{conceptual_part_of: bore &c. (weary) R841}}. {{&conceptual_part_of: tire &c. (fatigue) R688}}. have enough of, have quite enough of, have one's fill, have too much of; be satiated &c. adj.. Adj. satiated, satisfied &c. v.; gorged, stuffed, overgorged[obs3]; blase, used up. tired of, sick of, heartsick. Int. "enough!", "basta!"[Ital]; "hold!"; "eheu jam satis!"[Lat]. <-- R833 regret, R834 relief and R832a disappointment --> <-- see also M3.3.3.4 RETROSPECTIVE SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS 916. Gratitude 917. Ingratitude 918. Forgiveness 919. Revenge 920. Jealousy --> <-- retrospective affection is one of the mental phenomena which have a definable topic, which is an event in the past [[REGRET]] --> M3.3.2.1.4 RETROSPECTIVE AFFECTION (R833, R834) N. {{has_subtype(mental process, @M1)}} retrospective affection. {{caused_by}} {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} object of retrospective affection. &&{{has_temporal_location(object of retrospective affection): the past, R122}}. M3.3.2.1.4.1 REGRET (R833) #833. Regret. N. regret, regretfulness. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(object of retrospective affection)}} object of regret. repining, regretting, ruing. sorrow; second thoughts[pl]. homesickness, nostalgia; mal du pays, maladie[Fr]. bitterness, heartburning[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} lamentation. {{mcauses: lamentation &c. R839; penitence &c. R950}}. {{&mcauses: recrimination (accusation) R938; discontent R832}}. {{&mcauses: @R950, contrition, remorse}}. V. regret, deplore; repine, cast a longing lingering look behind; rue, rue the day; repent &c. R950; infandum renovare dolorem [Lat]. {{has_high_intensity}} lament. prey on the mind, weigh on the mind, have a weight on the mind; leave an aching void. {{mcauses: @R839, bewail, lament}}. Adj. regretful, rueful; regretting, ruing, repining. homesick. {{has_property(object of regret)}} regretted, rued, lamented; much to be regretted. {{has_property(object of regret)}} regrettable, unfortunate. {{consequence_of(regrettable): lamentable &c. (bad) R649}}. Adv. regrettably, unfortunately; most unfortunately. Int. {{has_lexpression(regret)}} "alas!"; "what a pity!", "pity!"; "hang it!"; "damn!"[vulg], "damn it!"[vulg]; "shit!"[vulg], "Oh, shit!"[vulg]. Phr. 'tis pity, 'tis too true; "sigh'd and look'd and sigh'd again" [Dryden]; "I'm sorry"; "Sorry about that". M3.3.2.1.4.2 RELIEF (R834) #834. Relief. N. relief; deliverance; easement, softening, alleviation, mitigation, palliation, soothing, lullaby. solace, consolation, comfort, encouragement. {{&caused_by: refreshment &c. R689; repose, P2.8.5.1}}. {{&caused_by: lenitive, restorative &c. (remedy) R662; cushion &c. R215}}. {{&caused_by: unction}}. {{has_metaphor}} crumb of comfort, balm in Gilead. V. relieve, ease, alleviate, mitigate, palliate, soothe; salve; soften, soften down; foment, stupe[obs3], poultice; assuage, allay. cheer, comfort, console; enliven; encourage, bear up, pat on the back, give comfort, set at ease; gladden the heart, cheer the heart; inspirit, invigorate. be relieved; breathe more freely, draw a long breath; take comfort; dry the tears, dry the eyes, wipe the tears, wipe the eyes. {{&caused_by}} remedy; refresh; pour balm into, pour oil on. {{&caused_by: cure &c. (restore) R660}}. smooth the ruffled brow of care, temper the wind to the shorn lamb, lay the flattering unction to one's soul. {{&caused_by: disburden &c. (free) R705; take a load off one's chest, get a load off one's chest, take off a load of care}}. Adj. relieving, alleviating, easing; consolatory, soothing; assuaging, allaying, assuasive[obs3]; balmy, balsamic; lenitive, palliative, palliating; anodyne &c. (remedial) R662; curative &c. R660. Phr. "here comes a man of comfort" [Measure for Measure]. <-- [[WONDER]] --> <-- 870. Wonder 871. Expectance R872. Prodigy to P2.7.1 phenomena --> M3.3.2.1.5 COMPARATIVE AFFECTION R870 TO R871 N. {{used_in(past personal experience, @R151a)}} comparative affection. <-- [Absence of wonder.] merged R871 with R507. R871. Expectance. N. expectance &c. (expectation) R507. Roget distinguished "expectation", looking toward the future, and "the expected", something which happened as anticipated. But the words largely overlapped, so we merge the entries, and leave them at M5.6.2, extension of thought to the future. --> M3.3.2.1.5.1 WONDER (R870) #870. Wonder. N. {{has_high_intensity(surprise, @R508)}} wonder, marvel; astonishment, amazement, wonderment, bewilderment, stound[obs1]; admiration, awe; stupor, stupefaction; fascination; sensation. {{&mcauses}} breathlessness. note of admiration; thaumaturgy &c. (sorcery) R992. V. wonder, marvel. {{has_high_intensity(be surprised, @R508)}} be astonished, be amazed, be astounded; be dumfounded; be startled, be dazzled, be dazed; be struck, be struck with wonder, be struck with awe; be electrified; be stunned, be stupefied, be confounded, be bewildered, be flabbergasted, be staggered, be struck dumb. admire; start; stare; open one's eyes, rub one's eyes, turn up one's eyes; gloar[obs1]; gape, open one's mouth, hold one's breath; look aghast, stand aghast, stand agog. {{&mcauses: disappointment, R509}}. tombe des nues[Fr]. {{&mcauses}} not believe one's eyes, not believe one's ears, not believe one's senses. {{&mcaused_by: not be able to account for &c. (unintelligible) R519}}. not know whether one stands on one's head or one's heels. {{&!mcaused_by}} astonish, amaze, astound; dumfound, dumfounder; startle, dazzle; daze; strike, strike with wonder, strike with awe; electrify; stun, stupefy, petrify, confound, bewilder, flabbergast, stagger, throw on one's beam ends, fascinate, turn the head, take away one's breath, strike dumb; make one's hair stand on end, make one's tongue cleave to the roof of one's mouth; make one stare. {{&mcaused_by: take by surprise &c. (be unexpected) R508}}. {{&mcaused_by}} be wonderful, be astonishing, be amazing, be astounding, be striking; be startling, be dazzling, be dazing; be dumfounding, be confounding, be bewildering, be flabbergasting; be electrifying, be stunning, be stupefying, be petrifying, be staggering. {{&mcaused_by}} beggar description, beggar the imagination, baffle description; stagger belief; confound expectations. Adj. {{has_high_intensity(surprised, @R508)}} astonished, amazed, astounded; dumfounded; startled, dazzled; dazed; struck, struck with wonder, struck with awe, floored; electrified; stunned, stupefied, confounded, bewildered, flabbergasted, staggered, struck dumb. aghast, all agog, breathless, agape; open-mouthed; awestruck, thunderstruck, moonstruck, planet-struck; spellbound; lost in amazement, lost in wonder, lost in astonishment; struck all of a heap, unable to believe one's senses, like a duck in thunder. {{has_high_intensity(surprising, @R508)}} wonderful, wondrous; unheard of; miraculous. {{has_high_intensity(surprising, @R508)}} astonishing, amazing, astounding, striking; startling, dazzling, dazing; dumfounding, confounding, bewildering, flabbergasting, mind-boggling; electrifying; stunning, stupefying, petrifying, staggering. {{has_high_intensity(surprising, @R508)}} monstrous, prodigious, stupendous, marvelous; inconceivable, incredible; inimaginable[obs3], unimaginable. {{&consequence_of(astonishing): strange &c. (uncommon) R83}}. {{has_high_intensity(strange, @R83)}} passing strange. {{has_high_intensity(surprising, @R508)}} overwhelming; wonder-working. indescribable, inexpressible, inaffable[obs3]; unutterable, unspeakable. {{&consequence_of: mysterious &c. (inexplicable) R519}}. {{&consequence_of: @R485, incredible, unbelievable, beyond belief}}. Adv. wonderfully, strikingly, astonishingly, amazingly, astoundingly; startlingly, dazzlingly; strikingly; electrifyingly; stunningly, stupefyingly, bewilderingly, staggeringly, mind-bogglingly. fearfully; for a wonder, in the name of wonder; strange to say; mirabile dictu[Lat], mirabile visu[Lat]; to one's great surprise. with wonder, with awe, with astonishment, with amazement, wide-eyed with amazement; with gaping mouth; with open eyes, with upturned eyes. indescribably, inexpressibly, unutterably, unspeakably. prodigiously, stupendously, marvelously; inconceivably, incredibly; unimaginably. Int. good heavens, "good gracious!"; "Ye gods!", "good Lord!", "good grief!", "Holy cow!", "My word!", "Holy shit!"[vulg.]; my stars, "my goodness!"; "gracious goodness!", "goodness gracious!", "mercy on us!"; "heavens and earth!"; lo, "lo and behold!"; "O!"; "heyday!"; "halloo!"; "what!"; "indeed!"; "really!"; "surely!"; "humph!"; "hem!"; "good lack", "gad so!"; "welladay[obs3]!"; "dear me!"; "only think!"; "lackadaisy[obs3]!"; "God bless me!"; "bless us!", "bless my heart!"; "odzookens!"[obs3], "adzooks[obs3]!"; "O gemini!"[obs3]; "hoity-toity!", "strong!"; "Heaven save the mark", "bless the mark!"; "can such things be!"; "zounds!", "'sdeath!". "what on earth!", "what in the world!", "what the hell?"[vulg]; "who would have thought it!" &c. (inexpectation) R508. "you don't say so!", "You're kidding!", "No kidding?", "what do you say to that!"; "Will wonders never cease?". "nous verrons!"[Fr]; "how now!"; "where am I?"[obs3]. Phr. vox faucibus haesit[Lat]; one's hair standing on end. <-- We include false expectation and surprise together here, closelt related. [[surprise]] --> M3.3.2.1.5.2 SURPRISE #508. Surprise. N. {{has_subtype(failure[of=expectation, @R507], R732)}} {{has_subtype(contradiction[of=expectation, @R507], @R14)}} surprise. {{has_high_intensity}} shock, start, thunderclap, sudden burst, blow; eye opener. {{has_metaphor}} bolt from the blue, bolt out of the blue. {{mcaused_by}} {{antonym_of(expectation, R507)}} failure of expectation, the unexpected, the unforeseen, nonexpectation, inexpectation[obs3], non-expectation. {{&mcaused_by}} false expectation. {{&mcaused_by(false expectation): miscalculation &c. R481}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(pleasant)}} pleasant surprise. {{property_of(unpleasant)}} unpleasant surprise. {{&mcauses(false expectation): disappointment, R509}}. {{conceptual_part_of(false expectation): disappointment, R509}}. {{has_high_intensity(surprise): wonder, R870, M3.3.2.1.5.1}}. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(interjection)}} expression of surprise. V. {{caused_by(surprise)}} [transitive] surprise, startle, take aback, throw off one's guard. pounce upon, spring a mine upon. electrify, stun, stagger, take away one's breath, throw off one's guard. {{has_high_intensity: astonish, dumbfound &c. (strike with wonder) R870}}. [intransitive] be surprised, not expect, not anticipate; be taken by surprise, be surprised. {{&causes(be surprised)}} be thrown off guard, be thrown off one's balance. start; miscalculate &c. R481; not bargain for; come upon, fall upon. {{caused_by(surprise)}} be unexpected, be unanticipated, be surprising; come unawares, come unexpected; turn up, pop, drop from the sky, drop from the clouds; come upon one, burst upon one, flash upon one, bounce upon one, steal upon one, creep upon one; come like a thunder clap, burst like a thunderclap, thunder bolt; take by surprise, catch by surprise, catch unawares, catch napping; yach [obs3][S. Africa]. Adj. {{caused_by(surprise)}} surprising, unexpected, unanticipated, unpredicted[obs3], unlooked for, unforeseen, unhoped for; startling, dropped from the clouds; beyond expectation, contrary to expectation, against expectation, against all expectation; out of one's reckoning. {{&caused_by(surprise): unheard of &c. (exceptional) R83; sudden &c. (instantaneous) R113}}. surprised, startled, taken aback, thrown off one's guard; unwarned, unaware; off one's guard; inattentive R458. unpredictable, unforeseeable (unknowable) R519. <-- nonexpectant[obs3]; --> Adv. abruptly, unexpectedly, surprisingly; plump, pop, a l'improviste[Fr], unawares; without notice, without warning, "without a 'by your leave'"; like a thief in the night, like a thunderbolt; in an unguarded moment; suddenly &c. (instantaneously) R113. Int. {{has_subtype(expression of surprise)}} {{has_subtype(oral response, @R587)}} "imagine that!"; "what a surprise!"; "really?"; "no kidding!?"; "the devil you say!". {{has_subtype: @R870, "Holy cow!", "Holy Toledo!", "What the heck?"}}. Phr. little did one think, little did one expect; nobody would ever suppose, nobody would ever think, nobody would ever expect; "who would have thought?"; it beats the Dutch[obs2]. <-- [Failure of expectation.] --> M3.3.2.1.5.3 DISAPPOINTMENT #509.Disappointment. N. {{has_subtype(surprise, R509)}} {{has_subtype(frustration[of=hope, M3.3.2.1.3.1])}} disappointment; blighted hope, balk; blow. anticlimax; disillusionment, nonfulfillment of one's hopes. {{has_high_intensity}} sad disappointment, bitter disappointment. {{&mcaused_by}} trick of fortune; afterclap. {{has_conceptual_part: @R508, false expectation, vain expectation}}. {{&mcaused_by: miscalculation &c. R481}}. fool's paradise; much cry and little wool. slip 'twixt cup and lip. V. be disappointed; look blank, look blue; look aghast, stand aghast &c. (wonder) R870; find to one's cost; laugh on the wrong side of one's mouth; find one a false prophet. not realize one's hope, not realize one's expectation. {{caused_by}} disappoint; frustrate, discomfit, crush, defeat (failure) R732; crush one's hope, dash one's hope, balk one's hope, disappoint one's hope, blight one's hope, falsify one's hope, defeat one's hope, discourage; balk, jilt, bilk; play one false, play a trick; dash the cup from the lips, tantalize; dumfound, dumbfound, dumbfounder, dumfounder (astonish) R870. Adj. disappointed &c. v.; disconcerted, aghast; disgruntled; out of one's reckoning. Phr. the mountain labored and brought forth a mouse; parturiunt montes[Lat]; nascitur ridiculus mus [Lat][Horace]; diis aliter visum[Lat][obs3], the bubble burst; one's countenance falling. <-- R872. Prodigy. ( prodigy, phenomenon; wonder) to P2.7.1 PHENOMENA GENERALLY --> <-- Or personal affections derived from the opinion or feelings of others. 873. Repute 874. Disrepute 875. Nobility 876. Commonalty 877. Title --> <-- [[OPINIONS]] --> M3.3.2.1.6 REPUTATION (R873 TO R877) N. {{has_subtype(opinion[of=person, P2.3.2.3][by=others, M1.2])}} extrinsic affection, reputation. standing, status. {{has_subtype(status)}} social status, position in society. {{affected_by}} {{has_subtype(human condition)}} rank, station, place, position, brevet rank, precedence, pas; locus standi[Lat]; condition, condition in life. {{affected_by: @P2.3.2.3.5, social class, caste}}. <-- [[repute]] --> M3.3.2.1.6.1 REPUTE (R873) #873. Repute. N. {{property_of(good)}} {{&mcauses(credit, @R931)}} distinction, mark, name, figure; repute, good reputation; good repute, high repute, " the bubble reputation " [As You Like It]. fame, famousness, renown; celebrity, popularity, aura popularis[Lat], note, notability, notoriety, eclat, vogue; prestige, talk of the town; name to conjure with. {{has_conceptual_part: approbation &c. R931}}. {{&has_conceptual_part: respectability &c. (probity) R939}}. glory, honor; illustriousness &c. adj.. account, regard, respect; reputability, reputableness[obs3]; good name, good report; fair name. dignity; stateliness &c. adj.; solemnity, grandeur, splendor, nobility, majesty, sublimity. {{has_metaphor: luster &c. (light) R420}}. {{has_symbol: title, order; degree}}. greatness &c. adj.; eminence; preeminence, supereminence; high mightiness, primacy; top of the ladder, top of the tree. height &c. R206; importance &c. R642. elevation; ascent &c. R305; superaltation[obs3], exaltation; dignification[obs3], aggrandizement. dedication, consecration, enthronement, canonization, celebration, enshrinement, glorification. {{has_metaphor}} cynosure, mirror; flower, pink, pearl; choice and master spirits of the age; sun, constellation, galaxy; paragon &c. (perfection) R650. {{has_metaphor}} feather in one's cap, halo, aureole, nimbus, halo of glory, blaze of glory, blushing honors. {{&mcaused_by: laurels &c. (trophy) R733}}. {{causes}} memory, posthumous fame, niche in the temple of fame; immortality, immortal name; magni nominis umbra [Lat][Lucan]. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(entertainer)}} star. {{trait_of: notable, P2.3.2.3.6.4.34}}. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(businessman)}} {{has_subtype(rich person)}} mogul, magnate, tycoon; captain of industry. {{trait_of: man of rank &c. (nobleman) R875}}. {{trait_of: chief &c. (master) R745; first fiddle &c. (proficient) R700}}. {{trait_of}} elite[pl]; ornament[figurative] . V. be distinguished, be famous; be great, be immortal, be deathless, be imperishable; be illustrious; be eminent, be prominent; be notable. {{has_metaphor}} shine forth, figure; cut a figure, make a dash, make a splash. be conscious of glory; be proud of &c. (pride) R878; exult &c. (boast) R884; be vain of &c. (vanity) R880. live, flourish, glitter, flaunt, gain honor , acquire honor &c. n.; play first fiddle &c. (be of importance) R642; bear the palm, bear the bell. {{&caused_by(distinction)}} outrival, surpass, outshine, outperform, outvie[obs3], outjump. {{&caused_by(distinction)}} eclipse, overshadow, throw into the shade, cast into the shade. {{&caused_by(distinction)}} lead the way; take precedence, take the wall of; gain laurels, win laurels, gain spurs, gain golden opinions &c. (approbation) R931; take one's degree, pass one's examination. {{&caused_by(distinction)}} distinguish oneself, make a mark, leave one's mark, earn a name for oneself; exalt one's horn, blow one's horn, star it, have a run, be run after; come into vogue, come to the front; raise one's head; make a noise, make some noise, make a noise in the world. {{&caused_by(distinction)}} immortalize, deify, enthrone, signalize, exalt to the skies; hand one's name down to posterity. {{&causes}} consecrate; dedicate to, devote to; enshrine, inscribe, blazon, lionize, blow the trumpet, crown with laurel. {{&caused_by(distinction)}} confer honor on, reflect honor on &c. v. ; shed a luster on; redound to one's honor, ennoble. {{&mcauses}} give honor to, do honor to, pay honor to, render honor to; honor, accredit, pay regard to. {{&caused_by(distinction)}} dignify, glorify; lock up to; exalt, aggrandize, elevate, nobilitate[Lat]. {{mcauses: sing praises to &c. (approve) R931}}. {{has_metaphor: shine &c. (light) R420}}. Adj. distinguished, distingue[Fr], of distinction. {{has_conceptual_part: superior &c. R33}}. {{has_conceptual_part: remarkable &c. (important) R642}}. famous, famed; far-famed. great, immortal, deathless, imperishable, never fading, aere perennius[Lat][obs3], time honored. illustrious, glorious, splendid, brilliant, radiant; full-blown; honorific. eminent, prominent; in the zenith; at the head of, at the top of the tree; peerless, of the first water; supereminent, preeminent. notable, noted, of note; celebrated, renowned, in every one's mouth, talked of. honored; exalted, immortalized, deified. popular, in, in good odor, in favor, in high favor. reputable, respectable, creditable. conspicuous, to the front; foremost; in the front rank, in the ascendant; notorious. dignified, proud, noble, honorable, worshipful, lordly, grand, stately, august, princely. imposing, solemn, transcendent, majestic, sacred, sublime, heaven-born, heroic, sans peur et sans reproche[Fr]; sacrosanct. {{has_metaphor: bright &c. R420}}. {{has_subtype: fashionable &c. R852}}. {{has_metaphor: high &c. R206}}. Int. "hail!"; "all hail!"; "ave!"; "viva!"; "vive!"[Fr], "long life to!", "banzai!"[Jap.]; glory be to, honor be to. Phr. one's name being in every mouth, one's name living for ever; sic itur AD astra[Lat], fama volat[Lat], aut Caesar aut nullus[Lat]; not to know him argues oneself unknown; none but himself could be his parallel; palmam qui meruit ferat [Lat][Nelson's motto]. "above all Greek above all Roman fame " [Pope]; cineri gloria sera est [Lat][Martial]; "great is the glory for the strife is hard " [Wordsworth]; honor virtutis praemium [Lat][Cicero]; immensum gloria calcar habet [Lat][obs3][Ovid]; " the glory dies not and the grief is past " [Brydges]; vivit post funera virtus[Lat]. M3.3.2.1.6.1.1 NOBILITY (R875) #875. Nobility. N. {{has_property(nobleman, P2.3.2.3.6.4.34.1)}} nobility, rank, optimacy[obs3], blood, pur sang[Fr], birth, high descent, order. quality, gentility. blue blood of Castile; ancien regime[Fr]. V. be noble, be exalted, be titled. Adj. noble, exalted. of rank, of title; princely, titled, patrician, aristocratic; high-born, well-born; of gentle blood; genteel, comme il faut[Fr], gentlemanlike[obs3], courtly &c. (fashionable) R852; highly respectable. blue-blooded, blueblood. snobbish. Adv. nobly. aristocratically; in high quarters. Phr. Adel sitzt im Gemuthe nicht im Gebluete[Ger.]; adelig und edel sind zweierlei[obs3][Ger.]; noblesse oblige[Fr]. <-- what's an "honor"??? IT probably should be separated from title. We class a title as a property of a person. Perhaps a more specialized relation would be better. --> M3.3.2.1.6.1.R1 TITLE (R877) #877. Title. N. {{has_symbol(esteem, R928)}} {{has_symbol(honor)}} {{&has_property(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{&has_part(name, R564)}} title, form of address. {{symbol_of}} {{has_symbol(esteem, R928)}} honor. {{&symbol_of(honor): repute, M3.3.2.1.6.1}}. {{has_symbol(honor)}} {{mcauses(accomplishment[2], @M7.4)}} {{has_subtype(reward[for=accomplishment[2], @M7.4], @R973)}} decoration. {{has_subtype(decoration)}} ribbon, riband, blue ribbon, cordon; cross; coronet; star; garter; epaulet, epaulette; colors; cockade; order. {{has_subtype(decoration): @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1, coat of arms, shield, scutcheon}}. {{has_subtype(decoration): @R733, medal, palm, laurel, wreath, garland, bays, crown}}. {{has_metaphor(honor)}} feather, feather in one's cap. {{has_subtype(honor)}} order. {{has_subtype(honor)}} {{has_subtype(title)}} {{has_result(completion[obj=higher education, @R542], R729)}} {{has_property(graduate, @R492)}} degree. {{has_symbol(degree): @R467, diploma}}. {{has_subtype(degree)}} baccalaureate, bachelor's degree; master's degree; doctorate, doctor's degree; associate degree; licentiate. {{has_subtype(degree)}} advanced degree. {{has_subtype(advanced degree): master's degree; doctorate}}. {{has_subtype(bachelor's degree)}} bachelor of arts, "B.A."; Bachelor of Science, "B.S."; Bachelor of Law. {{has_subtype(licentiate)}} Licentiate in Sacred Theology, "S.T.L.". {{has_subtype(associate degree)}} Associate of Arts, "A.A.". {{has_subtype(doctor's degree)}} Doctor of Medicine, "M.D."; Doctor of Philosophy, "Ph.D."; Doctor of Sacred Theology, "S.T.D."; Juris Doctor, "J.D.", Doctor of Law. {{has_subtype(master's degree)}} Master of Arts, "M.A."; Master of Science, "M.S."; Master of Business Administration, "M.B.A.". {{has_subtype(degree): Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4}}. {{has_instance: knighthood &c. (nobility) R875}}. {{has_subtype}} highness, excellency, grace; lordship, worship; reverence, reverend; esquire, sir, master; signor, mynheer[obs3]; your honor, his honor; serene highness; handle to one's name. {[of(The Pope)]} Your Holiness, His Holiness. {[of(Patriarch)]} His Beatitude. Doctor, "Dr."[abbr]; Registered Nurse, "R.N.". [male] Mister, "Mr."[abbr]; monsieur[Fr], "M."[abbr]; "seor"[Span]; Mein Herr[Ger]. [female] Misses, "Mrs."[abbr]; Madame[Fr]. M3.3.2.1.6.2 DISREPUTE (R874) #874. Disrepute. N. {{mcauses(detraction, R934)}} {{antonym_of(repute, M3.3.2.1.6.1)}} disrepute, discredit, ill repute, bad repute, bad reputation, bad name. dishonor, disgrace; shame, humiliation; scandal, baseness, vileness[obs3]. {{&caused_by: turpitude &c. (improbity) R940}}. {{has_conceptual_part: disapprobation &c. R932}}. bad odor, bad favor, ill name, ill odor, ill favor; ingloriousness, derogation; abasement, debasement; abjectness &c. adj.; degradation, dedecoration[obs3]; a long farewell to all my greatness [Henry VIII]; odium, obloquy, opprobrium, ignominy. {{has_high_intensity(disrepute)}} infamy. {{has_conceptual_part}} tarnish, taint, stain, blot, spot, blur, defilement, pollution[obs2]. {{has_conceptual_part}} stigma, brand, reproach, imputation, slur. crying shame, burning shame; scandalum magnatum[Lat], badge of infamy, blot in one's escutcheon; bend sinister, bar sinister; champain[obs3], point champain[obs3]; byword of reproach; Ichabod. argumentum ad verecundiam[Lat]; sense of shame &c. R879. V. have a bad reputation, have a bad name, be of ill repute. {{caused_by}} earn a bad name, bring dishonor upon oneself, bring shame to oneself; put a halter round one's neck, wear a halter round one's neck; disgrace oneself, expose oneself. be inglorious, be dishonorable; incur disgrace, incur dishonor. {{has_low_intensity(have a bad reputation)}} play second fiddle; lose caste; pale one's ineffectual fire; recede into the shade; fall from one's high estate; look blue, look foolish, look like a fool; cut a poor figure, cut a sorry figure; laugh on the wrong side of the mouth; make a sorry face, go away with a flea in one's ear, slink away. keep in the background &c. (modesty) R881; be conscious of disgrace &c. (humility) R879. {{caused_by}} [transitive] cause shame &c. n.; shame, disgrace, put to shame, dishonor; throw dishonor upon, cast dishonor upon, fling dishonor upon, reflect dishonor upon; derogate from. be a reproach to; bring dishonor to, bring disgrace to, bring shame to; cause a scandal; bring infamy to. {{&caused_by}} tarnish, stain, blot sully, taint; discredit; degrade, debase, defile; beggar; expel &c. (punish) R972. {{&mcauses}} stigmatize, brand, impute shame to, post. {{caused_by(disrepute): @R934, defame, vilify, slur, cast a slur upon, hold up to shame, send to Coventry, tread under foot, trample under foot, show up, drag through the mire, drag one's name through the mud, heap dirt upon}}. reprehend &c. R932. {{&caused_by}} bring low, put down, snub; take down a peg, take down a peg lower, take down a peg or two. upset, throw off one's center; discompose, disconcert; put to the blush &c. (humble) R879. <-- the following duplicate the words under "repute", and are not really actions that cause a bad reputation (losing a contest is not a matter of ill repute), so they are left out completely: obscure, eclipse, outshine, take the shine out of; throw into the shade, cast into the shade; overshadow; leave in the background, put in the background; push into a corner, put one's nose out of joint; put out, put out of countenance.--> Adj. disgraced, dishonored, shamed; blown upon; "shorn of its beams " [Milton], shorn of one's glory. overcome, downtrodden; loaded with shame &c. n.; in bad repute &c. n.; out of repute, out of favor, out of fashion, out of countenance; at a discount; under a cloud, under an eclipse; unable to show one's face; in the shade, in the background. shameful; disgraceful, discreditable, disreputable; despicable; questionable; unbecoming, unworthy; derogatory; degrading, humiliating, infra dignitatem[Lat], dedecorous[obs3]; scandalous, infamous, too bad, unmentionable; ribald, opprobrious; errant, shocking, outrageous, notorious. <-- adjectives under "improbity" at R940 refer to character of an improper act, and are also used to refer to people (for doing such acts). They are therefore duplicated here. --> ignoble, ignominious, scrubby, dirty, abject, vile, beggarly, pitiful, low, mean, shabby, base. {{similar_to: dishonorable, R940}}. {{has_low_intensity}} out at elbows, down at the elbows, down in the world. {{has_low_intensity}} inglorious; nameless, renownless[obs3]; obscure; unknown to fame; unnoticed, unnoted[obs3], unhonored, unglorified[obs3]. Adv. shamefully, dishonorably, disgracefully. to one's shame be it spoken. Int. "fie!"; "shame!"; "for shame!"; "proh pudor!"[Lat]; "O tempora! O mores!"; "ough!"; "sic transit gloria mundi!"[Lat.]. M3.3.2.1.6.2.1 LOW CLASS (R876A) #876a. Low Class. N. {{has_property(low class person, P2.3.2.3.6.4.36)}} low condition, low life, low society, low company. barbarousness, barbarism; boeotia. loutishness, boorishness, churlishness, brutishness, brutality, raffishness; rudeness. Adj. barbarous, barbarian, barbaric, barbaresque[obs3]; cockney, born within sound of Bow bells. uncivilized; loutish, boorish, clownish, churlish, brutish, raffish; rude, unlicked[obs3]. vulgar, low-minded. <-- break R876 into common and low-class. Put under people. !!?? --> M3.3.2.1.6.3 COMMONALTY (R876) #876. Commonalty. N. {{has_property(common person, P2.3.2.3.6.4.35)}} commonalty, obscurity. {{conceptual_part_of: democracy}}. V. be ignoble &c. adj.; be nobody &c. n.. Adj. common, mean, low, sorry, scrubby, beggarly; below par; no great shakes &c. (unimportant) R643; homely, homespun. plebeian, proletarian; of low parentage, of low origin, of low extraction, of mean parentage, of mean origin, of mean extraction; lowborn, baseborn, earthborn[obs3]; mushroom, dunghill, risen from the ranks; unknown to fame, obscure, untitled. rustic. {{trait_of}} underling, menial, subaltern. Adv. below the salt. Phr. "Nobody can make you feel inferior without your consent." [Eleanor Roosevelt]; dummodo sit dives barbarus ipse placet [Lat][Ovid]. <-- [[TRUTH]] --> M4 PROPERTIES OF MENTAL OBJECTS (R543 TO R546) N. property of a mental object. <-- VERACITY, FALSEHOOD, DECEPTION, UNTRUTH (GENERALLY ADJECTIVES) IDIOTIC, ABSURD, CLEVER --> <-- R494 Truth R495 Error, 543. Veracity.. 544. Falsehood 545. Deception 546. Untruth ref M8.1.2 Modes of communication (Are these properties of a communication, i.e. a communication act? or properties of the ideas communicated? Here the ideas are treated as autonomous objects, independent of the mind conceiving them, and these properties are therefore properties of the objects per se.) ?? add other properties(peculiar to ideas)?: surprising, obvious, well-known, hard-to-believe, verifiable, unverifiable; [open, latent: see communication] note "transparent deception" - here deception is a type of communication. Needs cross-reference. In addition to properties of ideas, the "minds" themselves have properties, such as clever, stupid. These are included under M7.3.5, Complex Voluntary Action (R692 to R699-) (e.g. conduct, skill). --> M4.1 PROPERTY OF A CONCEPT N. property of a concept. <-- [[fact]] [Object of knowledge.] --> <-- ref 1 --> M4.1.1 TRUTH (R494) #494. Truth. N. {{has_property(reality, A1.2)}} truth, verity. accuracy, exactitude; exactness, preciseness, precision; rigor, mathematical precision; conformity to rule. {{has_subtype(precision)}} {[of(measuring instrument)]} delicacy. {{has_subtype(precision[of=conduct, R692])}} nicety. {{has_subtype(precision[of=periodicity, R138]): clockwork precision, @R138}}. {{has_subtype(precision[of=action, R680]): punctuality, R132a}}. {{property_of: @M3.1.1.2, fact, plain fact, plain matter of fact}}. {{property_of}} gospel, gospel truth, God's honest truth; authenticity; correctness, correctitude[obs3]. {{&property_of: orthodoxy &c. R983a}}. {{has_lexpression}} {{topic_of: veracity &c. R543}}. orthology[obs3]; ipsissima verba[Lat]; realism. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(fact, @M3.1.1.2)}} plain truth, honest truth, sober truth, naked truth, unalloyed truth, unqualified truth, stern truth, exact truth, intrinsic truth; nuda veritas[Lat]; the very thing; not an illusion, not a mirage; unvarnished truth; the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth; just the thing. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(tale, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1)}} unvarnished tale. <-- nature &c. (principle) R5. ?? relation? ; real Simon Pure--> V. be true, be correct, be right; be the case; sand the test; have the true ring; hold good, hold true, hold water. render true, prove true &c. adj.; substantiate &c. (evidence) R467. get at the truth &c. (discover) R480a. <-- ref 1 for existing --> Adj. true, right, correct, veritable, factual. substantially true; categorically true, definitively true, absolutely true, incontrovertably true, unquestionably true; true to the letter, true as gospel; unimpeachable. {{has_consequence: certain &c. R474}}. unreconfuted[obs3], unconfuted[obs3]; unideal[obs3], unimagined; realistic. {[of(physical world, P2): real, actual &c. (existing) R1]}. {{conceptual_part_of(close, @R17)}} {{&consequence_of(scrupulous, @R939)}} exact, accurate, precise, just, just so, so; strict, severe; literal; religiously exact, punctual; clean-cut, clear-cut. rigid, rigorous, definite. {{has_high_level(exact)}} mathematically exact; scientifically exact. {{consequence_of: well-defined, @R522}}. faithful, constant, unerring. curious, particular, nice, delicate, fine. verified, empirically true, experimentally verified, substantiated, proven (demonstrated) R478. {{has_high_intensity}} rigorously true, unquestionably true. true by definition. {{has_low_intensity}} true by default, assumed true, usually true. genuine, authentic, legitimate; orthodox &c. R983a; official, ex officio. {{property_of: standard, norm (normality) R80}}. pure, natural, sound, sterling; unsophisticated, unadulterated, unvarnished, unalloyed, uncolored; in its true colors; pukka[obs3]. well-grounded, well founded; solid, substantial, tangible, valid; undistorted, undisguised; unaffected, unexaggerated, unromantic, unflattering. {{conceptual_part_of: veracious &c. R543}}. {{has_metaphor(precise): surgical}}. Adv. truly, correctly; verily, indeed, really, in reality. exactly, precisely, accurately, definitely, so; ad amussim[Lat]; verbatim, verbatim et literatim [Lat]; word for word, literally, literatim[Lat], totidem vervis[Lat], sic, to the letter, chapter and verse, ipsissimis verbis[Lat]; ad unguem[Lat]; to an inch; to a nicety, to a hair, to a tittle, to a turn, to a T; au pied de la lettre [Fr]; neither more nor less; in every respect, in all respects; sous tous les rapports[Fr]; at any rate, at all events; strictly speaking. {{similar_to: with truth &c. (veracity) R543; certainly &c. (certain) R474; actually &c. (existence) R1; in effect &c. (intrinsically) R5}}. Phr. the truth is, the fact is, the truth be told; rem acu tetigisti[obs3][Lat]; "en suivant la v,rit," [Fr]; ex facto jus oritur [Lat]; "la verit... e figlia del empo" [It]; "locos y nios dicen la verdad" [Spanish: crazy people and children tell the truth]; nihil est veritatis luce dulcius [Lat][Cicero]; veritas nunquam perit [Lat][Seneca]; veritatem dies aperit [Lat][Seneca]; " the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth "; " just the facts, ma'am, just the facts." [Dragnet]. <-- Note that fault, error, and bug have more general and more specific senses, both located here [[error]] --> M4.1.2 ERROR (R495) #495. Error. N. {{has_subtype(fault, @R651)}} {{has_subtype(evil, R619)}} error, fallacy. misconception, misapprehension, misstanding[obs3], misunderstanding; inexactness &c. adj.; laxity; mis-statement, mis-report; mumpsimus[obs3]. <-- a mistake is an event resulting from some action of an agent --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} mistake. {{has_subtype(mistake)}} inaccuracy; miss, flaw, fault, blunder, oversight, slip, blot, loose thread, quiproquo, cross purposes; trip, stumble; slip of the pen; lapsus linguae[Lat], clerical error; haplography[obs3]. {{has_subtype(mistake)}} {{has_subtype(utterance, @R582)}} slip of the tongue, slip of the lip. {{has_subtype(slip of the tongue)}} Freudian slip. {{&causes(mistake): failure, R732}}. {{has_subtype(mistake)}} {[in_frame(printing, R591)]} typographical error, typo. {{has_subtype(mistake)}} {[in_frame(document)]} misspelling; erratum. {{&causes(erratum)}} {{has_subtype(correction[of=erratum], R527a)}} corrigendum. illusion, delusion; snare; false impression, false idea; bubble; self-decit, self-deception; mists of error. {{has_subtype: @R699, botched job, botchery}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(imperfection, R651)}} {{&has_part(artifact, P2.3.1.3.1)}} fault, error, bug. {{has_subtype: heresy &c. (heterodoxy) R984}}. {{&mcaused_by: hallucination &c. (insanity) R503; false light &c. (fallacy of vision) R443; dream &c. (fancy) R515; fable &c. (untruth) R546}}. {{&caused_by}} misleading, misguiding, deluding. {{has_subtype: bull &c. (absurdity) R497}}. {{has_subtype: misjudgment, R481}}. {{has_subtype: @R477, logical error, non sequitur}}. misconstruction &c. (misinterpretation) R523. {[in_frame(computer program)]} bug, programming error. {{performed_by(mistake)}} mistaker, someone in error. V. {[of(fact)]} be erroneous, be untrue, be false, be devoid of truth, be fallacious. {{conceptual_part_of(error)}} {[of(person)]} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} err, make a mistake. {{has_subtype(err)}} {{has_subtype(believe[mode=incorrectly], R484)}} be in error, be mistaken, be under a misapprehension. {{has_subtype(err)}} mistake, deceive oneself; lie under error, labor under an error, labor under a misapprehension; be in the wrong, blunder; misapprehend, misconceive, misunderstand. {{has_subtype(err): @R481, misjudge, misreckon, miscount, miscalculate}}. {{has_commencement(err)}} fall into error, go astray; receive a false impression. {{&mcaused_by(err)}} cause error; mislead, misguide; lead astray, lead into error; delude; give a false impression, give a false idea; falsify, misstate. {{&mcaused_by(err): deceive &c. R545; lie &c. R544; be deceived &c. (duped) R547}}. {{&mcaused_by(err): beguile, misinform &c. (misteach) R538}}. {{&caused_by(be erroneous)}}{[with_object(communication, R527)]} distort, garble. play at cross purposes , be at cross purposes &c. (misinterpret) R523. trip, stumble; lose oneself &c. (uncertainty) R475; be in the wrong box; take the wrong sow by the ear &c. (mismanage) R699; put the saddle on the wrong horse; reckon without one's host; take the shadow for the substance &c. (credulity) R486; dream &c. (imagine) R515. {{&causes(err): fail, R732}}. {{has_subtype(err)}} {{has_consequence(noisy)}} {{has_subtype(hear, @R418)}} mishear. {{has_subtype(make a mistake)}} {[in_frame(printing, R591)]} make a typographical error, make a typo. {{has_subtype(make a mistake)}} {[in_frame(document)]} misspell. Adj. erroneous, untrue, false, devoid of truth, fallacious, apocryphal, unreal, ungrounded, groundless, mistaken[1]. incorrect. {{has_subtype(incorrect)}} inexact, unexact inaccurate[obs3]; indefinite &c. (uncertain) R475. illusive, illusory; delusive; mock, ideal &c. (imaginary) R515; spurious &c. R545; deceitful &c. R544; perverted. controvertible, unsustainable; unauthenticated, untrustworthy. {{&has_property(error)}} {{has_subtype(corrected, @R527a)}} {{has_subtype(refuted, @R479)}} exploded, discarded. {{has_property(mistaker)}} mistaken[2], in error, under an error, under a misconception, under an illusion. tripping &c. v.; out, out in one's reckoning; aberrant; beside the mark, wide of the mark, wide of the truth, way off, far off; astray &c. (at fault) R475; on a false scent, on the wrong scent; in the wrong box, outside the ballpark; at cross purposes, all in the wrong; all out. {{&consequence_of(erroneous)}}{[of(communication, R527)]} distorted, garbled. {{has_subtype(distorted)}} {[of(communication, R527)]} noisy. {{has_subtype(erroneous)}} {{has_consequence(noisy)}} {{has_subtype(heard, @R418)}} misheard. deluded, misled, misguided. {{has_metaphor(misled)}} led down the garden path. {{has_subtype: unsubstantial &c. R4; heretical &c. (heterodox) R984; unsound; illogical &c. R477}}. Adv. more or less. Phr. "There is no error so monstrous that it fails to find defenders among the ablest men" [Lord Acton, 1881]; errare est humanum[Lat: to err is human]; mentis gratissimus error [Lat][Horace]; "on the dubious waves of error tost" [Cowper]; "to err is human, to forgive divine" [Pope]; "you lie -- under a mistake" [Shelley]. <-- This is a property of an assertion. The property of a person "falsity" is at R544, lying. We make a distinction between untruth as a property of an assertion and a lie, which is a deliberate untruth. [[lie]] --> M4.1.3 UNTRUTH (R546) #546. Untruth. N. {{uses(deception, R545)}} {{&has_property(assertion, R535)}} untruth[1], thing that is not. {{has_property}} {{antonym_of(truth)}} falsity, falseness, untruth[2]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(intentional, @R620)}} falsehood, lie, untruth[2]. {{has_subtype(lie)}} story, fib, bounce, crammer, taradiddle[obs3], whopper; jhuth[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity(lie)}} misstatement, misrepresentation; perversion, falsification, gloss, suggestio falsi[Lat]. {{has_subtype(lie)}} invention, fabrication, forgery, fiction; canard; fable, fairy tale, nursery tale; cock and bull story, absurd story, untrue story, false story, trumped up story, trumped up statement; thing devised by the enemy; shave, sell, hum, traveler's tale, Canterbury tale[obs2], fake; claptrap. {{has_subtype: nonsense, R497}}. {{conceptual_part_of: exaggeration &c. R549}}. {[in_frame(advertising)]} press agent's yarn, come on. myth, moonshine, bosh, eyewash, mare's nest, farce, all my eye and Betty Martin[obs2]. profession, empty words. irony. subterfuge, evasion, shift, shuffle, make-believe. {{has_low_level(lie)}} half truth, white lie, pious fraud. {{has_low_level(lie): mental reservation &c. (reticence) M8.1.2.2}}. {{has_subtype: pretext, M7.1.2.1.1}}. {{conceptual_part_of: disguise &c. (mask) R530}}. {{conceptual_part_of: hypocrisy, R544}}. {{property_of: romance &c. (imagination) R515}}. {{has_subtype(untruth[1]): @R495, error, inaccuracy}}. V. be false, be untrue, have a false meaning, lack truth. {{&has_consequence(falsity): nonexistent}}. Adj. untrue, false. phony, trumped up; void of foundation, without- foundation; fictive, far from the truth, false as dicer's oaths; unfounded, ben trovato[It], invented, fabulous, fabricated, forged; fictitious, factitious, supposititious, surreptitious; elusory[obs3], illusory; ironical; soi-disant[Fr] &c. (misnamed) R565. Phr. se non e vero e ben trovato[It]; "where none is meant that meets the ear". <-- This section contains concepts which relate to the mind and to feelings, but are difficult to classify in other categories [[affect]]--> M4.2 PROPERTIES OF THE MIND N. property of mind. {{has_subtype(condition, A1.4.1)}} mental state, mental condition. {{affects(mental state): volition; reasoning}}. M4.2.1 AFFECTIVE PROPENSITY N. {{has_subtype(propensity, R176)}} affective propensity. {{has_high_level: @R820, propensity, tendency, inclination, proneness, proclivity, bent, set, leaning to, predisposition, susceptibility, turn of mind, tone}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @M4.2.2.1, nature, temperament}}. {{has_high_intensity: @M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1, idiosyncrasy, idiocrasy[obs3]}}. Adj. inclined, prone, tending, predisposed. {{has_subtype: @R606a, biased, prejudiced}}. <-- There seems to be at least two types of "sensitiveness" here. Disentangling may be difficult. Mostly, this is a tendency to develop an emotion. "Feelings" belongs here (in the sense of MW10 sense 2b, but is also at R821 "feeling" --> M4.2.1.1 SENSIBILITY #822. Sensibility. N. {{has_property(mind, R450)}} {{has_subtype(propensity[to=feel, R821], M4.2.1)}} sensibility, feelings, sensitivity, sensibleness, sensitiveness; impressibility, affectibility[obs3]; susceptibleness, susceptibility, susceptivity[obs3]. mobility; vivacity, vivaciousness; tenderness, softness; sentiment, sentimentality; sentimentalism. moral sensibility. {{analogous_to: physical sensibility &c. R375}}. sore point, sore place; where the shoe pinches. {{has_high_intensity}} excitement, agitation. {{has_high_intensity: fastidiousness &c. R868}}. {{has_high_intensity: excitability, R825}}. {{caused_by(excitement): excitation, R824}}. {{caused_by(excitement)}} pressure, tension, high pressure. {{caused_by(excitement)}} stimulation, agitation, perturbation. V. be sensitive, be sensible. {{has_high_level}} have tender feelings, be impressionable, have a tender heart, have a warm heart, have a sensitive heart, be easily impressed, be easily hurt. take to heart, treasure up in the heart; shrink. "die of a rose in aromatic pain" [Pope]; touch to the quick; touch on the raw, touch a raw nerve. {{hurt_by(feelings): hurt one's feelings, @R900}}. {{has_subtype(hurt one's feelings): insult, @R929}}. Adj. sensible, sensitive; impressible, impressionable; susceptive, susceptible; alive to. gushing, impassionable[obs3]. warm hearted, tender hearted, soft hearted; tender as a chicken; soft, sentimental, romantic. enthusiastic, highflying[obs3], spirited, mettlesome, vivacious, lively, expressive, mobile, tremblingly alive. {{has_high_intensity}} oversensitive, without skin, thin-skinned; fastidious &c. R868. {{has_high_intensity: excitable &c. R825}}. Adv. sensibly &c. adj.; to the quick, to the inmost core. Phr. mens aequa in arduis[Lat]; pour salt in the wound. <-- The Roget insensibility had several concepts together (unconscious, indifferent=R866). The words related to indifference were moved to M3.3.2.1.3.7 . The root meaning here is an insensitivity to external stimulus. "apathy" is a waking phenomenon, so is listed here as a low-intensity "insensibility", corresponding to the dictionary definition "impassiveness". The words relating to comatose, etc were moved to physical insensibility, at M6.1.R2, which is listed as an "extreme". This is not fully satisfactory as a relation! This is not really an antonym of sensibility, since in normal usage it refers to a low level, not a complete absence of sensibiity. --> M4.2.1.1.1 INSENSIBILITY #823. Insensibility. N. {{has_low_intensity(sensibility, M4.2.1.1)}} insensibility, insensibleness[obs3]; inertness, inertia; vis inertiae[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of: sleep &c. R683}}. {{has_extreme: physical insensibility, M6.1.R2}}. <-- torpor is more of a physical insensibility, but apathy is more of a mental attitude --> {{has_low_intensity}} torpor, torpidity, lethargy, supineness, obstupefaction[obs1]; grogginess, stupefaction. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(attitude, @M3.3.2)}} apathy, lack of emotion, passivity, impassiveness, impassibility, impassibleness; phlegm, dullness. {{has_subtype(lack of emotion): indifference, M3.3.2.1.3.7}}. callousness; heart of stone, stock and stone, marble, deadness. {{metaphor_of: moral insensibility}}. {{has_subtype(apathy)}} cold fit, cold blood, cold heart; coldness, coolness; frigidity, sang froid[Fr]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(attitude, @M3.3.2)}} neutrality; quietism. {{&mcauses(apathy): nonchalance, unconcern, dry eyes; insouciance &c. (indifference) R866}}. {{&mcauses(apathy): recklessness &c. R863}}. {{conceptual_part_of: stoicism, imperturbability &c. (inexcitability) R826}}. {{has_metaphor: numbness &c. (physical insensibility) R376}}. V. be insensible, be impassive; vegetate[fig]. have a thick skin, have a rhinoceros hide; show insensibility &c. n.; not mind, not care, not be affected by; have no desire for &c. R866; have no interest in, feel no interest in, take no interest in; nil admirari[Lat]. <-- does the next paragraph belong here??? --> {{&caused_by}} render insensible, render callous; blunt, obtund[obs3], numb, benumb, paralyze, deaden, hebetate[obs3], stun, stupefy; brutify[obs3]; brutalize; anesthetize, anaesthetize, put under, put under anesthesia; assify[obs3]. {{has_subtype(anesthetize[instr=chloroform])}} chloroform. Adj. insensible. blind to, deaf to, dead to; unsusceptible, insusceptible; unimpressionable[obs3], unimpressible[obs3]. callous, thick-skinned, pachydermatous; hard, hardened; case hardened; proof, obtuse, dull. passionless, emotionless, unemotional, impassive, impassible[obs2], spiritless, heartless, soulless; unfeeling, unsympathetic, unmoral. <-- this apathetic is a lack of emotion toward something specific --> {{has_subtype(unemotional): @M3.3.2.1.3.7, apathetic, indifferent, aloof, lukewarm, withdrawn, detached, careless, mindless, regardless, disregarding, unconcerned, nonchalant, insouciant}}. leuco-, phlegmatic; dull. flat, inert, supine, sluggish, torpid, torpedinous[obs3], maudlin[obs2], torporific[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: sleepy &c. (inactive) R683}}. languid, listless, lethargic, groggy; half-hearted, tame. numbed. autistic. {{causes(apathy): inattentive &c. R458; neglectful &c. R460}}. unaffected, unruffled, unimpressed, uninspired, unexcited, unmoved, unstirred, untouched, unshocked[obs3], unstruck[obs3]; unblushing &c. (shameless) R885; unanimated; vegetative. callous, hardhearted, thick-skinned, hard-nosed, pachydermatous, impervious; hardened; inured, casehardened; steeled against, proof against. insensitive, obtuse; frigid; cold blooded, cold hearted; cold as charity. imperturbable &c. (inexcitable) R826; unfelt. Adv. insensibly &c. adj.; aequo animo[Lat]; without being moved, without being touched, without being impressed; in cold blood; with dry eyes, with withers unwrung[obs3]. Phr. never mind; macht nichts [German], it is of no consequence &c. (unimportant) R643; it cannot be helped; nothing coming amiss; it is all the same to, it is all one to. <-- [Excess of sensitiveness] Excitabity is a property of the mind, and causes excitement, also a property of the mind. --> M4.2.1.1.2 EXCITABILITY #825. Excitability. N. {{has_high_intensity(sensibility, M4.2.1.1)}} {{antonym_of(imperturbability, M4.2.1.1.3)}} {{facilitated_by(emotion, @R821)}} excitability, sensitivity, oversensitivity, volatility. {{facilitates: agitation &c. R824, M4.2.1.2}}. restlessness; fidgets, fidgetiness. {{has_subtype: @M3.3.2.1.3.5, anxiety, disquiet, disquietude}}. impetuosity. {{facilitates}} vehemence; boisterousness &c. adj.; turbulence. {{&mcauses}} impatience, intolerance, nonendurance[obs3]. perturbation, ruffle, hurry, fuss, flurry, fluster, flutter; buck fever; pother, stew, ferment, hurry-skurry[obs3]; whirl; transport. {{facilitates}} {{has_subtype(mental state)}} {{conceptual_part_of(emotion, @R821)}} {{has_high_level(attention, R457)}} excitement, passion, flush, heat, state of excitement, fever of excitement, fever; fire, flame, fume, blood boiling; tumult. {{has_subtype: irritability &c. (irascibility) R901}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R865, appetite, hunger, itching}}. {{facilitates}} flare up, boiling over, effervescence; whiff, gust. {{facilitates}} {{similar_to(fit, @R900)}} outburst, tempest, fit, scene, fit of temper, outbreak, breaking out, burst, paroxysm, explosion[metaphorical]. {{&mcauses: thrill &c. (feeling) R821}}. {{facilitates: @R900, rage, fury}}. {[of(crowd, @R712a)]} {{mcauses: @M9.3.3.2.2.2.3, furor, uproar}}. {{facilitates}} desperation, madness, distraction, raving, delirium; phrensy[obs3], frenzy, hysterics; intoxication; tearing passion, raging passion. {{&facilitates: violence &c. M9.3.3.2.2.2; fierceness &c. adj.; anger &c. R900}}. fascination, infatuation, fanaticism; Quixotism, Quixotry; tete montee[Fr]. V. be excitable, be impatient &c. adj.. not be able to bear &c. R826; bear ill, wince, chafe, champ a bit; be in a stew &c. n.; be out of all patience, fidget, fuss, not have a wink of sleep; toss on one's pillow. {{facilitates}} be excited, be aroused. {{caused_by(be excited)}} {{has_subtype(cause[obj=emotion, @R821], R153)}} excite, rouse, arouse. {{has_commencement(be excited)}} lose one's temper &c. R900; break out, burst out, fly out; go off, fly off, fly off at a tangent, fly off the handle, lose one's cool [coll.]; explode, flare up, flame up, fire up, burst into a flame, take fire, fire, burn; boil, boil over; foam, fume, rage, rave, rant, tear; go wild, run wild, run mad, go into hysterics; run riot, run amuck; battre la campagne[Fr][obs3], faire le diable a quatre[Fr], play the deuce. Adj. excitable, easily excited, oversensitive, sensitive, high-strung, taut, tense, volatile, in an excitable state. impatient, intolerant. feverish, febrile, hysterical; delirious, mad, moody, maggoty-headed. unquiet, mercurial, electric, galvanic, hasty, hurried, restless, fidgety, fussy; chafing &c. v.. startlish[obs3], mettlesome, high-mettled[obs3], skittish. overzealous, enthusiastic. impassioned, fanatical; rabid &c. (eager) R865. hot-headed, volatile, prone to anger, burning, simmering, volcanic, ready to burst forth. impulsive, impetuous, passionate; uncontrolled, uncontrollable; ungovernable, irrepressible, stanchless[obs3], inextinguishable. {{has_subtype: irritable &c. (irascible) R901}}. {{facilitates}} excited, vehement, demonstrative, impassioned, violent, wild, furious, fierce, fiery, madcap; beside oneself. {{facilitates}} rampant, clamorous, uproarious, turbulent, tempestuous, tumultuary[obs3], boisterous, rip-roaring, rip-snorting[coll.]. {{facilitates: excited, R824}}. {{trait_of(overzealous/uncontrollable)}} loose cannon. Int. "pish!"; "pshaw!". Phr. noli me tangere[Lat]; "filled with fury, rapt, inspir'd" [Collins]; maggiore fretta minore atto[It]. <-- [Absence of excitability, or of excitement.] R826 contained "tolerance", which is broken out as a subtype. --> M4.2.1.1.3 IMPERTURBABILITY #826. Imperturbability. N. {{antonym_of(excitability, M4.2.1.1.2)}} {{similar_to(insensibility, M4.2.1.1.1)}} imperturbability, equanimity, inexcitability[obs3], inirritability[obs3]; even temper, command of temper, tranquil mind, dispassion; placidity, easy-going nature. undemonstrativeness, moderation. self-possession, self-control, self-command, self-restraint, ice water in one's veins, nerves of steel; presence of mind. staidness; cold-bloodedness, unirritability; sedateness, demureness. gravity, sobriety, Quakerism[obs3]; philosophy, stoicism, endurance. {{has_high_intensity}} stupefaction. {{mcauses}} coolness, composure, sang froid[Fr]; cool-headedness, coolth [coll.], calm, calmness. {{has_high_level}} tranquility, serenity, indisturbance[obs3], imperturbation[obs3]; quiet, quietude. {{helps: @R831, contentedness, peace of mind, mental calmness}}. repression of feelings, subjugation of feeling. tranquillization &c. (moderation) R174. {{&mcauses: passiveness &c. (physical inertness) R172}}. {{&caused_by: impassibility, unsusceptibity &c. (insensible) R823}}. <-- hebetude[obs3], hebetation[obs3]; longanimity[obs3] ?? --> V. {{mcauses(imperturbability)}} be composed, be peaceful, be placid, be calm; be tranquil, be serene; be cool. laisser faire[Fr], laisser aller[Fr]; take things easily, take things as they come; take it easy, rub on, live and let live; take easily, take cooly[obs3], take in good part; aequam servare mentem [Latin]. compose, appease &c. (moderate) R174; propitiate; repress &c. (restrain) R751; render insensible &c. R823. overcome one's excitability, allay one's excitability, repress one's excitability &c. R825; master one's feelings. make oneself easy; make one's mind easy; set one's mind at ease, set one's mind at rest. calm down, cool down; gentle; thaw, grow cool. be borne, be endured; go down. Adj. imperturbable, unexcitable, inexcitable[obs3]; unpassionate[obs3], dispassionate; cold-blooded, unirritable; stoical, Platonic, philosophic, staid, stayed; sober, sober minded; grave; sober as a judge, grave as a judge; sedate, demure, cool-headed. easy-going, peaceful, placid, calm; quiet as a mouse; tranquil, serene; cool as a cucumber, cool as a custard; undemonstrative. temperate &c. (moderate) R174; composed, collected; unexcited, unstirred, unruffled, undisturbed, unperturbed, unimpassioned; unoffended[obs3]; unresisting. gentle as a lamb; suaviter in modo[Lat]; mild as mothers milk; soft as peppermint. {{&caused_by: unsusceptible &c. (insensible) R823}}. Adv. "like patience on a monument smiling at grief" [Twelfth Night]; aequo animo[Lat], in cold blood &c. R823; more in sorrow than in anger. Int. "'patience!' and shuffle the cards". Phr. "cool calm and collected", keep calm in the midst of a storm; "adversity's sweet milk, philosophy" [Romeo and Juliet]; mens aequa in arduis philosophia stemma non inspecite [Lat][Seneca]; quo me cumque rapit tempestas deferor hospes [Lat][Horace]; "they also serve who only stand and wait" [Milton]. M4.2.1.1.3.1 TOLERANCE N. {{has_conceptual_part(resistance, R719)}} {{has_conceptual_part(feeling[obj=unpleasantlness], R821, M3.3.2)}} tolerance, patience, endurance. patience of Job, "patience 'on a monument'" [Twelfth Night], "patience 'sovereign o'er transmuted ill'" [Johnson]. {{mcauses}} tolerating, suffering, abiding, enduring, endurance[2], tolerance[2], forbearance, sufferance, abidance, supportance[obs3], longsufferance[obs3]. resignation; fortitude. {{has_subtype: submission &c. R725; restraint &c. R751}}. V. {{has_conceptual_part(resist, R719)}} {{has_conceptual_part(feel[obj=unpleasantlness], R821, M3.3.2)}} tolerate, suffer, bear, brook, stand, bide, go through, endure, brave; abide, aby[obs3]; bear with, put up with, take up with, abide with, bear up to. withstand, bear the brunt, bear well, stand up to; disregard; support. acquiesce; submit with a good grace; resign oneself to, reconcile oneself to; stomach, digest, eat, swallow, pocket. make light of, make the best of, "make 'a virtue of necessity'" [Chaucer]; put a good face on, keep one's countenance; check &c. R751; check oneself. submit &c. (yield) R725. Adj. tolerant; patient, patient as Job. {{has_subtype: submissive &c. R725}}. meek; tame; content, resigned, chastened, subdued, lamblike[obs3]. resigned, acquiescent, acquiescing. enduring. armed with patience, bearing with, clement, long-suffering. Phr. "I disaprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."[attributed to Voltaire]. <-- here excitation is the act of exciting, not the state of excitement, which is at R825, M4.2.1.1.2. The state is included under sensibility, as an action facilitated by excitability. Some words (e.g. agitation) describe both the process and the resulting state. In the adjective section words used to describe a state of excitement have been labeled as subtypes of "mental state", e.g. agitated. The nominalized adjectives would be more accurately the subtypes??? --> M4.2.1.2 EXCITATION #824. Excitation. N. {{caused_by(feeling, R821/emotion, R821)}} excitation[1], excitation of feeling, animation, excitement. {{caused_by}} stimulus, something exciting; something shocking. {{has_subtype}} stimulation, galvanism, provocation, calling forth, stirring up, suscitation[obs3], infection. {{&mcauses: action, R680}}. {{facilitated_by: excitability, M4.2.1.1.2}}. {{mcauses(excitation)}} {{has_subtype(mental state, M4.2)}} excitation[2], agitation, perturbation, state of excitement, state of agitation; state of arousal. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(physiological reaction)}} a surge of adrenalin, the adrenalin pumping. <-- "inspiration" excites both the emotions and the intellect --> {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(thought, R451)}} inspiration. {{&mcauses(excitation[1])}} {{has_subtype(mental state, M4.2)}} fascination, intoxication, entrancement, subjugation[obs2], enravishment[obs3]. {{has_property(something exciting)}} provocativeness, unction, impressiveness, piquance, piquancy. {{has_property(something shocking)}} shock value, shock power. {{causes(something shocking): shock, @R508}}. {[in_frame(journalism)]} sensationalism, yellow journalism; screaming headlines. trail of temper, casus belli[Lat]; passion &c. (state of excitability) R825; thrill &c. (feeling) R821; repression of feeling &c. R826. {{has_subtype: @R900, angering, irritation, causing anger}}. V. {{caused_by(feeling, emotion)}} {{&mcaused_by(act, R680)}} excite, affect, touch, move, impress, strike, interest, animate, inspire, impassion, smite, infect; stir the blood, fire the blood, warm the blood; wake, awake, awaken; call forth, evoke, provoke; set astir; raise up, summon up, call up, wake up, blow up, get up, light up; raise; get up the steam; fire, kindle, enkindle, apply the torch, set on fire, inflame. stimulate, rouse, arouse; inspirit; spirit up, stir, stir up, work up, pique; infuse life into, give new life to; bring new blood, introduce new blood; quicken; sharpen, whet; work upon &c. (incite) R615; hurry on, give a fillip, put on one's mettle; exsuscitate[obs1]. fascinate; enrapture &c. (give pleasure) R829. agitate, perturb, ruffle, fluster; disturb, startle. {{has_high_intensity(perturb)}} shock, stagger, shake; give one a shock, give one a turn, stun, astound, electrify, galvanize, petrify; strike all of a heap. {{has_subtype(excite): @R900, anger, cause anger, irritate, sting, cut to the heart, cut to the quick, try one's temper, fool to the top of one's bent, pique, infuriate, madden, make one's blood boil, lash into fury}}. be excited &c. adj.; flush up, flare up; catch the infection; thrill &c. (feel) R821; mantle; work oneself up; seethe, boil, simmer, foam, fume, flame, rage, rave; run mad &c. (passion) R825. fan the fire, fan the flame; blow the coals, stir the embers; fan into a flame; foster, heat, warm, foment, raise to a fever heat; keep up, keep the pot boiling; revive, rekindle; rake up, rip up. stir the feelings, play on the feelings, come home to the feelings; touch a string, touch a chord, touch the soul, touch the heart; go to one's heart, penetrate, pierce, go through one, touch to the quick; possess the soul, pervade the soul, penetrate the soul, imbrue the soul, absorb the soul, affect the soul, disturb the soul. absorb, rivet the attention; sink into the mind, sink into the heart; prey on the mind, distract; intoxicate; overwhelm, overpower; bouleverser[Fr], upset, turn one's head. Adj. {[causing(feeling/emotion)]} {{has_property(stimulus)}} affecting, touching, moving, evocative. {{has_property(inspiration)}} inspiring, soul-stirring, heart-stirring, heart-swelling, inspiriting, stirring, spirit-stirring, soul-subduing. {{has_high_level}} striking, infective. {{has_low_level: interesting, @R457}}. {{has_property(stimulus)}} stimulating, exciting, rousing. {{&has_property(stimulus)}} agonizing &c. (painful) R830. {{has_high_level(stimulating)}} thrilling, heart-thrilling; overpowering, overwhelming, more than flesh and blood can bear. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_property(action, R680)}} {[causing(anger, R900)]} inflammatory, provocative, provoking, provoquant[Fr.][obs3]. {[when_modifying(journalism)]} {{has_subtype(provocative)}} yellow. <-- smoething which is interesting causes attention -- but only for the person to whom it is interesting. The main entry for "interesting" is at R457 (attention). There it merely causes attention, not necessarily excitement of the emotions. These properties also cause emotional excitement --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_high_level(interesting, @R457)}} impressive, imposing, distracting. {{has_high_level(imposing)}} awe-inspiring, breathtaking. {{has_consequence(awe-inspiring): @R870, astonishing, astounding}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_high_intensity(interesting, @R457)}} absorbing, riveting. {{has_high_intensity}} {{has_subtype(interesting, @R457)}} piquant, spicy, appetizing, tantalizing; telling, sensational, hysterical. {{mcauses(excitation[1])}} {{has_property(state of excitement)}} excited, affected, touched, moved, impressed, striken, interested, animated, inspired, impassioned, smitten; awaken; provoked; fired up, enkindled, inflamed. {{&mcauses(inspiring)}} {{has_subtype(excited)}} warm, glowing, fervid, swelling; high-wrought. {{mcauses(excitation[1])}} {{has_property(state of arousal)}} stimulated, roused, aroused; inspirited, stirred, stirred up, worked up, piqued; whetted; wrought up, astir, sparkling; in a quiver, in a fever, in a ferment, in a blaze, in a state of excitement; in hysterics; black in the face, overwrought, tense, taught, on a razor's edge; hot, red-hot, flushed, feverish; all of a twitter, in a pucker; with quivering lips, with tears in one's eyes. {{mcauses(excitation[1])}} {{has_high_intensity(impassioned)}} {{has_property(state of excitement)}} flaming, boiling over, ebullient, seething; foaming at the mouth; fuming, raging, carried away by passion, wild, raving. {{&mcauses(excitation[1]): @R459, alert, on the qui vive[Fr]}}. {{has_high_intensity(excited)}} {{conceptual_part_of(worry, @R860)}} {{&mcauses(uncertainty, R475)}} frantic, mad, distracted, distraught, hysterical, in hysterics, beside oneself, out of one's wits, ready to burst, "boulevers,"[Fr.][obs3], demoniacal. {{&has_consequence(frantic)}} lost, ",perdu"[Fr], tempest-tossed; haggard; ready to sink. {{mcauses(excitation)}} {{has_subtype(mental state, M4.2)}} stung to the quick, up, on one's high ropes. eager to go, anxious to go, chafing at the bit. Adv. till one is black in the face. Phr. the heart beating high, the heart going pitapat, the heart leaping into one's mouth; the blood being up, the blood boiling in one's veins; "the eye glistening - 'in a fine frenzy rolling'"; the head turned. "When the going gets tough, the tough get going." [Richard Nixon]. <-- [[trait]] --> M4.2.2 TRAIT N. {{has_subtype(property[of=person, R372a], R79a)}} {{has_part(human condition, R7b)}} trait, human trait. {{&has_property: transient, @R111; habitual, @R613}}. <-- Here, a trait is a property of a person which helps distinguish and define the individual personality. It is a manifestation of a person's affective characteristics, and it manifests itself in individual behaviors as well as charcteristic behaviors (habits). The sum of one's traits forms one's character. We indicate here that traits are a manifestation of affections, which include a large variety of feelings (generosity, benevolence). We need to indicate which affections are manifested in which character traits.??? The distinction between "character" and "personality" used here is that character is more of a complex of essential qualities, whereas personality is the evidence of those qualities as perceived by others. It is personality that affects behavior most directly, but behavior also depends upon circumstances, so the relationship is not rigid. One problem with this characterization is that the various "traits" (e.g., cruelty) may also appear as transient phenomena in a person who ordinarily does not have those characteristics (e.g., during wartime). So the procedural implementation of "trait" must understand both the usual "ingrained character" meaning as well as the transient phenomenon. For the potentially transient phenomenon, we should use M4.2.2, and use M4.2.2.1 to refer to the more habitual properties. The "trait" in the "has_trait" relation should be M4.2.2. --> M4.2.2.1 CHARACTER TRAIT N. {{has_manifestation(affections, R820)}} {{has_trait(human, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_conceptual_part(personality, @M1)}} trait, character[1], character trait, qualities[pl]. {{part_of}} character[2], nature, spirit, stamp, set, fit, mold, mould, complexion. {{has_manifestation(character)}} personality, disposition, temper, temperament, tone, style, tenor, turn. {{has_part(personality)}} {{property_of(observed[by=public], @R457)}} image, public image, persona, public personality. {{has_part(personality)}} {{property_of(observed[by=family/close friend], @R457)}} private personality. {{affects(trait[of=$person, R372a]): action[of=$person, R372a], R680; behavior[of=$person, R372a], R692}}. {{has_manifestation: habit, R613}}. <-- see WN property/trait --> M4.2.2.1.1 POSITIVE CHARACTER TRAIT N. {{has_high_quality(trait)}} {{property_of(admirable, @R648)}} {{has_subtype(virtue, @R648)}} positive character trait, virtue[1]. {{antonym_of(virtue[1]): vice, M4.2.2.1.2}}. {[of($person)]} {{mcauses: esteem, admiration [for=$person] [by=other, M1.2]}}. {{has_part(wisdom, M4.2.2.1.1.5.1)}} {{antonym_of(immaturity, @R945)}} maturity. {{antonym_of(inelegance, @M4.2.2.1.2)}} elegance. {{antonym_of(unoriginality, @M4.2.2.1.2): @M5.7.3, originality, imaginativeness, inventiveness}}. excellence; adequacy; keenness. pleasantness; self-confidence, confidence. {{antonym_of(unreliability, @M4.2.2.1.2)}} reliability, trustworthiness, dependability, dependableness. {{has_subtype: beauty, M3.3.2.1.2.1.1; altruism, R942; benevolence, R906}}. {{has_subtype: competence, M7.3.5.R1.1}}. {{mcauses(reliability[of=$other, M1.2]): trust[in=$other][by=self, M1.1], @M5.5.5}}. <-- [ref: person with particular characteristics P2.3.2.3.6.4]. --> Adj. virtuous. {{has_property(reliability)}} {{has_conceptual_part(probable, R472)}} worthy of belief, deserving of belief, commanding belief; credible, reliable, trustworthy, dependable, to be depended on; satisfactory; fiducial[obs3], fiduciary. <-- this "virtue" is more specific than the general "virtue" which we usea as synonymous with positive character trait. This virtue is a habitual characteristic. We keep this entry as a trait, and leave the behavior to M9.3.3.1, although many verbs do not distinguish between being good and doing good. [[virtue]] --> M4.2.2.1.1.1 VIRTUE (R944) #944. Virtue. N. {{manifestation_of(moral behavior, M9.3.3.1)}} {{has_trait(good person, P2.3.2.3.6.5.21)}} virtue[2]; virtuousness &c. adj.; morality, rightness, righteousness, sense of morality, moral rectitude. {{has_subtype(sense of morality)}} sense of justice. {{has_subtype: integrity &c. (probity) R939; nobleness &c. R873}}. morals; ethics &c. (duty) R926; cardinal virtues. <-- "dueness" at R924 implies that a person has some right. In this case, the right is only to approbation or recognition --> {{&causes}} {{has_low_level(dueness, @R924)}} merit, worth, desert, excellence, credit, meritoriousness. {{as_subtype(virtue[2])}} {{caused_by(merit): self-control &c. (resolution) R604; self-denial &c. (temperance) R953}}. {{has_manifestation: @M9.3.3.1, well-doing, good actions, good behavior, discharge of duty, fulfillment of duty, performance of duty, well-spent life}}. {{has_manifestation: innocence &c. R946}}. <-- practise of virtue has been moved to M9.3.3.1. We keep this entry for the trait --> V. be virtuous, be good, be moral, be righteous. be dutiful. command one's passions, master one's passions, restrain one's passions. {{has_manifestation(be virtuous): ethical behavior, @M9.3.3.1}}. Adj. virtuous, good; moral; right, righteous, right-minded. meritorious, deserving, worthy, desertful[obs3]; dutiful, duteous; well-intentioned, creditable, laudable, commendable, praiseworthy; above all praise, beyond all praise; excellent, admirable; sterling, pure, noble; whole-souled[obs3]. proper, correct, right. {{has_subtype: innocent &c. R946}}. exemplary; matchless, peerless; saintly, saint-like; heaven-born, angelic, seraphic, godlike. Adv. virtuously, morally, righteously, well, nobly. dutifully, duteously; commendably, laudably, creditably. {{has_low_intensity}} correctly, properly, rightly. excellently, admirably. e merito[Lat]. Phr. esse quam videri bonus malebat [Lat][Sallust]; Schonheit vergeht Tugend besteht[Ger]; "virtue the greatest of all monarchies" [Swift]; virtus laudatur et alget [Lat][obs3][Juvenal]; virtus vincit invidiam[Lat]. M4.2.2.1.1.2 SANITY (R502) #502. Sanity. N. sanity, soundness of mind. rationality, sobriety, reasonableness, lucidity, lucid interval; senses, sober senses, right mind, sound mind, mens sana[Lat]. V. be sane. be rational, be of sound mind, be reasonable; retain one's senses, retain one's reason. become sane; come to one's senses, sober down. render sane; bring to one's senses, sober. {{has_subtype(render sane)}} {{used_in(tranquilizer, @P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} tranquilize. Adj. sane, rational, reasonable, compos mentis, of sound mind; sound, sound-minded; lucid. self-possessed; sober, sober-minded. in one's sober senses, in one's right mind; in possession of one's faculties. Adv. sanely. rationally, reasonably. M4.2.2.1.1.3 PROBITY (R939) #939. Probity. N. {{manifestation_of(ethical behavior, M9.3.3.1)}} {{has_trait(good person, P2.3.2.3.6.5.21)}} {{similar_to(virtue, R944)}} probity, integrity, rectitude, sense of ethics, propriety, principle, uprightness, conscientiousness. honesty, faith; honor, honorability; bonne foi[Fr], good faith, bona fides[Lat]; purity, clean hands. fairness, fair play, justice, equity, impartiality, even-handedness; grace. constancy, faithfulness, fidelity, loyalty; incorruption, incorruptibility. trustworthiness &c. adj.. punctilio, delicacy, nicety; scrupulosity, scrupulousness; scruple; point, point of honor; punctuality. {{conceptual_part_of}} respectability, respectableness. {{trait_of}} gentleman, gentilhomme[Fr]; man of honor, man of his word; fidus Achates[Lat][obs3], preux chevalier[Fr], galantuomo[It]; truepenny[obs3], trump, brick; true Briton; white man [U.S.][pejorative][obs2]. {{causes: repute, R873}}. court of honor, a fair field and no favor; argumentum ad verecundiam[Lat]. {{has_subtype(probity): honesty, truth, candor, singleness of heart; veracity &c. R543}}. {{conceptual_part_of: sense of duty, R926}}. V. be honorable, be proper, be upright. deal honorably, deal squarely, deal impartially, deal fairly; speak the truth &c. (veracity) R543; draw a straight furrow; tell the truth and shame the Devil, vitam impendere vero[Lat]; show a proper spirit, make a point of; do one's duty &c. (virtue) R944. redeem one's pledge &c. R926; keep one's promise, be as good as one's promise, be as good as one's word; keep faith with, not fail. give and take, audire alteram partem[Lat], give the Devil his due, put the saddle on the right horse. redound to one's honor. Adj. {{similar_to(virtuous, R944)}} upright, proper. honest, scrupulous, honest as daylight; honorable; fair, right, just, equitable, impartial, evenhanded, square; fair and aboveboard, open and aboveboard; white [U.S.][obs2]. handsome, noble, broad-minded; great, high, elevated, lofty, exalted, spirited, stoical. unbought, unbribed[obs3]; uncorrupted &c. (upright) R939. {{has_subtype: veracious &c. R543}}. constant, constant as the northern star; faithful, loyal, staunch; true, true blue, true to one's colors, true to the core, true as the needle to the pole; "marble-constant" [Antony and Cleopatra]; true-hearted, trusty, trustworthy; as good as one's word, to be depended on, incorruptible. frank, candid, open-hearted. {{has_subtype: straightforward &c. (ingenuous) R703}}. conscientious, principled, tender-conscienced, right-minded; high-principled, high-minded, noble-minded; religious, strict; nice, punctilious, correct, punctual; respectable, reputable; gentlemanlike[obs3]. inviolable, inviolate; unviolated[obs3], unbroken, unbetrayed; unbought, unbribed[obs3]. pure, stainless; unstained, untarnished, unsullied, untainted, unperjured[obs3]; uncorrupt, uncorrupted; undefiled, undepraved[obs3], undebauched[obs3]; integer vitae scelerisque purus [Lat][Horace]; justus et tenax propositi [Lat][Horace]. chivalrous, jealous of honor, sans peur et sans reproche[Fr]; high-spirited. other-worldly, supramundane[obs3], unworldly, overscrupulous[obs3]. {{has_subtype: innocent &c. R946}}. Adv. honorable &c. adj.; bona fide; on the square, in good faith, honor bright, foro conscientiae[Lat], with clean hands. Phr. "a face untaught to feign" [Pope]; bene qui latuit bene vixit [Lat][Ovid]; mens sibi conscia recti[Lat]; probitas laudatur et alget [Lat][obs3][Juvenal]; fidelis ad urnam[Lat]; "his heart as far from fraud as heaven from earth" [Two Gentlemen]; loyaute m'oblige[Fr]; loyaute n'a honte[Fr]; "what stronger breastplate than a heart untainted?" [Henry VI]. M4.2.2.1.1.4 DUMMY N. dummy. M4.2.2.1.1.5 INTELLIGENCE (R498) #498. Intelligence. N. {{has_manifestation(intellect, R450)}} intelligence, capacity, comprehension, wit, quick-wittedness, understanding, native intelligence, keenness, intellectuality. nous[Fr], parts, sagacity, mother wit, esprit, gumption, quick parts, grasp of intellect, acuteness. {{has_metaphor}} head, brains, headpiece, upper story, long head; eagle eye, eagle-glance; eye of a lynx, eye of a hawk. {{has_high_level(intelligence)}} genius, inspiration, geist[Ger], fire of genius, heaven-born genius, soul; talent &c. (aptitude) R698. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(action): skill, R698}}. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(idea)}} good idea, a bright thought, not a bad idea. V. be intelligent, be bright, have a good mind, have a nimble mind, have a good head on one's shoulders[coll], have a steel-trap mind[coll]. {{has_high_level(be intelligent)}} be brilliant; be a genius. have all one's wits about one; understand &c. (intelligible) R518; catch an idea, take in an idea; take a joke, take a hint. Adj. [Applied to persons] intelligent, bright, sharp, brainy, quick of apprehension, keen; sharp as a needle, sharp as a tack. acute, alive, awake, quick; quick witted, keen witted, clear witted, sharp-eyed, sharp sighted, sharp witted; wide-awake; canny, shrewd, astute; clear-headed; farsighted &c. R510; discerning, perspicacious, perceptive, observant, penetrating, piercing; argute[obs3]; quick-witted, nimble-witted, needle-witted; alive to &c. (cognizant) R490; arch &c. (cunning) R702; pas si bete[Fr]. {{has_subtype: clever &c. (apt) R698}}. {{has_high_level(intelligent)}} brilliant. Phr. "There is a thin line between genius and insanity."; aut regem aut fatuum nasci oportet[Lat]; "but with the morning cool reflection came" [Scott]; flosculi sententiarum[Lat]; les affaires font les hommes[Fr]; mas vale saber que haber[Sp]; mas vale ser necio que profiadol nemo solus sapit [Lat][Plautus]; nosce te[Lat]; gnothi seauton[Grk]; nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae fuit [Lat][Seneca, from Aristotle]; sapere aude [Lat][Horace]; victrix fortunae sapientia [Lat][Juvenal]. <-- "wisdom" here is a compound of discernment, being able to understand, and judgment, knowing what to do about what one understands. Understanding may be used in either sense, so wisdom is just listed as a high level. Needs more work. --> <-- [[wisdom]] --> M4.2.2.1.1.5.1 WISDOM N. {{has_high_level(understanding, R490)}} {{antonym_of(folly, R499)}} wisdom, sapience, rationality, reason, judiciousness, reasonableness; solidity, depth, profundity, caliber, subtlety. {{has_conceptual_part}} discernment, sagaciousness, sagacity, shrewdness, callidity[obs3], acumen, penetration, perspicacy[obs3], perspicacity. {{has_conceptual_part}} judgment, sense, due sense of, good judgment, good sense. {{has_low_level}} common sense, horse sense [U.S.], plain sense. enlarged views; reach of thought, compass of thought; enlargement of mind; cuteness[obs2], sabe [obs3][U.S.], savvy [U.S.]. sobriety, self-possession, aplomb, ballast. {{has_subtype: discrimination &c. R465; cunning &c. R702; refinement &c. (taste) R850}}. {{has_subtype(good judgment)}} social adroitness, tact, prudence, discretion. {{conceptual_part_of: prudence &c. R864; vigilance &c. R459; foresight &c. R510}}. Solomon-like wisdom. V. be wise. see through, see at a glance, see with half an eye, see far into, see through a millstone; penetrate; discern &c. (descry) R441; foresee &c. R510. discriminate &c. R465; know what's what &c. R698; listen to reason. Adj. wise, sage, sagacious, sapient. sensible[1], reasonable[1], rational, sound, in one's right mind, abnormis sapiens[Lat]. judicious[1], strong-minded. unprejudiced, unbiased, unbigoted[obs3], unprepossessed[obs3]; undazzled[obs3], unperplexed[obs3]; unwarped judgment[obs3], impartial, equitable, fair. tactful, diplomatic, adroit, poised, civil. urbane, suave, polished, smooth. cool; cool-headed, long-headed, hardheaded, strong-headed; long-sighted, calculating, thoughtful, reflecting; solid, deep, profound. oracular; heaven-directed, heaven-born. sober, stand, solid; considerate, wise in one's generation; in advance of one' age; wise as a serpent, wise as Solomon, wise as Solon. {[of(action)]} sensible[2], reasonable[2], judicious[2]; well-thought-out, well-planned, well-judged, well-advised. {{has_subtype: prudent &c. (cautious) R864; prudent, politic; expedient &c. R646}}. {{conceptual_part_of: watchful &c. R459; provident &c. (prepared) R673}}. <-- [Note 1 - Most of these words adjectives are applicable both to the act and to the agent.] --> <-- [[frugality]] M4.2.2.1.3 --> M4.2.2.1.1.6 FRUGALITY (R817) #817. Frugality. N. {{antonym_of(prodigality, R818)}} economy, frugality, thrift, thriftiness. care, husbandry, good housewifery, savingness[obs3], retrenchment. prevention of waste, save-all. conservation. {{has_subtype(conservation[ptnt=natural resource, R632])}} conservation of natural resources. {{&result_of(conservation of natural resources): recycling, @R677}}. {{has_result}} savings. cheese parings and candle ends. {{has_subtype}} {[with_obj(money): saving, M7.3.5.1.1]}. {{has_high_level: parsimony &c. R819}}. cost-cutting, cost control. V. be economical, be frugal, be thrifty; practice economy; economize, save. retrench, cut back expenses, cut expenses; cut one's coat according to one's cloth, make both ends meet, keep within compass, meet one's expenses, pay one's way, pay as you go; husband &c. (lay by) R636. cut costs. Adj. economical, frugal, careful, thrifty, saving, chary, spare, sparing; parsimonious &c. R819. underpaid. Adv. sparingly &c. adj.; ne quid nimis[Lat]. Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit[Latin]; magnum est vectigal parsimonia [Latin][Cicero]. M4.2.2.1.1.7 LEADERSHIP N. {{has_trait(leader, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1)}} leadership. {{has_high_level(leadership)}} {{has_subtype(personality, @M1)}} charisma, magnetic personality. {{mcauses(leadership): following, @R484}}. {{mcauses(charisma): belief, R484}}. {{mcauses(charisma): @R743, devotion, allegiance, obedience}}. {{has_subtype}} {{trait_of(charisma)}} charismatic[1]. Adj. {{has_trait(charismatic[1])}} charismatic[2], magnetic. <-- negative qualities. corresponding opposite positive qualities are above [[vice]] --> <-- "vice" is the general term for bad character traits: this is more habitual, but is still a trait. The actions attributed to vice are at M9.3.3.2.2 and subtypes, but many words apply both to the trait and to the character of the action itself --> M4.2.2.1.2 NEGATIVE CHARACTER TRAIT #945. Vice. N. {{has_low_quality(trait)}} {{mcaused_by(disrepute, R874)}} negative character trait, vice, bad character. {{mcauses: evil-doing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. immaturity; inelegance; unoriginality; mediocrity; incompetence; inadequacy; dullness; unpleasantness; self-doubt, insecurity. dishonor, wrongness, inrectitude. {{mcauses(dishonor): dishonorable behavior, R940}}. {{antonym_of(beauty, M3.3.2.1.2.1.1)}} ugliness. unreliability, untrustworthiness, undependability. laxity, looseness of morals; want of principle, want of ballast. hardness of heart. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(addiction, @R613): @R954, drug habit, drug dependency, drug addiction, addiction}}. {{has_metaphor(drug habit)}} monkey on one's back. {{has_subtype(addiction[to=alcoholic beverage, @P2.3.1.3.2.10])}} {{caused_by(drunkenness, M9.3.3.2.6.1)}} alcoholism, alcohol dependency, oenomania[obs3], dipsomania. masochism. crying sin, besetting sin. {{has_subtype: brutality &c. (malevolence) R907}}. {{has_metaphor}} Adam, old Adam, offending Adam. {{mcaused_by}} infirmity; weakness, weakness of the flesh, frailty, imperfection; weak side; foible; failing, failure; defect, deficiency; moral error. {{&caused_by: corruption &c. (debasement) R659}}. {{has_metaphor}} cloven foot. {{trait_of: sinner &c. R949}}. V. be unprincipled, be vicious, be iniquitous. {{&caused_by(be vicious)}} render vicious &c. adj.; demoralize, brutalize; corrupt &c. (degrade) R659. Adj. vicious[1]. sinful; sinning &c. v.; wicked, iniquitous, immoral, unrighteous, wrong, criminal; naughty, incorrect; unduteous[obs3], undutiful. unprincipled, lawless, disorderly, contra bonos mores[Lat], indecorous, unseemly, improper, scampish; unworthy; worthless; desertless[obs3]; disgraceful, recreant; reprehensible, blameworthy, uncommendable; discreditable, disreputable; Sadistic. evil-minded, evil-disposed; ill-conditioned; malevolent &c. R907; heartless, graceless, shameless, virtueless; abandoned, lost to virtue; unconscionable; sunk in iniquity, lost in iniquity, steeped in iniquity. incorrigible, irreclaimable, obdurate, reprobate, past praying for; culpable, reprehensible. {{&causes(wicked): guilty, R947}}. weak, frail, lax, infirm, imperfect; indiscrete. {{has_high_level}} depraved, amoral, perverse, corrupt, demoralized[obs2]; miscreated[obs3], misbegotten. {{has_high_level}} base, sinister, scurvy, foul, gross, vile, black, grave, facinorous[obs1], felonious, nefarious, shameful, scandalous, infamous, villainous, of a deep dye, heinous; flagrant, flagitious; atrocious, incarnate, accursed. {{has_high_level}} Mephistophelian, satanic, diabolic, hellish, infernal, stygian, fiendlike[obs3], hell-born, demoniacal, devilish, fiendish. {{&caused_by(vice, M4.2.2.1.2): @R659, corrupting, demoralizing, degrading}}. {{has_property(addictive substance)}} {{consequence_of(addiction)}} addictive. Adv. wrong, wrongly. sinfully, wickedly, iniquitously, immorally, unrighteously; naughty, incorrectly. criminally. lawlessly, disorderly, indecorously, improperly, scampishly; unworthily; disgracefully; discreditably, disreputably; Sadistically. heartlessly, gracelessly, shamelessly; unconscionably. incorrigibly, irreclaimably, obdurately, reprobately; culpably, reprehensibly; without excuse. Int. "O tempora! O mores!". Phr. alitur vitium vivitque tegendo [Lat][obs3][Vergil]; genus est mortis male vivere [Lat][Ovid]; mala mens malus animus [Lat][Terence]; nemo repente fuit turpissimus[Lat]; "the trail of the serpent is over them all" [Moore]; "to sanction vice and hunt decorum down" [Bryon]. M4.2.2.1.2.1 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [[insanity]] [[crazy]]--> M4.2.2.1.2.2 MENTAL ILLNESS (R503) #503. Mental Illness. N. {{has_subtype(illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1)}} {{affected_by(brain, @R1002/mind, M1)}} mental illneness, disordered reason, disordered intellect; diseased mind, unsound mind, abnormal mind; derangement, unsoundness. neurosis; cognitive disorder; affective disorder. {{has_high_intensity}} psychosis. {{has_high_intensity}} insanity, lunacy; madness &c. adj.; mania; dementation[obs3], dementia, demency[obs3]. {{has_beginning}} mental breakdown. {{mcauses}} {{&has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(behavior, M7.3.5.1)}} deranged behavior. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(behavior, M7.3.5.1)}} incoherence, raving, ranting; delusion, hallucination; lycanthropy[obs3], delirium, calenture of the brain[obs3]; wandering; phrenitis[obs3], phrensy[obs3], frenzy, furor, brain storm[obs2]. mental alienation, aberration. {{has_low_intensity}} {{property_of(temporary)}} vertigo, dizziness, swimming; sunstroke, coup de soleil[Fr], siriasis[obs3]. {{has_subtype(psychosis)}} paranoia, schizophrenia. {{has_low_intensity}} fanaticism, infatuation, craze; kleptomania, kleptodipsomania[obs3]; hypochondriasis[Med] &c. (low spirits) R837; melancholia, depression; hysteria; amentia[obs3]. monomania. {{high_intensity_of: @R608, caprice oddity, eccentricity, twist}}. {{has_high_intensity(depression)}} clinical depression, severe depression. {{has_metaphor}} screw loose, tile loose, slate loose; bee in one's bonnet, bats in one's belfry, rats in the upper story; not a full deck, lost marbles. {{property_of: dotage &c. (imbecility) R499}}. {{&caused_by}}{{has_subtype(illness): brain damage; rabies}}. {{&caused_by}}{{has_subtype(illness): imbalance [of=neurotransmitters, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.1]}}. {{&caused_by(hallucination): hallucinogen, @P2.3.1.3.4.4}}. V. be insane, be crazy, be nuts. {{has_beginning(insanity)}} become insane, become crazy, lose one's senses, lose one's reason, lose one's faculties, lose one's wits; go mad, run mad, lose one's marbles [coll.], go crazy, go bonkers [coll.], go nuts [coll.], flip one's wig [coll.], flip one's lid[coll.], flip out [coll.], flip one's bush [coll.]. {{has_subtype(be insane)}} rave, dote, ramble, wander; drivel &c. (be imbecile) R499; have a screw loose &c. n.; have a devil; avoir le diable au corps[Fr]; lose one;s head &c. (be uncertain) R475. {{&caused_by}} render mad, drive mad, drive crazy, drive out of one's mind, drive insane; madden, addle the wits, addle the brain, derange the head, dementate[obs3], infatuate, befool[obs3]; turn the brain, turn one's head; drive one nuts [coll.]. {{has_metaphor(be insane)}} not play with a full deck. Adj. {{antonym_of(sane, @R502)}} mentally unbalanced, mentally ill, unbalanced. insane, mad, crazy, crazed, lunatic, nuts[coll], nutty, demented, daft, loony[coll.], bonkers[coll] , batty[coll.], loco[coll.], fruity[coll.], aliene[obs3], non compos mentis; deranged, maddened, mentally deranged, moonstruck; not right, dotty, cracked, touched; bereft of reason; all possessed, unhinged, unsettled in one's mind; insensate, reasonless, beside oneself. obsessive-compulsive; manic-depressive; psychotic; neurotic; paranoid; schizophrenic. frenzied, phrenzied[obs3], frenetic; possessed, possessed with a devil; shatterpated[obs3]; mad-brained, scatter brained, shatter brained, crackbrained; touched, tetched [dialect]; off one's head. {{&has_consequence(insanity)}} {{&has_property(maniac, R504)}} {{has_property(deranged behavior)}} maniacal; delirious, lightheaded, incoherent, rambling, doting, wandering; frantic, raving, stark staring mad, stark raving mad, wild-eyed, berserk; delusional, hallucinatory[1]. {{has_property(hallucination)}} {[referring_to(hallucination)]} hallucinatory[2]. [behavior somewhat resembling insanity] corybantic[obs3], dithyrambic; rabid, giddy, vertiginous, wild; haggard, mazed; flighty; distracted, distraught; depressed; agitated, hyped up; bewildered &c. (uncertain) R475. {{has_high_intensity(mentally unbalanced)}} mad as a March hare, mad as a hatter, nutty as a fruitcake, crazy as a loon, crazy as a bedbug. not in one's right mind, of unsound mind; touched in one's head, teched[dialect], tetched[dialect], wrong in one's head, not right in one's head, not in one's right mind, not right in one's wits, upper story; out of one's mind, out of one's wits, out of one's skull[coll.], far gone, out of one's senses, out of one's wits, having a screw loose[coll.], having bats in one's belfry[coll.], not playing with a full deck[coll.]. fanatical, infatuated, odd, eccentric; hypped[obs3], hyppish[obs3]; spaced out [coll.], spacy [coll.]. {{has_subtype: imbecile, silly &c. R499}}. Adv. like one possessed. Phr. the mind having lost its balance; the reason under a cloud; "tet exalt,e"[Fr], "tet mont,e"[Fr]; ira furor brevis est[Latin]; omnes stultos insanire [Latin][Horace]. "only the paranoid survive." [Andy Grove, CEO of Intel, 1996]. <-- frugality is a virtue, but stinginess a vice, in usual terms. So people are expected to be at least a little giving of their money to others -- "Christian charity" is the norm! --> M4.2.2.1.2.3 STINGINESS (R819) #819. Parsimony. N. {{has_excess(frugality, M4.2.2.1.1.6)}} {{antonym_of(generosity, R816)}} parsimony, stinginess, parsimoniousness, miserliness, penury, parcity[obs1]; stint; illiberality, tenacity. {{&caused_by: avarice, greed &c. R817a}}. {{trait_of}} miser, niggard, churl, screw, skinflint, crib, codger, muckworm[obs3], scrimp, lickpenny[obs3], hunks, curmudgeon, Harpagon, harpy, Jew[obs2][derog], usurer; Hessian [obs2][U.S.]; pinch fist, pinch penny. {{trait_of}} extortioner. V. be parsimonious, be stingy, be miserly, be niggardly, be closed-fisted, be ungenerous. grudge, begrudge, stint, scrimp, gripe, screw[obs2]; hold back, withhold. scrimp and save. live upon nothing, starve oneself, famish oneself. {{has_metaphor}} pinch pennies; skin a flint. dole out sparingly. drive a bargain, drive a hard bargain; cheapen, beat down; stop one hole in a sieve; have an itching palm, grasp, grab. Adj. parsimonious, penurious, stingy, miserly, mean, shabby, peddling, scrubby, penny wise, near, niggardly, close; fast handed, close handed, strait handed; close fisted, closed-fisted, hard fisted, tight fisted; tight, sparing; chary; grudging, griping; illiberal, ungenerous, churlish; hidebound, sordid; mercenary, venal, covetous, usurious, avaricious, greedy, extortionate, rapacious. Adv. with a sparing hand. Phr. desunt inopioe multa avaritiae omnia [Latin][Syrus]; "hoards after hoards his rising raptures fill" [Goldsmith]; "the unsunn'd heaps of miser's treasures" [Milton]. M4.2.2.1.2.4 SELFISHNESS (R943) #943. Selfishness. N. {{antonym_of(generosity, R816)}} selfishness, self-love, self-indulgence, self-interest; egotism, egoism. nepotism. {{conceptual_part_of: @M8.3.1.3.1.3, self-worship, amour propre[Fr], vanity}}. materialism, worldliness, Philistinism; worldly wisdom, cynicism. {{has_excess(materialism): @R954, sensualism, intemperance}}. illiberality; meanness. {{trait_of}} time-pleaser, time-server, temporizer, trimmer. {{trait_of}} tuft-hunter, fortune-hunter; jobber, worldling; egotist, egoist, monopolist, nepotist; charity that begins at home; dog in the manger, canis in praesepi[Lat]; "foes to nobleness". V. be selfish &c. adj.; please oneself, indulge oneself, coddle oneself; consult one's own wishes, consult one's own pleasure; look after one's own interest; feather one's nest; take care of number one, have an eye to the main chance, know on which side one's bread is buttered; give an inch and take an ell. {{hperforms(time-server)}} serve one's time, put in one's time, do the minimum, not work hard. Adj. selfish, self-centered, self-seeking, self-interested, self-indulgent; wrapped up in self, wrapt up in self[obs3], centered in self; egotistic, egotistical, egoistical[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity: covetous &c. R819}}. illiberal, mean, ungenerous, narrow-minded; mercenary, venal. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(materialism, @R943)}} {{has_trait(materialist, @R954a)}} materialistic, unspiritual, worldly, worldly-minded, unintellectual, uncultured, earthly, earthly-minded; worldly-wise, mundane[obs2]; timeserving. {{has_excess(materialistic): intemperance, R954}}. interested; alieni appetens sui profusus[Lat]. Adv. ungenerously &c. adj.; to gain some private ends, from interested motives. Phr. apres nous le deluge[Fr]. <-- the sections on "folly" was moved to "characteristics of human actions", at M7.3.5.R1.4 [[stupid]] --> M4.2.2.1.2.5 STUPIDITY (R499) #499. Stupidity. N. {{has_subtype(incompetence[at=reasoning], R699)}} {{antonym_of(intelligence, M4.2.2.1.1.5)}} stupidity, mental incompetence, incapacity, lack of intelligence, incompetence, dullness, dim-wittedness, vacancy of mind, poverty of intellect, weakness of intellect. clouded perception, poor head; hebetude[obs3], dull understanding, meanest capacity, shortsightedness; shallowness; silliness, foolishness. {{has_high_level}} imbecility, mental retardation; idiocy, idiotism[obs3]; absense of intellect, want of intellect. {{has_subtype(imbecility)}} {{&causes(age, R128)}} {{has_subtype(disease, R655)}} senility, senile dementia; senescence. {{has_subtype(senile dementia)}} Alzheimer's disease. apartments to let[fig]. one's weak side, not one's strong point. {{&has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(inaction)}} stolidity. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(behavior)}} simplicity, puerility, babyhood; dotage, anility[obs3], second childishness, fatuity; driveling. {{&mcauses(mental retardation): credulity, R486}}. {{mcauses: folly, M7.3.5.R1.4}}. {{&mcauses: unskilfullness, R699}}. {{&mcauses: bias &c. R481; infatuation &c. (insanity) R503}}. V. be stupid. imbecile &c. adj.; have no brains, have no sense &c. R498. trifle, drivel, radoter[obs3], dote; ramble &c. (madness) R503; play the fool, play the monkey, monkey around, fool around; take leave of one's senses (insanity) R503; not see an inch beyond one's nose; stultify oneself &c. R699; talk nonsense &c. R497. Adj. [Applied to persons] {{antonym_of(intelligent, R498)}} stupid, unintelligent, unintellectual, unreasoning, dull, dull normal; mindless, witless, airheaded, reasoningless[obs3], brainless; halfbaked; having no head &c. R498; inapprehensible[obs3]. weak headed, addle headed, puzzle headed, blunder headed, muddle headed, muddy headed, pig headed, beetle headed, buffle headed[obs3], chuckle headed, mutton headed, maggoty headed, grossheaded[obs3]; beef headed, fat witted, fat-headed. dim-witted, weak-minded, feeble-minded, dull minded, shallow minded, lack-brained, rattle-brained, rattle headed, half witted, lean witted, short witted, dull witted, blunt-witted, shallow-pated[obs3], clod-pated[obs3], addle-pated[obs3]; dim-sighted, short-sighted; thick-skulled; weak in the upper story. shallow, borne, weak, wanting, soft, sappy, spoony; dull as a beetle; stupid, heavy, insulse[obs3]; obtuse, blunt, stolid, doltish; asinine; inapt &c. R699; prosaic &c. R843; hebetudinous[obs3]. blockish[obs3], unteachable Boeotian, Boeotic; bovine; ungifted, undiscerning[obs3], unenlightened, unwise, unphilosophical[obs3]; apish; simious[obs3]. {{has_high_level}} mentally retarded, retarded, weak minded, mentally handicapped. {{&has_manifestation(mentally retarded)}} childish, child-like; infantine[obs3], infantile, babyish, babish[obs3]; puerile, anile; simple; old-womanish. {{&mcauses(mental retardation): credulous, R486}}. {{&mcauses}} fatuous, idiotic, imbecile, driveling; blatant, babbling; vacant; sottish. {{&mcauses}} foolish, silly, senseless, irrational, insensate, nonsensical, inept; maudlin. {{has_high_level(foolish)}} ridiculous, absurd, idiotic. {{&mcauses: bewildered &c. R475}}. {{&mcauses: narrow-minded &c. R481; bigoted &c. (obstinate) R606; giddy &c. (thoughtless) R458; rash &c. R863; eccentric &c. (crazed) R503}}. Phr. Davus sum non [Lat][Oedipus]; "a fool's bolt is soon shot"[Henry V.]; clitellae bovi sunt impositae [Lat][Cicero]; "fools rush in where angels fear to tread" [Pope]; il n' a ni bouche ni eperon [Fr]; "the bookful blockhead, ignorantly read" [Pope]; "to varnish nonsense with the charms of sound" [Churchill]. <-- R500 Sage and R501 Fool to person who ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.5 --> <-- [excessive desire] [[greed]] --> M4.2.2.1.2.6 COVETOUSNESS (R817A) #817a. Covetousness. N. {{has_high_level(desire, R865)}} covetousness, ravenousness &c. adj.; venality, avidity, cupidity; acquisitiveness (acquisition) R775. {{has_excess(desire[for=money/possessions])}} {{has_subtype(selfishness, R943)}} greed, greediness, avarice, avidity, rapacity. {{&mcauses(greed): self-indulgence}}. auri sacra fames[Lat]. grasping, craving, canine appetite, rapacity. {{&mcauses(greed)}} {{has_subtype(wrongdoing, M9.3.3.2.2): extortion; usury}}. V. covet, crave (desire) R865; grasp; exact, extort. Adj. covetous, acquisitive, grasping; lickerish[obs3]. {{has_excess(covetous)}} greedy, avaricious; rapacious. greedy as a hog; overeager; voracious; ravenous, ravenous as a wolf; open-mouthed, extortionate, exacting, sordid[obs2], alieni appetens[Lat]; insatiable, insatiate; unquenchable, quenchless; omnivorous. M4.2.2.1.2.7 PRODIGALITY (R818) #818. Prodigality. N. {{antonym_of(thriftiness, R817)}} {{has_excess(expenditure, R809)}} {{&caused_by(waste, R638)}} prodigality, prodigence[obs1]; unthriftiness[obs3]; profusion, profuseness; extravagance; squandering &c. v.; malversation. {{trait_of}} spendthrift, prodigal, squanderer, wastrel, profligate, waste thrift[obs2], losel[obs3], locust[obs2]. {{has_subtype: @R621, gambler, high roller}}. {{has_metaphor}} prodigal son. V. be prodigal, be profligate, be wasteful; squander, waste, dissipate; misspend. avish, sow broadcast; pour forth like water; blow, blow in; pay through the nose &c. (dear) R814; eat out of house and home, overdraw, outrun the constable; throw good money after bad, throw the helve after the hatchet[obs3]; burn the candle at both ends; make ducks and drakes of one's money. {[with_obj(money)]} fritter away one's money, throw away one's money, run through one's money, fool away one's money, potter away one's money, muddle away one's money. {{has_metaphor}} spill; throw away; pour water into a sieve; kill the goose that lays the golden eggs; manger son ble en herbe[Fr]. {{causes}} [transitive] run out, run through, exhaust, drain, deplete. Adj. prodigal, profligate, profuse, thriftless, unthrifty, improvident, wasteful, extravagant, lavish, dissipated, overliberal, losel[obs3]. {{&excess_of: full-handed &c. (liberal) R816}}. penny wise and pound foolish. Adv. profligately, prodigally, with an unsparing hand; money burning a hole in one's pocket. Phr. amor nummi [Latin]; facile largiri de alieno[Lat]; wie gewonnen so zerronnen [German]; les fous font les festins et les sages les mangent [Fr]; "spendthrift alike of money and of wit" [Cowper]; "squandering wealth was his peculiar art" [Dryden]. <-- separate greed, acquisitiveness => R817a from parsimony, frugality --> <-- MADMAN TO PERSON WHO ... R504 P2.3.2.3.6.5.6 --> M5 SIMPLE ACTIONS OF OR ON MENTAL OBJECTS N. simple action on a mental object. <-- [[thought]] --> M5.1 THOUGHT GENERALLY R451 #451. Thought. N. thought, thinking, reflection, cogitation, consideration, meditation, exercise of the intellect, exercitation of the intellect[obs3]; intellection, workings of the mind, excogitation[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: concept, R453; reasoning, R476}}. study, lucubration, speculation, deliberation, pondering; head work, brain work; cerebration; depth of thought, inmost thoughts. abstract thought, abstraction contemplation. {{property_of(intense)}} {{required_for(attention, R457)}} close study, application. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(intense)}} {{required_for(attention, R457): @R457, consideration, reflection}}. {{property_of(shallow)}} {{&mcaused_by(inattention, R458)}} musing; reverie, brown study, deep musing, fit of abstraction. Platonism; self-counsel self-communing, self-consultation; philosophy of the Absolute, philosophy of the Academy, philosophy of the Garden, philosophy of the lyceum, philosophy of the Porch. {{part_of(thought)}} {{has_subtype(mental process)}} flow of thought, train of thought, stream of consciousness, thought process, association of thought, succession of thought, current of thought, association of ideas, succession of ideas, flow of ideas, train of ideas, current of ideas. reconsideration, second thoughts, mature thought. afterthought, after thought. {{has_subtype(thought)}} {{has_patient(memory, R505)}} retrospection. {{conceptual_part_of: examination &c. (inquiry) R461; invention &c. (imagination) R515}}. thoughtfulness, pensiveness, meditativeness, wistfulness, contemplativeness, speculativeness, studiousness, introspectiveness. V. think, cogitate, excogitate[obs3]; reflect. {{has_precondition(decide, R604)}} consider, take into consideration, weigh, study, contemplate, think about, meditate upon, reflect upon, bestow thought upon, bestow consideration upon, ponder; speculate, muse, dream, ruminate; brood over, con over. deliberate, meditate; animadvert; bend the mind, apply the mind &c. (attend) R457; digest, perpend; realize, appreciate; trow[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: @M5.4.1, discuss, hammer at}}. {{has_subtype: imagine, R515}}. take counsel &c. (be advised) R695; commune with oneself, bethink oneself; collect one's thoughts; revolve in the mind, turn over in the mind, run over in the mind; chew the cud upon, sleep upon; take counsel of one's pillow, advise with one's pillow. {{has_high_intensity}} rack one's brains, ransack one's brains, crack one's brains, beat one's brains, cudgel one's brains; set one's brain to work, set one's wits to work. harbor an idea, entertain an idea, cherish an idea, nurture an idea &c. R453; take into one's head; bear in mind. {{has_subtype(consider[mode=again])}} {{has_subtype(repeat[obj=consideration])}} reconsider, review, revisit. {{has_beginning(consider)}} occur; present itself, suggest itself; come into one's head, get into one's head; strike one, flit across the view, come uppermost, run in one s head; enter the mind, pass in the mind, cross the mind, flash on the mind, flash across the mind, float in the mind, fasten itself on the mind, be uppermost in the mind, occupy the mind; have in one's mind. make an impression; sink into the mind, penetrate into the mind; engross the thoughts. Adj. thinking &c. v.; thoughtful, pensive, meditative, reflective, museful[obs3], wistful, contemplative, speculative, deliberative, studious, sedate, introspective, Platonic, philosophical. lost in thought &c. (inattentive) R458; deep musing &c. (intent) R457. in the mind, under consideration. Adv. all things considered. Phr. the mind being on the stretch; the mind turning upon, the head turning upon, the mind running upon; " divinely, bent to meditation " [Richard III]; en toute chose il faut considerer la fin[Fr][obs3]; " fresh-pluckt from bowers of never-failing thought " [O. Meredith]; " go speed the stars of Thought "[Emerson]; " in maiden meditation fancy-free " [M. N. D.]; " so sweet is zealous contemplation " [Richard III]; " the power of thought is the magic of the Mind " [Byron]; " those that think must govern those that toil " [Goldsmith]; " thought is parent of the deed " [Carlyle]; " thoughts in attitudes imperious " [Longfellow]; " thoughts that breathe and words that burn " [Gray]; vivere est cogitare [Lat][Cicero]; Volk der Dichter und Denker [Ger]. <-- [On one side.] --> M5.2 MATERIAL FOR REASONING (R467 TO R469) N. {{uses(reasoning, R476)}} material for reasoning. <-- Roget considered evidence to be any material used for the process of reasoning, but the emphasis was on legal reasoning. In common usage, a "premise" is sometimes confounded with an "assumption", but it is actually any antecedent in a logical argument, so we subsume evidence (including experimental data) as premises. [[evidence]] --> M5.2.1 EVIDENCE (R467) #467. Evidence. N. {{uses(reasoning, M5.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(premise, @M5.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(indication, R550)}} evidence; facts, data, praecognita[Lat], grounds. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(sign, R550)}} cue, clue, clew, key, scent. {{has_subtype(premise): @R476, major premise, minor premise}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_result(experiment)}} experimental data, empirical evidence, scientific data, experimental results; laboratory data, laboratory results. {{has_measure}} credibility. {{has_measure(credibility): probability, R472}}. <-- "authority" here is authoritative knowledge, not judicial or legal authority. --> {{has_manifestation(credibility)}} {{&has_property(evidence)}} authority. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(conclusive)}} {{has_property(credibility[val=high])}} conclusive evidence. {{result_of: inquiry}}. {{used_in: proof, M5.4.5}}. {{contrast_to: assumption; hypothesis, theory}}. {{has_subtype(evidence[of=credibility]): criterion, @R463}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(assertion)}} testimony, testification[obs3], expert testimony; attestation. {{result_of(testimony): deposition &c. (affirmation) R535}}. {{result_of(testimony)}} examination; cross-examination. {[in_frame(tribunal)]} {{has_location(testimony): court of law}}. {{has_subtype(testimony): admission &c. (assent) R762}}. {{has_subtype: document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(evidence[of=skill, R698/knowledge, R490])}} {{has_symbol(authority[of=person])}} credential. {{has_subtype(evidence)}} {{topic_of(assertion)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} certificate. {{has_subtype(credential)}} {{has_subtype(evidence[of=graduation])}} diploma, sheepskin[coll.]. {{has_symbol(authority[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} warrant, voucher, certification, docket, doquet[obs3], testamur[obs3]; record &c. R551; piece justificative[Fr]. {{has_symbol(authority[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3]): signature, seal &c. (identification) R550}}. exhibit, material evidence, objective evidence. {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype: muniment, deed, warranty &c. (security) R771}}. {{has_subtype(testimony)}} oral evidence; documentary evidence. external evidence, extrinsic evidence; internal evidence, intrinsic evidence; cumulative evidence; ex parte evidence[Lat], presumptive evidence; collateral evidence, constructive evidence; evidence in chief. {{has_contrast(circumstantial evidence)}} {{has_high_quality(evidence)}} direct evidence. {{has_subtype(direct evidence)}} physical evidence. {{has_subtype(direct evidence)}} {{has_subtype(testimony)}} {{hperforms(eyewitness)}} eyewitness testimony. {{has_low_quality(evidence)}} circumstantial evidence. {{has_subtype(testimony)}} {{has_low_quality(evidence)}} hearsay evidence. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(added)}} secondary evidence; confirmation, corroboration, support; authentication; compurgation[obs3], wager of law, comprobation[obs1]. {{has_subtype(corroboration): ratification &c. (agreement) R488}}. {{has_subtype(evidence)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{requires(find[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3]): @M8.1.2.4, citation, reference}}. {{used_in(citation, @M8.1.2.4)}} {{has_subtype(literature search, @M2.2.1)}} legal research. {{has_subtype(evidence[of=credibility])}} {{affected_by(testimony): oath, @M8.1.1.5}}. {{performed_by(testimony): @M9.4.5, witness, hostile witness, eyewitness, material witness, state's evidence, deponent}}. {{has_subtype(evidence[of=soldiers])}} watch fire. {{has_subtype(evidence[of=assent, R762])}} {{has_patient(sign): signature, @R769}}. V. {{has_subtype(indicate, @R550)}} be evidence, evince, show, betoken, tell of. imply, involve, argue, bespeak, breathe. have weight, carry weight; tell, speak volumes. {{has_property(convincing evidence): be manifest, @R525}}. rest upon, depend upon; repose on. {{has_subtype(assert)}} testify, depose, witness, vouch for, bear witness, give witness, give evidence. {{has_symbol(assent, R762)}} sign, seal, certify, attest, set one's hand and seal, sign and seal, deliver as one's act and deed, undersign[obs3]. {{has_subtype(testify)}} {{has_subtype(assent, R762)}} acknowledge. {{patient_of(conclusive evidence)}} {{has_subtype(prove, R478)}} make absolute, confirm, prove, prove one's case. {{result_of(corroboration)}} indorse, countersign, corroborate, support, ratify, bear out, uphold, warrant. {{result_of(evidence)}} attest, cite, quote; refer to, appeal to; call, call to witness; bring forward, bring into court; allege, plead; produce witnesses, confront witnesses. {{patient_of(evidence)}} adduce, offer as evidence, put into evidence, place into evidence, mark into evidence, mise en evidence[Fr]. {{resultt_of(evidence)}} obtain evidence, collect evidence, bring together evidence, rake up evidence. {{has_method(collect evidence): experiment &c. R463}}. {{required_for(evidence)}} {{has_subtype(prove)}} have a case, make out a case; establish, authenticate, substantiate, verify, make good, quote chapter and verse; bring home to, bring to book. Adj. showing &c. v.; indicative, indicatory; deducible &c. R478; grounded on, founded on, based on; corroborative, confirmatory. Adv. by inference; according to; a fortiori; still more, still less; raison de plus[Fr]; in corroboration of, in witness of, in witness to, in evidence of which; valeat quantum[Lat]; under seal, under one's hand and seal. {[in_frame(law)]} witness, witnesseth. Phr. dictum de dicto[Lat]; mise en evidence[Fr]. <-- [Evidence on the other side, on the other hand.] --> M5.2.1.1 COUNTERVIDENCE (R468) #468. Counter Evidence. N. counter evidence, opposing evidence; evidence on the other side, evidence on the other hand; conflicting evidence, contradictory evidence; disproof, refutation &c. R479; negation &c. R536. counter protest; "'tu quoque' argument". {{&uses: pretext, M7.1.2.1.1}}. {{&has_result: vindication &c. R937}}. other side of the shield, other side of the coin, reverse of the shield. V. countervail, oppose; militate against, mitigate against; check, weaken; tell the other side of the story, tell another story; cut both ways; prove a negative. contravene. {{&has_result}} turn the scale, alter the case; turn the tables. subvert &c. (destroy) R162. {{has_high_intensity: contradict, @R536}}. {{has_extreme: @R479, rebut, refute}}. audire alteram partem[Lat]. Adj. countervailing &c. v.; contradictory. unattested, unauthenticated, unsupported by evidence; supposititious. Adv. on the contrary, per contra, au contraire[Fr]. <-- the general concept of "contingency" is at A1.4.3 (possibility). This "qualification" specifically refers to agreements between agents. Two subtypes are identified here: restriction and condition. Are there any others? --> M5.2.2 QUALIFICATION (R469) #469. Qualification. N. {{&has_part(agreement, R769/promise, R768)}} qualification, modification, coloring. {{has_subtype(exception, @R55)}} {{conceptual_part_of(limitation, @A2.5.5.5.R1)}} restriction, limitation, exemption, exception. <-- a "qualification" may be a limit other than a condition, so "condition" is more specialized --> {{has_subtype(condition, @A1.4.3)}} condition, proviso, prerequisite, contingency, stipulation, provision, specification, sine qua non[Lat]. {{part_of(condition)}} {{has_subtype(agreement, R488)}} {{property_of(conditional, A1.4.3)}} conditional agreement. <-- contracts are always conditioned upon performance by the other party --> {{has_subtype(conditional agreement): contract, @R769}}. {{has_result(fulfillment[of=condition], @R770)}} {{has_subtype(consequence, R154)}} conditional consequence. {{has_subtype(exception)}} {[in_frame(contract)]} escape clause, loophole, loop hole, salvo, saving clause, starting hole, how to creep out of, come off, way of escape. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unobvious, M8.1.1.R1.7)}} catch, string, strings attached. {{has_metaphor(catch)}} fine print. discount &c. R813. {{has_conceptual_part}} allowance, grains of allowance, consideration, extenuating circumstances. {{has_result}} mitigation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_manifestation(irresolution, R605): waffling, R475}}. V. qualify, condition, hedge. limit, modify, restrict. introduce new conditions, narrow, temper. subject to conditions, stipulate. {{has_subtype: @R475, waffle, quibble, hem and haw}}. {{used_in: equivocate, @R477}}. depend, depend on, be contingent on. <-- (effect) R154?? --> allow for, make allowance for; admit exceptions, take into account; modulate. moderate, temper, season, leaven, give a color to. take exception. Adj. {{has_subtype(contingent, @A1.4.3)}} qualified, conditioned, restricted, hedged, conditional. exceptional &c. (unconformable) R83. qualifying &c. v.. hypothetical &c. (supposed) R514; contingent &c. (uncertain) R475. Adv. provided, provided that, provided always; yet; according as; conditionally, admitting, supposing; on the supposition of &c. (theoretically) R514; with the understanding, even. somewhat, sort of, something like that, to a certain extent, to a degree, in a sense, so to speak. {{has_subtype(somewhat): approximately &c. R17}}. {{has_subtype(somewhat): in a limited degree (smallness) R32}}. with grains of allowance, cum grano salis[Latin: with a grain of salt]; exceptis excipiendis[Lat]; wind and weather permitting; if possible, if feasible. subject to, conditioned upon, contingent upon, depending on; with this proviso, with this stipulation, under these conditions. Conj. {{has_marker(qualification)}} on the other hand; on one hand, on the one hand. {{has_marker(qualification)}} unless; but. {{has_marker(condition)}} if. {{has_marker(conditional consequence)}} then, in that case. although, though. for all that, after all, at all events, in any event, regardless of which, in spite of which. Phr. "if the good lord is willing and the creeks don't rise"; "catch-22". <-- [[possibility]] --> M5.3 MEASURE OF EVIDENCE R470 TO R475 [[POSSIBILITY]] N. {{has_measure(evidence)}} measure of evidence. M5.3.1 POSSIBILITY #470. Possibility. N. {{antonym_of(impossibility)}} possibility[2]. {{has_subtype}} potentiality. {{has_case(potentiality)}} {{has_subtype(future event)}} potential event. {{has_case: contingency, chance &c. R156}}. {{property_of}} what may be, what might be, what is possible, what is conceivable, what is in conformity with reality, what is in conformity with the possible. {{has_conceptual_part: accord[with=known information], R23}}. {{has_extreme: certainty, M5.3.5}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(fact, A1.2)}} possibility[2], a possibility, something possible, something which might be, that which might be true. {{has_subtype}} {{issue_in(cost/time)}} practicability, feasibility, practicality, practical possiblity, practicableness. {{conceptual_part_of: tendency, liability, R177}}. V. be possible &c. adj.; stand a chance; admit of, bear. render possible &c. adj.; put in the way of. ModalAux. might. {{has_high_level(might): can}}. Adj. possible, not impossible; in the cards, on the dice; in posse, within the bounds of possibility, conceivable, credible. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(potential event)}} potential. {{has_subtype}} {{issue_in(cost/time)}} practicable, feasible, doable, achievable, performable. {{has_subtype(practicable)}} within reach, within measurable distance, accessible, attainable, obtainable. {{&consequence_of}} {{&has_property(difficulty[2], R704)}} surmountable, superable[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: compatible &c. R23}}. {{issue_in(theory, M3.1.2.1)}} theoretically possible. {{has_case: contingent &c. (doubtful) R475}}. {{affects: effect, R154}}. {{has_low_intensity}} barely possible, marginally possible, just possible. {{has_low_intensity}} possible but improbable, (improbable) R473. Adv. possibly, by possibility, potentially; perhaps, perchance, peradventure; maybe, may be, haply, mayhap. if possible, wind and weather permitting, God willing, Deo volente[Lat], "D. V."[abbr]; as luck may have it. Phr. misericordia Domini inter pontem et fontent[Lat]; " the glories of the Possible are ours " [B. Taylor]; anything is possible; in theory possible, but in practise unlikely. M5.3.2 IMPOSSIBILITY (R471) #471. Impossibility. N. {{antonym_of(possibility, M5.3.1)}} impossibility, no chance, zero possibility. {{property_of}} the impossible, what cannot be, what can never be. {{has_subtype}} {{issue_in(cost/time)}} practical impossibility, unfeasibility, impracticability. sour grapes. {{conceptual_part_of: hopelessness &c. R859}}. {{property_of: absurdity, M8.1.1.4.1}}. V. be impossible, not be possible, be not possible. have no chance whatever. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(attempt[obj=the impossible])}} attempt the impossible, attempt impossibilities. {{has_metaphor(attempt impossibilities)}} square the circle, wash a blackamoor white; skin a flint; make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, make bricks without straw; weave a rope of sand, build castles in the air, prendre la lune avec les dents[Fr], extract sunbeams from cucumbers, set the Thames on fire, milk a he-goat into a sieve, catch a weasel asleep, rompre l'anguille au genou[Fr], be in two places at once. have nothing to go upon. ModalAux. can not, cannot, can't. Adj. {{antonym_of(possible, R470)}} impossible; not possible; absurd, contrary to reason; beyond the bounds of reason, beyond the bounds of possibility, beyond the realm of possibility. inconceivable, unimaginable, unthinkable, self-contradictory, inimaginable[obs3]; from which reason recoils; visionary; more than doubtful. not to be had, not to be thought of. {{mcauses(inconceivable): incredible &c. R485}}. {{conceptual_part_of(inconceivable): unreasonable &c. R477}}. {{has_low_level: @R473, unlikely, improbable}}. {{property_of(impracticability)}} impracticable, unachievable, unfeasible, infeasible; insuperable; unsurmountable[obs3], insurmountable; unattainable, unobtainable; out of reach, out of the question; beyond control; desperate &c. (hopeless) R859; incompatible &c. R24. {{has_subtype(impossible[to=pass, R302])}} impassable, impervious, innavigable[obs3], inextricable. {{has_subtype(impossible[to=reach, @R292])}} inaccessible, uncomeatable[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(impracticable): prodigious &c. (wonderful) R870}}. {{has_subtype(impracticable)}} out of one's power, beyond one's power, beyond one's depth, beyond one's reach, beyond one's grasp; too much for; ultra crepidam[Lat]. Phr. the grapes are sour; non possumus[Lat]; non nostrum tantas componere lites [Lat][Vergil]; look for a needle in a haystack, chercher une aiguille dans une botte de foin [Fr]; il a le mer a boire[obs3]. "They gave him the job that couldn't be done; with a smile he went right to it! He tackled the job that couldn't be done -- and couldn't do it!" [Ogden Nash?]. <-- Here we have a measure of possibility. Typically, the units are from 0 (no chance) to 1.0 (certainty). How to express such units? We try it as the traditional fraction. Note that "likelihood" is used in the sense of high probability as well as probability generally, so we must distinguish the senses. But all of the adjectives imply high probability! The headword entry is for statistical probability, an objective measure of possibility. The subjective probability is at R474 ("certainty"). [[probability]] --> M5.3.3 PROBABILITY (R472) #472. Probability. N. {{has_measure(possibility, M5.3.1/evidence, M5.2.1)}} probability, likelihood[1], credibleness[obs3], likeliness, objective probability, statistical probability. chances, prospect, prospects[pl]. {{studied_in: @R156, theory of probability}}. vraisemblance[Fr], verisimilitude, plausibility; color, semblance, show of; presumption; credibility. {{has_high_level}} likelihood[2]. {{has_extreme(likelihood[2])}} certainty, objective certainty. {{has_low_level: improbability, R473}}. {{&caused_by(objective certainty): necessity &c. R601}}. {{has_subtype(objective certainty)}} {{causes(necessity)}} {{&has_property(future event)}} inevitability, inevitableness. {{property_of(inevitability)}} {{has_subtype(consequence, @R154)}} natural consequence, inevitable consequence. {{assessed_by(objective certainty): subjective certainty, M5.3.5}}. {{antonym_of(likelihood[2]): improbability, M5.3.4}}. {{has_high_level}} reasonable chance, fair chance, good chance, favorable chance, reasonable prospect, fair prospect, favorable prospect, good prospect. {{has_subtype(probability[of=future good, M7.1.2.1.2.1])}} future prospects, future hopes, chance of good fortune. {{has_high_level(future hopes)}} well-grounded hope. {{manifestation_of: chance &c. R156}}. {{conceptual_part_of: tendency, liability, R177}}. {{has_measure}} mathematical probability. {{has_units(mathematical probability): fraction[val=0-1]}}. <-- for "a priori" probability, the gross distribution is not classified as "evidence", which should apply to specific cases --> {{has_subtype(mathematical probability)}} {{has_result(reasoning, R476)}} {{!not_used_in(evidence, R467)}} a priori probability. {{has_subtype(mathematical probability)}} {{has_result(reasoning, R476)}} {{!used_in(evidence, R467)}} a posteriori probability. V. {{caused_by(probability)}} be possible. {{caused_by(likelihood[2])}} be probable, be likely. {{causes(likelihood[2])}} give color to, lend color to; point to. {{causes(likelihood[2]): imply &c. (evidence) R467; bid fair &c. (promise) R511}}. stand fair for; stand a good chance, run a good chance. {{causes: @R507, expect, think likely, dare say, flatter oneself}}. {{causes(likelihood[2]): count upon &c. (believe) R484}}. Adj. {{has_property(porbability)}} having a probability, being not impossible, potential. plausible, ostensible, colorable, ben trovato[It]. {{has_high_level}} {{has_property(likelihood[2])}} probable, likely, hopeful, to be expected, in a fair way. {{has_high_level}} well-founded, reasonable, credible, easy of belief, presumable, presumptive, apparent. Adv. likely, probably, belike[obs3]. {{has_high_level(probably)}} in all probability, in all likelihood; very likely, most likely; like enough; odds on, odds in favor; apparently, seemingly, according to every reasonable expectation; prima facie[Lat]; to all appearance &c. (to the eye) R448. <-- ??? we need variables and recursive structures to express the following succinctly --> {{has_subtype(probably)}} heavy odds; ten to one; nine to one; eight to one; seven to one; six to one; five to one; four to one; three to one; two to one. Phr. the chances, the odds are; appearances are in favor of, chances are in favor of; there is reason to believe, there is reason to think, there is reason to expect; I dare say; all Lombard Street to a China orange. "The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong"[Ecclesiastes 9:11]; "The race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong; but that's the way to bet."[Mark Twain]. M5.3.4 IMPROBABILITY (R473) #473. Improbability. N. {{has_low_level(probability, M5.3.3)}} improbability, unlikelihood, low probability, unfavorable chance, bad chance, little chance, small chance, poor chance. {{causes: doubt &c. R485}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(assertion, R535)}} unlikely assertion. {{has_subtype(unlikely assertion)}} {{property_of(unsupported)}} unsupported assertion. {{result_of(usupported assertion)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=evidence, R467], @R2)}} lack of support. {{mcauses(lack of support): disbelief, R485}}. {{has_subtype(lack of support): lack of evidence, @R514}}. {{has_extreme(improbability): impossibility, M5.3.2}}. poor odds, bad odds, outside chance, ghost of a chance, off chance, outside shot, long shot, long odds, poor bet, slim chance, slim possibility, fat chance [iron.]. {{has_high_level}} bare possibility, remote possibility, one-in-a-million chance, one-in-a-million shot, scarcely any chance. {{has_metaphor(low probability, @R473)}} a snowball's chance in hell; Chinaman's chance. {[in_frame(election, @R737b)]} {[of(person)]}{{has_metaphor(low probability)}} dark horse. V. be improbable, be unlikely; have little chance, have a small chance. {{&consequence_of}} {{&has_property(assertion, R535)}} unsupported. Adj. improbable, unlikely, contrary to all reasonable expectation; wild[coll], far out[coll], out of sight[coll], outtasight[coll], heavy [coll]. {{&caused_by: rare &c. (infrequent) R137}}. {{has_high_level}} unheard of. strange, bizarre (uncomformable) R83. Phr. the chances are against; aquila non capit muscas[Lat]; pedir peras al olmo[Lat]. <-- ??? Roget included subjective certainty and objective certainty together. We put the concept of "objecte certainty", a measure of mathermatical probability, under "probability", and leave this entry only for the subjective estimation of certainty about some fact --> M5.3.5 CERTAINTY (R474) #474. Certainty. N. {{assessed_by(objective certainty)}} {{has_subtype(state of mind, @M7.1.1)}} certainty, certitude, subjective certainty, assurance, surety, conviction, firm belief, positiveness, feeling of certainty. {{has_topic: likelihood[of=event, R151/fact, @R527b]}}. {{has_extreme}} dead certainty, absolute certainty. {{property_of(subjective certainty): belief, R484}}. <-- this is subjective "high probability" --> {{has_low_level}} {{assessed_by(objective probability)}} subjective probability, subjective likelihood. moral certainty. {{property_of(subjective certainty)}} {{has_subtype(event)}} sure thing, cinch, lead-pipe cinch[coll]. {{&caused_by}} {{&has_property(person/method)}} infallibility, reliability. {{has_subtype(subjective certainty)}} gospel truth. {[of(assertion)]} indubitability, unquestionability, indubitableness, unquestionableness[obs3]. {{property_of(subjective certainty)}} gospel, scripture, church, pope, court of final appeal; res judicata[Lat]. ultimatum. {{property_of(subjective certainty)}} dogmatism. {{trait_of(subjective certainty): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24, dogmatist, dogmatizer, doctrinaire, bigot}}. {{property_of(subjective certainty)}} ipse dixit[Lat], dictum. {{property_of: fact, @A1.2; known fact, @M3.1.1.2}}. V. {{exhibits(subjective certainty)}} be certain[1], stand to reason. {{has_subtype(believe, R484)}} be certain[2], feel certain, be convinced, feel assured, rest assured. {{&caused_by(feel certain)}} render certain; insure, ensure, assure; clinch, make sure, convince oneself, make certain; determine, decide, set at rest, " make assurance double sure " [Macbeth]. {{mcaused_by(be certain): @M5.5.5, convince, persuade}}. dogmatize, lay down the law. Adj. certain, sure, assured; solid, well-founded. unqualified, absolute, positive. definite, determinate, specific, clear, unequivocal, categorical, unmistakable, decisive, decided, ascertained. inevitable, unavoidable, avoidless[obs3]; ineluctable. unerring, infallible; to be depended on, trustworthy, reliable, bound. unimpeachable, undeniable, unquestionable; indisputable, incontestable, incontrovertible, indubitable, indubitable, indubious[obs3]; conclusive, without power of appeal. undoubted, uncontested, unquestioned, undisputed. {[of(assertion)]} {{has_subtype(indisputable): irrefutable &c. (proven) R478}}. {{&caused_by(certainty): unchangeable &c. R150}}. without doubt, beyond a doubt, without a shade or shadow of doubt, without question, beyond question; past dispute; clear as day; beyond all question, beyond all dispute, unquestionable, questionless[obs3]. authoritative, authentic, official. sure as fate, sure as death and taxes, sure as a gun. evident, self-evident, axiomatic; clear, clear as day, clear as the sun at noonday. Adv. certainly, for certain, certes[Lat], sure, surely, no doubt, doubtless, and no mistake. sure enough, to be sure, of course, as a matter of course , a coup sur, to a certainty; at any rate, at all events; without fail; coute que coute[Fr], coute qu'il coute[Fr]; whatever may happen, if the worst come to the worst; come what may, happen what may, come what will; sink or swim; rain or shine. {{has_conceptual_part(certainly): @R494, in truth, truly}}. {{&caused_by(certainty): @M7.3.4, in flagrante delicto[Lat]}}. Phr. "Is the Pope Catholic?"; cela va sans dire[French: it goes without saying]; there is no question, there is not a shadow of doubt; the die is cast &c. (necessity) R601; " facts are stubborn things " [Smollett]; "I must forge each sentence in the face of stubborn and irreducible facts" [William James]. M5.3.6 UNCERTAINTY (R475) #475. Uncertainty. N. {{has_subtype(state of mind, @M7.1.1)}} {{has_low_level(subjective certainty, M5.3.5)}} uncertainty, incertitude, doubt; doubtfulness; dubiety, dubitation[obs3], dubitancy[obs1], dubitousness[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} confusion, bewilderment, perplexity, embarrassment, dilemma. {{&mcauses}} hesitation, suspense. {{conceptual_part_of: danger, precariousness}}. {{&mcauses: timidity &c. (fear) R860; vacillation &c. R605}}. {{property_of}} vagueness; haze, fog; contingency, dependence, dependency, double contingency, possibility upon a possibility; onus probandi[Lat]; blind bargain, pig in a poke, leap in the dark, something or other. {{&property_of: the future, P1.1.2.1.6}}. {{&caused_by: vagueness}}. {{&caused_by(confusion)}} indistinctness. {{&caused_by(indistinctness[of=color, R428]): suffusion}}. {{&caused_by: unintelligibility, R519}}. {{&caused_by: ambiguity &c. (double meaning) R520}}. {{property_of: open question &c. (question) R461}}. {{has_metaphor(uncertainty)}} needle in a haystack, needle in a bottle of hay; roving commission. {{has_metaphor(vagueness): obscurity &c. (darkness) R421}}. {{caused_by}} {{&has_property(person/method)}} fallibility. {{has_subtype(assertion)}} {{has_subtype(qualification, R469)}} {{has_manifestation(irresolution, R605)}} waffling, quibbling. V. {{antonym_of(be certain)}} be uncertain, be in doubt; wonder whether. not know what to do, not know what to make of; not know which way to turn, not know whether one stands on one s head or one's heels; float in a sea of doubt, hesitate, flounder; lose oneself, lose one's head; muddle one's brains. lose the clue, lose the clew, scent; miss one's way. {{caused_by}} render uncertain, put into doubt, put out, pose, puzzle, perplex, embarrass; confuse, confound; bewilder, bother, molder, addle the wits, throw off the scent, ambiguas in vulgus spargere voces[Lat]. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(conceal, @M8.1.2.2)}} keep in suspense. {{caused_by: doubt &c. (disbelieve) R485}}. hang in the balance, tremble in the balance; depend. {{has_high_level(be uncertain)}} be perplexed, be confounded, be at one's wit's end. Adj. {{&has_property(state, @R7b)}} uncertain; casual; random &c. (aimless) R621; changeable &c. R149. doubtful, dubious; indecisive; unsettled, undecided, undetermined; in suspense, open to discussion; controvertible. {{caused_by(uncertain): @R461, under question, in question}}. vague; indeterminate, indefinite; ambiguous, equivocal; undefined, undefinable; mystic, oracular; dazed. {{&caused_by(vague): confused &c. (indistinct) R447}}. perplexing, puzzling, confusing; enigmatic, paradoxical, apocryphal, problematical, hypothetical. {{&caused_by: experimental &c. R463}}. {{&caused_by: unpredictable, unforeseeable (unknowable) R519}}. fallible, questionable, precarious, slippery, ticklish, debatable, disputable; unreliable, untrustworthy. contingent, contingent on, dependent on; subject to; dependent on circumstances; occasional; provisional. unauthentic, unauthenticated, unauthoritative; unascertained, unconfirmed; untold, uncounted. {{&caused_by}} undemonstrable, undemonstrated. {[of(person)]} in a state of uncertainty, in a cloud, in a maze; bushed, off the track; afraid to say; out of one's reckoning, astray, adrift; at sea, at fault, at a loss, at one's wit's end, at a nonplus; puzzled, perplexed, confused; lost, abroad, desoriente; distracted, distraught. {{has_high_level(uncertain): ignorant &c. R491}}. Adv. pendente lite[Lat]; sub spe rati[Lat]. Phr. Heaven knows; "who can tell?"; "who shall decide when doctors disagree?"; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces[Lat]. <-- What's the relationship between reasoning and argument? [[reasoning]] --> M5.4 REASONING PROCESS R476 TO R479 N. reasoning process. <-- we include "calculation" in a non-mathematical sense here. Estimation is here as used in the phrase "in my estimation, ..." Note that "conclusion", the result of simple reasoning, is here, but "judgment", the result of judging, in a separate entry, at R480 There seems to be a difference between simple reasoning as a logical exercise, and judging. We have classified "judging" at R476 as having reasoning as only a part. (What's the other part? Guessing? A leap of faith? Intuition?). --> M5.4.1 REASONING. #476. Reasoning. N. {{antonym_of(intuition, R477)}} {{has_subtype(manipulation[obj=concept, R453], @R677)}} {{has_subtype(mental process)}} {{has_subtype(thinking, R451)}} reasoning, rationalism, process of reasoning, inferring, deducing. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(thinking, R451)}} judging, weighing, determining, deciding. {{!has_result}} deduction, conclusion, inference, ergotism[obs1], illation. {{!has_result(judging)}} {{has_subtype(conclusion): @R480, deduction, conclusion, inference, judgment}}. <-- "condition" and "conditional" in this sense is under A1.4.3, possibility. Perhaps it should be here? --> {{!uses}} {{property_of(conditional, @A1.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(assertion, R535)}} {{has_subtype(premise)}} conditional sentence, conditional statement, conditional assertion. {{has_subtype(conditional assertion): if-then relation, @R163}}. {{has_subtype(conditional statement)}} assertion of alternatives. {{has_part(assertion of alternatives)}} {{has_subtype(assertion, R535)}} alternative[num=>1]. {{has_part(conditional assertion): condition, @A1.4.3}}. {{has_part(conditional assertion)}} consequent. {{!has_consequence(condition, @A1.4.3): consequent}}. <-- the meaning of "calculation" here is abstract, not very different from "reasoning", but implying somewhat more preciseness than the generic reasoning. Is it always "quantitative?" --> {{has_subtype}} {{uses(prediction, R511)}} {{property_of(accurate, @R494)}} ratiocination, calculation, reckoning. {{has_subtype(calculation)}} {{property_of(imprecise, @R17)}} estimation. {{studied_in}} logic, art of reasoning, formal logic. {{used_in}} {{uses(discussion)}} {{has_subtype(series[of=argument[1], R69/conclusion, R480], R69)}} line of reasoning, train of reasoning, chain of reasoning. {{has_subtype(logic)}} {{used_in(symbol, R550)}} symbolic logic. {{has_subtype(symbolic logic)}} predicate logic; predicate calculus. {{has_subtype(logic)}} {{used_in(probability, R472)}} fuzzy logic. {{has_subtype(logic)}} {{not_used_in(probability, R472)}} {{used_in(assertion, @R535/negation, R536)}} two-valued logic, classical logic. {{has_subtype(logic)}} {{not_used_in(probability, R472)}} {{used_in(assertion, @R535/negation, R536/ignorance, R491)}} three-valued logic. {{has_concern: relevance, R23}}. dialectics, induction, generalization. deduction; induction; abduction; synthesis; analysis. <-- a premise is any fact or assumption used in reasoning --> {{uses}} {{has_subtype(known fact, @M3.1.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(assertion, R535)}} {{has_subtype(postulate, R514)}} premise. {{has_subtype(premise): conditional assertion}}. {{has_part(premise): condition; consequent}}. {{&uses}} {{&has_subtype(maxim, R476)}} {{has_subtype(premise)}} {{has_subtype(assumption, M5.7.1)}} axiom, theorem, proposition, scholium[obs3]; principle. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(hypothesis, M5.7.1)}} postulate. {{has_subtype(premise): evidence, M5.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(premise)}} {{uses(debate)}} argument[1], reason, point. {{has_subtype(argument[1])}} {{property_of(vague, @R519)}} hand-waving argument. {{part_of(argument[1])}} case[1], reasons[pl], pros and cons[collective], arguments[pl]. {{has_subtype(case[1])}} {[in_frame(legal action, R969)]} case[2], pleading, plaidoyer[obs3]. {{topic_of(case[2])}} {{has_subtype(brief, @R596)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} brief, legal brief. {{has_conceptual_part(argument[2]/case[2])}} opening, terms, premises, data, starting point. {{used_in: scientific method}}. {{member_of(logic)}} trivium [yr=medieval]. {{has_conceptual_part(reasoning)}} rule of inference. {{uses(two-valued logic)}} {{has_subtype(rule of inference)}} modus ponens, syllogism, syllogistic reasoning, prosyllogism[obs3]; modus tollens. {{has_conceptual_part(syllogism)}} {{has_subtype(premise)}} major premise; minor premise. {[of(human group, P2.3.2.3.5)]} {{&uses(inquiry, R461)}} discussion, deliberation, comment; ventilation. {{has_subtype(discussion)}} {{has_subtype(contention, R720)}} debate, argument[2], argumentation, controversy; polemics, wrangling, war of words, logomachy[obs3]; disputation, disceptation[obs3]; paper war. {{has_subtype(proposition)}} lemma. {{has_subtype(logic)}} modal logic; propositional logic. dilemma, a priori reasoning, reductio ad absurdum, horns of a dilemma, argumentum ad hominem [Lat.], comprehensive argument. <-- enthymeme[obs3], sorites[obs3], , perilepsis[obs3]; empirema[obs3], epagoge[obs3] --> {{has_subtype(line of reasoning)}} {{property_of(true)}} logical sequence. {{causes(logical sequence)}} good case, strong argument, persuasive argument. {{&has_property(line of reasoning)}} force, force of argument, strong point. {{has_subtype(line of reasoning)}} {{property_of(true)}} correct reasoning, just reasoning, sound reasoning, valid reasoning, cogent reasoning, logical reasoning, forcible reasoning, persuasive reasoning, persuasory reasoning[obs3], consectary reasoning[obs1], conclusive reasoning; subtle reasoning. {{performed_by(reasoning)}} reasoner, logician, dialectician. {{has_subtype(reasoner): judge, R967}}. {{has_subtype(reasoner)}} wrangler, casuist, rationalist. {{has_participant(discussion)}} discussant. {{has_subtype(discussant)}} {{performed_by(debate)}} {{has_subtype(disputant, R726)}} debater, arguer, disputant, polemic, controversialist, controvertist[obs3], eristic[obs3]. {{part_of(debater): side, R712}}. <--; scientist; . ?? why? --> V. reason. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(predict, R511)}} calculate, reckon, figure. {{has_subtype(caclulate)}} {{property_of(imprecise, @R17)}} estimate. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{hperforms(discussant[num=>1])}} discuss. {{has_subtype(discuss)}} {{has_subtype(compete, M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} argue[1], debate, dispute, moot, hold an argument, carry on an argument, try conclusions with, wrangle, bandy with, bandy words, bandy arguments, argufy[obs3], chop logic. {{has_conceptual_part(debate): controvert &c. (deny) R536}}. {{has_conceptual_part(argue[1])}} {{hperforms(arguer[num=1])}} plead, argue[2], present one's case, make a case, argue one's case, present one side of the argument. canvass; comment upon, moralize upon; spiritualize; consider &c. (examine) R461. open a discussion, open a case; try conclusions; join issue, be at issue; come to the point; stir a question, agitate a question, ventilate a question, torture a question; take up a side, take up a case. contend, take one's stand upon, insist, lay stress on; infer &c. R480. {{has_termination(reason)}} {{has_result(reason): conclude, R480}}. {{has_conceptual_part(conclude, R480): follow from &c. (demonstration) R478}}. Adj. rational, reasonable. rationalistic; argumentative, controversial, dialectic, polemical; discursory[obs3], discursive; disputatious; Aristotelian[obs3], eristic[obs3], eristical[obs3]. reasoning, arguing. debatable, controvertible. {{has_subtype(good)}} logical. {{has_conceptual_part(logical): relevant &c. R23}}. Conj. {{has_marker(premise/justification, @R522/motive, R615)}} because, for, seeing that, since, sith[obs3], for as, inasmuch as, for inasmuch as, whereas, ex concesso[Lat], considering, in consideration of, considering that. {{has_marker(conclusion, R480)}} therefore, hence, whence, ergo, thus, for that reason, for this reason, for which reason, wherefore, consequently, as a consequence, in consequence of which, in view of which, as a consquence thereto, as a consequence thereof, thusly, accordingly, then, thence so, and therefore. furthermore, in addition. a fortiori. in conclusion, in fine, finally, after all, au bout du compt[Fr], on the whole, all things considered, taking one thing with another. {{has_marker(assertion of alternatives)}} either; or; or else. {{has_subtype(or)}} inclusive or; exclusive or. Phr. ab actu ad posse valet consecutio [Lat]; "per troppo dibatter la verit... si perde" [It]; "troppo disputare la verit... fa errare" [It]. <-- Roget R477 contained both intuition and false reasoning. Sophistry (False reasoning) has been split off to R477a. Note that intuition is labeled as a weak belief at R484, which makes it both a reasoning process and a result of reasoning. --> <-- [The absence of reasoning.] --> M5.4.2 INTUITION (R477) #477. Intuition. N. {{mcaused_by(intuition, @R484)}} intuition, instinct, hunch, feeling, presentiment, premonition. {{conceptual_part_of}} rule of thumb. {{&caused_by: experience; association of ideas}}. V. intuit, feel intuitively, know intuitively. have a feeling, have a hunch; judge intuitively, judge by intuition; hazard a proposition, hazard a guess; talk at random. {{mcauses}} take as a given. {{&mcauses: assume, @R514}}. {{has_subtype(intuit)}} {{&caused_by(misjudgment, R481)}} judge hastily, shoot from the hip, jump to conclusions. Adj. intuitive, instinctive. impulsive; gratuitous, hazarded; vague, unconnected; independent of reason, anterior to reason. non-rational, irrational, arational[neol]. {{has_high_level(irrational): nonsensical &c. (absurd) R497}}. at the end of one's tether, au bout de son latin. Adv. intuitively, instinctively. by intuition; illogically &c. adj.. Phr. non constat[Lat]; that goes for nothing. M5.4.3 SUPERSTITION N. {{has_subtype(belief, M5.5.5)}} {{property_of(false)}} {{conceptual_part_of(intuition)}} superstition. {{&part_of: faith (supposition) R514}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(divination)}} {{uses(star)}} astrology, horoscopy, judicial astrology[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part(astrology)}} astrological prediction. {{has_subtype(prediction)}} {{has_result(astrological prediction): horoscope, @M8.1.1.5.6.5}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(fear[of=number 13])}} triskaidekaphobia. V. be superstitious. take on faith. <-- [False or vicious reasoning; show of reason.] --> M5.4.4 SOPHISTRY (R477) #477a. Sophistry. N. {{has_subtype(reasoning)}} {{not_property_of(rational, M5.4.1)}} {{property_of(false)}} sophistry, casuistry, false reasoning, perversion, jesuitry[obs2], paralogy[obs3]. mysticism, mystification, pseudoscience. equivocation, evasion. circular reasoning, loose reasoning, vicious reasoning; hand-waving argument; petitio principii[Lat], ignoratio elenchi[Lat]; post hoc ergo propter hoc[Lat]; non sequitur, ignotum per ignotius[Lat]. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(deception, @R544)}} chicane, chicanery; quiddet[obs3], quiddity; special pleading; word sense, tongue sense. {{has_result: speciousness &c. adj.; nonsense &c. R497}}. {{has_result: misjudgment &c. R481}}. {{&has_result: false teaching &c. R538}}. meshes of sophistry, cobwebs of sophistry; flaw in an argument; weak point, bad case. overrefinement; hairsplitting, quibbling, glossing over. sophism, solecism, paralogism[obs3]; claptrap, cant, mere words, superficial reasoning; quibble, quirk, elenchus[obs3], elench[obs3], fallacy, quodlibet, subterfuge, subtlety, quillet[obs3]; inconsistency, antilogy[obs3]; "a delusion, a mockery, and a snare" [Denman]; "lame and impotent conclusion" [Othello]. V. reason ill, reason falsely, reason speciously, reason illogically, be illogical; paralogize[obs3]. beg the question, reason in a circle, reason in circles, assume the conclusion. {{used_in(false reasoning)}} {{purpose_of(deceive, @R544)}} equivocate, mystify, obfuscate, evade, elude; gloss over, varnish; pervert, quibble; cavil, refine, subtilize[obs3], split hairs. {{has_metaphor}} cut blocks with a razor, beat about the bush, play fast and loose, play fast and loose with the facts, blow hot and cold, prove that black is white and white black, travel out of the record, parler a tort et a travers[Fr], put oneself out of court, not have a leg to stand on. {{has_result: misteach &c. R538; mislead &c. (error) R495}}. {{has_result: misjudge &c. R481}}. Adj. illogical, unreasonable, unsound, false, invalid. incorrect, fallacious, fallible; groundless, unproved, inconclusive. untenable, unwarranted, not following, non sequitur[Latin: it does not follow]; inconsequent, inconsequential[obs2]. inconsistent; absonous[obs1], absonant[obs3]. deceptive, sophistical, jesuitical. illusive, illusory; specious, hollow, superficial, plausible, ad captandum[Lat], evasive. {{&has_conceptual_part(unreasonable): irrelevant, @R10}}. weak, feeble, poor, flimsy, loose. foolish &c. (imbecile) R499; frivolous, pettifogging, quibbling; finespun[obs3], overrefined[obs3]. unscientific, pseudoscientific. M5.4.5 DEMONSTRATION (R478) #478. Demonstration. N. {{antonym_of(confutation, R479)}} {{mcaused_by(belief, R484)}} {{topic_of(fact, @R527b)}} demonstration, proof, rigorous proof, rigorous establishment, absolute establishment, apodeixis[obs3], apodixis[obs3], probation, comprobation[obs1]. clincher. {{requires: validity}}. {{has_property: @R484, conclusiveness, cogency, convincingness}}. {{uses: evidence, R467; test, R463; argument, R476}}. V. demonstrate, prove, establish, show; settle the question, reduce to demonstration, set the question at rest, make good. make out, make out a case; prove one's point, have the best of the argument. {{has_conceptual_part(prove)}} follow, follow of course, follow as a matter of course, follow necessarily; stand to reason; hold good, hold water. {{has_conceptual_part: @R480, draw a conclusion, judge}}. {{has_subtype: @R467, confirm, corroborate, substantiate, verify, prove}}. {{facilitated_by(prove): @R467, show, evince, manifest}}. {{requires: @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1, convince, persuade}}. Adj. demonstrating, proving, showing, demonstrative, demonstrable. <-- note that self-evident may modify a fact or the proof which demonstrates that fact --> {{has_property(rigorous proof)}} conclusive, irrefutable, probative, unanswerable, irresistible, irrefragable, apodeictic, self-evident, apodeictical[obs3], apodictic[obs3], apodictical[ob3]. <-- "necessary" here is logical necessity" --> {{has_extreme(conclusive)}} necessary, logically necessary. {{facilitated_by(demonstration)}} {{&has_property(fact, @R527b): @R474, evident, self-evident}}. categorical, decisive, crucial. demonstrated, proven, shown, established; unconfuted[obs3], unanswered, unrefuted[obs3]. deducible, consequential, consectary[obs3], inferential, following. {{facilitated_by: @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1, convincing, cogent, persuasive}}. Adv. consequently, in consequence, as a matter of course; necessarily, of necessity. Phr. probatum est[Lat]; there is nothing more to be said; quod est demonstrandum[Lat], "Q.E.D."; it must follow; exitus acta probat[Lat]; "any questions?". M5.4.6 CONFUTATION #479. Confutation. N. {{antonym_of(demonstration, R478)}} {{has_subtype(answer)}} {{has_subtype(correction, R527a)}} confutation, refutation, disproof, invalidation, redargution[obs3]. {{has_topic: error, R495}}. {{uses}} exposure, exposition; reductio ad absurdum; knock down argument, complete answer, sockdolager [obs3][U. S.]; tu quoque argument[Lat]. {{has_conceptual_part}} retort; rejoinder. {{&used_in: dissuasion, @R616}}. V. confute, refute, disprove, negative, controvert, rebut, confound, disconfirm, redargue[obs3]. parry, expose, show the fallacy of, defeat; overthrow, overturn scatter to the winds, explode, invalidate; silence; put to silence, reduce to silence; clinch an argument, clinch a question; give one a setdown[obs3], stop the mouth, shut up; have, have on the hip. {{has_metaphor: @R162, demolish, break, annihilate, squash, destroy}}. not leave a leg to stand on, cut the ground from under one's feet. {{has_conceptual_part: @R468, contravene}}. {{causes}} be confuted, be refuted, be disproven, be controverted, be rebutted, be confounded, be disconfirmed. fail; expose one's weak point, show one's weak point. {{uses: counter evidence &c. R468}}. Adj. confuting, rebutting, disproving, confounding, disconfirming, controverting. {{has_subtype(corrected, @R527a)}} confuted, refuted, disproven, controverted, rebutted, confounded, disconfirmed. capable of refutation; refutable, confutable[obs3], defeasible. condemned on one's own showing, condemned out of one's own mouth. Phr. the argument falls to the ground, cadit quaestio[Lat], it does not hold water, " suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo" [Terence]; his argument was demolished by new evidence. <-- (CONCLUSION) --> M5.5 RESULTS OF REASONING (R480 TO R503) N. {{has_subtype(result[of=reasoning], @M7.4.1)}} {{mcauses(reasoning)}} result of reasoning. <-- (exc. R492, R493, 500, 501 to person who ...) and R494 truth, and R495, falsehood, to M4, properties of ideas 480. Judgment 481. Misjudgment 480a. Discovery 482. Overestimation 483. Underestimation 484. Belief 485. Doubt Unbelief 486. Credulity 487. Incredulity 488. Agreement 489. Dissent 490. Knowledge 491. Ignorance R492. Scholar and R493. Ignoramus to HROLE R494. Truth & 495. Error to M4 496. Maxim 497. Absurdity Faculties 498. Intelligence 499. Imbecility Wisdom Folly 502. Sanity 503. Insanity --> <-- R500. Sage, R501. Fool and R504. Madman to HROLE --> <-- [[Conclusion.]] --> M5.5.1 JUDGMENT (R480) #480. Judgment. N. {{has_result(judging, @R476)}} {{has_subtype(conclusion, @R476)}} judgment, judgement, conclusion, finding, determination, decision. {{has_subtype}} {{required_for(wisdom, M4.2.2.1.1.5.1)}} wise decision. {{has_subtype(conclusion)}} {{property_of(subsequent, @P1.1.2.1.2)}} corollary, porism[obs3]; moral. {{has_subtype(evaluation[of=argument], @M9.2.4.8)}} estimation, valuation, appreciation. {{has_subtype(evaluation, @M9.2.4.8)}} award, estimate; assessment, ponderation[obs3]; review, criticism, critique, notice, report. adjudication, judication[obs3]; dijudication[obs3]; arbitration, arbitrament, arbitrement[obs3]; valorization. {[in_frame(lawsuit, R969)]} legal judgment. {{has_subtype(legal judgment)}} verdict, decree; findings of fact; findings of law. {{has_part(legal judgment)}} {[in_frame(criminal action): sentence, @R971]}. {{has_legal_effect(legal judgment)}} res judicata[Lat], settled law, judicial law. {{has_subtype(verdict)}} {{property_of(inconclusive)}} nonsuit; hung jury. {[of(electorate)]} plebiscite, voice, casting vote. {{has_subtype(plebiscite): vote &c. (choice) R609}}. {{mcauses: @R484, opinion, belief}}. {{conceptual_part_of: good judgment, @R498}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.27, judge, umpire, arbiter, arbitrator, asessor, referee, censor, reviewer, critic, connoisseur, inspector, armchair general, monday morning quarterback}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(obvious, @M8.1.1.R1.6)}} twenty-twenty hindsight. V. judge, conclude; come to a conclusion, draw a conclusion, arrive at a conclusion; ascertain, determine, make up one's mind. deduce, derive, gather, collect, draw an inference, make a deduction, weet[obs1], ween. form an estimate, estimate, appreciate, value, assess, rate, review; size up. rank, account. regard, consider, count, think of. settle; pass an opinion, give an opinion; decide, try, pronounce, rule; pass judgment, pass sentence; sentence, doom; find; give judgment, deliver judgment; adjudge, adjudicate; arbitrate, award, report; bring in a verdict; make absolute, set a question at rest. comment, kibitz; pass under review &c. (examine) R457; investigate &c. (inquire) R461. criticize. {{has_subtype(criticise)}} {{property_of(habitual/frequent)}} nag, badger. {{has_subtype(nag)}} {[of(husband)]} henpeck. hold the scales, sit in judgment; try judgment, hear a cause. {{has_subtype: confirm, @R762}}. {{mcauses: look upon &c. (believe) R484}}. Adj. judging, concluding, deciding; determinate, conclusive. {{has_property(wise decision): @R498, judicious, wise}}. Adv. on the whole, all things considered. Phr. "a Daniel come to judgment" [Merchant of Venice]; "and stand a critic, hated yet caress'd" [Byron]; "it is much easier to be critical than to be correct" [Disraeli]; la critique est aisee et l'art est difficile[Fr]; "nothing if not critical" [Othello]; "O most lame and impotent conclusion" [Othello]. <-- Roget's R480 includes both discovery and recognition. Break out recognition (identification of a known fact, item) into a separate category R465b. Note that R465, discrimination is closely related, but is considered as a process rather than a result --> <-- [[discover]] [Result of search or inquiry.] --> M5.5.2 DISCOVERY (R480A) #480a. Discovery. N. {{has_subtype(learning, R539)}} {{has_result(search, R622/inquire, @R461)}} discovery[1], detection, ascertainment[obs3], disclosure, find, revelation. {{has_subtype(discovery[obj=unknown fact, @A1.2])}} discovery[2], elucidation. {[in_frame(scientific research)]} {{has_subtype(result[of=scientific research])}} scientific discovery. {{similar_to: R465b, recognition}}. {{&mcauses: disenchantment, @R616}}. V. {{has_subtype(learn, R539)}} discover, find, determine, find out, evolve. fix upon; pick up. {{has_metaphor}} track down, trace out, hunt out, fish out, worm out, ferret out, root out, grub up, fish up. {{has_metaphor}} unearth, dig up, disinter, dig out, bring to light. fathom; bring out, draw out, educe, elicit. solve, resolve, elucidate; unriddle, unravel, unlock, crack, crack open; pick up, open the lock; find a clue, find clew a to, find the key to the riddle; interpret &c. R522; disclose &c. R529. trace, get at; hit it, have it; lay one's finger, lay one's hands upon; spot; get at the truth, arrive at the truth, get at the facts, learn the facts, arrive at the facts; put the saddle on the right horse, hit the right nail on the head. be near the truth, be warm, get warmer, burn; smoke, scent, sniff, catch a whiff of, smell a rat. pitch upon, fall upon, light upon, hit upon, stumble upon, pop upon; come across, come onto; meet with, meet up with, fall in with. {{precedes}} {{has_subtype(confirm, @R467)}} verify, make certain of. {{analogous_to: @R441, @M6.1.2.7.3, see, spot, espy}}. {{has_subtype(discover[mode=again])}} rediscover. Adj. {{has_consequence(discover)}} discovered, detected, found, found out. elucidated. unearthed, dug up, brought to light. {{has_consequence(discover): @R527b, known, ascertained}}. Int. "eureka!", "aha!", "I've got it!". M5.5.3 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [[misjudge]] --> M5.5.4 MISJUDGMENT (R481) #481. Misjudgment. N. {{has_subtype(error, R495)}} misjudgment, obliquity of judgment; miscalculation, miscomputation, misconception; hasty conclusion. {{has_subtype: overestimation &c. R482}}. {{has_subtype: underestimation &c. R483}}. {{&mcaused_by}} prejudgment, prejudication[obs3], prejudice; foregone conclusion, preconceived idea, preconceived notion; prenotion[obs3], prevention, preconception, predilection, prepossession, preapprehension[obs3], presumption, assumption, presentiment; mentis gratissimus error[Lat]; fool's paradise. {{&mcaused_by: @R484, conviction, firm belief, fixed idea, idee fixe}}. {{&mcaused_by}} esprit de corps, party spirit, partisanship, clannishness, prestige. {{&mcaused_by}} warp, twist; hobby, fad, quirk, crotchet, partiality, infatuation, blind side, mote in the eye. {{&mcaused_by}} one-sided views, one-track mind, partial views, narrow views, confined views, superficial views, one-sided ideas, partial ideas, narrow ideas, confined ideas, superficial ideas, one-sided conceptions, partial conceptions, narrow conceptions, confined conceptions, superficial conceptions, one-sided notions, partial notions, narrow notions, confined notions, superficial notions; narrow mind. {{&mcaused_by: @M7.1.1.7, bias, bigotry, prejudice, intolerance}}. odium theologicum[Lat]; pedantry; hypercriticism. {{&mcaused_by: doctrinaire, @R474}}. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(error, R495)}} erroneous assumptions, erroneous data, mistaken assumptions, incorrect assumptions. {{&mcaused_by: ignorance &c. R491}}. V. {{has_subtype(err, R495)}} {{has_subtype(blunder, R699)}} misjudge, misestimate, misthink[obs3], misconjecture[obs3], misconceive; fly in the face of facts; miscalculate, misreckon, miscompute. {{has_subtype: overestimate &c. R482; underestimate &c. R483}}. prejudge, forejudge; presuppose, presume, prejudicate[obs3]; dogmatize; have only one idea; jurare in verba magistri[Lat], run away with the notion; jump to a conclusion, rush to a conclusion, leap to a conclusion, judge hastily, shoot from the hip, jump to conclusions; look only at one side of the shield; view with jaundiced eye, view through distorting spectacles; not see beyond one's nose; dare pondus fumo[Lat]; get the wrong sow by the ear. {{caused_by(prejudge): @M7.1.1.7, have a bias, have a prejudice, be bigoted, be intolerant}}. Adj. misjudging &c. v.; ill-judging, wrong-headed; prejudiced &c. v.; jaundiced; shortsighted, purblind; partial, one-sided, superficial. misjudged. {{has_subtype(misjudges)}} miscalculated, misreckoned, miscomputed. {{caused_by(misjudge)}} narrow-minded, narrow-souled[obs3]; mean-spirited; confined, illiberal, intolerant, besotted, infatuated, fanatical, entete[Fr], positive, dogmatic, conceited; opinative, opiniative[obs3]; opinioned, opinionate, opinionative, opinionated; self-opinioned, wedded to an opinion, "opiniatre"; crotchety, fussy, impracticable. {{caused_by: unreasonable, stupid &c. R499; credulous &c. R486}}. {{caused_by: @M7.1.1.7, warped, bigoted}}. Adv. ex parte[Lat]. Phr. nothing like leather; the wish the father to the thought; wishful thinking; unshakable conviction; "my mind is made up - don't bother me with the facts". M5.5.4.1 OVERESTIMATION (R482) #482. Overestimation. N. overestimation, overestimating, overrating, overvaluing, overvaluation, overweighting. {[with_obj(person)]} overpraising, eulogizing. {[of(future hopes, @M5.3.3)]} optimism. {{has_excess(optimism)}} overoptimism. {{antonym_of(optimism): pessimism, M5.5.4.2}}. {{has_subtype: exaggeration &c. R549}}. {{has_subtype}} {[of(self): vanity &c. R880]}. {{trait_of(optimism)}} optimist. {{has_metaphor}} much cry and little wool, much ado about nothing; storm in a teacup, tempest in a teacup; fine talking. V. overestimate, overweigh; estimate too highly, attach too much importance to. overrate, overvalue, overprize, overreckon[obs3], overstrain. {[with_object(person)]} overpraise; eulogize. {{has_metaphor}} make mountains of molehills, catch at straws; strain, magnify; exaggerate &c. R549; set too high a value upon; think much of, make much of, think too much of, make too much of; outreckon[obs3]; panegyrize[obs3]; make two bites of a cherry. count one's chickens before they hatch. extol, extol to the skies; make the most of, make the best of, make the worst of. {[with_object(self): @R880, have too high an opinion of oneself, be vain]}. Adj. overestimated, overrated, overvalued, overprized. {{&causes: oversensitive &c. (sensibility) R822}}. Phr. all his geese are swans; parturiunt montes[Lat]. M5.5.4.2 UNDERESTIMATION (R483) #483. Underestimation. N. {{antonym_of(overestimation)}} underestimation, underestimating, undervaluing, underweighting. {{has_subtype: depreciation &c. (detraction) R934}}. {[of(self): modesty &c. R881]}. {[of(future hopes, @M5.3.3)]} pessimism. {{antonym_of(pessimism): optimism, M5.5.4.1}}. {{trait_of(pessimism)}} pessimist. V. underrate, underestimate, undervalue, underreckon[obs3]. depreciate; not do justice to; misprize, disprize. {{has_subtype: slight &c. (despise) R930; neglect &c. R460}}. slur over. {[of(person): disparage &c. (detract) R934]}. {{has_subtype: ridicule &c. R856}}. make light of, make little of, make nothing of, make no account of; belittle; minimize, think nothing of; set no store by, set at naught. {{has_metaphor}} shake off as dewdrops from the lion's mane. Adj. underestimating, undervaluing, depreciating, depreciated. underestimated, undervalued, underweighed; unvalued, unprized[obs3]. <-- [[belief]] --> M5.5.5 BELIEF (R484) #484. Belief. N. {{&mcauses(reasoning process, M5.4)}} belief; credence, credit; opinion, mind, view; assurance. {{has_tobject: fact, @M3.1.1.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{temporal_location_of(the future): @R858, presumption, sanguine expectation, hope}}. {{&mcauses}} dependence on, reliance on. {{mcaused_by: persuasion, conviction, convincement[obs3], plerophory[obs3]}}. {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(uncertainty)}} impression, weak belief. {{&caused_by}} self-conviction; conception, thinking. {{&caused_by(weak belief): surmise &c. R514}}. {{&caused_by: conclusion, R480}}. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(the masses, P2.3.2.3.6.4.35): popular belief, @R488}}. {{&mcauses(belief[in=leader])}} {{has_subtype(following, R281)}} following. {{performed_by(following)}} follower. {{&mcauses(belief[in=creed/philosophy])}} adherence. {{performed_by(adherence): @M3.1.2.3.2.1, adherent, believer}}. {{has_low_intensity}} {{mcaused_by(intuition, M5.4.2)}} intuition, hunch, feeling, gut feeling. {{has_subtype(intuition)}} presentiment, premonition. {{has_high_intensity}} {[of_frame(human character)]} faith. {{has_subtype(faith): religion, religious faith, R983}}. {{property_of(subjective certainty, M5.3.5)}} {{has_high_intensity}} conviction, firm belief, unshakable conviction, implicit belief, settled belief, fixed belief, deep-rooted belief, staunch belief, unshaken belief, steadfast belief, inveterate belief, firm opinion, implicit opinion, settled opinion, fixed rooted deep-rooted opinion, staunch opinion, unshakable opinion, unshaken opinion, steadfast opinion, inveterate opinion. {{has_subtype(firm belief)}} tenet, principle, way of thinking. {{has_subtype(principle)}} {{has_subtype(standard, @R650)}} {{property_of(perfection, R650/beauty, R845/excellence, @R648)}} ideal, the way things should be. {{believed_by(ideal): idealist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24}}. {{&mcauses(ideal): goal, R615; cause, @R676}}. {{has_subtype(firm belief)}} {{&mcaused_by(misjudgment, R481)}} fixed idea, idee fixe. {{has_subtype(firm belief)}} {{&mcaused_by(misjudgment, R481)}} {{property_of(unreasoning, @R499)}} blind belief, dogma, blind faith. {{has_subtype(firm belief)}} {{&mcaused_by(misjudgment, R481): ideology, @R737b}}. {{has_subtype(firm belief)}} well-founded belief. calm belief, sober belief, dispassionate belief, impartial belief, calm opinion, sober opinion, dispassionate opinion, impartial opinion, well-founded opinion; uberrima fides[Lat]. {{property_of(multiplicity, R100)}} system of opinions, school, doctrine, articles, canons. {{conceptual_part_of: assent &c. R762}}. {{affected_by: credibility &c. (probability) R472}}. {{has_subtype(belief[in=$other, M1.2])}} {{mcauses(trustworthiness[of=$other], M4.2.2.1.1)}} trust, troth, confidence. {{&caused_by: propaganda &c. (teaching) R537}}. {{&caused_by: persuasion, M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1}}. V. believe, credit; give faith to, give credit to, credence to. think, hold; take, take it, trust[1]; opine, be of opinion, conceive, trow[obs3], ween[obs3], fancy, apprehend; have a belief, hold a belief, possess a belief, entertain a belief, adopt a belief, imbibe a belief, embrace a belief, get hold of a belief, hazard, foster, nurture a belief, cherish a belief, have an opinion, hold an opinion, possess, entertain an opinion, adopt an opinion, imbibe an opinion, embrace an opinion, get hold of an opinion, hazard an opinion, foster an opinion, nurture an opinion, cherish an opinion. view as, consider as, take as, hold as, conceive as, regard as, esteem as, deem as, look upon as, account as, set down as. get it into one's head, take it into one's head; come round to an opinion. {{&mcauses(believe[in=leader])}} {{has_subtype(follow, R281)}} follow, adhere to. {{has_commencement}} see, realize. assume, presume, receive; set down for, take for; have it, take it; consider, esteem. {{&mcauses}} {[with_object(other, M1.2)]} trust[2], count upon, count on, depend upon, calculate upon, pin one's faith upon, reckon upon, lean upon, build upon, rely upon, rest upon; lay one's account for; make sure of. {{&has_commencement}} make oneself easy about, make oneself easy on that score; take on trust, take on credit; take for granted, take for gospel. {{&caused_by(weak belief)}} allow some weight to, attach some weight to, belief weakly, believe somewhat. {{&caused_by(weak belief): surmise &c. R514}}. {{has_high_intensity(believe)}} know, know for certain, believe firmly, believe strongly; have no doubt, know no doubt, make no doubt; doubt not; be assured, rest assured, rest secure; persuade oneself, assure oneself, satisfy oneself; make up one's mind. {[with_object(person)]} give one credit for; confide in, believe in, put one's trust in, have faith in, have confidence in, have trust in; place implicit repose in, place implicit confidence in; take one's word for, at one's word; place reliance on, rely upon, swear by, regard to. {{&caused_by: swallow &c. (credulity) R486}}. {{caused_by(belief): @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1, cause to be believed, satisfy, persuade, assure, convince, convert, wean, bring round, bring over, win over, produce conviction, bring home to, drive home to}}. {{has_commencement(believe)}} go down, find credence; be received, be taken; possess, take hold of, take possession of the mind. {{has_subtype(be believed)}} be current, pass current. Adj. believing, thinking. {{has_high_intensity(believing)}} certain, sure, assured, positive, cocksure, satisfied, confident, unhesitating, convinced, secure. under the impression; impressed with, imbued with, penetrated with. confiding, suspectless[obs3]; unsuspecting, unsuspicious; void of suspicion; wedded to. {{&caused_by(believing): credulous &c. R486}}. believed, thought; accredited, putative; unsuspected. {{has_subtype(believed[by=most everyone])}} widely believed, generally believed. <-- here trustworthiness is a general term, applicable also to facts or information. At M4.2.2.1.1 it refers specifically to people --> {{mcaused_by(belief)}} {{has_subtype(probable, @R472)}} worthy of belief, deserving of belief, commanding belief; credible, reliable, trustworthy, to be depended on; satisfactory; persuasive, impressive. relating to belief, doctrinal. Adv. in the opinion of, in the eyes of; me judice[Lat]; meseems[obs3], methinks; to the best of one's belief; I dare say, I doubt not, I have no doubt, I am sure; sure enough &c. (certainty) R474; depend upon, rely upon it; be assured, rest assured; I'll warrant you &c. (affirmation) R535. Phr. "There are truths which are not for all men, nor for all times." [Voltaire]; "live to explain thy doctrine by thy life" [Prior]; "stands not within the prospect of belief" [Macbeth]; vide et crede [Lat: see and believe]; fata viam invenient [Lat]; Justitiae soror incorrupta Fides[Lat]; tarde quae credita laedunt credimus [Lat][Ovid]; experto crede [Lat][Vergil]. M5.5.5.R1 CREDULITY (R486) #486. Credulity. N. {{has_subtype(propensity[to=believe, M5.5.5], M4.2.1)}} {{antonym_of(skepticism, @M5.5.6)}} credulity, credulousness, gullibility, cullibility[obs1]; gross credulity, infatuation; self delusion, self deception. {{facilitates: belief, M5.5.5}}. {{has_metaphor}} one's blind side. {{required_for: superstition, M5.4.3}}. {{has_subtype: bigotry &c. (obstinacy) R606}}. {{&mcauses: fanaticism &c. R984}}. {{mcauses: misjudgment &c. R481}}. {{trait_of: credulous person &c. (dupe) R547}}. V. be credulous, be gullible. {{mcauses}} swallow, gulp down; take on trust; take for granted, take for gospel; run away with a notion, run away with an idea; jump to a conclusion, rush to a conclusion; think the moon is made of green cheese; take for granted, grasp the shadow for the substance; catch at straws, grasp at straws; jurare in verba magistri[Lat]; follow implicitly. {{facilitates: impose upon &c. (deceive) R545}}. Adj. credulous, gullible; easily deceived, easily fooled, easily taken in; easily convinced; over confident, over trustful. {{has_high_level}} over-credulous. {{&mcaused_by}} simple, green, soft, childish, silly, stupid; infatuated, superstitious. {{mcauses: confiding &c. (believing) R484}}. Phr. the wish the father to the thought; credo quia impossibile [Lat][Tertullian]; all is not gold that glitters; no es oro todo lo que reluce[Sp]; omne ignotum pro magnifico[Lat]. <-- Changing one's mind is to disbelieve a former belief. [[doubt]] --> M5.5.6 DISBELIEF (R485) #485. Disbelief. N. {{antonym_of(belief, M5.5.5)}} {{has_high_level(doubt, @R475)}} disbelief, unbelief, misbelief, discredit, lack of belief, miscreance[obs3]. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(assertion, R535/supposition, R514)}} matter in doubt, point in doubt, fact in doubt, doubted fact. {{caused_by}} {{has_property(point in doubt)}} {{has_subtype(improbability, R473)}} doubtfulness, lack of certainty. {{caused_by(doubtfulness): lack of support; lack of evidence, @R514}}. {{caused_by(doubtfulness)}} {{similar_to(lack of support)}} {{has_low_quality(evidence, R467)}} poor support, weak support. {{&caused_by(doubtfulness)}} {{has_subtype(poor support): circumstantial evidence}}. {{has_low_level}} doubt, uncertainty, misdoubt[obs3]. misgiving, scruple, qualm, demure. {{has_subtype(propensity[to=believe, M5.5.6], M4.2.1)}} {{antonym_of(credulity, M5.5.5.R1)}} {{facilitated_by(disbelief, M5.5.6)}} skepticism, scepticism, distrust, mistrust, cynicism, incredulity, incredibility[obs2], incredibleness[obs2]. suspicion; jealousy. {{mcauses(doubt)}} burden of proof, onus probandi[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(change[obj=belief, M5.5.5])}} change of opinion, change of mind, change of belief, changing one's mind. {{has_subtype(changing one's mind): retraction, @R607}}. {{&causes: dissent &c. R489}}. {[with_object(God)]} {{has_subtype: atheism, @R989}}. {{trait_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.78, doubter, skeptic, cynic}}. {{trait_of: unbeliever &c. R487}}. {{has_subtype(disbelief)}} {{property_of(habitual): skepticism, M5.5.6.1}}. V. disbelieve, discredit, not believe, not think, misbelieve[obs3]. {{mcauses: refuse to admit &c. (dissent) R489}}. {{&mcaused_by: refuse to believe &c. (incredulity) R487}}. {{has_low_level}} doubt, question, be doubtful of, be uncertain of; doubt the truth of; be skeptical as to; diffide[obs1]; distrust, mistrust, suspect, be suspicious of; have doubts, harbor doubts, entertain doubts, suspicions; have one's doubts. smell a rat, smell smoke, scent a rat. demure, stick at, pause, hesitate, scruple; stop to consider, waver. hang in suspense, hang in doubt. {{&caused_by}} throw doubt upon, raise a question; bring in, call in question; question, challenge, dispute; cavil; cause a doubt, raise a doubt, start a doubt, suggest a doubt, awake a doubt, make suspicion; ergotize[obs3]. {{&caused_by: deny &c. R536}}. {{&caused_by}} startle one, stagger one; shake one's faith, shake one's belief, stagger one's faith, stagger one's belief. Adj. unbelieving, disbelieving; skeptical, sceptical. [transitive] incredulous as to, skeptical as to; distrustful as to, shy as to, suspicious of; doubting, distrusting. disputable; unworthy of, undeserving of belief &c. R484; questionable; suspect, suspicious; open to suspicion, open to doubt; staggering, hard to believe, incredible, unbelievable, beyond belief, not to be believed, inconceivable. {{&consequence_of(unbelievable): impossible &c. R471}}. {{&caused_by: @R475, doubtful, uncertain, fallible}}. {{&caused_by: controvertible &c. (untrue) R495}}. Adv. cum grano salis[Latin: with a grain of salt]; with grains of allowance; with a discount, with heavy discount. Phr. fronti nulla fides[Lat]; nimium ne crede colori [Lat][Vergil]; "timeo Danaos et dona ferentes" [Latin: I fear the Greeks even when bearing gifts][Vergil], beware of Greeks bearing gifts; credat Judaeus Apella [Lat][Horace]; let those believe who may; ad tristem partem stenua est suspicio [Lat][Syrus]. <-- skepticism is both less than disbelief (only doubt), and more than disbelief (a habitual tendency). --> M5.5.6.1 SKEPTICISM (R487) #487. Incredulity. N. {{has_low_level(disbelief, R485)}} skepticism, scepticism, incredulity, pyrrhonism[obs2], incredulousness. {{&mcauses: want of faith &c. (irreligion) R989}}. suspiciousness, mistrust, distrustfulness; scrupulosity. {[of(human motivation, M7.1.2.1)]} {{has_high_level(skepticism)}} {{conceptual_part_of(contempt)}} cynicism. <-- ref 1 for misbeliever --> {{trait_of}} unbeliever, skeptic, sceptic, cynic; misbeliever, pyrrhonist. {{has_subtype(unbeliever): heretic, @R984}}. V. {{has_subtype(distrust, @R485)}} be incredulous, be skeptical, be sceptical; be suspicious, be unconvinced. {{has_high_level(be skeptical)}} {[with_object(human motivation, M7.1.2.1)]} {{conceptual_part_of(contempt)}} be cynical. refuse to believe; shut one's eyes to, shut one's ears to; turn a deaf ear to; hold aloof, ignore, nullis jurare in verba magistri[Lat]. Adj. incredulous, skeptical, sceptical, unbelieving. hard of belief, shy of belief, disposed to doubt, indisposed to believe; suspicious, scrupulous, distrustful, unconvinced. {{has_high_level(skeptical)}} cynical, inconvincible[obs3]. <-- 1. The word miscreant, which originally meant simply misbeliever, has now quite another meaning (949). See Trench, On the Study of Words, p. R71. --> <-- [[disagree]] --> M5.5.6.2 DISSENT (R489) #489. Dissent. N. {{has_subtype(disagreement[between=agents, R690], R24)}} {{antonym_of(agreement, M5.5.7)}} dissent, disagreement, difference, difference of opinion. {{conceptual_part_of}} diversity of opinion. {{mcauses}} disaffection; taking exception, objection, demurral, protest, cavilling. {{has_high_intensity(objection): R932a, criticism}}. {{&mcauses: nonconformity &c. (heterodoxy) R984}}. {{has_subtype: secession &c. R624}}. {{conceptual_part_of: recantation &c. R607}}. {{has_conceptual_part: discontent &c. R832}}. {{conceptual_part_of: dissension &c. (discord) R713}}. {{conceptual_part_of: contradiction &c. (denial) R536}}. {{has_subtype(dissent[from=Catholicism]): protestantism, @M9.6.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(dissent[from=orthodoxy, M9.6.2.3]): @M9.6.2.4, heterodoxy, recusancy, schism, heresy}}. {{is_a: refusal[to=agree, R714], @R764}}. {{performed_by}} dissenter, dissident, dissentient. {{has_subtype(dissenter)}} nonconformist, malcontent, non-juror, non-content; sectary, separatist, recusant, schismatic; protestant; heretic. {{has_subtype(dissenter)}} {{performed_by(protest)}} protester. {{has_subtype(protester)}} demonstrator. {{has_subtype(protester)}} {{performed_by(protest[obj=war])}} war protester. {{has_method(protest)}} {{has_subtype(demonstration[of=disagreement[with=policy, @R692], R489], @R525)}} demonstration, rally, protest rally, protest demonstration. {{has_subtype(demonstration)}} {{topic_of(politics, R737b/government policy, R737a)}} political demonstration. {{performed_by(demonstration)}} demonstrator. V. dissent, disagree, demur, differ in opinion. {{&mcauses}} refuse assent, refuse to admit; cavil, protest, raise one's voice against, repudiate. {{conceptual_part_of: contradict, @R536}}. {{has_conceptual_part: doubt, R485}}. {{has_high_level}} differ completely, have nothing in common, have no notion of, differ toto caelo[Lat]; revolt at, revolt from the idea. {{&mcauses: say no &c. R536}}. {{has_manifestation}} shake the head, shrug the shoulders; look askance, look askant[obs3]. {{&mcauses: secede; recant &c. R607}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(negative, @R536)}} dissenting, disagreeing, diffeering; dissident, dissentient; non-content, nonjuring[obs3]; protestant, recusant; unconvinced, unconverted. {{has_subtype: refusing[to=believe], R764}}. unavowed, unacknowledged; out of the question. intolerant. {{conceptual_part_of: discontented &c. R832; unwilling &c. R603}}. {{has_subtype(dissenting[from=orthodoxy]): @M9.6.2.4, sectarian, denominational, schismatic, heterodox}}. <-- extorted. ?? what's this doing here??? --> Adv.at variance, at issue with; under protest. {{has_manifestation: no &c. R536}}. Int. "God forbid!"; no way; just the opposite; not for the world; I'll be hanged if; never tell me; your humble servant; pardon me, I beg your pardon. Phr. many men many minds; quot homines tot sententiae [Lat][Terence]; tant s'en faut[Fr]; il s'en faut bien[Fr]; no way; by no means; count me out. <--accord here was labeled "assent", but we want to keep the general sense of agreement (similar ideas which could arise independently) separate from agreement with the proposal of someone else. An accord may arise from seprately arrived at opinions, or may come from assent (at R762). The latter concept, "consent", agreement with the proposal of another, is at R762. [[accord]] --> M5.5.7 ACCORD (R488) #488. Accord. N. {{has_subtype(agreement[of=opinions, M5.5.5], R23)}} {{antonym_of(disagreement, M5.5.6.2)}} {{has_subtype(concurrence[of=opinions, M5.5.5], R178)}} accord[1], concord, agreement, concordance. {{&result_of: assent, R762}}. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(party, @M8.2)}} party to an agreement[num=>1]. {{has_subtype(party to an agreement)}} {{owned_by(responsibility, @R926)}} principal. {[of(human group)]} consensus, common consent, acclamation, chorus. {{has_extreme(consensus)}} unanimity, unanimous agreement, agreement all around. <-- here we try to define a one-sided agreement, to define adhesion --> {{has_subtype(agreement)}} {{performed_by($party to an agreement[num=2])}} bilateral agreement. &&{{has_subtype($party to an agreement)}} proposer, party of the first part; aggreer, party of the second part. {{has_subtype(bilateral agreement)}} {{&property_of(unfair[to=agreer], R923)}} one-sided agreement. {{has_conceptual_part(one-sided agreement)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(agreer)}} conformity, adherence, adhesion. {{performed_by(adherence): person[num=1]}}. {{property_of(consensus)}} popular belief, current belief, current opinion, vox populi[Lat]; public opinion. {{mcauses}} approval. {{has_subtype: @M8.1.1.5.5.3, ratification, confirmation, corroboration, acceptance, visa}}. {{has_manifestation: endorsement &c. (record) R551}}. {{has_subtype: @R762, consent, assent, assentment[obs3], acquiescence, admission, nod, affirmance, affirmation, recognition, acknowledgment, avowal, confession of faith}}. {{conceptual_part_of: cooperation &c. (voluntary) R709}}. {{has_expression}} {{has_subtype(nod, @M8.3.1.2.1)}} nod of agreement. {{has_lexpression}} expression of agreement. V. {{has_subtype(agree[mode=in opinion], R23)}} agree, accord[2], concur. {{&result_of: @R762, consent, assent, give assent, yield assent, nod assent, acquiesce, concede, yield}}. coincide, reciprocate, go with; be at one with, be in agreement with, be of the same mind as; echo, enter into one's views, agree in opinion; vote, give one's voice for. go along with, chime in with, strike in with, close in with; recognize. acknowledge, own, admit, allow, avow, confess. {{&mcauses: permit &c. R760}}. {{has_commencement}} arrive at an understanding, come to an understanding, come to terms, come to an agreement. go with the stream, swim with the stream, go with the flow, blow with the wind; be in fashion, join in the chorus, join the crowd, be one of the guys, be part of the group, go with the crowd, don't make waves; be in every mouth. {{has_expression}} {{has_subtype(nod, @M8.3.1.2.1)}} nod in agreement, nod agreement. Adj. agreeing, assenting; of one accord, of one mind; of the same mind, at one with, agreed, acquiescent, content. {{&mcauses}} carried, agreed, "nem. con."[abbr: nemine contradicente]. {[of(human group)]} {{has_high_quantity}} {{has_property(unanimous agreement)}} unanimous, agreed on all hands, carried by acclamation. {{&mcauses(unanimous agreement)}} uncontradicted, unchallenged, unquestioned, uncontroverted. {{&mcauses: willing &c. R602}}. <-- affirmative &c. R535. --> Adv. true; good; well; very well, very true. be it so; so be it, so let it be; amen; willingly &c. R602. affirmatively, in the affirmative. with one consent, with one voice, with one accord; unanimously, una voce, by common consent, in chorus, to a man; "nem. con."[abbr: nemine contradicente], nemine dissentiente[Lat]; without a dissentient voice; as one man, one and all, on all hands. Interj. {{has_instance(expression of consent)}} "yes", "yea", "ay", "aye". {{has_instance(expression of consent)}} "OK", "all right", "might as well", "why not?". well and good; granted; even so, just so; to be sure, "thou hast said", you said it, you said a mouthful; truly, exactly, precisely, that's just it, indeed, certainly, you bet, certes[obs2], ex concesso[Lat]; of course, unquestionably, assuredly, no doubt, doubtless; naturally, natch[coll]. Phr. with pleasure, avec plaisir[Fr]; chi tace accousente[It][obs3]; "the public mind is the creation of the Master-Writers" [Disraeli]; you bet your sweet ass it is[coll]; "what are we waiting for?"; whenever you're ready; anytime you're ready. [[knowledge]] [[understanding]] <-- here knowledge is the act of knowing, which may be better considered as the state of knowing something. The actual lore known, information, is under M3.1.1.2, Information. "knowledge" and "understanding" are here considered synonymous; but their differing usage suggests that some distinctions might profitably be made (at a later phase!). We try to distinguish "apprehension, recognition", which is the initial stage of knowing, from the knowing itself, which includes some integration of the newly perceived information. This is not a distinction usually made in talking, but "recognition" isn't really a synonym of understanding. We put the beginning of understanding, apprehension[2], and also the result, "familiarity", as also a part of the total process. This is an unusual combination???. --> M5.5.8 UNDERSTANDING (R490) #490. Understanding. N. {{has_result(reasoning, R476/learning, R539/teaching, R537/recognition, R465b)}} {{has_result(construal, M8.1.R1.1)}} {{required_for(intelligibility)}} understanding, comprehension, knowing, cognizance, cognition, cognoscence[obs1], precognition, apprehension[1], conception. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_beginning}} apprehension[2], perception. {{has_patient: information, M3.1.1.2; idea, R453}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(agent, R690)}} knower, understander. {{has_case: knowledge, R527b}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_result}} acquaintance, experience, ken, privity[obs3], insight, familiarity. {{&mcaused_by: @R480, appreciation, judgment}}. {{has_high_level: wisdom, R498}}. awareness, consciousness, conscience[obs2]. {{property_of(intuitive)}} feel, intuition, grasp, feeling for. light, enlightenment; glimpse, inkling; glimmer, glimmering; dawn; scent, suspicion. {{has_beginning: discovery &c. R480a}}. {{has_high_level}} erudition, scholarship; proficiency. {{caused_by}} acquirement, attainment; edification. acquired knowledge. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(well known)}} common knowledge, truism. book learning. {{has_high_level}} deep knowledge, profound knowledge, broad knowledge, deep learning, broad learning, solid knowledge, accurate knowledge, acroatic knowledge[obs3], acroamatic knowledge[obs3], vast knowledge, extensive knowledge, encyclopedic knowledge, encyclopedic learning; omniscience, pantology[obs3], wide information. culture, menticulture[obs3], attainments; acquirements, acquisitions; accomplishments; liberal education; dilettantism. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(rudiments, @R66)}} fundamental knowledge, rudimentary knowledge, basic knowledge. {{has_subtype: @R698, practical knowledge, skill, procedural knowledge}}. {{required_for}} march of intellect; progress of science, advance of science, advance of learning; schoolmaster abroad. {{trait_of: scholar, R492}}. <-- ; acroamatics[obs2] ??? --> <-- note that the transitive verbs in this category can take a nominalized sentence as object --> V. [transitive] understand, know, ken, realize, scan, apprehend, comprehend, appreciate, wot[obs3], be aware that, be cognizant of, be conscious of, wot aware of[obs3], be aware of; ween[obs3], weet[obs3], trow[obs3], have, possess. [transitive] be familiar with, be acquainted with. know full well; have some knowledge of, possess some knowledge of; be au courant &c. adj.; have in one's head, have at one' fingers ends; know by heart, know by rote; be master of; connaitre le dessous des cartes[Fr], know what's what &c. R698. {{has_commencement}} catch, grasp, follow, see, collect, master, make out, see daylight, see one's way, enter into the ideas of, come to an understanding, take, take in. see with half an eye. {{has_low_level(understand)}} have a dim understanding, have a vague understanding, understand somewhat, understand a little, understand partly, have a shaky understanding, be a little shaky on. {{has_high_level(understand)}} understand completely, grasp firmly. {{result_of: discover &c. R480a}}. {{result_of: communicate, M8.1; teach, R537}}. Adj. {{&has_trait(person)}} knowing, understanding, appreciating, realizing, comprehending, being aware of; cognitive; acroamatic[obs3]. aware of, cognizant of, conscious of; acquainted with, made acquainted with; privy to, no stranger to; up to, alive to, up to date on, au fait, au courant; in on the secret, in the secret; behind the scenes, behind the curtain; let into; apprized of, informed of; undeceived. proficient with, versed with, read with, forward with, strong with, at home in; conversant with, familiar with. erudite, instructed, knowledgeable, learned, lettered, educated; well conned, well informed, well read, well grounded, well educated, keen; enlightened, shrewd, savant, blue, bookish, scholastic, solid, profound, deep-read, book-learned; omniscient; self-taught. {{has_subtype: @R698, accomplished, skillful}}. {{mcauses(knowing): @M3.1.1.2, known, well known, widely known}}. cognoscible[obs3], cognizable. Adv. to one's knowledge, to the best of one's knowledge. Prep. {{has_marker(knower)}} by. CaseFrame. Knower knows knowledge; Understander understands knowledge. Knower knows that assertion; Understander understands that assertion. Knowledge is known by knower; That assertion is known by knower. Phr. one's eyes being opened &c. (disclosure) R529; ompredre tout c'est tout pardonner[French: to know all is to pardon all]; empta dolore docet experientia[Lat]; gnothi seauton[Grk]; "half our knowledge we must snatch not take" [Pope]; Jahre lehren mehr als Bucher[German: years teach more than books]; "knowledge comes but wisdom lingers"[Tennyson]; "knowledge is power" [Bacon]; les affaires font les hommes [Fr]; nec scire fas est omnia [Lat][Horace]; "the amassed thought and experience of innumerable minds" [Emerson]; was ich nicht weiss macht mich nicht heiss[Ger]. M5.5.9 IGNORANCE (R491) #491. Ignorance. N. {{antonym_of(knowing, M5.5.8)}} ignorance, unfamiliarity, unacquaintance[obs3], nescience. {{has_high_level}} crass ignorance, tabula rasa[Lat], ignorance crasse[Fr]; unconsciousness &c. adj.; darkness, blindness; incomprehension, inexperience, simplicity. {{property_of}} unknown quantity, variable[Math]. {[in_frame(mathematics)]} {{has_symbol(unknown quantity)}} x[Math], y[Math], z[Math]. {{has_metaphor}} sealed book, terra incognita, virgin soil, unexplored ground; dark ages. {{has_low_level}} smattering, sciolism[obs3], glimmering, dilettantism; incapacity. {{causes: uncertainty, R475}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} affectation, affectation of knowledge. {{has_subtype(affectation of knowledge)}} pedantry; charlatanry, charlatism[obs3]. {{has_subtype(affectation of knowledge)}} {{has_subtype(repetition)}} parroting. {{trait_of: ignoramus, P2.3.2.3.6.4.7}}. {{exhibited_by(parroting)}} {{has_subtype(person)}} parrot, poll-parrot. {{has_subtype(parroting): boilerplate, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. V. be ignorant, be unaware, be uninformed, be unacquainted; not know; know not, know not what, know nothing of; have no idea, have no notion, have no conception; not have the remotest idea; not know chalk from cheese. {{&caused_by}} ignore, be blind to. {{&caused_by: keep in ignorance &c. (reticence) M8.1.2.2}}. see through a glass darkly; have a film over the eyes, have only a glimmering; wonder whether; not pretend to take upon, not take upon one self to say. {{&caused_by: unintelligibility, R519}}. Adj. ignorant; nescient; unknowing, unaware, unacquainted, unapprised, unapprized[obs3], unwitting, unweeting[obs1], unconscious; witless, weetless[obs3]; a stranger to; unconversant[obs3]. uninformed, uncultivated, unversed, uninitiated, misguided, unenlightened, out of it[coll]; Philistine; behind the age. illiterate, shallow, superficial, green, rude, empty, half-learned, unread. uninformed, benighted, uneducated, unlearned, untutored, unschooled, unlettered, uninstructed, untaught, belated, unbookish. empty-headed, dizzy, wooly-headed, wooly-minded. in the dark; blinded, blindfolded; hoodwinked; misinformed; au bout de son latin, at the end of his tether, at fault; caught tripping. {{causes: at sea &c. (uncertain) R475}}. unknown, unapprehended, unexplained, unascertained, uninvestigated[obs3], unexplored, unheard of, not perceived; concealed &c. R528; novel. Adv. ignorantly, unkowingly, benightedly; unawares, unwittingly; for anything, for aught one knows; not that one knows. unconsciously; witlessly. Int. God knows, Heaven knows, the Lord knows, who knows, nobody knows. Phr. "ignorance never settles a question" [Disraeli]; "quantum animis erroris inest[Lat]!" [Ovid]; "small Latin and less Greek" [B. Jonson]; "that unlettered small-knowing soul" [Love's Labor's Lost]; "there is no darkness but ignorance" [Twelfth NIght]. M5.6 EXTENSION OF THOUGHT (R505 TO R513) N. {{has_subtype(thinking, M5.1)}} extension of thought. M5.6.1 EXTENSION TO THE PAST (R505 TO R509) N. {{topic_of(the past, P1.2.2.1.7)}} extension of thought to the past. <-- 505. Memory 506. Oblivion To comparative affections M3: 507. Expectation 508. Inexpectation 509. Disappointment --> <-- the main heading of memory is the process of remembering. There are several concepts called "memory"; (1) the act of recalling from memory (MW10 sense 3a), (2) the item remembered, a piece of information (part of MW10 sense 1b), and (3) the faculty or capacity for remembering (MW10 sense 1a). The default meanings are for human memory, but machine and animal memory are included. A second sense of "remembering" is the act of placing into memory --> M5.6.1.1 MEMORY (R505) #505. Memory. N. memory[1], remembrance, remembering[1], recalling, retrospect, retrospection. {{has_case}}{{has_topic(memorizing/recalling)}} {{has_subtype(knowledge, M3.1.1.2)}} memory[2], thing remembered. <-- memory[4] is a place where memories are located. The object of "in memory". It is a real physical place, being located somewhere in a brain (or computer) --> {{part_of(memory[2])}} {{has_subtype(place, R183)}} memory[4]. {{uses}} {{requires}} {{has_subtype(skill)}} memory capacity, memory[3], retentiveness, recall, tenacity[obs2], veteris vestigia flammae[Lat], tablets of the memory, readiness[obs2]. {{requires}} {{formed_by(memory[2])}} {{has_subtype(physiological function)}} retention, remembering[2], memorization, memorizing. {{has_subtype(memory capacity)}} {{used_in(brain, @P2.3.2.2.3.2): human memory}}. {{has_subtype(memory[2])}} reminiscence, recollection, recognition[obs2], rememoration[obs3]. {{has_high_level(memory capacity[for=image, R448])}} photographic memory, eidetic memory. {{has_high_level(memory capacity)}} steel-trap memory, steel-trap mind. {{has_subtype(reminiscence)}} recurrence, flashback. {{has_subtype(memory[2])}} afterthought, post script, PS. {{facilitated_by}} prompting, hinting, reminding; hint, reminder; remembrancer[obs3], flapper. {{has_subtype(reminder): memorial &c. (record) R551; commemoration &c. (celebration) R883}}. {{has_subtype(reminder)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3, note, memo, memorandum}}. {{has_subtype(reminder)}} token of remembrance, memento, souvenir, keepsake, relic, memorabilia. {{studied_in}} art of memory, artificial memory, memoria technica[Lat], mnemonics, mnemotechnics[obs3], phrenotypics[obs3]; Mnemosyne. {{has_subtype(reminder)}} {{huses(student)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} prompt-book. {{has_subtype(reminder)}} {{huses(student)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{uses(cheating)}} {[in_frame(examinations)]} crib sheet, cheat sheet. {{has_high_level(memory capacity)}} retentive memory, tenacious memory, photographic memory, green memory[obs2], trustworthy memory, good memory, capacious memory, faithful memory, correct memory, exact memory, ready memory, prompt memory, accurate recollection; perfect memory, total recall. {{has_subtype(memory[2])}} {{has_subtype(common knowledge): celebrity, fame, renown, reputation &c. (repute) R873}}. <-- "remember" means both keep in the memory (without the memory being conscious), and recall at some specific time. The former is the analogue of the function of machine memory devices! --> V. {{has_subtype(think)}} remember[1], recollect, bethink oneself, recall, call up, bring to mind, retrace, mind, summon up. {{has_subtype(remember[1])}} recur to the mind; flash on the mind, flash across the memory. {{result_of(remember[1])}} remind, suggest, prompt, jog the memory, flap the memory, refresh the memory, rub up the memory, awaken the memory; pull by the sleeve; bring back to the memory, fan the embers. [transitive] {{result_of(remember[3])}} remember[2], commit to memory, memorize, put in mind, put in remembrance, memorialize, fix in the memory, rivet in the memory, imprint in the memory, impress in the memory, stamp in the memory, grave in the memory, engrave in the memory, store in the memory, treasure up in the memory, bottle up in the memory, embalm in the memory, enshrine in the memory; load the memory with, store the memory with, stuff the memory with, burden the memory with. {{has_subtype(memorize[mode=intensively + hurriedly]): cram, @R539}}. con over, con. {{has_subtype(remember[1])}} recognize; look back, trace back, trace backwards; think back, look back upon; review; call upon, recall upon, bring to mind, bring to remembrance; carry one's thoughts back; rake up the past. rip up; renew. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(storage)}} retain the memory of, remember[3], keep in mind, retain the remembrance of, hold in memory, keep in memory; keep in view, have in the memory, bear in the memory, carry in the memory, retain in the memory; have in the thoughts, hold in the thoughts, bear in the thoughts, carry in the thoughts, keep in the thoughts, retain in the thoughts, have in the mind, hold in the mind, bear in the mind, carry in the mind, keep in the mind, retain in the mind, hold in remembrance; be in one's thoughts, live in one's thoughts, remain in one's thoughts, dwell in one's thoughts, haunt one's thoughts, impress one's thoughts, be in one's mind, live in one's mind, remain in one's mind, dwell in one's mind, haunt one's mind, impress one's mind, dwell in one's memory. sink in the mind; run in the head; not be able to get out of one's head; be deeply impressed with. {{required_for: rankle &c. (revenge) R919}}. {{has_subtype(attempt[to=remember[1]])}} task the memory, tax the memory. get at one's fingers' ends, have at one's fingers', learn at one's fingers', know one's lesson, say one's lesson, repeat by heart, repeat by rote; say one's lesson; repeat, repeat as a parrot; have at one's fingers' ends. {{has_subtype(remember[1])}} redeem from oblivion; keep the memory alive, keep the wound green, pour salt in the wound, reopen old wounds; tangere ulcus[obs3][Lat]; keep up the memory of. {{caused_by(remember[1]): commemorate, @R883}}. {{facilitated_by(remember[2]): @R551, @M8.1.3.2.2, make a note of, jot a note, pen a memorandum, write down, jot down}}. Adj. remembering, recalling. remembered, recalled; mindful, reminiscential[obs3]; retained in the memory, kept in the memory; pent up in one's memory. {{has_subtype(recent)}} fresh; green, green in remembrance; unforgotten, present to the mind. {{has_property(memory[2])}} within one's memory, remindable; indelible; uppermost in one's thoughts. {{has_subtype(important, R642)}} memorable. {{antonym_of(remindable): non-remindable, completely forgotten, forgotten without a trace, obliterated from memory, gone from the memory}}. Adv. by memory, by heart, by rote; without book, memoriter[obs3]. in memory of; in memoriam; memoria in aeterna[Lat]; suggestive. Phr. manet alta mente repostum [Lat][Vergil]; forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit [Lat][Vergil]; absens haeres non erit [Lat]; beatae memoriae [Lat]; "briefly thyself remember" [Lear]; mendacem memorem esse oportet [Lat][Quintilian]; "memory the warder of the brain" [Macbeth]; parsque est meminisse doloris [Lat][Ovid]; "to live in hearts we leave behind is not to die" [Campbell]; vox audita peril littera scripta manet [Lat]; out of sight, out of mind; infandum renovare dolorem [Lat]. <-- the sense of oblivion here is strictly mental --> M5.6.1.2 FORGETFULNESS (R506) #506. Forgetfulness. N. {{has_subtype(loss[of=memory[2], @M5.6.1.1])}} forgetfulness, oblivion, obliviousness, lethe, obliviousness, forgetting; obliteration of memory, insensibility to the past. {{has_high_level}} amnesia. short memory, treacherous memory, poor memory, loose memory, slippery memory, failing memory; decay of memory, failure of memory, lapse of memory, loss of memory; waters of Lethe, waters of oblivion. amnesty, general pardon. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(fact)}} forgotten fact, forgotten memory, lost memory. {{property_of(non-remindable)}} repressed memory. V. forget, be forgetful. be forgotten, be gone from the memory. {{has_beginning(be forgotten)}} fall into oblivion, sink into oblivion. {{facilitated_by(forget)}} have a short memory, have a poor memory; have no head; have a memory like a sieve. {{mcauses(have apoor memory)}} forget one's own name, have on the tip of one's tongue, come in one ear and go out the other. slip memory, escape memory, fade from memory, die away from the memory; lose, lose sight of. fail to recall, not be able to recall, be unable to recall. {{mcaused_by(forget)}}[transitive] unlearn; efface from the memory, erase from the memory, discharge from the memory, consign to oblivion, consign to the tomb of the Capulets; think no more of; cast behind one's back, wean one's thoughts from. {{&conceptual_part_of: forgive, R918}}. Adj. {{has_property(forgotten fact)}} {{has_subtype(lost)}} forgotten; unremembered, past recollection, bygone, out of mind; buried in oblivion, sunk in oblivion; clean forgotten; gone out of one's head, gone out of one's recollection. forgetful, oblivious, mindless, Lethean. insensible to the past; heedless. {{antonym_of(remindable)}} non-remindable, completely forgotten, forgotten without a trace, obliterated from memory, gone from the memory. Phr. non mi ricordo[It]; the memory failing, the memory deserting one, being at fault[obs2], being in fault[obs2]. M5.6.2 EXTENSION OF THOUGHT TO THE FUTURE (R510 TO R513) N. {{topic_of(the future, P1.1.2.1.6)}} extension of thought to the future. <-- 510. Foresight 511. Prediction 512. Omen 513. Oracle --> <-- This expectation is a cognitive rocess, and that at M3.3.2.1.3.2 is an emotion related to hope. Both deal with the future and use similar words. [[expect]] --> M5.6.2.1 EXPECTATION (R507) #507. Expectation. N. {{antonym_of(inexpectation, R508)}} {{causes(foresight, R510)}} {{has_subtype(belief, M5.5.5)}} expectation, expectance, expectancy, anticipation. {{!has_topic: $future event}}. &&{{!has_property($future event): subjectively probable, @R474}}. {{similar_to: anticipation, M3.3.2.1.3.2}}. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(reasoning, R476)}} {{&used_in(calculation, R85a)}} {{topic_of(future, R121)}} reckoning, calculation. contemplation, prospection[obs3], lookout. prospect, perspective, horizon, vista. {{conceptual_part_of: destiny &c. R152}}. {{property_of}} the expected. {{mcauses: prediction, R511}}. {{property_of: @R82, example, instance}}. {{property_of: normality (habit) R613}}. {{property_of}} nine days' wonder. {{&treats_subject: destiny, R152}}. V. {{mcauses(foresee, R510)}} {{causes(likelihood[2], @M5.3.3)}} expect, anticipate; look to, look for, look out for, look forward to, think likely, dare say, flatter oneself. hope for; have in prospect, have in contemplation; keep in view; contemplate, promise oneself. {{conceptual_part_of(wait, @R681)}} wait for, tarry for, lie in wait for, watch for, bargain for; keep a good lookout for, keep a sharp lookout for; await; "stand at 'attention'"; abide, bide one's time, watch. {{required_for: prepare for, R673}}. {{required_for: @R132, forestall, be early}}. {{&mcauses: count upon &c. (believe in) R484}}. <-- note that predictions can be caused by expectation, and can also cause expectation! The expector and predictor need to be made more explicit! ??? --> {{&mcauses: predict, R511}}. {{&mcaused_by: predict, R511}}. prick up one's ears, hold one's breath. nil admirari[Lat], make nothing of. not be surprised at, not wonder at, not wonder if. Adj. anticipating, expectant, expecting; looking for, looking toward, on the lookout for. open-eyed, open-mouthed, in wide-eyed anticipation; agape, gaping, all agog; on tenterhooks, on tiptoe, on the tiptoe of expectation; aux aguets[obs3]; ready; looking forward to. {{conceptual_part_of(expecting[obj=novelty[2], @R20]): curious, R455}}. expected, anticipated; long expected, foreseen; in prospect, in view, in sight; prospective; in one's eye, in one's view, in the horizon, on the horizon, just over the horizon, just around the corner, around the corner; unsurprising. {{&property_of(expected): @M7.3.5.1.2.1, common, ordinary, normal, typical, usual}}. {{has_result(expectation)}} unamazed, astonished at nothing. {{has_result(expectation): blase &c. (weary) R841}}. {{has_subtype(expecting): on the watch &c. (vigilant) R459}}. {{has_subtype(expected): impending &c. (destiny) R152}}. Adv. expectantly; with breathless expectation &c. n.; with bated breath, with rapt anticipation; arrectis auribus[Lat]. on the watch, on the lookout. in expectation, in anticipation. as expected, naturally, as a matter of course. as advertised. Int. no wonder; of course. Phr. "Expect the unexpected"; we shall see; nous verrons[Fr]; "expectation whirls me round" [Troilus and Cressida]; the light at the end of the tunnel; "Nothing is so good as it seems beforehand."[Silas Marner]. <-- [[foresight]] foresight contains expectation and some kind of action preparatory to future action. Not simple. --> M5.6.2.2 FORESIGHT (R510) #510. Foresight. N. {{has_subtype(care, M2.1.2.1)}} {{causes(expectation, M5.6.2.1)}} foresight, prospicience[obs3], prevision, long-sightedness; anticipation. {{uses: @R611, forethought, forecast, predeliberation[obs3], presurmise[obs3]}}. {{&has_result: foregone conclusion &c. (prejudgment) R481}}. {{required_for: prudence &c. (caution) R864}}. {{conceptual_part_of: providence &c. (preparation) R673}}. {{&causes}} foreknowledge. precognition, prescience, prenotion[obs3], presentiment; second sight; antepast[obs3], prelibation[obs3], prophasis[obs3]. {{mental_part_of: sagacity &c. (intelligence) R498}}. {{causes: expectation, R507}}. {{used_in: prediction, R511}}. foretaste. {{function_of: prospectus &c. (plan) R626}}. V. {{causes(expect, M5.6.2.1)}} foresee; look forwards to, look ahead, look beyond; scent from afar; look into the future, pry into the future, peer into the future. {{mental_part_of}} {{conceptual_part_of(be beforehand, @R132)}} anticipate, deal with beforehand. see one's way; see how the land lies, get the lay of the land, see how the wind blows, test the waters, see how the cat jumps. predict &c. R511; foreknow, forejudge, forecast; presurmise[obs3]; have an eye to the future, have an eye to the main chance; respicere finem[Lat]; keep a sharp lookout &c. (vigilance) R459; forewarn &c. R668. Adj. foreseeing, anticipating. prescient; farseeing, farsighted; weatherwise[obs3]. {{required_for: provident &c. (prepared) R673}}. {{conceptual_part_of(foreseeing): sagacious, @R498}}. Adv. against the time when. Phr. a danger foreseen is half avoided; cernit omnia Deus vindex[Lat]; mihi cura futuri[Lat]; run it up the flagpole and see who salutes. M5.7 CREATIVE THOUGHT (R514 AND R515) N. {{conceptual_part_of(originality, A2.3.3.R1)}} creative thought. <-- The "theory" at M3.1.2.1 is more formal and well established than the "theory" here. This actually corresponds to common dual usage. 514. Supposition 515. Imagination --> M5.7.1 SUPPOSITION (R514) #514. Supposition. N. {{has_subtype(belief, M5.5.5)}} {{property_of(tentative, @M7.3.5.2)}} {{topic_of(possibility[2], @M5.3.1)}} {{used_in(imagination, R515)}} supposition, conjecture, surmise, guess, hypothesis, theory, postulate, postulation, presupposition, postulatum[Lat], thesis, theorem, conjecturality[obs3]. {{has_topic}} something supposed. {{!:not_mcaused_by: evidence, R467; demonstration, R478}}. {{mental_part_of}} speculation, guesswork, rough guess, shot, shot in the dark [coll.], blue sky hypothesis. <-- caused by a "need" for some belief, plus an absence of evidence? --> {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=evidence, R467], @R2)}} lack of evidence, absence of evidence. {{&mcaused_by: a priori probability}}. conceit, thought. proposition, position, condition. suggestion, hint, intimation; bare supposition, vague supposition, loose supposition, loose suggestion. {{&has_result}} assumption, assumed position. {{has_subtype(postulate)}} first principles, a priori fact. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(idea)}} {{property_of(original/new)}} original idea. {{has_subtype(original idea): invention, @R515}}. {{conceptual_part_of: theory, M3.1.2.1}}. {{used_in: estimate, approximation (nearness) R197}}. {{conceptual_part_of: proposal &c. (plan) R626}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} divination. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(feeling)}} suspicion, sneaking suspicion, inkling, notion, impression. {{&mcaused_by: association of ideas, (analogy) R514a}}. {{&uses: memory[1], R505}}. V. {{used_in(imagine, R515)}} {{has_subtype(think, R451)}} suppose, conjecture, surmise, suspect, guess, divine; theorize; presume, presurmise[obs3], presuppose; assume, fancy, wis[obs3], take it; give a guess, speculate, believe, dare say, take it into one's head, take for granted. put forth; propound, propose; start, put a case, submit, move, make a motion; hazard out, throw out a suggestion, put forward a suggestion, put forward conjecture. allude to, suggest, hint, put it into one's head. suggest itself, pop into one's head, pop into mind, come to mind; marvel if, wonder if, wonder whether. Adj. supposing, conjecturing, hypothesizing, guessing, surmising; presuming. {{has_subtype(believed, @R484)}} {{has_property(something supposed)}} supposed, presumed, suspected, assumed, conjectured, postulated, mooted, surmised, guessed, imagined, presupposed, divined, postulatory[obs3]. {{has_subtype(supposed)}} {[in_frame(reasoning, R476)]} given. supposititious, suppositive[obs3], suppositious; gratuitous, speculative, conjectural, hypothetical, theoretical, theorized, hypothesized, academic, supposable, presumptive, putative; suppositional. suggestive, allusive. Adv. if, if so be; an; on the supposition, on the hypothesis, on the theory, under the assumption, with the conjecture; ex hypothesi[Lat]; in the case, in the event of; quasi, as if, provided; perhaps; for aught one knows. <-- under creative thought we should include a separate section on analogy, metaphor, association etc. distinct from R521?? [[analogy]] --> M5.7.2 ANALOGY (R514A) #514a. Analogy. N. {{conceptual_part_of(similarity, R17/comparison[2], @R464)}} analogy, association. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(train of thought, R451)}} analogical thinking, association of ideas. {{has_subtype(association of ideas)}} free association. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(reasoning, @R476)}} analogizing. {{used_in(analogy/analogizing): prediction, R511; problem solving, @R451}}. {{has_subtype: @R521, metonym[Gram], metonymy[Gram], simile, metaphor}}. V. {{used_in(analogy)}} {{has_subtype(reason, @R476)}} analogize, draw an analogy. Adj. analogical; associative. <-- [[imagine]] --> M5.7.3 IMAGINATION (R515) #515. Imagination. N. {{has_subtype(thinking, M5.1)}} {{property_of(novelty[1], @R20)}} imagination, imaginative thought, imaginative thinking, creative thought, imagining, inspiration, invention, inventing. {{uses: analogy, R514a; supposition, R514}}. {{required_for}} {{has_subtype(human trait)}} {{has_subtype(originality[of=thought], A2.3.3.R1)}} originality, creativity, creativeness, inventiveness, imaginitiveness, oogamy[obs3]. {{has_result(inventiveness)}} {{has_subtype(novelty[2])}} invention[2], creation. {{has_subtype(invention)}} {{has_subtype(sequel, A4.2.2.R1)}} {{required_for(ignorance[of=invention], R491)}} reinvention. {{has_excess}} {{&caused_by(error, R495)}} overimagination, overactive imagination. {{&has_result: work of art, @M3.1.2.3.2.2}}. {{has_high_level(inventiveness)}} genius. {{has_subtype(work of art, @M3.1.2.3.2.2): fine art, @P2.3.1.3.6; artistic writing, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6}}. {{trait_of(originality): originator, producer, R164, P2.3.2.3.6.5.32}}. no prior art[Law]. fancy; verve. non-linear thought, non-linear thinking. {{method_for: formation of hypothesis}}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R514, speculation, random shot, leap in the dark}}. warm imagination, heated imagination, excited imagination, sanguine imagination, ardent imagination, fiery imagination, boiling imagination, wild imagination, bold imagination, daring imagination, playful imagination, lively imagination, fertile imagination, fancy. "mind's eye"; "such stuff as dreams are made of" [Tempest]. ideality, idealism; romanticism, utopianism, castle-building. {{conceptual_part_of}} dreaming; phrensy[obs3], frenzy; ecstasy, extasy[obs3]; reverie, trance; fancy; whim, whimsey[obs3], whimsy; day dream, golden dream; somnambulism. {{conceptual_part_of}} conception, Vorstellung[Ger], excogitation[obs3], "a fine frenzy"; cloudland[obs3], dreamland; flight of fancy, fumes of fancy; "thick coming fancies" [Macbeth]; creation of the brain, coinage of the brain; imagery. {{conceptual_part_of(overimagination): hallucintaion, @R503}}. {{conceptual_part_of(overimagination)}} dream, vision, figment, figment of the imagination, conceit, maggot, shadow, chimera; vagary, gest[obs3], geste[obs3], extravaganza; air drawn dagger, bugbear, nightmare. {{&has_result}} {{property_of(fictional)}} fantasy, myth, fiction, rhapsody, romance, phantasm, phantasy. {{has_subtype(fiction): fiction, @R560}}. {{has_subtype(fantasy)}} flying Dutchman, great sea serpent, man in the moon, castle in the air, pipe dream, pie-in-the-sky, chateau en Espagne[Fr]; Utopia, Atlantis[obs3], happy valley, millennium, fairyland; land of Prester John, kindgom of Micomicon; Arabian nights[obs3]; le pot au lait[Fr]. {{&mcauses: dream of Alnashar &c. (hope) R858}}. {{has_subtype(fantasy): work of fiction, @R594}}. {{&mcauses(overimagination): illusion, @R495; phantom, @R443; exaggeration, @R549}}. {{&mcauses(overimagination): @R423, Fata Morgana[Lat], ignis fatuus}}. {{&mcauses}} myth-making, mythogenesis[obs3]. {{trait_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24, idealist, romanticist, visionary, romancer, dreamer, castle-builder, rapsodist}}. {{antonym_of(originality): @R843, unoriginality, lack of imagination}}. V. imagine, fancy, conceive; idealize, realize; dream, dream of, dream up; "give to airy nothing a local habitation and a name" [Midsummer Night's Dream]. create, originate, devise, invent, coin, fabricate; improvise, strike out something new. set one's wits to work; strain one's invention, crack one's invention; rack one's brains, ransack one's brains, cudgel one's brains; excogitate[obs3]; brainstorm. give play, give the reins, give a loose to the imagination, give fancy; indulge in reverie. visualize, envision, conjure up a vision; fancy oneself, represent oneself, picture, picture-oneself, figure to oneself; vorstellen[Ger]. float in the mind; suggest itself, come to mind. Adj. imagined, conceived, dreamt of, originated, created; devised, invented, improvised, fabricated; ben trovato[It]; air drawn, airbuilt[obs3]. imagining, dreaming, creating. imaginative; original, inventive, creative, fertile. romantic, high flown, flighty, extravagant, fanatic, enthusiastic, unrealistic, Utopian, Quixotic. ideal, unreal; in the clouds, in nubibus[Lat]. {{has_property(vision/figment): insubsantial &c. R4; illusory &c. (fallacious) R495}}. {{has_subtype(imagined)}} {{has_property(fantasy/fiction)}} {{has_subtype(untrue, @R546)}} imaginary, fictional, fabulous, fantastic, visionary, fantastical[obs3]; mythical, mythic, mythological; legendary, gestic[obs3]; chimerical; fanciful, whimsical, fancy, notional; fairy, fairy-like. {{conceptual_part_of(original): inimitable &c. R13}}. Phr. "a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; aegri somnia vana[Lat][obs3]; dolphinum appingit sylvis in fluctibus aprum [obs3][Latin][Horace]; "fancy light from fancy caught" [Tennyson]; "imagination rules the world" [Napoleon]; l'imagination gallope[Fr], le jugement ne va que le pas[Fr]; musaeo contingens cuncta lepore [Latin][Lucretius]; tous songes sont mensonges[Fr]; Wahrheil und Dichtung[German]. <-- R516 to R599 to M8.1 Communication --> <-- R504 Madman to HROLE --> <-- (input of world to mind: from mental perspective) (exclude parts of sensation included in biology) : PERCEPTION, SENSATION --> M6 MATTER-MIND INTERACTIONS N. {{has_subtype(interaction, P2.6)}} {{causes(matter, R316)}} matter-mind interaction. {{affects: thought, M5.1; mind, M1; feelings, M3.3.2}}. <-- R375 - R381, R390 to R401, R406 to R419, R449 (except parts to PO, physics ) (ONTOLOGY) ??? The "detection" here, is hard to distinguish from the one at R465b. Needs more work to determine proper location [[perception]] --> M6.1 SENSATION N. sensation, perception. {{uses}} {{requires}} {{exhibits(animal, R366)}} {{has_subtype(physical ability, @P2.2.3.5.2)}} sense, senses[pl], sense faculty, perceptual faculty, perceptual faculties[pl]. {{has_subtype(sense)}} touch, sense of touch, faculty of touch; taste, sense of taste, faculty of taste; hearing, sense of hearing, hearing ability, faculty of hearing; vision, sense of vision, faculty of vision, seeing ability; smell, sense of smell, faculty of smell. {{requires}} perceptible phenomenon. {{has_property(perceptible phenomenon)}} perceptibility. {{&causes}} {{analogous_to(detection, R465b)}} detection. {{&required_for(detection): recognition, @R465b}}. {{mcauses(detection): knowledge, M3.1.1.2}}. V. perceive. Adj. {{has_property(perceptible phenomenon)}} perceptible. <-- (R375 to R378) 151a. Experience 377. Pleasure 378. Pain (To R1 and R2) 375. Sensibility 376. Insensibility --> M6.1.1 GENERAL SENSATION N. {{required_for(consciousness, @M1)}} general sensation. {{affects: motivation, M7.1.2.1}}. <-- Is an experience a type of event, or is it affected by an event? We clasify it as a type of event, i.e. it is an event in the life of a mental agent, which includes the mental reaction as part of the event [experience of an event, R151] [[experience]] --> <-- [[page100]] --> M6.1.1.1 EXPERIENCE (R151A) #151a. Experience. N. {{has_subtype(event, R151, P2.4.1)}} experience, experience of an event. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(individual, @R372a)}} personal experience, individual experience. {{has_subtype(personal experience)}} {{temporal_loc_of(past)}} prior experience, previous experience, past personal experience. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(exciting, R824a)}} adventure. {{part_of(human action, P2.8)}} episode, affair, matter. {{part_of(human action, P2.8)}} business, concern, transaction, dealing, proceeding. V. experience, enjoy, encounter, undergo, suffer, pass through, go through, be subjected to, be exposed to; meet with; fall to the lot of; be one's chance, be one's fortune, be one's lot; find. {{affects: feeling, R821}}. Adj. eventful, stirring, bustling, full of incident; memorable, momentous, signal. <-- note that the emotion of pleasure, joy is under affections, M3.3.2.1 PASSIVE personal affections R827 to R844 R827. Pleasure; R828. Pain We use a cause-effect relationship between physical pleasure, here, and psychological pleasure, at R827. [[comfort]] --> M6.1.1.2 PHYSICAL PLEASURE (R377) #377. Physical Pleasure. N. {{causes(creature comfort, @R829)}} {{caused_by(pleasure, R827)}} {{property_of(good)}} pleasure, physical pleasure, sensual pleasure, sensuous pleasure; bodily enjoyment, animal gratification. {{caused_by}} pleasantness. {{has_subtype(pleasantness)}} luxuriousness, comfort, ease, luxury, lap of luxury, lap of pleasure. {{has_high_intensity}} intense pleasure. {{case_of}} {{has_subtype(pursuit[1][of=pleasure], M7.1.2.1.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(behavior, M7.3.5.1)}} hedonism, sensuality. {{has_expression(sensuality)}} dissipation; round of pleasure, titillation; gusto. {{&caused_by(comfort): pillow &c. (support) R215}}. {{property_of(luxurious)}} purple and fine linen; bed of downs, bed of roses; velvet. {{has_metaphor(luxuriousness)}} clover. {{&has_expression(sensuality)}} {{has_subtype(behavior, M7.3.5.1): intemperance, R954}}. {{causes: @R827, @M3.3.2.1, happiness, joy, pleasure}}. V. feel pleasure, experience pleasure, receive pleasure; enjoy, relish, revel in, luxuriate in, riot in. bask in, swim in, drink up, eat up, wallow in; feast on; gloat over, float on. {{has_expression(expect[obj=pleasure])}} smack the lips. live on the fat of the land, live in comfort, live at ease, live in ease, live in pleasure; bask in the sunshine, faire ses choux gras[Fr]. {{caused_by: give pleasure, @R829}}. Adj. {{has_property(feel pleasure)}} {{has_subtype(human condition, P2.2.3.5.1)}} enjoying, reveling; luxuriating, basking in pleasure, basking in luxury. luxurious, pleasing. voluptuous, sensual. Adv. pleasantly; in comfort, in pleasure, at ease; at one's ease. in the lap of luxury. {{has_metaphor(in comfort)}} on a bed of roses, in clover. Phr. ride si sapis [Lat][Martial]; voluptales commendat rarior usus [Lat][Juvenal]. M6.1.1.3 PHYSICAL PAIN (R378) #378. Physical Pain. N. {{property_of(bad)}} {{caused_by(avoidance reaction, @M7.1.2.1.2.2)}} pain; bodily pain, physical pain, bodily suffering, physical suffering, body pain, sufferance, suffrance[obs3]. dolour, ache; aching, hurting, smarting, chafing, stinging, biting, gnawing; pinching, piercing. smart; shoot, shooting; twinge, twitch; gripe. headache, cephalalgia[Med]; stomach ache; heartburn; angina, angina pectoris[Lat]; earache, otalgia[obs3]; gout; lumbago, neuralgia; rheumatism; sciatica; toothache, odontalgia[obs3]. <-- , podagra[obs3], ischiagra[obs3]; toad under a harrow ??? --> hurt, cut; sore, soreness; discomfort, malaise; tic douloureux[Fr], tormina[obs3], torticollis[obs3]. sharp pain, piercing pain, throbbing pain, shooting pain, sting, gnawing pain, burning pain. {{has_high_intensity}} excruciating pain, agonizing pain, intense pain. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{has_subtype(experience, R151a)}} painful experience. {{causes}} suffering. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(feeling, R821): mental suffering &c. R828}}. {{has_high_intensity(suffering)}} anguish, agony, torment. {{&caused_by}} {{&caused_by(torment): @R907a, tormenting, torturing, torture}}. {{&part_of}} {{has_subtype(dying, R360)}} martyrdom. {{caused_by(martyrdom): fight for a cause}}. {{has_metaphor(painful experience): nightmare, @M1}}. {{&caused_by}} spasm, cramp; crick, stitch; thrill, convulsion, throe; pang; colic; kink. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(reaction, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(body movement)}} wincing, wince, flinching, flinch. {{has_subtype(ache)}} {{property_of(pulsating)}} throb. V. feel pain, experience pain, suffer pain, undergo pain; suffer, ache, hurt, smart, bleed; tingle, shoot. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(body movement)}} flinch, twinge, twitch, writhe, lancinate[obs3]; wince, make a wry face; sit on thorns, sit on pins and needles. {{caused_by(feel pain)}} give pain, inflict pain. {{has_subtype(inflict pain)}} lacerate; pain, hurt, chafe, sting, bite, gnaw, gripe; pinch, tweak; grate, gall, fret, prick, pierce, wring, convulse. torment, torture, agonize. {{has_subtype(torture)}} rack, put to the rack; crucify; cruciate[obs3], excruciate[obs1]; break on the wheel. {{has_subtype(inflict pain): flog, @M9.3.3.2.2.2}}. {{caused_by(feel pain): grate on the ear, @R410}}. {{has_subtype(ache)}} {{property_of(pulsating)}} throb. Adj. {{has_consequence(feel pain)}} {{has_subtype(human condition, P2.2.3.5.1)}} in pain, in agony; in a state of pain; pained; gouty, podagric[obs3], torminous[obs3]. {{caused_by(in pain)}} {{has_property(pain)}} painful, causing pain. {{has_subtype(painful)}} aching, hurting; gnawing, biting, pinching; piercing, pricking, stinging. tormented, tortured. {{has_high_level(hurting)}} racked with pain, convulsed with pain, convulsed with agony. painful; aching &c. v.; sore, raw. Adv. painfully. <--- This hierarchy of sense will be primarily organized by the sensation, and the classical five sense faculties will be related to each type of sensation [[sense]] --> M6.1.2 SPECIFIC SENSATION N. specific sensation. <-- 379. Touch 380. Sensations of touch 381. Numbness --> <-- [Sensation of pressure] [[touch]] --> M6.1.2.1 TOUCH R379 TO R381 #379. Touch. N. {{required_for(contact, P2.6.1.2.4)}} touch; feeling; tact, taction[obs3], tactility; palpation, palpability; contrectation[obs3]; manipulation; massage. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(making contact, P2.4.2.3.8.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} touching. {{uses: @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3, hand, finger}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(limb, P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} {[of(invertebrate)]} feeler, antenna; palpus[obs3]. {{uses: sense of touch, @M6.1}}. {{required_for: sensation of touch, M6.1.2.R1}}. V. touch, feel, handle, finger, thumb, paw, fumble, grope, grabble; twiddle, tweedle; pass the fingers over, run the fingers over; manipulate, wield; throw out a feeler. Adj. tactual, tactile; tangible, palpable; lambent. M6.1.2.1.R1 SKIN SENSATION (R380) #380. Skin sensation. N. skin sensation, feeling on the skin. itching, pruritis[Med]; tingling, pins and needles; stinging, pricking; scraping; tickling; titillation, formication[obs3], aura. {{has_subtype: sensation of cold, M6.1.2.2; sensation of warmth, M6.1.2.3}}. {{detected_by(pressure[on=skin], P2.6.1.2.3)}} pressure, sensation of pressure. <-- ; stereognosis[obs3] ; stereognostic[obs3] --> V. feel. itch, tingle, creep, thrill, sting; prick, prickle; tickle, titillate; scrape. Adj. itching; tingling; titillative. <-- [insensibility to touch.] --> M6.1.2.1.R2 NUMBNESS (R381) #381. Numbness. N. {{has_subtype(physical insensibility, R376)}} {{location_of(skin)}} numbness; anaesthesia. {{has_low_level}} paresthesia, pins and needles. V. {{caused_by(numbness): @R376, benumb, numb}}. Adj. numb. benumbed; deadened, anaesthetized, anesthetized; intangible, impalpable. <-- . [SENSATION OF COLD]. --> M6.1.2.2 COLD N. {{detected_by(temperature[val=<30 deg C])}} cold, cold sensation; chilliness, coldness; chill. {{has_high_intensity}} freezing. {{causes}} shivering &c. v.; goose skin, horripilation[obs3]; rigor; chattering of teeth; numbness, frostbite. V. [intrans.] be cold &c. adj.. shiver, starve, quake, shake, tremble, shudder, didder[obs3], quiver. freeze; freeze to death, perish with cold. {{has_commencement}} become cold, cool down. Adj. cold, chilled. {{consequence_of}} fresh, keen, bleak, raw, inclement, nipping. bitter, biting, niveous[obs3], cutting, piercing, pinching, clay-cold. {{&causes(freeze)}} {{&has_property(person)}} frozen, numb, frost-bitten, frost-bound, frost-nipped. {{&causes(be cold)}} {{&has_property(person)}} starved &c. (made cold) R385; chilled to the bone, shivering &c. v.; aguish, transi de froid[Fr]. M6.1.2.3 WARMTH N. {{detected_by(temperature[val=>40 deg C])}} warmth, sensation of warmth. {{has_high_level}} heat, sensation of heat. {{caused_by(pain)}} burning. {{&caused_by: hot weather}}. V. warm. burn. Adj. warming. burning. Phr. Mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the noonday sun[Noel Coward]. <-- NOTE: most of R382 heat, R383 cold, R384 calefaction, R385 refrigeration to physics. heat 386 furnace, R387 refrigeratory to POMACH 388 fuel to POM processed natural materials 388a Insulation, fire extinction to Physics.heat 389 thermometer to POMEAS, measuring instruments --> <-- 390. Taste 391. Insipidity 392. Pungency cf. R393 condiment to POFOOD 394. Savoriness 395. Unsavoriness 396. Sweetness 397. Sourness [[TASTE]] --> M6.1.2.4 Taste (R390 to R401a EXC. R393) #390. Taste. N. taste, sense of taste. {{!detects}} {{has_property(food, R298/chemical substance)}} taste[2], flavor. {{has_subtype(taste[2])}} gust, gusto, savor; gout, relish; sapor[obs1], sapidity[obs3]; twang, smack, smatch[obs1]; aftertaste, tang. {{used_in}} {{required_for}} tasting; degustation, gustation. {{function_of}} {{has_part(tongue)}} taste bud. palate, tooth, stomach. {{uses: tongue}}. {{detects: saltiness, M6.1.2.4.3; acidity, R397; sourness, R397; sweetness, R396; bitterness, M6.1.2.4.4}}. V. {{has_subtype(detect[obj=taste[2]], R465b)}} taste. savor, smack, flavor, twang, smatch[obs3]. {{caused_by(savor): tickle the palate, @R394}}. {{has_expression(savor)}} smack the lips. Adj. tasting. {{has_subtype: bitter, M6.1.2.4.4; sweet, R396, M6.1.2.4.7; salty, M6.1.2.4.3; sour, R397, M6.1.2.4.8}}. sapid, saporific[obs3]; gustable[obs1], gustatory; gustful[obs3]; strong, gamy. {{requires(taste): palatable &c. R394}}. M6.1.2.4.1 INSIPIDITY (R391) #391. Insipidity. N. insipidity, blandness; tastelessness, flatness. V. be tasteless, be bland, be flat, have no taste. taste bland, taste flat, taste insipid. taste like cardboard. Adj. bland, flat, void of taste, tasteless, gustless[obs1], savorless; insipid. weak, stale, vapid, ingustible[obs1], mawkish, milk and water, fade, wishy-washy, mild; untasted[obs3]. <-- "tobacco" belongs elsewhere! ??? --> M6.1.2.4.2 PUNGENCY (R392) #392. Pungency. N. pungency, piquance, piquancy, poignancy haut-gout, strong taste, spiciness, twang, race. sharpness, tang; acrimony. {{has_subtype: @R392, roughness, sourness}}. {{has_exces: unsavoriness, R395}}. {{property_of}} mustard; cayenne; caviare. {{property_of: seasoning &c. (condiment) R393}}. {{property_of: alcoholic beverage, P2.3.1.3.2.10.1}}. {{property_of}} tobacco smoke. {{emitted_by(tobacco smoke)}} {{property_of(burning)}} burning tobacco. {{consists_of(burning tobacco)}} {{processed_into(tobacco leaf)}} {{has_subtype(solid matter, @P2.1.1)}} tobacco, fragrant weed, Indian weed. {{has_component(tobacco)}} {{has_subtype(alkaloid): nicotine, @P2.3.1.3.4.2}}. {{has_subtype(tobacco)}} {{function_of(be chewed)}} chewing tobacco. {{constitutes(chewing tobacco)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} quid. {{constitutes(tobacco)}} {{function_of(be inhaled)}} {{property_of(powdery, @R330)}} snuff. {{constitutes(tobacco)}} {{function_of(be smoked)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} smoke. {{has_subtype(smoke)}} cigarette, weed; cigar, segar[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cigar)}} Cavendish, fid[obs3], negro head, old soldier, rappee[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cigar)}} {{property_of(inexpensive, @R815)}} stogie, stogy. {{has_subtype(cigar)}} {{property_of(excellent, @R812a)}} Havana cigar, Havana. V. be pungent; bite, bite the tongue. {{&caused_by}} render pungent. {{has_subtype(render pungent)}} {[in_frame(cookery, @P2.8.7)]} {{has_subtype(add[ptnt=spice, @R393], R37)}} season, spice, spice up. {{has_subtype(spice up)}} salt; pepper; pickle, brine; devil. {{has_subtype(inhale[obj=tobacco smoke], @R296)}} {{required_for(burn[obj=smoke, @R392], @P2.6.1.3.3.1)}} smoke. {{has_subtype(inhale[obj=snuff], @R296)}} take snuff. Adj. pungent, strong; high-flavored, full-flavored; high-tasted, high-seasoned; gamy, sharp, stinging, rough, piquant, racy; biting, mordant; spicy; seasoned &c. v.; hot, hot as pepper; peppery, vellicating[obs3], escharotic[obs3], meracious[obs1]; acrid, acrimonious, bitter; rough &c. (sour) R397; unsavory &c. R395. M6.1.2.4.3 SALTINESS (R392A) #392a. Saltiness. N. saltiness. {{property_of(salty)}} salt; brine, salt water; salted food. {{has_subtype(salt)}} table salt, sodium chloride; niter, saltpeter. Adj. salty, salt, saline, brackish, briny; salty as brine, salty as a herring, salty as Lot's wife. {{metaphor_for(salty): @R961, racy, indecent}}. Phr. take it with a grain of salt. M6.1.2.4.4 BITTERNESS (R392B) #392b. Bitterness. N. {{contrast_to(acidity, R397)}} bitterness. {{caused_by}} alkalinity, causticity. {{property_of(alkalinity)}} {{has_subtype(ion, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} hydroxyl ion. {{property_of(alkalinity): base, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{causes(alkalinity)}} {{has_subtype(odor, R398)}} acridity, acridness[obs3]. {{property_of}} caustic, alkali; acerbity; gall, wormwood; bitters, astringent bitters. [additive for alcoholic beverages] Angostura aromatic bitters. [bitter substances] alkaloids; turmeric. {{property_of(acridity)}} carbonate of ammonia; sal ammoniac[obs3], sal volatile, smelling salts. {{property_of(acridity): hartshorn, @R401a}}. {{metaphor_for(bitterness): acrimony, @M8.3.4.3}}. Adj. bitter, bitterish, acrid, acerb, acerbic. Phr. bitter as gall; bitter pill to take; sugar coating on a bitter pill. <-- R393 condiment to food P2.3.1.3.2 [[savoriness]] --> M6.1.2.4.5 SAVORINESS (R394) #394. Savoriness. N. savoriness, good taste, tastiness, deliciousness, delectability. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(food, R298, P2.3.1.3.2)}} savory food, delicious food. {{has_subtype(delicious food)}} relish, zest; appetizer. {{has_subtype(delicious food)}} tidbit, titbit[obs3], dainty, delicacy, tasty morsel; appetizer, hors d'ouvres[Fr]; ambrosia, nectar, bonne-bouche[Fr]. {{has_subtype(delicious food): P2.3.1.3.2.2, confection}}. {{has_subtype: sweetness, R396}}. {{has_subtype(delicious food)}} treat; titbit[obs3], tidbit; nuts, sauce piquante[Fr]. {{has_subtype(delicious food)}} refreshment; delicacy, delice[Fr]. {{has_large_quantity(delicious food)}} regale, feast. V. be savory, be delicious, be delectable, be tasty, be appetizing; tickle the palate, tickle the appetite; flatter the palate. render palatable. relish, like, smack the lips. Adj. savory, delicious, tasty, well-tasted, to one's taste, good, palatable, nice, dainty, delectable; toothful[obs3], toothsome; gustful[obs3], appetizing, lickerish[obs3], delicate, exquisite, rich, luscious, ambrosial, scrumptious, delightful. Adv. per amusare la bocca [It]. Phr. cela se laisse manger[Fr]. M6.1.2.4.6 UNSAVORINESS (R395) #395. Unsavoriness. N. {{&has_property(food, R298/substance, P2.1.1)}} unsavoriness, unpalatability, bad taste. {{mcauses(bad taste): avoidance, R623}}. acerbity, austerity; gall and wormwood, rue, quassia[obs3], aloes; marah[obs3]; sickener[obs3]. {{property_of: acrimony, acridity (bitterness) R392b; roughness &c. (sour) R397}}. V. be unpalatable, be unsavory; have a bad taste, have a foul taste, have an off taste, have a bad flavor. {{has_high_intensity(be unsavory)}} sicken, disgust, nauseate, pall, turn the stomach. <-- ; amaritude[obs3] ??? --> Adj. {{has_subtype(unpleasant, R830)}} unsavory, unpalatable. unsweetened, unsweet[obs3]; ill-flavored; bitter, bitter as gall; acrid, acrimonious; rough. {{has_high_intensity(unsavory)}} offensive, repulsive, nasty; sickening, disgusting, nauseating, stomach-turning; nauseous; loathsome, fulsome. M6.1.2.4.7 SWEETNESS (R396) #396. Sweetness. N. {{has_property(confection, P2.3.1.3.2.2)}} sweetness, dulcitude[obs3]. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.2.2, sugar, saccharine}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.2.2, sweetener, artificial sweetener}}. {{property_of: @P2.8.3.R1, dessert}}. V. be sweet, be sacharine, be dulcet. {{caused_by(be sweet)}} sweeten, dulcify, render sweet; edulcorate[obs3]; dulcorate[obs1]; candy; mull. Adj. {{has_subtype(pleasant)}} sweet, dulcet, saccharine, sacchariferous[obs3]. candied, honied[obs3], nectarious[obs3], melliferous[obs3]. luscious, lush. {{&consequence_of}} sweetened. sweet as a nut, sweet as sugar, sweet as honey. {{has_high_intensity(sweet)}} sickly sweet. {{has_low_intensity(sweet)}} faintly seweet, slightly sweet. Phr. sweeter than wine. <-- [[sour]] --> M6.1.2.4.8 SOURNESS (R397) #397. Sourness. N. sourness. {{caused_by}} {{&has_property(solution, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} acidity, low pH. {{property_of(acidity)}} {{has_subtype(ion, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} hydrogen ion. {{property_of(acidity): acid, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{part_of(hydrogen ion)}} hydronium ion. {{has_contrast(acidity): alkalinity, R392b}}. {{property_of: acid, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{property_of}} vinegar; alum. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(fruit juice, @P2.3.1.3.2.10)}} {{processed_into(lemon, @P2.3.1.3.2.7)}} lemon juice. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(fruit juice, @P2.3.1.3.2.10)}} {{processed_into(unripe fruit, @P2.3.1.3.2.7)}} verjuice. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(fruit, @P2.3.1.3.2.7)}} crab apple. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(organic chemical, P2.3.1.3.4.4)}} {{has_subtype(acid, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} lactic acid. {{has_formula(lactic acid)}} "CH3CHOHCOOH". {{produced_by(lactic acid)}} lactic fermentation. {{main_component_of(vinegar): acetic acid, @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.4}}. {{produced_by(acetic acid)}} {{has_subtype(fermentation, @P2.6.3)}} acetous fermentation. V. be sour. {{has_commencement(be sour)}} sour, turn sour. {{causes(be sour)}} set the teeth on edge. {{caused_by(be sour)}} render sour; acidify, acidulate, acetify. Adj. sour; acid, acidulous, acidulated. tart, crabbed[obs2]; acetous, acetose[obs3]; acerb, acetic; sour as vinegar, sourish, acescent[obs3], subacid[Chem]; styptic, hard, rough. Phr. sour as a lemon. <-- 398. Odor 399. Inodorousness 400. Fragrance 401. Fetor 401a Since the hierarchy is organized by senses, the specific odors (fragrance, stench) are not strictly in the hierarchy. [[smell]] --> M6.1.2.5 SMELL (R398 TO R401A) #398. Smell. N. sense of smell, smell[1], olfaction, olfactories[obs3]. {{detects}} odor, smell, odorament[obs1], scent, effluvium; emanation, exhalation; fume, essence, trail, nidor[obs1], redolence. {{has_property(odor)}} odorousness, odoriferousness. act of smelling. {{has_high_level(sense of smell)}} acute sense of smell. {{property_of(odorous)}} odorant. {{property_of(acute sense of smell)}} {{has_subtype(dog)}} bloodhound, hound. {{property_of(acute sense of smell)}} {{has_subtype(pig)}} truffle pig. {{has_subtype(scent)}} {{has_subtype(trail, @P2.3.1.3.14.1)}} spoor. {{function_of(sense of smell)}} {{has_subtype(cell)}} {{location_of(nose)}} olfactory neurosensory cell. {{function_of(sense of smell)}} {{has_subtype(nerve)}} {{connected_to(olfactory neurosensory cell)}} olfactory nerve. {{function_of(sense of smell)}} {{has_part(brain)}} olfactory lobe. {{function_of(sense of smell)}} {{has_part(olfactory lobe)}} olfactory bulb. V. smell[3], smell of, smell strong of; exhale; give out a smell, give out an odor, give off an odor; reek, reek of; have an odor, have a scent. {{&caused_by(reek): fume, @P2.3.1.6.5}}. {{detected_by(odor)}} smell[4], scent; snuff, snuff up; sniff, nose, inhale. Adj. odorous, odoriferous; smelling. redolent, pungent. {{has_property(sense of smell)}} olfactory; quick-scented. M6.1.2.5.R1 INODOROUSNES (R399) #399. Inodorousness. N. {{antonym_of(odor, @R398)}} inodorousness[obs3]; absence of smell, want of smell, lack of odor. {{&caused_by}} deodorant, deodorizer; deodorization. V. be inodorous &c. adj.; not smell. deodorize. Adj. inodorous[obs3], onodorate; scentless; without smell, wanting smell &c. R398. deodorized, deodorizing. M6.1.2.5.R2 FRAGRANCE (R400) #400. Fragrance. N. {{has_subtype(odor, @M6.1.2.5)}} {{property_of(pleasant)}} fragrance, aroma, sweet smell. redolence, perfume, bouquet, essence, scent; aromatic perfume. {{property_of}} agalloch[obs3], agallochium[obs3]; aloes wood; calambac[obs3], calambour[obs3], lign-aloes[obs3], marrubium[obs3], olibanum[obs3], spirit of myrcia[obs3], champak[obs3]. <-- , napha water[obs3] --> {{property_of: muskrat}}. {{property_of: bay rum}}. {{property_of}}{{has_subtype(plant, R367): mint, mint plant}}. {{has_subtype(mint plant)}}{{property_of(bitter): horehound}}. {{property_of}} incense; frankincense; pastil[obs3], pastille; myrrh, perfumes of Arabia[obs3]; otto[obs3], ottar[obs3], attar; bergamot, balm, potpourri, pulvil[obs1]; nosegay; scentbag[obs3]; sachet, smelling bottle, vinaigrette. {{property_of}} {{component_of(perfume)}} cologne, eau de Cologne[Fr]; toilet water; lotion; after-shave lotion. {{property_of}} {{&has_component(perfume)}} {{produces(musk deer)}} {{has_subtype(oil)}} musk. {{property_of}} {{&has_component(perfume)}} {{produces(civet cat)}} {{has_subtype(oil)}} civet. {{job_of(create[obj=perfume]/sell[obj=perfume])}} perfumer. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(oil)}} {{produces(plant, R367/animal, R366)}} essential oil. {{property_of}} {{produces(eucalyptus tree)}} {{has_subtype(oil)}} eucalyptus oil. {{property_of}} {{produces(pine tree)}} {{has_subtype(oil)}} pinene; pine oil. <-- ; thurification[obs3] ??? --> V. be fragrant, be aromatic, be redolent, give off fragrance, give off aroma; have a perfume, have a fragrance; smell sweet. {{&caused_by(be fragrant)}} scent, perfume, embalm. Adj. fragrant, aromatic, redolent, spicy, savory, balmy, scented, sweet-smelling, sweet-scented; perfumed, perfumatory[obs3]; thuriferous; fragrant as a rose, muscadine[obs3], ambrosial. M6.1.2.5.R3 STENCH (R401) #401. Stench. N. {{has_subtype(odor, @M6.1.2.5)}} {{property_of(offensive/unpleasant)}} stench, stink, fetor, bad smell, foul odor, bad odor, malodor; empyreuma[obs3]. mustiness, noisomeness; rancidity. {{&manifestation_of: foulness &c. (uncleanness) R653}}. {{property_of: excrement, P2.8.4}}. {{produced_by: stoat, polecat, skunk; fungus; garlic; musk turtle, stinkpot; peccary}}. {{has_subtype: acridity, R401a}}. <-- fitchet[obs3], fitchew[obs3], fourmart[obs3], ; assafoetida[obs3]??? --> V. stink, smell, reek, have a bad smell, smell bad. stink in the nostrils, stink like a polecat; smell strong, smell fetid, smell rancid; smell musty; smell offensively. {{has_high_intensity(stink/reek)}} stink to high heavens, reek to high heavens. Adj. smelling, stinking, offensive, noisome, rank, fetid; strong-smelling, high, bad, strong, reeking, strong-scented. fulsome, reasty[obs3], frouzy[obs3], olid[obs3], olidous[obs1]; rancid, tainted; musty, fusty; suffocating, mephitic; empyreumatic[obs3]. putrid, foul, foul-smelling, nidorous[obs3], graveolent[obs3]. M6.1.2.5.R3.1 ACRIDITY (R401A) #401a. Acridity. N. {{has_subtype(odor, @M6.1.2.5)}} {{property_of(biting)}} acridity, astringency, bite. {{property_of}} tear gas; smoke, acrid fumes. Adj. acrid, biting, astringent, sharp, harsh; bitter &c. R392b. <-- (PARTLY DUP IN PHYSICS) --> <-- large parts of 402-405. sound are in physics. We try to distinguish the physical pohenomenon of sound from perception of sound, but they are so closely related linguistically that the placement seems arbitrary. We may want to reorganize this again. --> <-- 402. Sound 403. Silence 404. Loudness 405. Faintness [[sound]] --> M6.1.2.6 SOUND N. {{causes(sound, P2.6.1.4)}} sound, sensation of sound. {{has_property: frequency, @P2.6.1.4}}. {{has_subtype(sound)}} musical sound. {{has_subtype(musical sound): R413, melody; R413b, harmony; R415, music}}. <-- M6.1.2.6.1 to M6.1.2.6. Specific Sounds R406 to R412 406. Snap 407. Roll 408. Resonance 4O8a. Nonresonance 409. Sibilation 410. Stridor 411. Cry 412. Ululation --> <-- [Sudden and violent sounds.] [[bang]] --> M6.1.2.6.1 SNAP (R406) #406. Snap. N. snap. ping. click; crack, whack, clack; pop; clap; knock; tap; rap. crash; rapping &c. v.. {{property_of(repeated, A5.3.1.R1)}} crackling, decrepitation, crepitation. {{has_high_intensity}} {{property_of(frequency[val=high], @P2.6.1.4)}} bang. {{has_high_intensity}} {{property_of(frequency[val=low], @P2.6.1.4)}} boom. {{has_subtype(bang)}} {{causes(firearm)}} shot, report. thud. {{caused_by(boom)}} {{caused_by(destruction, R162/damage, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2)}} explosion, blast, burst, detonation. {{caused_by(bang/boom)}} {{causes(firearm)}} firing, salvo, volley, discharge. {{caused_by(bang): @P2.3.1.3.18.1, squib, cracker, firecracker, cherry bomb, "M80"}}. {{caused_by(bang): gun, cap, cap gun, popgun}}. {{caused_by}} implosion. {{has_subtype(explosion)}} {{causes(bomb)}} bomb burst. {{has_subtype(explosion)}} {{property_of(extremely powerful)}} {{exhibits(nuclear weapon, P2.3.1.3.23.10)}} nuclear explosion. {{caused_by(explosion): explosive, P2.3.1.3.4.5; firearm, P2.3.1.3.23.4}}. whack, wham, pow. {{has_subtype(bang)}} {{&causes(motor vehicle)}} backfire. V. snap. rap, tap, knock; ping; click; clash; crack; crash; pop. bang, blast, boom, slam, clap, clang, clack, whack, wham; brustle[obs3]; burst on the ear. crackle, crepitate. explode, blow up, blow, burst, detonate. thump, whump, rump. Adj. snapping. rapping, tapping, knocking; pinging; clicking; cracking; crashing; popping; clapping; clanging, clacking. {{has_high_intensity(snapping)}} banging, blasting, booming; slamming. {{has_high_intensity(snapping)}} exploding, detonating, bursting. Int. "kaboom!"; "whamo!"; "Heewhack!"; "pow!". <-- [Repeated and protracted sounds.] --> M6.1.2.6.2 ROLL (R407) #407. Roll. N. {{property_of(repeated, R104)}} roll, rolling. {{property_of(frequency[val=low], @P2.6.1.4)}} rumble. rattle; clatter; patter. drumming, tattoo, drumroll; rattling, clattering; dingdong; whirr; ratatat, ratatat-tat; rubadub; pitapat; quaver, clutter, charivari[obs3], racket; cuckoo; peal of bells, devil's tattoo. {{property_of(frequency[val=low], @P2.6.1.4)}} rumbling. {{emits(railroad train)}} clickety-clack. {{property_of(soft)}} hum; purr. {{emitted_by(hum): hummingbird}}. {{emitted_by(purr): cat, kitten}}. {{has_subtype: reverberation, R408}}. <-- ; berloque[obs3], bombination[obs3] tantara[obs3]; rataplan[obs3];--> V. roll, drum; rumble; rattle; clatter; patter; clickety-clack; bombinate[obs3]. hum, trill, shake; chime, peal, toll; tick, beat. drum in the ear, din in the ear. Adj. rolling, drumming; rumbling; rattling; clattering. like a bee in a bottle. <-- resonance here covers 3 sound qualities; echo, low note, and ringing. They should be separated. --> M6.1.2.6.3 RESONANCE (R408) #408. Resonance. N. resonance, reverberation. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(reflection[of=sound])}} echo, reecho. {[in_frame(speech)]} {{property_of}} low note, base note, bass note, flat note, grave note, deep note; bass; basso, basso profondo[It]; baritone, barytone[obs3]; contralto. {{function_of}} echo chamber, resonator. {{similar_to: gurgle, R405}}. V. resound, reverberate, reecho, resonate, echo. Adj. resounding, reverberating, resonant, reverberant. {[in_frame(speech)]} sonorous, booming, deep-toned, deep-sounding, deep-mouthed, vibrant; hollow, sepulchral. {[in_frame(speech): gruff &c. (harsh) R410]}. Phr. echoing down the mountain and through the dell. M6.1.2.6.3.1 RINGING N. ringing, tintinabulation. jingling; clinking; chiming. ring; jingle, jangle; chime; gong. [Med] tinnitus[ringing in the ears]. {{exhibited_by}} bell, doorbell, buzzer. {{exhibited_by: @R417, gong, cymbals, xylophone}}. V. ring, jingle, gingle[obs3], chink, clink; tink[obs3], tinkle; chime. ring in the ear. zap, zot[coll.]. plash, goggle. {{similar_to: buzz (hiss) R409}}. Adj. tinnient[obs1], tintinnabulary. Phr. " sweet bells jangled, out of time and harsh " [Hamlet]. M6.1.2.6.4 NONRESONANCE (R408A) #408a. Nonresonance. N. thud, thump, dead sound; nonresonance[obs3]. {{property_of}} muffled drums; cracked bell. {{function_of(deaden the sound)}} damper; silencer; mute. a dull thud. V. sound dead, die out, be muffled. {{caused_by(sound dead)}} deaden the sound, stop the sound, damp the sound, deaden the reverberations, dampen the reverberations. Adj. nonresonant[obs3], dead; dampened, muffled. <-- "sibilation" includes hissing and buzzing --> M6.1.2.6.5 SIBILATION (R409) #409. Sibilation. N. sibilance, sibilation. hiss; buzz; whiz, whir; rustle; fizz, fizzle; wheeze, whistle, snuffle. sizzle; swish; zip; squash; sneeze; sternutation. sizzling, fizzling, fizzing. whistling; buzzing; whirring; rustling; wheezing. {{has_component: high note &c. R410}}. {{has_subtype: @R412, hiss}}. {{emitted_by(hiss, @R412): goose, serpent, snake}}. {{emitted_by(buzz, @R412): insect, bug; bee, mosquito, wasp, fly}}. {{&emitted_by(hiss): air valve, pressure release valve, safety valve, tires, air escaping from tires, punctured tire; escaping steam, steam, steam radiator, steam release valve}}. {{&emitted_by(hiss): @P2.3.1.3.1.3.1, tea kettle, pressure cooker}}. V. hiss; buzz; whiz, whir; rustle; fizz, fizzle; wheeze, whistle, snuffle. squash; sneeze; sizzle; swish. Adj. sibilant, hissing. sizzling, fizzling, fizzing. whistling; buzzing; whirring; rustling; wheezing. wheezy, sternutative[obs3]. <-- painfully high- pitched sound should be distinguished ?? --> <-- [Harsh sounds.] --> M6.1.2.6.6 STRIDOR (R410) #410. Stridor. N. roughness, harshness, raspiness. {{property_of}} creaking, grating; stridor; sharpness, harshness, coarseness; cacophony, cacoepy[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} the sound of fingernails on a blackboard; snoring. {{&property_of: dissonance, R414}}. V. creak, grate, jar; burr, pipe, twang, jangle, clank, clink. set the teeth on edge, "ecorcher les oreilles"[Fr]; pierce the ears, split the ears, split the head; offend the ear, grate upon the ear, jar upon the ear. {{property_of: scream, @R411; yelp, @R412; buzz, @R409}}. Adj. harsh, coarse, rough, rasping, stertorous. hoarse, gruff, grum[obs3], stridulous[obs3], horrisonous[obs1]. sepulchral, hollow. creaking, grating, jarring. piercing, sharp, high, acute; trumpet-toned; ear-piercing, high-pitched, high-toned; cracked. {{similar_to: discordant &c. R414}}. {{has_subtype: @R404, piercing, cacophonous, shrill}}. M6.1.2.6.7 Dummy N. dummy. <-- 416 Musician to Person 417 musical instruments to physobj [[hearing]] 418. Hearing 419. Deafness [Sense of sound.] --> M6.1.2.6.8 PERCEPTION OF SOUND (R418, R419) N. sound perception. <-- the headword hearing here is the act of hearing --> M6.1.2.6.8.1 HEARING R418) #418. Hearing. N. {{biofunction_of(detect[obj=sound, P2.6.1.4])}} hearing, audition, auscultation. {{performed_by}} hearer, auditor, listener; eavesdropper, listener-in. {{member_of(listener)}} audience, auditory. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} listening. {{has_subtype(listening[mode=surreptitiously])}} eavesdropping. {{needs: audible sound, @P2.6.1.4}}. {{has_requirement}} {{has_property(audible sound, @P2.6.1.4)}} audibility. {{affected_by(audibility): hearing ability[of=listener], R7b; distance[of=listener[from=source of sound, @R402]], R196}}. {{requires: @M6.1, sense of hearing, hearing ability}}. {{has_high_level(hearing ability)}} {{facilitated_by(hearing)}} acute ear, nice ear, delicate ear, quick ear, sharp ear, correct ear, musical ear; ear for music. {{uses: @P2.3.2.2.3.2, ear, acoustic organ, auditory apparatus}}. {{has_subtype(distance)}} earshot, hearing distance, hearing, hearing range, sound, carrying distance. {{requires(hearing): $assertion}}. &&{{equals($assertion): x}} {{{has_relative_value(distance[from=hearer][to=source of sound] + earshot): "<1"}}}. {{function_of: telephone, phone, P2.3.1.3.14.3.2.1}}. <-- [ref: (communication) R525, R527, R529, R531, R532; electronic devices (POINFO P2.3.1.3.14 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ).]. --> {{facilitated_by}} {{function_of(amplify[obj=sound, P2.6.1.4], @A6.1.1): @P2.6.1.4, ear trumpet; hearing aid; stethoscope; megaphone}}. {{emitted_by(sound): @P2.3.1.3.13.2.3, phonograph, gramophone, phonorganon[obs3]}}. {{function_of(convert[obj=sound][to=electric current], A6.1.4)}} microphone, directional microphone, mike, hand mike, cordless microphone, lapel microphone. <-- [devices to convert recorded sound to electronic signals] --> {{&has_part(phonograph): @P2.3.1.3.19.1, phonograph needle, stylus, diamond stylus, pickup, reading head}}. {{studied_in(ear)}} otology, otorhinolaryngology. {{job_of(diagnose[obj=hearing problem])}} {{has_subtype(physician, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.4)}} otologist, otorhinolaryngologist. V. hear. list, listen, pay attention, take heed; overhear; hark, harken; give an ear, lend an ear, bend an ear; catch, catch a sound, prick up one's ears; give ear, give a hearing, give audience to. hang upon the lips of, be all ears, listen with both ears. become audible; meet the ear, fall upon the oar, catoh the eor, reach the ear; be heard; ring in the ear &c. (resound) R408. Adj. {{has_subtype(acoustic, P2.6.1.4)}} auditory, auricular; phonic. hearing; listening, auditing; eavesdropping. {{property_of(audibility)}} {{has_subtype(perceptible, @M6.1)}} audible. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(audible, P2.6.1.4)}} inaudible. {{has_low_intensity(audible): @R405, scarcely audible, just audible, barely audible}}. Adv. arrectis auribus[Lat]. Int. hark, "hark ye!"; "hear!"; list, "listen!"; "O yes!"; "Oyez!". listen up [coll.]; "listen here!"; "hear ye!"; "attention!"; "achtung!" [German]. M6.1.2.6.8.1.R1 DEAFNESS (R419) #419. Deafness. N. {{has_subtype(illness)}} {{has_subtype(handicap)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=hearing ability], @R2)}} deafness. <-- inaudibility due to deafness is a "property" of sound pnly relative to the deaf person! The same sound may be audible to someone else. --> {{!-causes}} {{has_low_level(audibility, @R418)}} {{&has_property(sound, R402)}} inaudibility, inaudibleness[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} deafening, loss of hearing. {{has_low_level}} {{has_low_quality(hearing ability)}} partial deafness, hardness of hearing, surdity[obs1]. {{has_subtype(partial deafness)}} {{affected_by(ear[num=1])}} deafness in one ear. V. be deaf, be unable to hear. be hard of hearing; have no ear. {{has_subtype(deafen[ptnt=self][mode=intentionally])}} {{property_of(temporary)}} stop one's ears, shut one's ears, plug one's ears, close one's ears. {{has_metaphor(close one's ears)}} turn a deaf ear to. {{caused_by}} render deaf, stun, deafen. Adj. deaf, unable to hear, earless[obs3]. {{has_low_level}} hard of hearing, dull of hearing; partly deaf, surd. {{has_subtype(partly deaf)}} deaf in one ear. stone deaf; deaf as a post, deaf as an adder, deaf as a beetle, deaf as a trunkmaker[obs3]. stunned, deafened. {{has_subtype(deaf)}} {{has_subtype(mute)}} deaf-mute. {{antonym_of(audible)}} inaudible, out of hearing. Phr. hear no evil. <-- relational entries for M6.1.2.6 (sound) --> M6.1.2.6.R1 SILENCE N. {{antonym_of(sound, R402)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=sound, R402])}} silence, sensation of silence, quiet. stillness, quietness. {{conceptual_part_of}} peace and quiet. {{&caused_by: deafness}}. <-- the physical loud sounds are at P2.6.1.4.R2, R404. Hear is the subjective perception. --> M6.1.2.6.R2 LOUDNESS N. {{causes(loud sound, P2.6.1.4.R2)}} loudness, loud sounds. {{&caused_by: oversensitivity}}. {{caused_by: @P2.6.1.4.R2, noise, racket, din}}. M6.1.2.6.R3 FAINTNESS N. faint sound, perception of faint sound. {{&caused_by: hearing loss; hearing difficulty, hearing impairment}}. {{&caused_by: faint sound, R405}}. M6.1.2.7 LIGHT N. {{required_for(visual systen, @R441)}} light, sensation of light. M6.1.2.7.1 LIGHT IN GENERAL N. {{antonym_of(darkness)}} light, brightness. <-- R420 TO R427 MOSTLY TO PHYSICS - LIGHT --> <-- 420. Light 421. Darkness 422. Dimness 423. Luminary 424. Shade 425. Transparency 426. Opacity 427. Semitransparency --> <-- 428. Color 429. Achromatism 430. Whiteness 431. Blackness 432. Gray 433. Brown 434. Redness 435. Greenness 436. Yellowness 437. Purple 438. Blueness 439. Orange 440. Variegation [[color]] --> M6.1.2.7.2 COLOR (R428) #428. Color. N. {{&has_property(physical object)}} color, hue, tint, tinge, dye, shade, tincture, cast, livery, coloration, glow, flush; tone, key. {{has_property(color)}} saturation. {[of(skin)]} complexion, skin color. pure color, positive color. primary color, primitive complementary color, primary. {{requires(color vision, @M6.1.2.7.3.1): color receptor[num=>1]}}. {{has_subtype(primary color): red; yellow; blue; green; magenta}}. pastel color, soft color. earth color. {{part_of}} spectrum, color spectrum. {{manifested_by}} chromatic dispersion. broken color, secondary color, tertiary color. local color, coloring, keeping, tone, value. {{studied_in}} optics, chromatics, spectrum analysis, spectroscopy; chromatism[obs3], chromatography, chromatology[obs3]. {{measured_by: @R445, prism, spectroscope, spectrograph, spectrometer, colorimeter}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2, pigment, coloring matter}}. {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.2.2, paint, dye, wash, distemper, stain; medium; mordant; oil paint}}. {{caused_by(color)}} {{used_in(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} coloring, imparting color, giving color to. {{has_subtype(coloring)}} tinting, tingeing, tinging; dyeing; staining; painting; whitewashing. V. color, impart color to, give color to. dye, tinge, stain, tint, tinct[obs3], paint, wash, ingrain, grain, illuminate, emblazon, bedizen, imbue; paint &c. (fine art) R556. Adj. colored; hued. tinted; dyed; stained; painted; tinged. colorific[obs3], tingent[obs3], tinctorial[obs3]; full-colored, high-colored, deep-colored; doubly-dyed; polychromatic; chromatogenous[obs3]; tingible[obs3]. {{has_property(color)}} chromatic, prismatic. {{has_high_intensity(colored)}} bright, vivid, intense, deep; fresh, unfaded[obs3]; rich, gorgeous; gay. {{has_high_intensity(colored)}} gaudy, florid; gay, garish; rainbow-colored, multihued; showy, flaunting, flashy. {{has_subtype(colored)}} {{has_subtype(unpleasant)}} raw, crude; glaring, flaring; discordant, inharmonious. mellow, pastel, harmonious, pearly, sweet, delicate, tender, refined. <-- [Absence of color.] --> M6.1.2.7.2.1 MONOCHROME (R429) #429. Monochrome. N. {{has_subtype(absence[of=color])}} monochrome, black and white, achromatism[obs3], neutral tint. {{&caused_by}} decolorization, decolorizing, fading, decoloration[obs3], discoloration, bleaching. {{has_subtype(bleaching)}} sun bleaching; peroxide bleaching. pallor, pallidness, pallidity[obs3]; paleness &c. adj.; etiolation. V. lose color &c. R428; fade, fly, go; become colorless &c. adj.; turn pale, pale. {{&caused_by}} deprive of color, decolorize, tarnish, achromatize, tone down. {{has_subtype(decolorize): @R430, bleach, blanch, etiolate, wash out}}. Adj. monochromatic, colorless, monochromic, achromatic, monochrome, aplanatic[obs3], black and white. hueless[obs3], pale, pallid; palefaced[obs3], tallow-faced; faint, dull, cold, muddy, leaden, dun, wan, sallow, dead, dingy, ashy, ashen, ghastly, cadaverous, glassy, lackluster. faded, washed out; discolored; bleached. uncolored, undyed, untinged, unstained, untinted; unpainted. light-colored, fair, blond. pale as death, pale as ashes, pale as a witch, pale as a ghost, pale as a corpse, white as a corpse. {{has_subtype(monchromatic): white, R430}}. M6.1.2.7.2.2 WHITENESS (R430) #430. Whiteness. N. whiteness. frostiness; chalkiness, milkiness; lactescence[obs3]; silveryness, argent. {{caused_by}} whitening, albification[obs3]. {{has_subtype(whitening)}} bleaching, decolorization. {{uses(whitening)}} {{function_of(whitening)}} whitener, whitening agent. {{has_subtype(whitening agent)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} bleach[1], decolorizer, bleaching agent. {{has_subtype(bleach[1])}} {{has_subtype(solid, P2.2.1.2)}} sodium hypochlorite. {{has_instance(bleach[1])}} {{has_subtype(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{component_of(sodium hypochlorite[pc=5.25])}} Clorox. {{has_subtype(whitening)}} etiolation. {{property_of: snow, P2.7.2.1.3; chalk, @P2.3.1.1.4; milk, @P2.3.1.3.2.10; alabaster, @P2.3.1.1.4.2; lily, @P2.3.2.1.2.1; ivory, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1; tooth, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.1}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.2.3, German silver, white metal}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.4.3, barium sulphate[Chem]; titanium oxide, titanium dioxide; white lead, carbonate of lead}}. <-- albata[obs3], eburin[obs3], blanc fixe[Fr], ceruse[obs3], pearl white --> V. be white. {{&caused_by(be white)}} {{has_subtype(decolorize)}} render white, whiten. {{&caused_by(be white)}} become white, blanch, pale, etiolate. {{has_subtype(whiten)}} {{used_in(bleach[1])}} bleach[2], decolorize, wash out. whitewash, silver. Adj. white. milk-white, snow-white; snowy; niveous[obs3], candid, chalky; milky, lactescent[obs3]; hoar, hoary, frosted, frosty; silvery, argent, argentine. {{has_result(whiten)}} whitened. {{has_subtype(whitened)}} bleached, blanched, etiolate, etiolated. whitish, creamy, pearly, fair, blond; high in tone, light. white as snow, white as driven snow, snow-white, white as a lily, white as silver. {{similar_to(white)}} {{mode_of(incompletely)}} off-white. {{has_subtype(off-white)}} white as ivory, like ivory, ivory; cream, buff; eggshell, eggshell white; pearl, pearl white. {[of(skin color, @R428)]} {{has_manifestation(fear, R860)}} white as a sheet, pale, blanched. <-- ; canescent[obs3], cretaceous[obs2] --> M6.1.2.7.2.3 BLACKNESS (R431) #431. Blackness. N. {{has_extreme(darkness)}} blackness. {{extreme_of: darkness, R421}}. lividity, dark color, tone, color; chiaroscuro &c. R420. nigrification[obs3], infuscation[obs3]. {{property_of: jet, ink; ebony; coal; pitch, tar; soot; charcoal; sloe, blackthorn; smut; raven, crow}}. {[of(person)]} swarthiness, dark complexion, swartliness[obs3]. {[of(person)]} {{property_of: @R11, negro, blackamoor, man of color, darkie, Ethiop, black; buck, nigger[derog]; coon [U. S.], sambo}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pigments, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.2.4, lampblack, ivory black, blue-black; writing ink, printing ink, printer's ink, Indian ink, India ink}}. V. be black. {{caused_by(be black)}} render black. blacken, infuscate[obs3], denigrate[obs2]; blot, blotch; smutch[obs3]; smirch; darken &c. R421. Adj. {{has_extreme(dark, R421)}} black. sable, somber, dark, inky, ebony, ebon, atramentous[obs3]; fuliginous[obs3], pitchy, sooty, dusky, dingy, murky; low-toned, low in tone; of the deepest dye. {[when_modifying(person)]} swart, swarthy, Ethiopic, nigrescent[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} coal-black, jet-black, jetty[obs2]. {{has_high_intensity}} {[of(night)]} pitch-black, starless, moonless. black as pitch, black as the ace of spades, black as printer's ink, black as jet, black as India ink, black as my hat, black as a shoe, black as a tinker's pot, black as November, black as thunder, black as midnight. {{has_low_intensity: gray &c. R432}}. {{metaphor_for: obscure &c. R421}}. {[of(skin)]} black-skinned, black, negroid, negro, colored. Adv. in mourning. <-- we classify gray as a type of black; shades of grey tending toward white are usually described as off-white, or some other term --> M6.1.2.7.2.4 GRAY (R432) #432. Gray. N. {{has_low_intensity(black, R431)}} gray, grey, neutral tint. {{property_of: silver, lead}}. {{has_measure}} shades of gray, gray scale. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(contrast)}} pepper and salt, chiaroscuro, grisaille[Fr]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} Payne's gray. Adj. gray, grey. iron-gray, dun, drab, dingy, leaden, livid, somber, sad, pearly, russet, roan; calcareous, limy, favillous[obs3]; ashen, ashy; cinereous[obs3], cineritious[obs3]; grizzly, grizzled; slate-gray, slate-colored, stone-colored, mouse-colored, ash-colored; cool. silver, silvery, silvered. M6.1.2.7.2.5 BROWN (R433) #433. Brown. N. {{has_subtype(earth color)}} brown. bay, chestnut, russet, cinnamon. {{has_high_intensity}} chocolate. {{has_low_intensity}} fawn, tan, tawny. {{has_component: red; green}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} ocher, sepia, Vandyke brown, bister[obs3]. V. be brown. {{&caused_by(be brown)}} [transitive] render brown; tan, embrown[obs3], bronze. {{&caused_by(be brown)}} [intransitive] become brown. {{has_subtype(become brown)}} {[of(grass)]} brown out, burn out. Adj. brown. bay, dapple, auburn, castaneous[obs3], chestnut, nut-brown, cinnamon, russet. tawny, tan, fawn, fawn-colored, snuff-colored, fuscous[obs3], chocolate, maroon, foxy, whitey brown[obs3]; liver-colored; brown as a berry, brown as mahogany, brown as the oak leaves; khaki. {[of(hair)]} auburn, brunette. sun-burnt; tanned &c. v.. M6.1.2.7.2.6 REDNESS (R434) #434. Redness. N. red. scarlet; vermilion; carmine, lake; fresh color, high color; warmth; gules[Heraldry]. crimson; maroon; blood red. fire-engine red. {{part_of(blue)}} magenta, damask, purple. {{has_low_intensity(red)}} pink; rose, rose color, couleur de rose[Fr], rose du Barry[obs3]; carnation. {[of(skin)]} color; flesh color, blush, flush, flesh tint. ruby, carbuncle; rust, iron mold. {{property_of(red)}} cochineal; fuchsine[obs3]; ruddle[obs3], madder; Indian red, light red, Venetian red; red ink, annotto[obs3]; annatto[obs3]. {{property_of(red)}} {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(mineral, P2.3.1.1.4.2)}} cinnabar; realgar; red lead, lead tetroxide. {{has_subtype(earth color)}} brick red. <-- minium[obs3] --> redness. {{has_subtype(redness)}} reddishness, ruddiness, rubescence[obs3], rubicundity, rubification[obs3]; erubescence[obs3]. {{property_of}}{{has_subtype(bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2): @P2.3.2.1.1.1.2, cardinal, cardinal bird}}. V. be red. {{&caused_by(be red)}} become red, redden. {{has_subtype(become red)}} blush, flush, color up, mantle. render red, rubify[obs3], rubricate, incarnadine, ruddle[obs3]. rouge. Adj. red. scarlet; vermilion; carmine, lake; gules[Heraldry]. crimson; maroon; blood red. fire-engine red. {{part_of(blue): @M6.1.7.2.9, magenta, purple}}. {{part_of(gray)}} damask, grayish-red. {{has_low_intensity(red)}} pink; rose; carnation. {[of(skin)]} flesh color, flesh-colored; flushed, blushing. {{has_subtype(pink)}} hot pink. ruby, ruby red; rust, rust-red. carbuncular. reddish; rufous, ruddy, florid, incarnadine, sanguine; rosy, roseate; blowzy, blowed[obs3]; burnt; rubicund, rubiform[obs3]; lurid, stammell blood red[obs3]; russet buff, murrey[obs3], carroty[obs3], lateritious[obs3]; rubineous[obs3], rubricate, rubricose[obs3], rufulous[obs3]. {[when_modifying(horse)]} sorrel. rose-colored; ruby-colored; cherry-colored; claret-colored; flame-colored; peach-colored, salmon-colored; brick-colored; dust-colored. reddened &c. v.. red as fire, red as blood, red as scarlet, red as a turkey cock, red as a lobster; foxy. warm, hot. <-- erubescent[obs3]; --> M6.1.2.7.2.7 GREENNESS (R435) #435. Greenness. N. green. blue and yellow; vert [heraldry]. olive color, olive. emerald, verd antique[Fr], verdigris, malachite, beryl, aquamarine; absinthe, "creme de menthe"[Fr]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} terre verte, verditer[obs3], verdine[obs3], copperas. greenness, verdure; viridity[obs3], viridescence[obs3]; verditure[obs3]. <-- [disease of eyes with green tint] --> {{has_subtype(disease)}} {{location_of(eye)}} {{property_of(greenness)}} glaucoma, rokunaisho[Jap]. Adj. green. {[of(plant, R367)]} verdant. glaucous; green as grass; verdurous. olive, olive green, dull green. emerald green; pea green; grass green; apple green; sea green; bottle green, coke bottle green. bright green, kelly green, yellowish green. greenish, virent[obs3], virescent[obs3]. {{metaphor_for: @R541, new, inexperienced, novice}}. {{metaphor_for: unskillful, @R699}}. {{&manifestation_of: illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1}}. {{metaphor_for: geenback, @R800}}. Phr. green with envy, pea green with envy; the green grass of Ireland; the wearing of the green. <-- Footnote 1 p. 122 The author's classification of colors has been retained, though it does not entirely accord with the theories of modern science. --> M6.1.2.7.2.8 YELLOWNESS (R436) #436. Yellowness. N. yellow, yellow color, yellowness. {{has_subtype(earth color)}} gold, gold color, or. {{part_of(red)}} brass color. {{property_of: brass, @P2.3.1.2.3}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} gamboge; cadmium-yellow, chrome-yellow, Indian-yellow king's-yellow, lemon-yellow; orpiment[obs3], yellow ocher, Claude tint, aureolin[obs3]; xanthein[Chemsub], xanthin[obs3]; zaofulvin[obs3]. {{property_of}} crocus, saffron, topaz; xanthite[obs3]; egg yolk. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(skin): @R655, jaundice, yellowed skin}}. {{symptom_of(jaundice, @R655): hepatitis}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(fog)}} London fog. <-- ; icterus[obs3]; xantho-cyanopia[obs3], xanthopsia[Med]. --> Adj. yellow. gold, aureate, golden, gold-colored; flavous[obs1], citrine, fallow; fulvous[obs3], fulvid[obs3]; sallow, luteous[obs3]; xanthic[obs3], xanthous[obs3]; jaundiced- auricomous[obs3]. amber. {{has_low_intensity}} tawny, creamy, sandy. citron-colored, saffron-colored, lemon-colored, lemon yellow, sulphur-colored, amber-colored, straw-colored, primrose-colored, cream-colored; xanthocarpous[obs3], xanthochroid[obs3], xanthopous[obs3]. yellow as a quince, yellow as a guinea, yellow as a crow's foot. M6.1.2.7.2.9 PURPLE (R437) #437. Purple. N. {{part_of(blue)}} {{part_of(red)}} purple. blue and red, bishop's purple; aniline dyes, gridelin[obs3], amethyst; purpure[Heraldry]; heliotrope. lividness, lividity. {{property_of: violet, @P2.3.2.1.2.1}}. {{has_low_intensity(purple)}} magenta; lavender; lilac. {{property_of(lavender)}} orchid; cattleya orchid. V. be purple. {{&caused_by(be purple)}} render purple, empurple[obs3]. Adj. purple, violet, ultraviolet; plum-colored, lavender, lilac, puce, mauve; livid. M6.1.2.7.2.10 BLUENESS (R438) #438. Blueness. N. blueness, blue, azure. cerulean, sky-blue; garter-blue; watchet[obs1]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} ultramarine; smalt; cobalt; cyanogen[Chemsub]; Prussian blue, syenite blue[obs3]; indigo. <-- bice[obs3], ; zaffer[obs3]. --> lapis lazuli, sapphire, turquoise; indicolite[obs3]. blueness, bluishness; bloom. Adj. blue, azure. cerulean, sky-blue, sky-colored, sky-dyed; cerulescent[obs3]; powder blue, bluish; atmospheric. cobalt blue. {{symbol_of}} {{has_subtype(feeling): retiring; cold}}. <-- Roget had "gold" under both yellow and orange. We leave it under yellow, in deference to the traditional apothegm "yellow metal". The Russians also call brass "yellow metal", so we leave brass also under yellow. --> M6.1.2.7.2.11 ORANGE (R439) #439. Orange. N. {{has_subtype(earth color)}} orange, red and yellow. {{has_low_intensity: @R436, gold, brass, brass color}}. flame color. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(fruit): orange}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pigment, @P2.3.1.3.1.2): ocher, Mars'orange[obs3], cadmium}}. {{property_of: cardinal flower, cardinal grosbeak}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(plant, R367): cardinal lobelia}}. V. gild, warm. Adj. orange; ochreous[obs3]; orange-colored, gold-colored, flame-colored, copper-colored, brass-colored, apricot-colored; warm, hot, glowing. M6.1.2.7.2.12 VARIEGATION (R440) #440. Variegation. N. {{has_subtype(variety/heterogeneity)}} variegation; colors, dichroism, trichroism; iridescence, play of colors, polychrome, maculation, spottiness, striae. {{property_of: spectrum, @R428; rainbow, @P2.7.2.1.2}}. {{&property_of: iris, tulip, butterfly}}. {{property_of: peacock, chameleon, tortoise shell; mackerel, mackerel sky; zebra, leopard, cheetah, nacre, ocelot, ophite[obs3], mother-of-pearl, opal, marble}}. {{property_of}} variegated pattern; mottled pattern. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(design, P2.3.1.3.6.7.1)}} variegated design. {{has_subtype(variegated design)}} {{has_subtype(geometrical pattern, @P2.3.1.3.6.7.1)}} {{has_part(square)}} check, chessboard, checkerboard. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(variegated design)}} {{has_subtype(cross hatching, @P2.3.1.3.6.7.1)}} plaid, tartan. {{property_of}} {{used_in(geometrical pattern, @P2.3.1.3.6.7.1)}} {{has_subtype(variegated design)}} patchwork; marquetry, parquetry; mosaic, tesserae[obs3], strigae[obs3]; quilt. {{property_of}} harlequin; Joseph's coat; tricolor. {{part_of(dot)}} {{has_subtype(variegated design)}} polka dot, polka-dot. {{caused_by: tattoo, @R847}}. V. be variegated, be multicolored. variegate, stripe, streak, checker, chequer; bespeckle[obs3], speckle; besprinkle, sprinkle; stipple, maculate, dot, bespot[obs3]. {{result_of}} inlay; damascene; embroider, braid, quilt. {{result_of: tattoo, @R847}}. Adj. variegated, multicolored. many-colored, many-hued; divers-colored, party-colored; dichromatic, polychromatic; bicolor[obs3], tricolor, versicolor[obs3]; of all the colors of the rainbow, of all manner of colors; kaleidoscopic. iridescent; opaline[obs3], opalescent; prismatic, nacreous, pearly, shot, gorge de pigeon, chatoyant[obs3]; irisated[obs3], pavonine[obs3]. mottled, marbled; pied, piebald; motley; pepper and salt; paned, dappled, clouded, cymophanous[obs3]. mosaic, tesselated; plaid. {{part_of(brown + yellow)}} {{&part_of(orange + white)}} {{has_subtype(mottled)}} tortoiseshell. checked, checkered. spotted, spotty, speckled, punctated[obs3], powdered; freckled, flea-bitten, studded; flecked, fleckered[obs3]; striated, barred, veined; brinded[obs3], brindled; tabby; watered; grizzled; listed; embroidered &c. v.; daedal[obs3]; naevose[obs3], stipiform[obs3]; strigose[obs3], striolate[obs3]. {{has_subtype(spotted)}} polka-dot, polka-dotted. M6.1.2.7.3 PERCEPTIONS OF LIGHT (R441 TO R449 EXC. R444, R445) N. {{has_subtype(perception[of=light], M6.1)}} perception of light. <-- physiological and biological parts of vision R441, blindness R442, and 443 dim-sightedness to biology 441. Vision 442. Blindness 443. Dim-sightedness 446. Visibility 447. Invisibility 448. Appearance 449. Disappearance --> <-- 444. spectator to HROLE --> <-- 445. optical instruments to P2.3.1.3.12.2.2 POINST --> <-- [ability to see] M6.1.2.7 is the sensation of light. This is a subtype. Is there a distinction? We will treat the perception of light as a general ability to distinguish light and darkness, but vision, here, is the actual ability to distinguish objects, requiring a focusing lens, or some compound eye. [[vision]] --> M6.1.2.7.3.1 VISION #441a. Faculty of Vision. N. {{required_for(eye, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} vision, faculty of vision, sight, eyesight. {{has_subtype}} {{required_for(color perception, @R441)}} color vision. {{has_part(eye, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{requires(vision)}} light receptor, receptor. {{has_subtype(light receptor)}} rod; cone. {{has_subtype(light receptor)}} {{requires(color vision)}} color receptor. {{needed_for}} {{has_subtype(detection, @M6.1)}} viewing, seeing, observation, espial. {{&causes(observation): recognition, @R465b}}. {{required_for: @R441, view, look, glance, ken, glimpse, glint, peep, gaze, regard, stare, leer}}. {{required_for: @R448, field of view, view, vista, panorama, horizon, commanding view, bird's eye view, aerial view}}. {{uses: @P2.3.2.2.3.2, eye, visual organ, organ of vision}}. {{metaphor_of}} perspicacity, discernment; catopsis[obs3]. {{used_in}} perlustration[obs3], contemplation; conspection[obs1], conspectuity[obs1]; survey; introspection. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(search, @R622)}} {{has_subtype(military action, @R722)}} reconnaissance, watch, espionage, espionnage[Fr], speculation[obs2]. {{used_in: inspection, R457}}. {{used_in}} autopsy; ocular inspection, ocular demonstration. {{required_for}} {{has_subtype(recreation, @R840)}} sight-seeing. {{has_subtype(viewing)}} microscopic viewing. {{has_subtype(viewing)}} distance viewing. {{property_of(good vision)}} {{has_subtype(beast, @R366): eagle, hawk; cat, lynx; Argus[mythical]}}. {{metaphor_of: good vision}} eagle eye, eagle's eye, hawkeye. {{property_of(mythical)}} evil eye; basilisk, cockatrice. {{analogous_to: discovery, R480a, @M5.5}}. {{studied_in}} optics. {{function_of(seeing): @R840, theater, amphitheater, arena}}. V. {{required_for(faculty of vision)}} see, behold, perceive, have in sight. {{required_for(faculty of vision)}} be sighted, have vison, be able to see. {{has_commencement(see)}} discern, descry, sight, make out, discover, spy, espy, ken; get a sight of, have a sight of, catch a sight of, get a glimpse of, have a glimpse of, catch a glimpse of. {{&causes: distinguish, recognize, R445}}. witness, view, see with one's own eyes, be a spectator of, be an eyewitness to, be a witness of, be a witness to, be a viewer of, speculate[ob2]. contemplate, cast the eyes on, set the eyes on. {{requires(witness): be present, @R186}}. {{performed_by(witness): spectator, R444}}. {{has_subtype(witness)}}{{has_subtype(entertainment): @R840, see sights, sightsee, go sightseeing}}. {{&causes(see): understand, R490}}. {{&causes(see): see at a glance, @M4.2.2.1.1.5.1}}. {{analogous_to: discover, R480a, @M5.5}}. look; lift up the eyes, open one's eye. [transitive] look at, eye, look on, look upon, look over, look about one, look round; survey, scan, inspect; run the eye over, run the eye through. reconnoiter, glance round. {{has_commencement(view)}} take a look at, take a gander at, direct the eyes to, turn the eyes on, glance at, cast a glance at, glance on, turn one's looks upon, bend one's looks upon. {{has_subtype(see)}} {{conceptual_part_of(attention, R457): observe &c. (attend to) R457}}. {{conceptual_part_of: watch &c. (care) R459}}. {{&used_for: watch for, @R507}}. {{has_subtype(look[mode=surreptitiously])}} peep, peer, pry, take a peep, be a Peeping Tom, play at bopeep[obs3]; cast a furtive glance. look full in the face, look hard at, look intently; strain one's eyes; fix the eyes upon, rivet the eyes upon; stare, gaze; pore over, gloat on; leer, ogle, glare; goggle; cock the eye, squint, gloat, look askance. Adj. {{antonym_of(blind, R442a)}} seeing, sighted, having vision. beholding, viewing, witnessing, eyewitnessing. visual, ocular; optic, optical; ophthalmic. clear-eyesighted, eagle-eyed, hawk-eyed, lynx-eyed, keen-eyed, Argus-eyed. {{has_obj_requirement(see): visible, R446}}. Adv. in sight, in full view. in sight of, with one's eyes open. at sight, at first sight, at a glance, at the first blush; prima facie[Lat]. {{requires(in full view): visibly, R446}}. Int. "look!" (attention) R457. Phr. the scales falling from one's eyes; " an eye like Mars to threaten or command " [Hamlet]; " her eyes are homes of silent prayer " [Tennyson]; " looking before and after " [Hamlet]; "thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes " [Milton]. <-- most of blindness refers to psychological aspects of lack of sight. Only a small part of this is in the physiological "vision" section --> <-- [Imperfect vision.] [Fallacies of vision to R443a.] --> M6.1.2.7.3.1.1 IMPERFECT VISION (R443) #443. Imperfect Vision. N. imperfect vision, dimsightedness, poor vision, poor sight, dim sight, dull sight, failing sight. nearsightedness, short sight, near sight, half sight; farsightedness, long sight; double sightedness, double vision; astigmatism, astigmatic sight; myopia, presbyopia[obs3]. color blindness, chromato-pseudo-blepsis[obs3], Daltonism; nyctalopia[obs3]; strabismus, strabism[obs3], squint; day blindness, hemeralopia[obs3], nystagmus; xanthocyanopia[obs3], xanthopsia[Med]; cast in the eye, swivel eye. {{caused_by(narrow field of view, @R448)}} tunnel vision. {{&property_of(strabismus)}} albino. obliquity of vision. winking; nictitation; blinkard[obs3]. {{&property_of: albino, R443}}. {{&caused_by: @R443, cataract, ophthalmia}}. {{&caused_by}} blinker. {{&caused_by: screen &c. (hider) R530}}. {{&caused_by}} dizziness, swimming, scotomy[obs3]. V. see poorly, be dimsighted. be shortsighted, be nearsighted; be farsighted; be astigmatic; be myopic. see double; have a mote in the eye, have a mist before the eyes, have a film over the eyes; see through a prism, see through a glass darkly; wink, blink, nictitate; squint; look askant[obs3], askant askance[obs3]; screw up the eyes, glare, glower; nictate[obs3]. dazzle, loom. Adj. dim-sighted. shortsighted, nearsighted; farsighted; myopic, presbyopic[obs3]; astigmatic. color blind; moon-eyed, mope-eyed, blear-eyed, goggle-eyed, gooseberry-eyed, one-eyed; blind of one eye, monoculous[obs3]; half-blind, purblind; cock-eyed, dim-eyed, mole-eyed. {{has_subtype(color blind)}} red-green blind; dichroic. {{has_extreme(dimsighted): blind, R442a}}. winking. <-- This entry is for the psychological condition of blindness; the physiological blindness as at R442a, under P2.6.4.1.1.1.1.R1. [[blind]] --> M6.1.2.7.3.1.1.1 BLINDNESS (R442A) #442a. Blindness. N. {{has_subtype(absence[of=seeing ability], @R2)}} blindness, lack of vision, lack of sight, absense of sight. {{caused_by: blindness, R442}}. {{has_low_intensity: dimsightedness, R443}}. {{&caused_by}} cataract. {{has_extreme}} {{affected_by(eye[num=2])}} total blindness, complete blindness, blindness in both eyes. {{has_low_intensity: @R443, legal blindness}}. {{has_low_intensity}} partially blind. {{has_subtype}} {{affected_by(eye[num=1])}} blindness in one eye. {{trait_of: @R442, blind person, sightless person}}. {{&uses(blind person)}} {{analogous_to(writing, R590)}} {{has_subtype(code, @R527)}} Braille, Braille-type, Braille system, Braille code, Braille writing. {{used_in(Braille code)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{!:not_forms(writing, R590)}} Braille document. gutta-serena, " drop serene ". <-- ; noctograph[obs3], teichopsia[obs3] cecity[obs3], excecation[obs1], amaurosis[obs3], ablepsy[obs1], ablepsia[obs3], prestriction[obs1]. --> V. be blind, be sightless, not see, have no sight, be without sight. lose sight of; have the eyes bandaged; grope in the dark. {{has_commencement(be blind)}} go blind, lose one's sight, lose one's vision, become blind. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] render blind, blind, render sightless; put one's eyes out. {{&caused_by}} [intransitive] be blinded. {{analogous_to(be blind)}} {{property_of(temporary, R111)}} not look; close the eyes, shut the eyes, turn away the eyes, avert the eyes; look another way; shut the eyes to, be blind to, wink at, blink at. {{analogous_to(render blind)}} {{property_of(temporary, R111)}} blindfold; hoodwink, dazzle; throw dust into one's eyes, pull the wool over one's eyes, jeter de la poudre aux yeux[Fr]. screen from sight &c. (hide) R528. Adj. blind, sightless, visionless; dark; stone-blind, sand-blind, stark-blind; undiscerning[obs3]. {{has_legal_effect(legal blindness)}} legally blind. {{has_extreme(blind)}} {{has_property(total blindness)}} totally blind, completely blind. {{&consequence_of}} eyeless. {{has_low_intensity: dimsighted &c. R443}}. {{has_simile}} blind as a bat, blind as a buzzard, blind as a beetle, blind as a mole, blind as an owl. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(blindness in one eye)}} blind in one eye. wall-eyed. {{property_of(temporary)}} blindered, masked, blindfolded. {{&caused_by}} blinded &c. v.. Adv. blindly, blindfold, blindfolded; darkly. Phr. " O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon" [Milton]. M6.1.2.7.3.1.1.2 ILLUSION (R443A) #443a. Illusion. N. illusion, fallacy of vision, deceptio visus[Lat]. optical illusion. false light, anamorphosis[obs3], virtual image; specter of the Brocken; magic mirror. mirage; looming, phasma[obs1]; phantasm, phantasma[obs3], phantom; vision. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} specter, apparition, spirit, ghost. {{uses(ghost)}} ectoplasm. {{has_subtype(optical illusion)}} flicker fusion. {{used_in: magic lantern, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2}}. {{used_in(flicker fusion): movies, @R599}}. {{&caused_by: optical instrument, R445}}. {{causes(refraction, @R420)}} light distortion. {{causes(refraction[of=lens, @R445], @R420)}} color fringe. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(misinterpretation, R523): @R423, swamp lights, ignis fatuus[Lat]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(misinterpretation, R523)}} unidentified flying object, UFO[acron]. M6.1.2.7.3.1.R1 VISIBILITY (R446) #446. Visibility. N. {{requires(vision, R441/faculty of vision, R441a)}} {{has_subtype(manifestation, R525)}} visibility, perceptibility, exposure. {{has_high_level}} conspicuousness, plainness, conspicuity[obs3], conspicuousness, distinctness. {{has_conceptual_part: @P2.3.1.3.6, clarity, definition, distinctness}}. {{required_for}} visible proof, ocular proof, ocular evidence, ocular demonstration. {{conceptual_part_of: appearance, R448}}. {{prevented_by: concealment, R528}}. <-- bassetting[obs3]; periscopism[obs3]. --> V. be visible, show oneself, show itself. {{has_commencement(be visible)}} be become visible, appear, open to the view; meet the eye, catch the eye; present itself, show manifest itself, produce itself, discover itself, reveal itself, expose itself, betray itself; stand forth, stand out; materialize; arise; peep out, peer out, crop out; start up, spring up, show up, turn up, crop up; glimmer, loom; glare; burst forth; burst upon the view, burst upon the sight; heave in sight; come in sight, come into view, come out, come forth, come forward; see the light of day; break through the clouds; make its appearance, show its face, appear to one's eyes, come upon the stage, float before the eyes; attract attention, draw attention, draw attention to itself, attract the attention, attract notice; reappear; live in a glass house. {{caused_by(be visible): @R525, show, display}}. {{has_high_level(be visible): speak for itself, @R525}}. {{caused_by(be visible)}} expose, expose to view. {{caused_by(be visible)}} {{has_subtype(disclose, R529)}} unveil, uncover; unmask; lay open, open up. <-- basset. ??? --> Adj. visible, perceptible, perceivable, discernible, in sight, in view. exposed to view, en evidence; unclouded, unobscured[obs3], in the foreground. {{has_high_level(in sight)}} {{facilitated_by(seeing)}} plain, clear, distinct, definite, apparent, well defined, in full view, in plain view, well marked, glaring, staring, conspicuous, staring one in the eyes, glaringly obvious; in focus. recognizable, palpable, autoptical[obs3]; stereoscopic; in bold, in strong relief. {{has_high_level(in sight): @R525, obvious, manifest}}. periscopic[obs3], panoramic. before one's eyes, under one's eyes; before one, a vue d'oeil[Fr], in one's eye, oculis subjecta fidelibus[Lat]. Adv. visibly, perceptibly, discernably, in sight of; before one's eyes. {{has_high_level(visibly)}} plainly, clearly, distinctly, definitely, apparently, glaringly, conspicuously. veluti in speculum[Lat]. <-- [[invisible]] --> M6.1.2.7.3.1.R2 INVISIBILITY (R447) #447. Invisibility. N. {{antonym_of(visibility)}} {{prevented_by(vision, M6.1.2.7.3.1/observation)}} invisibility, invisibleness, nonappearance, imperceptibility. {{has_low_level(invisibility)}} {{has_low_level(visibility)}} indistinctness, obscurity, confused, indistinguishability; shadowiness, darkness; indefiniteness, poor definition, blurriness, fuzziness, lack of focus; mistiness. mystery, delitescence[obs3]. {{&caused_by: concealment &c. R528; latency &c. R526; disappearance, R449}}. V. be invisible, be imperceptible, be out of sight. {{&caused_by: be hidden, @R528; lurk, @R526}}. {{&caused_by}} escape notice, be hidden in plain sight. {{&caused_by}} render invisible. {{has_subtype(render invisible)}} block from view, obscure; darken, shadow, cast into shadow. {{has_subtype(block from view)}} {[in_frame(performance, @R599)]} upstage. {{has_subtype(render invisible): conceal &c. R528; camouflage, R530}}. {{has_subtype(render invisible)}} put out of sight. {{has_subtype(put out of sight): store, @R184}}. {{causes(be invisible): not see, @R442}}. {{causes(put out of sight)}} lose sight of. Adj. invisible, imperceptible. undiscernible[obs3], indiscernible; unapparent, non-apparent; out of sight, not in sight; a perte de vue[Fr]; behind the scenes, behind the curtain; viewless, sightless; inconspicuous, unconspicuous[obs3]. unseen, discerned, unperceived, descried, unrecognized. eclipsed, under an eclipse. mysterious, dark, obscure, confused; indistinct, indistinguishable; shadowy, indefinite, undefined; ill-defined, ill-marked; blurred, fuzzy, out of focus; delitescent[obs3]. {{&caused_by(invisible): @R426, misty, opaque}}. {{&caused_by(invisible): dim, @R422}}. {{has_subtype(invisible): covert &c. (latent) R526}}. hidden, obscured, covered, veiled (concealed) R528. Phr. " full many a flower is born to blush unseen " [Gray]. <-- This is the fundamental concept for "what is seen by the eye". "pageant, show, spectacle" was classified here by Roget -- odd location! The "show" has been moved to a subtype of entertainment. The show must go on -- but not here! [[scene]][[view]] --> M6.1.2.7.3.2.R3 APPEARANCE (448) #448. Appearance. N. {{has_patient(vision, @R441a)}} {{has_property(view, @R441)}} appearance[1], view, sight, scene, image, field of view, what one sees, what is seen. {{has_conceptual_part(view)}} {{affected_by(view)}} {{has_location(observer, R444)}} vantage point, aspect, perspective, point of view, angle, viewing angle. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} appearance[2]. {{result_of(appearance[2])}} appearing. {{has_subtype(appearing): showing up, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_conceptual_part(appearance[1][of=physical object]): @R240, shape, form}}. {{has_subtype(scene)}} {{part_of(motion, R264)}} moving scene, moving image, motion. <-- a "natural image" is defined by excluding visual representations. Of course, a visual representation is itself a physical object, but conceptually the content of the representation is something other than the object itself, it carries a message, contains a reference, and has a different conceptual feel. This leaves us with the possibility of infinite regress when the "natural image" represented is itself a visual representation, which occasionally we do see, usually as a joke.--> {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(physical object)}} {{alternate_to(visual representation)}} natural image. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(natural image): visual representation, P2.3.1.3.6}}. {{has_subtype(natural image)}} {{part_of(motion, R264)}} moving natural image. {{has_subtype(natural image)}} scenery, landscape. {{has_subtype(natural image)}} {{part_of(horizon, @R182)}} panorama, diorama, cosmorama[obs3], georama[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part(appearance[1])}} {{relative_loc_of(outside, R220)}} {{has_subtype(feature, R79a)}} feature, trait, external feature. {{part_of(external feature)}} external appearance. {{has_subtype(external feature)}} {{has_subtype(outline, R230)}} profile, lines, outline, contour, lineament, cut of one's jib, metoposcopy[obs3], tournure[obs3]. {{has_subtype(appearance[1][of=face, @P2.3.2.2.3.2])}} countenance, physiognomy, visage, cast of countenance, phiz[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2, show, spectacle}}. {{has_subtype(perspective)}} {{location_of(high place, @R342)}} {{required_for(clear sky)}} prospect, vista, commanding view, good view, sweeping view, sweeping perspective, distant view. {{has_subtype(perspective)}} gazebo, belvedere. {{has_subtype(view)}} {{property_of(narrow)}} narrow field of view. {{has_subtype(narrow field of view)}} loophole, pinhole view, keyhole view. {{has_subtype(high place)}} {{has_location(vista)}} lookout, outlook; watchtower. {{has_subtype(perspective)}} {{has_subtype(commanding view)}} {{location_of(sky)}} bird's-eye view, aerial view, aerial perspective. picture, tableau; display, exposure, mise en scene[Fr]; rising of the curtain. phenomenon, premonstration[obs1], species, coup d'oeil[Fr]. {{has_subtype: @R443, phantasm, phantom, ghost}}. seeming; guise, look, complexion, color, mien, air, cast, carriage, port, demeanor; presence, expression, first blush, face of the thing; light. {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(phase, @A7.7)}} phase, phasis[obs3]. {{has_subtype(phase): phase of the moon}}. V. {{has_subtype(be visible, R446)}} appear, seem, look, show; present the appearance of, wear the appearance of, carry the appearance of, have the appearance of, bear the appearance of, exhibit the appearance of, take the appearance of, take on the appearance of, assume the appearance, present the semblance of, wear the semblance of, carry the semblance of, have the semblance of, bear the semblance of, exhibit the semblance of, take the semblance of, take on the semblance of, assume the semblance of; look like; cut a figure, figure; present to the view. [transitive] {{caused_by(be visible): @R525, show, display, present}}. {{has_commencement(appear): become visible, @R446}}. Adj. apparent, seeming, ostensible; on view. Adv. apparently; to all seeming, to all appearance; ostensibly, seemingly, as it seems, on the face of it, prima facie [Lat]; at the first blush, at first sight; in the eyes of; to the eye. Phr. editio princeps [Lat]; "on a clear day you can see 80 miles". M6.1.2.7.3.2.R4 HIDING (R449) #449. Hiding. N. {{caused_by(invisibility, M6.1.2.7.3.1.R2)}} hiding, occultation. {{has_subtype(occultation)}} eclipse. {{&caused_by}} disappearance; evanescence. {{&caused_by(hiding): @R293, departure, exit}}. dissolving views. {{&caused_by: distance, R196; vanishing point, R180a}}. V. hide, occult. {{has_subtype(occult)}} eclipse. {{&caused_by}} disappear, vanish, dissolve, fade, fade away, melt away, pass, go, avaunt[obs3], evaporate, vaporize; leave no trace, "leave ' not a rack behind' " [Tempest]; suffer an eclipse, undergo an eclipse; retire from sight; be lost to view, pass out of sight. be gone. {{has_subtype(be gone)}} be lost, be missing. {{&caused_by: go off the stage &c. (depart) R293}}. {{&caused_by}} lose sight of. {{&caused_by(disappear): @R552, erase, efface}}. Adj. hidden. disappearing, vanishing, fading away; evanescent; missing, lost; lost to sight, lost to view; gone. Int. "vanish!"; "disappear!"; "avaunt!"[obs3]; "get lost!"; "get out of here" &c. (ejection) R297. <-- one small section for artifactual signal detection: should be much larger, eventually --> M6.1.2.7.4 ARTIFACTUAL SIGNAL DETECTION N. {{has_function(transponder)}} {{&exhibits(measuring instrument)}} {{has_function(meter)}} artifactual signal detection. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(signal)}} phenomenon being detected. {{has_subtype(phenomenon being detected): radio wave; light wave; chemical concentration; sound, R402; wind, R349; temperature, @R382; acceleration, @R274; electric current; electric field}}. <-- back to people --> M6.1.R1 PHYSICAL SENSIBILITY #375. Physical Sensibility. N. {{requires(sensation, M6.1)}} sensibility, physical sensibility, perceptivity; sensitiveness &c. adj.. {{requires: consciousness, @M1}}. feeling, impressibility. {{conceptual_part_of: aesthetics; moral sensibility &c. R822}}. sensation, impression. external senses. {{has_high_level}} hypersensitivity. V. be sensible of, be aware of, be conscious of; feel, perceive. render sensible &c. adj.; sharpen, cultivate, tutor. cause sensation, impress; excite an impression, produce an impression. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(conscious, M1)}} sensible, sensitive, sensuous; aesthetic, perceptive, sentient. acute, sharp, keen, vivid, lively, impressive, thin-skinned. Adv. to the quick. Phr. "the touch'd needle trembles to the pole" [Pope]. <-- the root meaning of physical insensibility here is not total insensibility (unconsciousness) -- that is listed as a high level --> M6.1.R2 PHYSICAL INSENSIBILITY #376. Physical Insensibility. N. {{antonym_of(physical sensibility, M6.1.R1)}} {{&prevented_by(sensation, M6.1)}} {{decrease_by(sensation, M6.1)}} insensibility, physical insensibility. {{has_high_intensity}} {{!prevented_by(sensation, M6.1)}} coma, trance, unconsciousness, catatonia; stupor, obliviousness, stupefaction; suspended animation. {{&caused_by}} palsy, paralysis, hemiplegia[obs3], motor paralysis. {{&caused_by: sleep &c. R823}}. {{&caused_by}} {{used_for(anesthetic, P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} {{causes(anesthetic, P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} {{&uses(surgery)}} anesthesia, anaesthesia, paraesthesia[Med]. {{has_subtype(anesthesia)}} {{has_subtype(unconsciousness)}} general anesthesia. {{has_subtype(anesthetic, P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} {{affected_by(brain, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{caused_by(general anesthesia)}} general anesthetic. {{has_subtype(anesthetic)}} {{affected_by(bodypart, P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} local anesthetic. {{has_extreme(coma)}} brain death, vegetable state, vegetative state, vegetation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(disease)}} paralysis, palsy; autism. {{has_low_intensity}} {{causes(ingestion[obj=alcoholic beverage/drug of abuse])}} being under the influence of drugs, being under the influence. {{has_subtype(being under the influence of drugs): @R959, intoxication, inebration}}. {{&caused_by: refrigeration}}. V. be insensible, be unfeeling. {{has_high_intensity(be unfeeling)}} be unconscious, be comatose, be catatonic; be vegetative, vegetate. {{&caused_by}} render insensible, render unconscious, knock out, stupefy. {{has_method(render unconscious)}} {{used_in(anaesthetic, P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} {{&uses(surgery, P2.6.4.8.3.1)}} anesthetize, anaesthetize, put under anaesthesia. {{has_subtype(anesthetize)}} {{used_for(chloroform)}} chloroform, put under the influence of chloroform. paralyze; stun, blunt, pall, obtund[obs3], benumb. Adj. insensible, unfeeling, senseless, impercipient[obs3]. palsy-stricken, palsied; paralized, paralytic. stupefied. {{has_high_intensity(unfeeling)}} comatose, catatonic, unconscious, senseless, unaware, numb, dead[fig], dead to the world, out cold, out like a light. {{property_of(permanent, R141)}} {{has_subtype(illness, R655)}} {{affected_by(brain, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} vegetative, vegetating, brain-dead. {{has_low_intensity(insensible)}} under the influence of drugs. {{has_low_intensity(insensible)}}{{&has_result(ingest[obj=drug of abuse], P2.8.3)}} {{has_subtype(under the influence of drugs)}} drugged, stoned, spaced out. {{has_result(ingest[obj=anaesthetic, P2.3.1.3.4.1], P2.8.3)}} anaesthetized, under anesthesia. {{has_subtype(anesthetized)}} chloroformed, under chloroform; under ether. {{has_property(anaesthetic, P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} anaesthetic. <-- (Volition = Physical result of intentional mental acts, the conversion of thoughts into actions or plans for action: operation on or plan of interaction with the physical universe) [[volition, will]] The main heading here is an "act of will". Volition also has the meaning of the power to choose, which we list as sense 2. The general concept of choice, selection is an act of will, and is synonymous with "volition", at R600. This act causes a an action of "choice, selection", also under R600. The result of this action may be a choice in favor, adoption (R609), or a choice against, rejection, R610. The concept of "option, alternative, choice", as in "he has a choice" is at M7.R1. Note that a "choice" is only a result of volition. Are there other possible results of volition other than a choice? This is not yet resolved??? For many actions the act and the result of the act use the same word. For "will" also, the act of will is an act of choosing (even if only between acting and not acting), and the verbs "choose, decide" convey the sense of action included in the term "act of will" . At this point we need an outline of how the concepts of will, motive, intention, goal, desire, and decision interact. This is not an attempt to resolve philosophical issues regarding "free will", but a description of how this section of the semantic network is structured. As with many other sections, there will doubtless be disagreement, and in this case the disagreements are likely to be greater than for most other categorizations. For this purpose: There are influences on volition, and one main cause (motive): An influence on volition can be internal attitudes, which are less concrete causes than motives, as they apply generally over many instances of volition Also, external influences in volition, such as persuasion, dissuasion, and compulsion, may be part causes The main cause of an act of will is a motive, mediated by an intention; in one sense an intention may mean the same as goal, end, aim, objective; but it can also apply to the means or method used to attain the final goal "It is my intention to dig until I find the buried object" A motive creates an intention to act. This itself is a part of volition. A motive is a type of desire which causes or may cause someone to act to achieve a goal: some desires may not be motives -- if someone does not consider them in acting. So a desire is not a subtype of motive -- it is a supertype) One type of motive (spontaneous, sudden, unpremeditated) is an impulse Thus a goal is a conceptual part of a motive. There is only a goal after an intention to act is formed, and usually after some action is commenced. But because the goal is often mentioned as if it were the motive itself, we have classified specific goals as subtypes of motive. specific goals may be generally subdivided as: pursuit of good things avoidance of evil things Here, these are the objects of the motivating desire The result of an act of will is a decision This has subtypes: decision for (Roget's "election") and decision against A decision creates (causes) an intention, which is synonymous with goal (in one sense) An intention, or goal proper, is the desire object or effect. (But as a motive, see specific goals, above) an intention may be a state, e.g. a desired effect, which is the purpose of an action, or an intention may simply be to act for its own sake, when the acting itself is a pleasurable thing e.g. (walking, eating, sex), even though one might say that the "goal" is to sate a desire. In sucgh cases, the goal of satiety may be a vanishingly small part of the actual motive. One important distinction is between intentions and motives. The actual motives (why someone made a decision) may be exceedingly difficult to determine, indeed agents themselves may not be quite sure why they acted in a certain way, or why they chose to pursue a specific goal. But the final goal or intention of an action may be quite clear, since the intention causes formation of a plan of action, and the action is evidence of the intention. It is the intention of a speaker which our language system must try to understand. The motives for forming this intention are not always important, and are often unknowable. Motives and intentions often share a common object, and many words may be classified as both motives and intentions. Although the structure of the hierarchy does not make this distinction clear, for our thinking about human volition, we will consider the motive as the desire to attain a goal, and the intention as a plan to pursue the goal. --> M7 MIND-MATTER INTERACTION (R600) #600. Volition. N. {{antonym_of(necessity, R601)}} {{exhibits(mind, M1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(intention, R620)}} {{has_subtype(mental cause, @R153)}} will, volition[2], mind-matter interaction, act of will, mental causation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(freedom[to=choose], R748)}} free will, discretion, volition[2], will and pleasure, liberum arbitrium[Lat]. {{has_property(free will)}} voluntariness, spontaneity, spontaneousness, originality. {{has_high_level(free will)}} strong will. {{affected_by: frame of mind &c. (inclination) R602}}. {{required_for(free will): @M7.R1, choice, option}}. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} choice, pleasure, wish, mind, decision, mental cause. {{has_subtype(wish)}} {{property_of(weak)}} velleity, inclination. {{has_subtype(choice): @R609, election, decision for}}. {{has_subtype(choice): @R610, rejection, decision against}}. {{has_subtype(choice): @R620, goal, intention}}. {{has_subtype(intention, @R620)}} {{property_of(firm/strong): @R604, resolution, determination}}. {{&has_manifestation(strong will): @R604, force of will, self-mastery, self-control}}. {{requires: choice, M7.R1}}. {{has_high_intensity: predetermination &c. R611}}. <-- R865. conation[obs3] --> V. will. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} choose, wish, decide, list, determine. {{has_subtype(choose): elect, R609; reject, R610}}. {{mcauses(choose): intend, R620}}. {{&has_manifestation(choose): command, R741}}. {{has_subtype(intend, R620): resolve, R604}}. {{has_subtype(be free, @R748)}} have a will of one's own; do what one chooses; have it all one's own way; have one's will, have one's own way. use one's discretion, exercise one's discretion; take upon oneself, take one's own course, take the law into one's own hands; do of one's own accord, do upon one;s own authority. Adj. {{has_subtype(free, R748)}} {{has_property(free will)}} voluntary, volitional, self-induced, spontaneous, self-motivated; volitient[obs3], volitive[obs3]. {{has_subtype(voluntary)}} {{antonym_of(compulsory, @R744)}} optional, discretionary, discretional, elective, unforced, not forced, not compulsory; unbidden, uncommanded, uncharged, uncalled-upon. willful. {{has_manifestation(strong will)}} strong willed, independent-minded; autocratic; original &c. (causal) R153; unconstrained. minded &c. (willing) R602; prepense &c. (predetermined) R611; intended &c. R620. Adv. voluntarily &c. adj.; at will, at pleasure; a volonte[Fr], a discretion; a piacere[It]; ad libitum, ad arbitrium[Lat]; as one thinks proper, as it seems good to; a beneplacito[It]. of one's won accord, of one's own free will; proprio motu[Lat], suo motu[Lat], ex meromotu[Lat]; out of one's won head; by choice &c. R609; purposely &c. (intentionally) R620; deliberately &c. R611. Phr. stet pro ratione voluntas[Lat]; sic volo sic jubeo[Lat]; a vostro beneplacito[It]; beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere[Lat]; Deus vult[Lat]; was man nicht kann meiden muss man willig leiden[Ger]. <-- B. INDIVIDUAL. VOLITION.......... 600-736 1. Non-human animal 2. Human 3. Computers (automation, robots) --> M7.1 INFLUENCE ON VOLITION N. {{affected_by(volition, M7)}} influence on volition. internal influence on volition; external influence on volition. {{has_subtype(internal influence on volition): attitude, M7.1.1; motive, M7.1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(external influence on volition): opportunity, P1.1.2.3.3; means, M7.2.2.1.1}}. {{inhibited_by(volition)}} {{has_subtype(external influence on volition): hindrance, @R706; difficulty[2], @R704}}. {{has_subtype(external influence on volition): communication influencing volition, M8.1.1.6; inducement, M7.1.3}}. <-- 602. Willingness 603. Unwillingness 604. Resolution 605. Irresolution 604a. Perseverance 607. Tergiversation 606. Obstinacy 608. Caprice 609. Choice 609a. Absence of Choice 610. Rejection 611. Predetermination 612. Impulse 613. Habit 614. Desuetude --> <-- this category contains words characterizing an attitude toward future action, involving emotions. This is to be distinguished from simple feelings or emotions, and from words directly related to volition. Any suggestions for a better category name? Note that this is classified as both an attitude and a "state" (part of the human condition). These attitudes might be regrouped as either encouraging or discouraging action. But some, like bias or obstinacy, may do either, and do not fit in either category???? Note that an immediate attitude (as defined here) may be part of or influenced by mental habits (R820) [[attitude]] --> M7.1.1 ATTITUDES AFFECTING VOLITION (R602 TO R614) N. {{metaphor_of(position, R183)}} {{has_subtype(attitude, @R821)}} {{case_of(action, M7.3.4)}} {{affects(trait, M4.2.2)}} {{affected_by(volition, M7)}} {{&has_subtype(state of mind, @M1)}} {{has_part(human condition, R7b)}} attitude, attitude affecting volition, attitude toward action, disposition, frame of mind, humor, mood, vein, animus. {{has_subtype: certainty, M5.3.5; uncertainty, M5.3.6}}. {{&affected_by}}{{&conceptual_part_of: bent &c. (turn of mind) R820}}. {{&affected_by: belief, M5.5.5}}. M7.1.1.1 WILLINGNESS (R602) #602. Willingness. N. {{has_subtype(desire, R865)}} {{mfacilitated_by(volition, R600)}} {{has_subtype(response, @R680)}} {{antonym_of(unwillingness, R603)}} willingness, willing mind, willing heart, voluntariness[obs3]. {{has_case: offer, R763; request, R765}}. geniality, cordiality, goodwill, earnestness. predisposition. {{mcauses}} alacrity, readiness, forwardness. {{has_high_level}} inclination, leaning, disposition. {{has_high_intensity}} inititative; enthusiasm, zeal, zealousness. {{mcauses(enthusiasm): eagerness, @R865}}. {{has_excess(enthusiasm)}} overenthusiasm, overzealousness. {{&mcauses(overenthusiasm): recklessness, @R863}}. {{mfacilitated_by}} {{has_subtype(trait)}} tractability, docility, docibleness[obs3], persuasibleness[obs3], persuasibility[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(tractability): @R324, pliability, softness}}. {{mfacilitated_by: aptitude &c. R698}}. {{mcauses(enthusiasm)}} {{property_of(unpaid, @R815)}} volunteering, labor of love, gratuitous service. {{trait_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.30, self-starter, man of action, person with initiative}}. {{performed_by(volunteering)}} volunteer. {{mfacilitates: obedience, R743}}. {{mcauses: consent, R762}}. {{mcaused_by: @R488, accord, agreement}}. V. be willing. {{has_high_level(be willing)}} be inclined, be disposed, incline, lean to, mind, propend; had as lief; lend a willing ear, give a willing ear, turn a willing ear; be of a mind to, have a half a mind to, have a great mind to; hold to, cling to. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(believe, R484)}} see fit, think good, think proper. {{mcaused_by(be inclined to): desire &c. R865}}. {{mcaused_by: accord, R488}}. {{mcauses: consent, R762}}. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} swallow the bait, nibble at the bait; gorge the hook; have no scruple of, make no scruple of; make no bones of; jump at, catch at; meet halfway. {{mcauses(think good)}} volunteer. Adj. willing, minded, fain, disposed, inclined, favorable; favorably-minded, favorably inclined, favorably disposed; nothing loth; in the vein, in the mood, in the humor, in the mind. ready, forward, earnest; predisposed, propense[obs3]. {{has_high_level(willing)}} eager, enthusiastic, zealous, gung ho, breathless, boiling over with enthusiasm, brimming with enthusiasm, brimming over with enthusiasm, "eager willing and able". {{mcaused_by(eager): @R865, bent upon, desirous}}. {{&mcaused_by}} tractable, docile; persuadable, persuasible; suasible[obs3], easily persuaded, facile, easy-going; genial, gracious, cordial, cheering, hearty. {{&mcaused_by: assenting, R762}}. {{has_metaphor(tractable): pliant, @R324}}. voluntary, gratuitous, spontaneous; unasked, unrequested, unsolicited, uninvited. unforced &c. (free) R748. Adv. willingly &c. adj.; fain, freely, as lief, heart and soul; with pleasure, with all one's heart, with open arms; with good will, with right will; de bonne volonte[Fr], ex animo[Lat]; con amore[It], heart in hand, nothing loth, without reluctance, of one's own accord, graciously, with a good grace. a la bonne heure[Fr]; by all means, by all manner of means; to one's heart's content; yes, @R762. M7.1.1.2 UNWILLINGNESS (R603) #603. Unwillingness. N. {{antonym_of(willingness, R602)}} unwillingness, loathness, indisposition, indisposedness[obs3], disinclination, aversation[obs3], nolleity[obs3], nolition[obs3]; reluctance, shrinking, recoil. backwardness &c. adj.. {{&mcauses: slowness &c. R275}}. {{antonym_of(readiness, @R602)}} want of alacrity, want of readiness. {{has_high_level(reluctance): indocility[obs3] &c. (obstinacy) R606}}. {{&mcaused_by}} scrupulousness, scrupulosity; qualms of conscience, twinge of conscience; delicacy, demur, scruple, qualm; hesitation &c. (irresolution) R605; fastidiousness &c. R868. {{has_high_level(reluctance): @R719, resistance, renitency}}. {{has_high_level(reluctance): opposition, R708}}. {{&mcaused_by: indifference &c. R866}}. {{&mcaused_by: @R867, aversion, dislike}}. {{&mcaused_by: dissent &c. R489}}. {{&mcauses: refusal &c. R764}}. V. be unwilling, be reluctant, be loath, be disinclined, be indisposed, be averse; nill; dislike &c. R867; grudge, begrudge; not be able to find it in one's heart to, not have the stomach to. {{&mcaused_by}} stick at, scruple, stickle, have misgivings; recoil, shrink, swerve. {{&mcauses}} demur; hang fire, run rusty. {{&mcaused_by: oppose &c. R708; dissent &c. R489}}. {{&mcauses: refuse &c. R764}}. {{&mcauses: hesitate &c. R605; avoid &c. R623}}. Adj. unwilling; not in the vein, loth, loath, shy of, disinclined, indisposed, averse, reluctant, not content; laggard, backward, remiss, slack, slow to. {{&mcaused_by}} scrupulous; stickling; restiff[obs1], restive; demurring, shrinking from, swerving from, recoiling from. {{&mcaused_by: indifferent &c. R866}}. {{consequence_of: dislike, R867}}. {{&mcauses: unconsenting &c. (refusing) R764}}. <-- doing something unwillingly is doing it involuntarily -- ?? --> {{&mcauses: involuntary &c. R601}}. {{&mcaused_by: adverse &c. (opposed) R708}}. {{&mcaused_by: squeamish &c. (fastidious) R868}}. Adv. unwillingly, reluctantly, involuntarily. grudgingly, with a bad grace, with an ill grace, with a heavy heart. under protest, against one's wishes, against one's will, against the grain; in spite of one's teeth, in spite of oneself. {{has_high_intensity}} sore against one's wishes, sore against one's will, sore against one's grain; invita Minerva[Lat]; a contre caeur[Fr]; malgre soi[Fr]. {{has_high_intensity(reluctantly)}} kicking and screaming. nolens volens[Lat]. {{has_extreme(reluctantly): R601, willy nilly}}. {{has_extreme(reluctantly): @R744, under compulsion, perforce}}. not for the world, far be it from me. {{has_manifestation: no &c. R536}}. <-- this is the "decide" meaning to come to a decision after weighing alternatives --> M7.1.1.3 RESOLUTION (R604) #604. Resolution. N. determination, will, resolution[1], strength of mind, strength of will, force of will, resoluteness. {{property_of(intense)}} iron will, unconquerable will; will of one's own, decisiveness, backbone; clear grit, true grit, grit [U. S. and Can.]; sand. {{mcauses}} decision, resolution[2]. {{&mcauses}} energy, manliness, vigor; gameness, pluck, bottom, game[obs3]. {{&mcauses}} aplomb; desperation; devotion, devotedness. {{has_manifestation}} stoicism; martyrdom, suttee. {{similar_to: resolve, @R620}}. {{has_high_level: zeal &c. R682}}. mastery over self; self-control, self-command, self possession, self-reliance, self-government, self-restraint, self conquest, self denial, self-denial, self-sacrifice, self-immolation; moral courage, moral strength. {{mcauses: @R604a, perseverance, tenacity}}. {{&mcauses(iron will): obstinacy &c. R606}}. {{&mcauses: firmness &c. (stability) R150}}. {{has_metaphor(tenacity)}} bulldog; British lion. {{conceptual_part_of(resoluteness): courage R861}}. {{has_conceptual_part(self-control): resist[obj= temptation/desire/yearning/yen/itch/hankering/longing/hunger/craving]}}. {{&requires: exertion, R686}}. V. be resolved, be determined, be resolved, have determination, have a resolution; know one's own mind. {{mcauses}} {{precedes(consider, @R451)}} resolve, decide, make up one's mind, come to a decision, will, form a determination, come to a determination, come to a resolution, come to a resolve; conclude, seal. {{has_subtype(decide)}} {[with_object(intention, R620/action, R680/priority[1], @R620/policy, @R692)]} {{has_subtype(establish, @R150)}} [transitive] determine, fix, set, establish, decide upon, settle upon, resolve upon, settle on. {{similar_to(decide): @R480, decide, judge, determine}}. {{has_subtype(decide)}} determine once for all, bring to a crisis, drive matters to an extremity. {{mcauses: take upon oneself &c. (undertake) R676}}. {{similar_to(decide): choose, @R609}}. {{has_high_level(resolve)}} devote oneself to, give oneself up to; throw away the scabbard, kick down the ladder, nail one's colors to the mast, set one's back against the wall, set one's teeth, put one's foot down, take one's stand; stand firm, stand one's ground; steel oneself; stand no nonsense, not listen to the voice of the charmer. {{has_consequence(resolve)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(commence[obj=action, R680], R66)}} buckle down, buckle to, buckle down to, buckle oneself, put one's shoulder to the wheel, lay one's shoulder to the wheel, set one's shoulder to the wheel; put one's heart into; run the gauntlet, make a dash at, take the bull by the horns, go for the gold [sport]; plunge in, dive in, dive right in, rush in medias res, plunge in medias res; go in for; insist upon, make a point of; set one's heart upon, set one's mind upon. stick at nothing, stop at nothing; not stick at trifles; go to great lengths, go all lengths, go the limit, go the whole hog; go through fire and water, go through heaven and hell, ride the tiger, ride in the whirlwind and direct the storm. {{&mcauses: persist &c. (persevere) R604a}}. {{&mcauses: make short work of &c. (activity) R682}}. Adj. resolved, determined; strong-willed, strong-minded, resolute; self-possessed; decided, definitive, peremptory, tranchant[obs3]; unhesitating, unflinching, unshrinking[obs3]; firm, iron, gritty [U.S.], indomitable, game to the backbone; inexorable, relentless, not to be shaken, not to be put down; tenax propositi[Lat]. {{has_consequence(determine/fix/settle upon)}} {{&has_property(intention, R620/action, R680/priority[1], @R620/policy, @R692)}} {{has_subtype(established, @R150)}} determined, fixed, settled, established, decided upon, settled upon, resolved upon. {{has_metaphor(obstinate, R606): inflexible &c. (hard) R323}}. {{&mcauses: obstinate &c. R606}}. {{&mcauses: steady &c. (persevering) R604a}}. earnest, serious; set upon, bent upon, intent upon. steel against, proof against; in utrumque paratus[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of(resolute): brave, R861}}. Adv. resolutely, determinedly, strong-mindedly. in earnest, in good earnest; seriously, joking apart, earnestly, heart and soul; on one's mettle; manfully, like a man, with a high hand; with a strong hand. at any rate, at any risk, at any hazard at any price, at any cost, at any sacrifice; at all hazards, at all risks, at all events; a bis ou a blanc[Fr][obs3]; cost what it may; coute[Fr]; a tort et a travers[obs3]; once for all; neck or nothing; rain or shine. Phr. spes sibi quisque[Lat]; celui qui veut celui-la peut[Fr]; chi non s'arrischia non guadagna[Fr][obs3]; frangas non flectes[Lat]; manu forti[Lat]; tentanda via est[Lat]. <-- in distinguishing perseverance from resolution, above, we view resolution as an attitude, and perseverance as a repeated attempt in the face of opposition or difficulty, and usually with initial failure. Perseverance includes the concept of action, but has large component of attitude, so is located here. --> M7.1.1.4 PERSEVERANCE (R604A) #604a. Perseverance. N. {{has_subtype(continuance, @R143)}} {{has_subtype(stability, R150)}} {{mcauses(resolution, R604)}} perseverance, persistence, tenacity, tenaciousness, stick-to-itiveness; plodding, slogging, dogged resolution. {{has_conceptual_part: difficulty, R704; attempt, R675; failure, R732; iteration &c. R104; patience, M4.2.1.1.3.1}}. indefatigability, indefatigableness; bulldog courage. constancy, steadiness; singleness of purpose, tenacity of purpose; pertinacity, pertinaciousness, pertinacy[obs1]. {{conceptual_part_of: sedulity &c. (industry) R682}}. {{has_conceptual_part: exertion, R686}}. V. {{has_subtype(continue, @R143)}} persevere, persist; hold on, hold out; plod, slog, slog through. be firm, be steady, be unrelenting, be persistent; stick fast, hold fast; stand firm, keep firm, hold firm, remain firm; weather the storm, stay the course, stick to the course; don't give in, don't buckle under. {[with_object(belief)]} keep the faith. die in the last ditch, be in at the death; stick to, cling to, adhere to; stick to one's text, keep on; keep to one's course, hold one's ground, keep to one's ground, maintain one's course, maintain one's ground; go all lengths, go through fire and water; bear up, keep up, hold up; stick to work [R686]; follow up; die in harness, die at one's post. Adj. {{has_subtype(unchangeable, @R150)}} {{caused_by(resolute, R604)}} persevering, persisting, persistent; steady, steadfast, constant, pertinacious, unyielding; undeviating, unwavering, unfaltering, unswerving, unflinching, unsleeping[obs3], unflagging, undrooping[obs3]; unrelenting, unintermitting[obs3], unremitting; plodding. game to the last, indefatigable, untiring, unwearied, never tiring. {{conceptual_part_of: industrious &c. R682}}. solid, sturdy, staunch, stanch, true to oneself. {{has_conceptual_part: strenuous, @R686; difficult, @R704}}. {{&has_consequence}} indomitable, unconquerable. {{has_metaphor}} steady as time. Adv. through evil report and good report, through thick and thin, through fire and water; per fas et nefas[Lat]; without fail, sink or swim, at any price, vogue la galere[Fr]. Phr. never say die; give it the old college try; vestigia nulla retrorsum[Lat]; aut vincer aut mori[Lat]; la garde meurt et ne se rend pas[Fr]; tout vient a temps pour qui sait attendre[Fr]. M7.1.1.5 IRRESOLUTION (R605) #605. Irresolution. N. {{antonym_of(resolution, R604)}} irresolution, indecision, indecisiveness, suspense, demur, indetermination, infirmity of purpose, lack of decisiveness, lack of resolution, undetermination[obs2], diaporesis[obs3]; hesitating, hesitation, hesitancy; tentativeness. {{&mcaused_by: uncertainty &c. R475}}. {{has_manifestation}} restlessness, fidgets, disquiet, disquietude, inquietude, unrest; unsettlement. {{causes(irresolution)}} {{has_subtype(changeableness, R149)}} vacillation, wavering, fluctuation, fickleness, inconstancy, levity, legerete[Fr]. {{has_conceptual_part: change of mind, R607}}. {{has_metaphor(vacillation): oscillation, R314}}. {{similar_to(vacillation): caprice &c. R608}}. {{&mcauses}} {{metaphor_of(pliancy, R324)}} pliancy, pliability, weakness, softness, malleability. {{&mcauses: timidity, R860; cowardice, R862}}. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} half measures. {{&causes}} tentative decision. {{trait_of}} waverer, ass between two bundles of hay; wimp. {{has_metaphor(waverer)}} shuttlecock, butterfly. <-- "doughface" was a Northern congressman not opposed to slavery (1830-1865) --> {{has_metaphor}} doughface [obs3][U. S.]. V. {{conceptual_part_of(consider[obj=alternative, @M7.R1], @R451)}} {{conceptual_part_of(change &c. R140)}} vacillate, waver, falter, be irresolute, be undecided, be tentative, be unresolved; hang in suspense, keep in suspense. {{mcauses}} dilly-dally, hesitate, boggle, hover. {{mcauses}} demur, waffle, hem and haw, trim, fluctuate, pause, think twice about, reserve judgement, withhold judgment, remain neutral, balance, trim, shuffle, coquet, be on the fence, straddle, wait to see how the cat jumps, wait to see how the wind blows, remain neuter, dacker[obs3], hum and haw, not know one's own mind, debate, debate with oneself, pendulate[obs3]; dally with, coquet with; will and will not, chaser-balancer[obs3]. bold with the hare but run with the hounds; nager entre deux eaux[Fr]. {{conceptual_part_of(caprice, R608)}} keep off and on, play fast and loose; blow hot and cold. {{has_metaphor(vacillation): @R314, oscillation, alternation}}. {{mcaused_by}} give one pause. {{&mcauses(vacillate): reconsider, @R451}}. {{&mcauses}} go halfway, compromise, make a compromise. {{&mcaused_by: @R508, be surprised, be thrown off one's balance}}. "let 'I dare not' wait upon 'I would'" [Macbeth]; "leave 'ad referendum'". {{&mcaused_by: be afraid &c. R860}}. {{has_extreme(hesitate): do nothing, R681}}. {{&mcauses: dawdle &c. R683; retract &c. R607}}. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} {{property_of(insincere, @R544)}} shuffle, blink, palter. {{&mcauses: @R477a, equivocate}}. Adj. irresolute, indecisive, infirm of purpose, double-minded, half-hearted, tentative; undecided, unresolved, undetermined. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(changeable, R149)}} vacillating, wavering, unsteady, inconstant, fickle, without ballast, unsteadfast[obs3]; volatile, frothy; light, lightsome, light-minded; giddy; fast and loose. {{&mcauses: capricious &c. R608}}. shilly-shally; fidgety, tremulous; hesitating; off one's balance. {{&mcaused_by: uncertain, R475}}. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2.1)}} weak, feeble-minded, frail; pliant, pliable, impressionable; dough-faced [U.S.]; facile; "unable to say 'no'". {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2.1)}} easy-going, laid back[coll.], hang-loose[coll.]. {{&mcaused_by: @R862, timid, wimpish, wimpy, cowardly}}. {{similar_to(pliant): soft, R324}}. {{has_property(tentative decision)}} revocable, reversible. Adv. irresolutely &c. adj.; irresolved[obs3], irresolvedly[obs3]; in faltering accents; off and on; from pillar to post; seesaw &c. R314. Int. "how happy could I be with either!" [Gay]. Phr. "If you keep one foot on the dock, and one foot on the boat, you wind up with your tush in the water."[Mario Cuomo, 1992]. <-- "obstinacy" is the expression of a fixed notion as a refusal to compromise. The trait causing this may be fanaticism, etc. Both ideas are located here --> M7.1.1.6 OBSTINACY (R606) #606. Obstinacy. N. {{has_high_level(perseverance, R604a)}} {{mcauses(resolution R604)}} {{conceptual_part_of(unreasonableness, @M7.3.5.R1.4)}} obstinacy, obstinateness, stubbornness, obduracy, inflexibility, immovability, mulishness, cussedness [U. S.], obduration[obs3], immovability; ruling passion; blind side. antiauthoritarianism, rebelliousness, self-will, contumacy, perversity, willfulness, contrariness, contrariety, balkyiness, self-will, contumaciousness, restiveness, waywardness, refractoriness, unruliness, pervicacy[obs1], pervicacity[obs3]; indocility[obs3]. {{&mcauses: captiousness, @R932a}}. {{mcaused_by}} dogmatism, opinionatedness opinionativeness[obs3], opiniatry[obs1], opiniativeness; fanaticism, zealotry; monomania; infatuation. {{has_low_level}} assertiveness, pushiness. {{conceptual_part_of(assertiveness): presumption, R885a; insolence, R885}}. {{mcaused_by(assertiveness): self-confidence, @R878a; pride, R878; callousness, @R866}}. {{mcaused_by: fixed idea &c. (prejudgment) R481}}. {{&mcaused_by: bias, bigotry, @M7.1.1.7}}. {{has_metaphor(inflexibility): hardness, R323}}. {{trait_of}} dogmatist, opinionist[obs1], opinionatist[obs3], opiniator[obs1], opinator[obs1]; stickler. {{has_metaphor(dogmatist): mule, @P2.3.2.1.1.3.2}}. {{has_metaphor}} old school. {{trait_of(dogmatism)}} dogmatist. {{trait_of(fanaticism): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24, fanatic, zealot}}. V. {{has_high_level(persist, R604a)}} be obstinate, be stubborn, be obdurate, not budge, refuse to budge. stickle, take no denial, fly in the face of facts; opinionate, be wedded to an opinion, hug a belief; have the last word, insist on having the last word. die hard, fight against destiny, not yield an inch, stand out. {{has_conceptual_part: have one's own way, @R600}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(unchangeable, @R150)}} {{has_high_level(determined, R604)}} obstinate, tenacious, stubborn, obdurate, unyielding, inflexible, casehardened; immovable, unshakable, not to be moved; mulish, obstinate as a mule, pig-headed. rebellious, antiauthoritarian, willful, contrary, balky, self-willed, contumacious, perverse, restive, wayward, refractory, unruly, heady, headstrong, entete[Fr], resty[obs3], restiff[obs1], pervicacious[obs3], crossgrained[obs3]. {{has_low_level}} assertive, pushy. {{conceptual_part_of(assertive): presumptuous, @R885a}}. {{has_metaphor: @R323, hard, rigid, firm, unbendable, unbending}}. {{has_metaphor: inert &c. R172}}. dogged; sullen, sulky; unmoved, uninfluenced, unaffected. dogmatic; arbitrary; positive; creed-bound; prepossessed, infatuated; stiff-backed, stiff necked, stiff hearted; hard-mouthed, hidebound; unyielding; impervious, impracticable, inpersuasible[obs3]; unpersuadable; intractable, untractable[obs3]; incorrigible, deaf to advice, impervious to reason; crotchety &c. R608. {{&mcaused_by: @R606a, bigoted, prejudiced}}. zealous, fanatic. Adv. obstinately &c. adj.. Phr. non possumus[Lat]; no surrender; ils n'ont rien appris ne rien oublie[Fr]. M7.1.1.7 BIAS (R606A) #606a. Bias. N. {{property_of(unreasonable, @M7.3.5.R1.4/wrong, R923)}} bias, prejudice. partiality, leaning, favor, favoritism. {{has_subtype(partiality)}} nepotism. {{has_low_intensity(partiality): @R481, party spirit, partisanship}}. {{has_high_intensity}} {[with_object(person)]} bigotry, intolerance. {{trait_of(bigotry)}} bigot. {{has_subtype(bigot)}} sexist; chauvinist. {{has_subtype(bigot)}} {{trait_of(dislike[obj=homosexual])}} homophobe. {{has_subtype(bigot)}} {{trait_of(dislike[obj=foreigner])}} xenophobe. {{has_subtype(bigot)}} {{trait_of(dislike[obj=Jew, @R984a], R867)}} antisemite. {{mcauses: obstinacy, R606}}. {{trait_of(zealotry, @R606): zealot, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24}}. V. have a bias, have a prejudice, be bigoted, be intolerant. {{caused_by}} give a bias, give a twist; bias, warp, twist; prejudice, prepossess. {{caused_by}} bias, cause bias, prejudice, cause prejudice, warp. Adj. biased, prejudiced. {{has_high_intensity}} bigoted, intolerant. partial. sexist; chavinist. M7.1.1.8 CHANGE OF MIND (R607) #607. Change of mind. N. {{&mcauses(irresolution, R605)}} change of mind, change of intention, reversal, change of purpose, about-face, volte-face[Fr]; afterthought. {{&mcaused_by: second thoughts, @R451}}. {{conceptual_part_of: vacillation &c. R605}}. {{has_subtype(relinquishment[of=loyalty, @R743], R624)}} tergiversation, defection, withdrawal, desertion, going over, going over to the enemy, changing sides, switching sides, changing loyalties. renunciation; abjuration, abjurement[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(relinquishment[ptnt=goal], R624)}} giving up, dropping out, falling out. {{has_subtype(defection)}} {[in_frame(religion)]} apostasy. {{has_subtype(disavowal, @R536)}} retraction, recantation, palinode, palinody[obs3], retractation[obs3]. revocation, revokement[obs3]. {{has_subtype: repentance &c. R950}}. coquetry; backsliding, recidivism. {{performed_by(defection)}} turn coat, defector, turn tippet[obs1]; rat, apostate; convert; proselyte, deserter, renegade, recidivist, backslider. pervert. {{performed_by(defection)}} {[in_frame(labor strike)]} scab, blackleg, crawfish [U. S.], mugwump [U. S.]. {{performed_by(vacillation)}} waffler, trimmer, temporizer, time server, fad follower, trend follower, time pleaser[obs3], timist[obs1], ambidexter[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(deserter)}} Janus; Vicar of Bray. {{has_metaphor(temporizer): weathercock, @R149}}. <-- ; redintegratio amoris[Lat] --> V. change one's mind, change one's intention, change one's purpose, change one's note. blow with the wind, follow the trend, follow the crowd, follow with the path of least resistance. {{has_metaphor}} do an about-face, wheel round, turn round, veer round; turn a pirouette; go to the right-about; box the compass, shift one's ground, go upon another tack, "make a 180 degree turn". {{has_subtype(relinquish, R624)}} abjure, renounce; withdraw from. {{has_subtype(relinquish, R624)}} defect, desert, apostatize, change sides, go over, rat; go over from one side to another, pass from one side to another, change from one side to another, skip from one side to another. {{has_subtype(relinquish, R624)}} recant, retract; revoke; rescind &c. (abrogate) R756; recall; forswear, unsay; come over, come round to an opinion; crawfish [U. S.], crawl [U. S.]. draw in one's horns, eat one's words; eat the leek, swallow the leek; swerve, flinch, back out of, retrace one's steps, think better of it; come back to one's first love, return to one's first love. {{has_subtype: @R950, turn over a new leaf, repent}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(changeable, @R149)}} fickle, inconstant, unsteady, wavering, vacillating, shifting. {{&mcaused_by: irresolute, R605}}. ductile, slippery as an eel, trimming, ambidextrous, timeserving[obs3]. coquetting. revocatory[obs3], reactionary. Phr. "a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds" [Emerson]. M7.1.1.9 CAPRICE (R608) #608. Caprice. N. caprice, fancy, whim, humor; whimsy, whimsey[obs3], whimwham[obs3]; crotchet, capriccio, quirk, freak, maggot, fad, vagary, prank, fit, flimflam, escapade, boutade[Fr], wild-goose chase; kink. {{has_property}} capriciousness, arbitrariness, inconsistency; eccentricity, zaniness, frivolousness, frivolity. V. be capricious, be erratic, be whimsical, be arbitrary. have a maggot in the brain; take it into one's head, strain at a gnat and swallow a camel; blow hot and cold; play fast and loose, play fantastic tricks; tourner casaque[Fr]. {{&mcauses: contrariness, @R606; captiousness, @R932a}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(unconformable, R83)}} capricious, erratic, whimsical, arbitrary, inconsistent. eccentric, zany, screwball, wierd, madcap; crotchety. fitful, hysterical; frivolous, sleeveless, giddy, volatile; fanciful, fantastic, kinky [U. S.], particular, humorsome[obs3], freakish, skittish, wanton, wayward; full of whims, full of caprice; maggoty; penny wise and pound foolish. {{&mcauses: fickle, @R605}}. Adv. by fits and starts, without rhyme or reason. Phr. nil fuit unquain sic inipar sibi[Lat]; the deuce is in him. <-- [Roget labels "courage" as Absence of fear, but in some interpretations, without fear there would be no courage! We consider fear as a part of courage -- i.e. action in spite of fear] --> M7.1.1.10 COURAGE (R861) #861. Courage. N. {{conceptual_part_of(fear, R860 + hope, R858)}} {{conceptual_part_of(resolution, R604)}} {{has_subtype(stability, R150)}} {{has_subtype(character trait, M4.2.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(perseverance, R604a)}} courage, bravery, valor, boldness, courageousness; stoutness, stout-heartedness, lion-heartedness, fearlessness, dauntlessness; spirit, daring, audaciousness, audacity, gallantry, intrepidity, intrepidness, high spirit; contempt of danger, defiance of danger, derring-do, dash. prowess, heroism, chivalry. {{has_conceptual_part: defiance[of=danger, R665], R715}}. {{similar_to: rashness &c. R863}}. manliness, manhood; nerve, pluck, mettle, game; heart, heart of grace; spunk, guts, face, virtue, hardihood, fortitude, intestinal fortitude; heart of oak; bottom, backbone, spine. {{has_conceptual_part}} confidence, self-reliance. {{mfacilitates: risky action, @R665}}. {{has_high_level}} bulldog courage. {{causes}} exploit, feat, achievement; heroic deed, heroic act; bold stroke. {{trait_of}} man, man of mettle; hero, demigod, Amazon, Hector; lion, tiger, panther, bulldog; gamecock, fighting-cock; bully, fire eater &c. R863. V. {{conceptual_part_of(defy[obj=danger, R665], R715)}} {{has_subtype(persevere, R604a)}} be courageous, be brave, be valiant, be gallant, be intrepid, be bold, be daring, be audacious, be fearless, be dauntless; dare, venture, make bold; face danger, front danger, affront danger, confront danger, brave danger, defy danger, despise danger, mock danger; look in the face; look full in the face, look boldly in the face, look danger in the face; face; meet, meet in front; brave, beard. take courage, muster courage, summon up courage, pluck up courage; nerve oneself, take heart; take heart, pluck up heart of grace; hold up one's head, screw one's courage to the sticking place; come up to scratch; stick to one's guns, stand firm, stand against; bear up, bear up against. put a bold face upon; show a bold front, present a bold front; show fight; face the music. {{has_metaphor(be courages)}} bell the cat, take the bull by the horns, beard the lion in his den, march up to the cannon's mouth, go through fire and water, run the gantlet. {{mcaused_by(be courageous)}} give courage, infuse courage, inspire courage; reassure, encourage, embolden, inspirit, cheer, nerve, put upon one's mettle, rally, raise a rallying cry; pat on the back, make a man of, keep in countenance. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(resolute, R604)}} courageous, brave; valiant, valorous; gallant, intrepid; spirited, spiritful[obs3]; high-spirited, high-mettled[obs3]; mettlesome, plucky; manly, manful; stout, stout-hearted; iron-hearted, lion-hearted; heart of oak; Penthesilean. bold, bold-spirited; daring, audacious; fearless, dauntless, dreadless[obs3], aweless; undaunted, unappalled, undismayed, unawed, unblanched, unabashed, unalarmed, unflinching, unshrinking[obs3], unblanching[obs3], unapprehensive; confident, self-reliant; bold as a lion, bold as brass. enterprising, adventurous; venturous, venturesome; dashing, chivalrous; heroic. {[in_frame(war): @R722, soldierly, warlike]}. {[in_frame(fighting)]} fierce, savage. {[in_frame(fighting): @R720, pugnacious, bellicose]}. strong-minded, hardy, doughty; dogged, indomitable &c. (persevering) R604a. up to, up to the scratch; upon one's mettle; reassured &c. v.; unfeared[obs3], undreaded[obs3]. Phr. one's blood being up; courage sans peur [Fr];fortes fortuna adjuvat [Lat][Terence]; "have I not in my time heard lions roar " [Taming of the Shrew]; " I dare do all that may become a man " [Macbeth]; male vincetis sed vincite [Lat][Ovid]; omne solum forti patria[Lat]; " self-trust is the essence of heroism " [Emerson]; stimulos dedit oemula virtus [Lat][Lucan]; " strong and great, a hero " [Longfellow]; teloque animus proestantior omni [Lat][Ovid]; "there, is always safety in valor" [Emerson]; virtus ariete fortier[Lat][obs3]. <-- [Excess of fear.] [[cowardice]] --> M7.1.1.11 COWARDICE (R862) #862. Cowardice. N. {{mcauses(fear, R860)}} {{has_subtype(character trait, M4.2.2.1)}} cowardice, pusillanimity, cowardliness, faintheartedness, fearfulness, timorousness, wimpiness. effeminacy. {{prevents: risky action, @R665}}. {{has_low_intensity}} timidity, overcaution; shyness, skittishness. poltroonery, baseness; dastardness[obs3], dastardy[obs3]; abject fear, funk; Dutch courage. {{has_metaphor}} white feather, faint heart; cold feet [U. S.], yellow streak. {{trait_of}} coward, poltroon, dastard, sneak, recreant; shy cock, dunghill cock; coistril[obs3], milksop, white liver, lily liver, nidget[obs3], "one that cannot say 'bo' to a goose"; slink; Bob Acres, Jerry Sneak. {{trait_of}} alarmist, pessimist, terrorist[obs2]. {{trait_of: fugitive, @R623}}. V. be cowardly, be a coward, cower, shrink. flinch, shy, shy from, fight shy, slink, turn tail; funk; skulk, sneak. {{mcauses: @R623, avoid, flee, run away}}. {{mcaused_by: quail &c. (fear) R860}}. {{has_metaphor}} have a yellow streak, show the white feather. Adj. {{mcauses(frightened, R860)}} coward, cowardly; fearful, shy; timid, timorous; skittish; poor-spirited, spiritless, soft, effeminate. weak-minded; weak-hearted, fainthearted, chickenhearted, wimpish, wimpy, henhearted[obs3], lilyhearted, pigeon-hearted; white-livered[obs3], lily-livered, milk-livered[obs3]; milksop, smock-faced; "unable to say 'bo' to a goose". {{&mcauses: infirm of purpose &c. R605}}. dastard, dastardly; base, craven, sneaking, dunghill, recreant; unwarlike, unsoldier-like, unmanned[obs2]. " in face a lion but in heart a deer". Int. "sauve qui peut!" [French: every man for himself]; "devil take the hindmost!". Phr. ante tubam trepidat[Lat], one's courage oozing out; degeneres animos timor arguit [Lat][Vergil]. M7.1.1.12 RASHNESS (R863) #863. Rashness. N. {{&mcauses(impatience, @R825)}} {{conceptual_part_of(foolishness, M7.3.5.R1.4)}} {{conceptual_part_of(thoughtlessness, @R458)}} {{conceptual_part_of(carelessness, @R460)}} rashness, incautiousness, temerity, incaution, incautiosness, lack of caution, want of caution, imprudence, indiscretion; overconfidence, presumption, audacity. {{has_high_level}} recklessness, heedlessness, wildness. precipitancy, precipitation; impetuosity; levity; foolhardihood[obs3], foolhardiness; heedlessness; desperation; Quixotism, knight-errantry; fire eating. {{&mcauses}} gambling; blind bargain, leap in the dark, leap of faith, fool's paradise; too many eggs in one basket. {{has_subtype(gambling): gaming, @R621}}. {{trait_of}} adventurer, gambler, gamester; desperado, madcap, daredevil, fire eater, bully, bravo, scapegrace, enfant perdu[Fr], rashling[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(daredevil)}} Don Quixote; knight-errant; Icarus; Hotspur; Hector. {[in_frame(capitalism)]} {{has_subtype(gambler)}} promoter, boomer [obs3][U. S.]. {[in_frame(politics)]} {{has_subtype(desperado)}} muckraker; dirty trickster, political dynamiter, dynamitard[obs3]. V. be rash, be incautious, be indiscreet, be imprudent, be improvident, be reckless, be heedless; stick at nothing, play a desperate game; play with fire, play with edge tools. rush headlong into danger, run into danger, donner tete baissee [Fr]; rush on destruction; kick against the pricks, tempt Providence, go on a forlorn hope, go on a fool's errand. {{has_metaphor}} reckon one's chickens before they are hatched, count one's chickens before they are hatched, reckon without one's host; catch at straws; trust to a broken reed, lean on a broken reed. {{has_metaphor}} carry too much sail, sail too near the wind, ride at single anchor, go out of one's depth; take a leap in the dark, buy a pig in a poke. {{&mcauses}} knock one's head against a wall. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(inattentive, R458)}} rash, incautious, indiscreet; imprudent, improvident, temerarious, uncalculating[obs3]. without ballast, heels over head, head over heels. {{has_high_level}} {{has_subtype(careless, R460)}} reckless, heedless, wanton, wild, madcap; desperate, devil-may-care. hot-blooded, hotheaded, hotbrained[obs3]; headlong, headstrong; breakneck; foolhardy; harebrained; precipitate, impulsive. overconfident, overweening; venturesome, venturous; adventurous, Quixotic, fire eating, cavalier; janty[obs3], jaunty, free and easy. off one's guard &c. (inexpectant) R508. Adv. rashly, incautiously, indiscreetly, imprudently. {{has_high_level}} {{has_subtype(carelessly, R460)}} recklessly, heedlessly, wantonly, wildly. post haste, a corps perdu[Fr], hand over head, tete baissee[Fr], headforemost[obs3]; happen what may, come what may. Phr. fools rush in where angels fear to tread; neck or nothing, the devil being in one; non semper temeritas est felix [Lat][Livy]; paucis temeritas est bono multis malo [Lat][Phaedrus]. M7.1.1.13 CAUTION (R864) #864. Caution. N. {{antonym_of(rashness, M7.1.1.12)}} {{used_in(foresight, R510)}} caution, cautiousness, circumspection, discretion, prudence, heedfulness, heed, coolness, steadiness, calculation, deliberation, unadventurousness, cautel[obs1]. {{has_high_level}} wariness, healthy respect. {{has_topic(wariness): danger[2], @R665}}. {{has_extreme}} extreme caution. {{has_high_level: vigilance &c. R459}}. {{&mcaused_by: warning &c. R668}}. self-possession, self-command; presence of mind, sang froid[Fr]; well-regulated mind; worldly wisdom, Fabian policy. V. {{conceptual_part_of(prepare, R673)}} be cautious, be circumspect, be prudent, exercise prudence, exercise discretion, be discreet, be heedful, take care, take heed, take good care; have a care mind, what one is about; "make assurance doubly sure" [Macbeth]. {{has_subtype: @R459, be on one's guard, keep watch}}. bespeak &c. (be early) R132. think twice, look before one leaps, count the cost, look to the main chance, cut one's coat according to one's cloth; feel one's ground, feel one's way; see how the land lies; wait to see how the cat jumps; bridle one's tongue; reculer pour mieux sauter[Fr]; let well alone, let well enough alone; let sleeping dogs lie, ne pas reveiller le chat qui dort [French: don't wake a sleeping cat]. keep out of harm's way, keep out of troubled waters; keep at a respectful distance, stand aloof; keep on the safe side, be on the safe side. {{&mcauses: husband one's resources &c. R636}}. {{&mcaused_by: warn, R668}}. Adj. cautious, wary, guarded; on one's guard &c. (watchful) R459; cavendo tutus[Lat]; in medio tutissimus[Lat]; vigilant. careful, heedful; cautelous[obs1], stealthy, chary, shy of, circumspect, prudent, discreet, politic; sure-footed &c. (skillful) R698. unenterprising, unadventurous, cool, steady, self-possessed; overcautious. Adv. cautiously, guardedly, prudently, discreetly, circumspectly; with caution, with discretion, with prudence. stealthily, warily. Int. "have a care!". Phr. better safe than sorry; " love all, trust a few " [All's Well]; "once burned, twice shy"; discretion is the better part of valor; timeo Danaos [Lat][Vergil]; festina lente [Lat]. ante victoriam ne canas triumphum [Lat: don't sing out victory before the triumph], don't count your chickens before they hatch; "give, every man thine ear but few thy voice" [Hamlet]; he who laughs last laughs best, il rit bien qui rit le dernier[Fr]; ni firmes carta que no leas ni bebas agua que no veas [Sp]; nescit vox missa reverti [Lat][Horace]; noli irritare leones [Lat: don't disturb a lion]; don't wake a sleeping lion; safe bind safe find; " if it ain't broke, don't fix it" [Bert Lance]. M7.1.1.14 FASTIDIOUSNESS (R868) #868. Fastidiousness. N. fastidiousness, finickiness, pickiness, daintiness, choosiness, selectivity, discrimination; nicety, hypercriticism, exactness, difficulty in being pleased, epicurism, friandise[Fr], omnia suspendens naso[Lat], curiosity[obs2]. meticulousness, punctilio, conscientiousness, scrupulousness. {{trait_of: epicure, gourmet, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24}}. {{trait_of(prudery): prude, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.15}}. {{has_excess}} [Excess of delicacy] prudery. {{similar_to: taste, R850, M3.3.2.2}}. V. be fastidious, be finicky, be picky, be dainty; be demanding, be meticulous, be exacting, be particular, be strict, be punctilious; have a sweet tooth[obs2]. mince the matter; turn up one's nose at &c. (disdain) R930; look a gift horse in the mouth, see spots on the sun. Adj. fastidious, nice, delicate, delicat[obs3], finical, finicky, picky, dainty, lickerish[obs3]. demanding, meticulous, exacting, precise, particular, strict, overstrict, punctilious, curious[obs2]; difficult, hypercritical, critical, overcritical. selective, choosy, discriminating. squeamish, queasy, thin-skinned, squeasy[obs3]. hard to please, difficult to please, querulous, anal[vulg.]. straitlaced, conscientious, scrupulous. {{has_subtype(hypercritical): censorious &c. R932}}. Adv. fastidiously, meticulously; scrupulously, conscientiously. Phr. noli me tangere[Lat]. M7.1.2. CAUSE OF VOLITION (R615 TO R624) N. cause of volition. <-- 615. Motive Note: 615a. Absence of Motive to M7.1.2.2 motive is a mental cause, analogous to a physical cause, but acting through a mental agent (mind) to achieve an effect. The "persuasion" section of Roget's original Motive has been moved to a new heading, "persuasion", at M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1 --> <-- Some words from Roget's "cause"(R153) referred to mental causation, and were moved here. Note that "goal" is here only a conceptual part of motive, being the object the contemplation of which forms the motive. Sometime the "goal" may be considered distinct from the motive, but it is so closly interconnected that we classify it as a conceptual part of motive. It is the "desire" for that "goal" which is considered at the "motive" here. However, "goal" is also used as being synonymous with "intention" and it is listed as such at "intention" at R620. The "goal" here (end, objective) is a distinct concept. [[MOTIVE]] [[goal]] --> M7.1.2.1 MOTIVE (R615) #615. Motive. N. {{has_subtype(mental cause, @R153)}} {{has_subtype(desire[for=goal])}} motive[1], reason, ground, purpose, springs of action, wellsprings of action, motivation, human motivation, reason why, inspiration. {{has_conceptual_part}} goal, aim, end, objective, object, end point, butt[obs2][archaic], quo animo[Lat], study[obs2]. {{synonym_of(goal)}} {[in_frame(philosophy)]} final cause. {{mcauses: intention, R620}}. rationale, why and wherefore, occasion. {{&has_conceptual_part(rationale)}} {{has_subtype(precedent, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} precedent, antecedent, determinant, derivation. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{property_of(important, R642)}} main motive, mainspring, primum mobile[Lat], keystone. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{property_of(unimportant, R643)}} side issue, by-end, by-purpose, ancillary motive, side motive. {{has_subtype(reason[for=assertion, R535/prediction, R511])}} grounds, basis, consideration, pro and con, pros and cons. call, inner prompting, "little voice inside one's head". {{has_subtype(call)}} calling, vocation. {{&mcauses(calling): vocation, @M7.3.5.4.1.4}}. {{&affected_by: principle, @R484; conscience, @R926}}. {{&affected_by: @M8.1.1.6, persuasion, dissuasion, compulsion}}. {{&affected_by: request, R765}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(concealed, @M8.1.2.2)}} hidden motive, ulterior motive, secret motive, agenda, hidden agenda, undercurrent, arriere pensee[Fr]. V. move, motivate, induce; foster. give an impulse to, give a stimulus to, move to. {{has_subtype(stimulate, @R824)}} [transitive] inspire, spirit up, inspirit; rouse, arouse; animate, incite, foment, provoke, instigate, set on, actuate. act upon, work upon, operate upon; encourage; pat on the back, pat on the shoulder, clap on the back, clap on the shoulder. {{changed_by(motive)}} influence, have influence with, have influence upon, weigh with, bias, sway, incline, dispose, predispose, inoculate. {{changed_by(motive)}} tip the scale, turn the scale. {{affected_by}} lead by the nose; go round one, come round one; turn the head, magnetize. Adj. {{has_property(motive[1])}} motive[2], motivating, moving. {{has_consequence(motive[1])}} {{has_property(agent, R690)}} motivated. impulsive. {{has_property(motive): teleological, @R620}}. Adv. motivationally. out of, from. for all the world; on principle; for cause. Prep. {{has_marker(reason)}} because of, due to, on account of, by reason of, for the sake of. Conj. {{has_marker(reason)}} because, since; from this motive, from that motive; for this reason, for that reason; for; as, forasmuch as; for the reason that. Phr. fax mentis incendium gloriae[Lat]; "temptation hath a music for all ears"[Willis]; "to beguile many and be beguiled by one" [Othello]. <-- [Ostensible motive, ground, or reason assigned.] --> M7.1.2.1.1 PRETEXT #617. Pretext. N. {{has_subtype(untruth, R546)}} pretext, pretense, pretension, ostensible motive, ostensible ground, ostensible reason, phony reason, plea[obs1]; allegation, advocation; color; gloss, guise, cover, subterfuge, blind. white lie. put off, dust thrown in the eyes, moonshine, mere pretext, shallow pretext; tub to a whale; sour grapes, false plea. {[in_frame(politics)]} {{has_subtype(interpretation)}} spin. {{&used_in: excuse, @R937}}. {{&uses: @R469, loophole, escape clause, salvo, come off, way of escape}}. {{&used_in: @R702, dodge, shift}}. {{&used_in}} {{has_subtype(excuse, @R937)}} lame excuse, lame apology. handle, peg to hang on, room locus standi[Lat]; stalking-horse, cheval de bataille[Fr], cue. {{used_in: special pleading, @R477; flattery, @R933}}. {{performed_by(spin): spin doctor, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.54}}. V. {{has_subtype(pretend, @R544)}} pretend, plead, allege; shelter oneself under the plea of; lend a color to; furnish a handle, give a spin to; make a pretext of, make a handle of; use as a plea, use as a pretext; take one's stand upon, make capital out of. {{&used_in: excuse, @R937}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(pretended, @R545)}} ostensible, alleged, asserted, apologetic, pretended. Adv. ostensibly, apparently, on its face, allegedly; under color; under the plea, under the pretense of, under the guise of. so he said, so she said. <-- OBJECTS OF VOLITION, GOALS GENERALLY 618. Good 619. Evil 620. Intention. Goal 621. Chance 622. Pursuit 623. Avoidance 624. Relinquishment --> <-- Section II. Prospective Volition1 1. Conceptional Volition --> <-- "Intention" is used in three senses: (1) as a mental state. (2) as a tag for the action which is the result of that mental state (3) as the final state which is the intended consequence of the intended action. The headword here is the mental state. We also include the action which will be the result of that mental state. Concept (3), above is here labeled as the "goal" of the action, i.e. the final result which is desired. The "object" whose attainment may the successful accomplishment of an intention is also listed as a "goal" (MW10 sense 2) under "motive". This sense of "goal" is absent in MW10; however, sense 3a of "intention" ("what one intends to do or bring about") sound a lot like a goal, and that is the sense of "goal" which is entered here, synonymus with "intention[2]" (MW10 sense 2). Thus "goal" is a conceptual part of an intention, just as the supertype "goal" at R615 is a conceptual part of a motive. The "goal" here is part of a mental determination to do something, whereas the "goal" at R615 (motive) forms the conceptual object which causes the action to originate. The two are almost identical, but the "goal" here is listed as a subtype of that at R615. Perhaps they sould be synonyms. The reason for a separate sense is to allow for the usage "my goal (intention, objective, purpose, aim, objective) is to do x". Almost all of the synonyms for "goal" at R615 (motive) can be used to mean "intention" in this sense, and are therefore found here. [[intention]] --> M7.1.2.1.2 INTENTION (R618 TO R624) #620. Intention. N. {{mcauses(motive, M7.1.2.1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(premeditation, R611/plan, R626)}} {{has_subtype(mental object, M3)}} intention[1], purpose, intent, determination, resolve, intentionality. {{&mcauses}} {{has_topic(intention)}} {{has_subtype(future action)}} what one plans to do, what one intends to do, intention[3]. <-- this "goal" is the result of an action --> {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(goal, @R615)}} {{has_purpose(action, R680)}} {{&has_result(what one plans to do)}} {{affected_by(future action)}} goal, aim, end, intention[2], object, objective. {{has_property(intention[2])}} {{correlated_with(importance, R642)}} {{has_measure(urgency, @R642)}} priority[1]. {{has_high_level(priority[1])}} high priority. {{has_extreme(high priority)}} top priority[1]. {{has_subtype(intention)}} {{property_of(high priority)}} priority[2]. {{has_subtype(priority[2])}} {{property_of(top priority[1])}} top priority[2]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(contingent, @A1.4.3)}} contingent intention. {{conceptual_part_of: pursuit, R622}}. decision; fixed set purpose, settled purpose; ultimatum; arriere pensee[Fr]. {[of(plan)]} {{property_of(long-term)}} design, ambition. mind, animus, contemplation, view, purview, proposal; look out. mark, point, target, bull's-eye, quintain[obs3][medieval]; raison d'etre[Fr], cui bono[Lat], "the be all and the end all". {[in_frame(hunting, @R622)]} prey, quarry, game. {[in_frame(communication, R527): @R516, drift, meaning]}. {[in_frame(travel, R266): destination, @R292]}. {{conceptual_part_of: project, R626; undertaking, R676; predetermination, R611; resolution &c. R604; wish &c. R865; tendency &c. R176}}. {{has_subtype(goal)}} {[of(person)]} major goal, human goal, human motivation. {{has_subtype(major goal): health; happiness; wealth; respect; wisdom}}. {{has_subtype(goal)}} {[of(person): acquisition[obj=valuable item, @R812a], R775]}. {{studied_in}} teleology [Study of final causes]. V. intend, purpose, design, mean. have to; propose to oneself; harbor a design, have in view, have in contemplation, have in one's eye, have in petto; have a mind to, have an eye to, study to. {{aformed_by(priority[2])}} prioritize, establish priorities, set priorities. go after, go for, be after, aspire after, endeavor after, be at, aim at, take aim at, drive at, point at, level at, aspire at, bid for, labor for, set before oneself. take into one's head; meditate, contemplate of, think of, dream of, talk of; compass, calculate; destine, destinate[obs3]. {{&mcaused_by: propose, @R514}}. {{conceptual_part_of: take upon oneself &c. (undertake) R676; project &c. (plan) R626; have a mind to &c. (be willing) R602; desire &c. R865; pursue &c. R622; premeditate &c. R611}}. Adj. intended, meant, intentional, deliberate, advised, express, determinate. purposeful, purposive, purposed. {{has_conceptual_part: @R611, premeditated, prepense}}. bound for. intending, meaning to, minded; at stake, on the anvil, on the tapis[obs3]; in view, in prospect, in the breast of; in petto. teleological. {{conceptual_part_of: bent upon &c. (earnest) R604}}. Adv. intentionally, puposefully, advisedly, wittingly, knowingly, designedly, purposely, on purpose, deliberately, by design, expressly, with intent, with design; with one's eyes open, in cold blood. {{&has_result(intention[when=successful, @R731])}} as intended, as planned, according to plan. studiously, pointedly. {{conceptual_part_of: @R611, deliberately, with premeditation}}. for; with a view, with an eye to; in order to, in order that; to the end that, with the intent that; for the purpose of, with the view of, in contemplation of, on account of. in pursuance of, pursuant to; quo animo[Lat]; to all intents and purposes. Phr. "The road to hell is paved with good intentions" [Johnson]; sublimi feriam sidera vertice [Lat][Horace]. <-- specific goals. The proper place for "good" and "evil" should be within the "good" segment, since such value judgments are always made relative to the goals of people. We may consider "good" as a goal, or "the pursuit of good" as a goal. But "evil" is not properly thought of as a goal (except possibly for evil people?), but the avoidance of evil is a goal --> <-- "good" here is a good thing (object, action). It is a goal, typically the sort of thing people want. At R648 the quality of goodness is located [[goodthing]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.1 GOOD (R618) #618. Good. N. {{property_of(goodness, R648)}} {{antonym_of(evil[2], R619)}} good, benefit, advantage, good thing. good condition, good condition, good state, good state. {{&caused_by(good condition): improvement, M7.1.2.1.2.1.1}}. greatest good, supreme good; interest, service, behoof, behalf, weal, summum bonum[Lat], common weal. {{property_of(lucky, @R734)}} blessing, world of good, piece of good luck, piece of good fortune. {{has_subtype(piece of good luck)}} prize; windfall, godsend. <-- nuts, ??? --> {{has_subtype(windfall)}} {{property_of(lost, R776)}} waif, found item; treasure-trove. {{has_subtype}} {{has_purpose(enterprise, R676)}} {{&has_result(enterprise, R676)}} gain, boot, profit, harvest, profits[pl]. {{has_subtype(enterprise, R676)}} {{&result_of(gain)}} {{property_of(high probability, @R156)}} main chance. {{has_subtype}} {{has_result(benevolence, R906): boon &c. (gift) R784; good turn, R906}}. "consummation devoutly to be wished" [poetic]. {{has_subtype: good fortune &c. (prosperity) R734}}. {{has_subtype: happiness &c. R827}}. {{has_subtype: improvement &c. R658}}. {{&caused_by: utility &c. R644; remedy &c. R662; pleasure giving &c. R829}}. {{has_subtype}} {{temporal_location_of(future)}} future good, future fortune. Adj. {{property_of(good, R648)}} good, beneficial, advantageous. commendable &c. R931; useful &c. R644. Adv. well, aright, satisfactorily, favorably. not bad, not unfavorable, not amiss; all for the best; to one's advantage, to one's benefit, to one's good; in one's favor, in one's interest, in one's best interest. Prep. for, for the good of, for the benefit of, on behalf of, to the advantage of. Phr. so far so good; magnum bonum[Lat]; the best is enemy of the good [Voltaire]; "The evil men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones" [Julius Caesar]. <-- here "improvement" is an action, in the general sense of something getting better (with respect to a purpose). At R658, the specific improvement of health is treated. Note that "progress" and "advance" are in the sense of improvement here, whereas at R282 they are specifically in the sense of motion forward. Although "improvement" implies that something is less than optimal (there is "room for improvement"), the words specifically implying presence of a fault (reform, correction) are distinguishable, and the headword does not have imperfection as an implied case [[improve]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.1.1 IMPROVEMENT N. improvement[1], getting better, bettering, betterment, enhancement, amelioration, melioration. {{&caused_by: @M7.3.5.4.1.5, repair, restoration, mending, mend, emendation, recovery}}. {{has_result}} improvement[2]. {[of(culture, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)]} civilizing, civilization, march of intellect, intellectual progress, advancement of knowledge, menticulture[obs3]. {{has_subtype(intellectual progress)}} scientific progress. {[of(behavior, R692)]} culture, culturing, cultivation. second thoughts, limoe labor[Lat]. renovation, renovating; modernization, modernizing; updating. refinement, elaboration. <-- this entry for "correction" includes "correction" of behavior to motivate good behavior (ispravlenie) --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(removal[ptnt=fault, @R651], @R38)}} reform, correction, reforming, reformation, correcting, amending, amendment. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{has_subtype(correcting): @R527a, correction, amendment, revision}}. {{has_subtype(reform)}} radical reform. {[of(rank, @M3.3.2.1.6)]} promotion, preferment, advancement, step up, elevation; graduation. {[of(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)]} remodeling; refurbishing. {[of(human race, R372)]} race-culture, eugenics. {[of(species[2], @R75): evolution, P2.6.4.3]}. {{has_subtype: purification &c. R652}}. {{has_subtype}}{{&caused_by: healing, R658, @P2.6.4.8.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{analogous_to(progress, @R282)}} progress, advance, advancement, advancing. {{has_metaphor: progress, R282}}. {{&caused_by: increase, @R35}}. {[in_frame(politics)]} {{performed_by(reform): reformer, radical}}. <-- ascent &c. R305; elevation &c. R307. these physical concepts seem unrelated here??? --> V. [intransitive] improve[1]; be better, become better, get better; mend[2], amend[1]. fructify, ripen, mature; pick up, come about, rally, take a favorable turn; turn over a new leaf, turn the corner; raise one's head, sow one's wild oats. promote, cultivate, advance, forward, enhance; bring forward, bring on. {{&has_conceptual_part: increase &c. R35}}. {{has_subtype}} {{result_of(scientific progress)}} {{metaphor_for(progress, @R282)}} progress, make progress, advance. {{has_subtype(make progress)}} {[in_frame(scientific research)]} make scientific progress, advance knowledge, advance scientific knowledge; make technical progress, make technological progress, push the envelope. {{has_method(make scientific progress): discovery; scientific research}}. {{has_subtype: foster &c. R707; invigorate &c. (strengthen) R159}}. {{caused_by}} [transitive] render better, improve[2], make improvements, mend[2], amend[2], better; ameliorate, meliorate; correct; decrassify[obs3]. {{caused_by}} [transitive] improve upon, refine upon; rectify; enrich, mellow, elaborate, fatten. {{caused_by}} [transitive] touch up, rub up, brush up, furbish up, bolster up, vamp up, brighten up, warm up; polish, make the most of, set off to advantage; prune; put in order &c. (arrange) R60. {[of(food)]} {{&caused_by: cook, P2.8.7}}. review, revise. {{has_subtype(repair, @M7.3.5.4.1.5)}} correct, make corrections, shake down, get the bugs out, debug. {{has_subtype(@M7.3.5.4.1.5, repair): doctor &c. (remedy) R662}}. {{has_subtype: purify &c. R652}}. relieve, refresh, infuse new blood into, recruit. reform, remodel, reorganize; new model. view in a new light, think better of, appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober. {{has_subtype}}{[with_object(health, R654): recover &c. R660]}. <-- ; ascend &c. R305 --> {[with_object(rank, @M3.3.2.1.6)]} advance, move up; promote, prefer, elevate. {{antonym_of(promote): demote, @R71}}. {{has_subtype(lessen[obj=evil[1], R619], R36)}} palliate, mitigate. {{has_result}} be better, be improved, be corrected; be improved by; turn to right account, turn to good account, turn to best account; profit by, reap the benefit of; make good use of, make capital out of; place to good account. Adj. improving, bettering, progressive; improved, bettered, better, better off, better for; all the better for. better advised. corrective, reformatory, emendatory, ameliorating. {{has_subtype(ameliorating): reparatory &c. (restorative) R660; remedial &c. R662}}. corrigible, improvable; accultural[obs3]. palliative, meliorative, ameliorative. civilizing. Adv. on consideration, on reconsideration, on second thoughts, on better advice; ad melius inquirendum[Lat]. Phr. urbent latericiam invenit marmoream reliquit[Lat]. <-- [pure]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.1.2 CLEANNESS (R652) #652. Cleanness. N. {{has_result(cleaning, R652a)}} cleanness, cleanliness &c. adj.; purity. {{&result_of: keeping clean, @R670}}. {{function_of}} lavatory, laundry, washhouse[obs3]. {{has_subtype(swab)}} {{part_of(cotton)}} cotton swab. {{has_subtype(mop)}} dustmop. {{has_subtype(duster)}} {{part_of(feather[num=>20], @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} feather duster. {{uses(cleaning, R652a)}} {{constitutes(fabric, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} napkin, cloth, maukin[obs1], malkin[obs1]; handkerchief; towel, sudary[obs3]; doyley[obs3], doily. {{has_subtype(towel)}} bath towel; hand towel. {{has_subtype(towel)}} {{consitutes(paper, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} paper towel. {{function_of: cover, R223}}. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(cloth)}} {{has_subtype(cover[of=carpet/floor])}} drugget. V. be clean. {{has_high_level(be clean)}} be spotless, be immaculate. {{result_of(be clean): @R652a, clean, render clean, purify}}. Adj. clean, cleanly. {{has_high_level(clean)}} immaculate, spotless, without a stain, unstained, unspotted, unsoiled, unsullied. uninfected; sweet, sweet as a nut; stainless, taintless; trig. pure, unadulterated, untainted. {{is_a: utter, complete, unmitigated}}. neat, spruce, tidy, trim, gimp, clean as a new penny, like a cat in pattens; cleaned; tidied up, spruced up, kempt[obs3]. abstergent[obs3], cathartic, cleansing, purifying. Adv. neatly &c. adj.; clean as a whistle. <-- cleaning is a removal of contaminating material --> M7.1.2.1.2.1.2.R1 CLEANING (R652A) #652a. Cleaning. N. {{result_of(cleanness, R652)}} {{has_subtype(removal[of=contamination, @R653], R38)}} cleaning, cleansing. purification, purifying. {[with_obj(surface)]} wiping; scouring; scrubbing. lustration[obs3]; detersion[obs3], abstersion[obs3]; epuration[obs3], mundation[obs1]. {{has_subtype(purification)}} clearing, clarifying; disinfection, disinfecting; purging, purgation; refining; filtering, filtration; defecation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(removal[of=liquid waste, @P2.3.1.4], R38)}} drainage, sewerage. {[of(cloth)]}{{used_in(water)}} washing; laundering. {{has_subtype(washing[of=body])}} laving, bathing, ablution, lavation[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cleaning)}} {{used_in(water)}} rinsing; wringing; sponging. {{uses}} brush; broom, besom[obs3]; mop; rake; shovel; filter; blotter; duster; dustcloth, dustrag. {{has_part(brush)}} {{has_subtype(fiber)}} bristle[num=many]. {{has_subtype(brush)}} scrub brush. <-- {{has_property(scrub brush^bristle): stiff}} better??? --> {{has_part(scrub brush)}} {{has_subtype(bristle)}} {{property_of(stiff)}} scrub brush bristle. {{uses(wiping)}} sponge; swab. {{&uses: @P2.3.1.3.12.9, sieve, riddle, screen}}. {{used_in(water)}} washing, laving; laundering. {{has_subtype(remove[obj=dust])}} dusting. {[of(floor)]} {{used_in(mop, @R652 + water)}} mopping. {[of(floor/ground)]} {{used_in(broom, @R652)}} sweeping. {{has_subtype(sweeping)}} {{used_in(street sweeper, @R652)}} street sweeping. elutriation[Chem]. {{has_subtype(purifying)}} clearing; defecation; purging, elutriation[Chem]; clarifying; refining. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{has_subtype(editing, @R531)}} expurgating. disinfecting, disinfection; ventilating, ventilation; deodorizing, deodorization; whitewashing. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(removal[of=garbage, @P2.3.1.4], R38)}} waste removal, garbage pick-up, garbage removal, trash removal, refuse removal. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(vehicle, R272)}} street sweeper. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(truck, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1): @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1, garbage truck}}. {[of(hair, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)]} combing, brushing. {{used_in(vapor/fume)}} fumigating, fumigation. {[of(mixture, P2.3.1.2.5)]} {{has_subtype(selecting)}} sifting, winnowing, weeding, weeding out. {{has_subtype(cleaning[of=suspension, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1])}} {[of(mixture, P2.3.1.2.5)]} {{has_subtype(selecting)}} filtering, filtration; straining, colature[obs1]. {{has_subtype(removal, R38)}} draining, drainage[1]. {{uses(draining)}} {{has_subtype(conduit, R350)}} drain, drainage[2]. {{uses(straining)}} strainer, strain. {[of(ground, @R342/lawn, @P2.3.1.3.10.7)]} {{used_in(rake)}} raking. {{&uses(cleaning)}} soap; wash; lotion; detergent; purifier &c. v.; disinfectant; bleaching powder, chloride of lime. {{&uses(cleaning)}} benzene, benzine benzol, benolin[obs3]. {{uses(cleaning[of=tooth])}} dentifrice, toothpaste; tooth powder; floss, dental floss; water pik. {{uses(cleaning[of=street])}} {{has_subtype(motor vehicle)}} street sweeper. {{performed_by}} washerwoman, laundress, dhobi[obs3], laundryman, washerman[obs3]; white wings. {{performed_by(garbage removal)}} garbage collector, garbage man, scavenger, dustman[obs3], sweep. {{&uses(cleaning[of=intestine])}} {{has_subtype(medicine, P2.3.1.3.4.1): cathartic, purgative, laxative, aperient}}. {{function_of(removes[obj=obstruction])}} {{has_subtype(medicine, P2.3.1.3.4.1): deobstruent}}. {{has_subtype(cleaning[obj=conduit, R350/path, R627])}} {{has_subtype(removal[obj=obstruction[2], @M7.3.4.R4.1], @R38)}} clearing. V. [transitive] clean, cleanse, mundify[obs1]. [transitive] rinse, wring; flush. {{has_subtype(clean[obj=surface])}} wipe, absterge[obs1]. {{has_subtype(wipe)}} {{used_in(water)}} mop; swab; sponge. scour, scrub; brush up, full. wash, lave, launder, buck, deterge[obs3]. clear[1], purify, depurate[obs3], despumate[obs3], defecate; purge, expurgate, elutriate[Chem], lixiviate[obs3], edulcorate[obs3], clarify, refine, rack; filter, filtrate; drain, strain. <-- decrassify[obs3]; ?meaning? --> tidy up, spruce up. {{purpose_of(kill[obj=pathogen, @P2.3.2.1.3])}} disinfect. {{has_subtype(disinfect)}} fumigate. ventilate; whitewash. {{has_subtype(remove[obj=odor, @R398])}} deodorize. sift, winnow, pick, weed; comb, rake; brush, sweep. rout out, clear out, sweep out. {{has_subtype(sweep[mode=thoroughly])}} sweep clean, make a clean sweep of. {{has_subtype(clean[obj=conduit, R350/path, R627])}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=obstruction[2], @M7.3.4.R4.1], @R38)}} clear[2], clear out. <-- separated out luck from prosperity, which were combined here. Note that in Russian, happiness and luck have the same word also. Lots of people must think that prosperity depends on luck! or that luck causes happiness? We consider it important to distinguish the two. [[prosper]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.1.3 PROSPERITY (R734) #734. Prosperity. N. {{&has_result(success, R731)}} prosperity, welfare, well-being. {{has_conceptual_part: money, R800}}. {{has_high_level: affluence &c. (wealth) R803}}. {{&result_of: @R794, thrift, roaring trade}}. {{&result_of}} {{&has_manifestation(probability): @M7.1.2.1.2.1.3.R1, luck; good luck}}. {{has_temporal_location(prosperity)}} good times, fat times, piping times; golden time, golden age; Saturnia regna[Lat], Saturnian age. {{has_metaphor(good times)}} palmy days, bright days, halcyon days; tide, flood, high tide. {{has_metaphor(prosperity)}} bed of roses, fat city [coll.]; fat of the land, milk and honey, loaves and fishes. {[in_frame(stock market)]} {{has_subtype(good times)}} bull market, rising market. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(wealthy person, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.34)}} nouveau riche, upstart, parvenu, skipjack[obs3], mushroom[obs2]. V. prosper, thrive, flourish, be prosperous, be thriving. {{&result_of: @R625, drive a roaring trade, do a booming business}}. {[with_subject(enterprise, M7.3.5.4.1)]} go on well, go on smoothly, go on swimmingly; sail before the wind, swim with the tide; run smooth, run smoothly, run on all fours. {[with_subject(person, P2.3.2.3)]} rise in the world, get on in the world; work one's way, make one's way; look up; lift one's head, raise one's head, make one's fortune, feather one's nest, make one's pile. {{has_metaphor}} flower, blow, blossom, bloom, fructify, bear fruit, fatten. {{has_metaphor}} be in fat city. {{has_low_level}} keep oneself afloat; keep one's head above water, hold one's head above water; land on one's feet, light on one's feet, light on one's legs, fall on one's legs, fall on one's feet. live on the fat of the land, live off the fat of the land, live in clover. Adj. prosperous, thriving; in a fair way, buoyant; well off, well to do, well to do in the world; set up, at one's ease; in good case; in full, in high feather; fortunate, lucky, in luck; born with a silver spoon in one's mouth, born under a lucky star; on the sunny side of the hedge. {{has_high_level: rich, R803}}. palmy, halcyon; agreeable &c. R829; couleur de rose[Fr]. Adv. prosperously &c. adj.; swimmingly; as good luck would have it; beyond all hope. Phr. one's star in the ascendant, all for the best, one's course runs smooth. chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune[Fr]; donec eris felix multos numerabis amicos [Lat][Ovid]; felicitas multos habet amicos[Lat]; felix se nescit amari [Lat][Lucan]; "good luck go with thee" [Henry V]; nulli est homini perpetuum bonum [Lat][Plautus]. <-- [[wealth]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.1.3.1 WEALTH (R803) #803. Wealth. N. {{has_large_quantity(property, R780)}} {{has_subtype(plenty, @R639)}} wealth, riches, fortune, handsome fortune, opulence, affluence; good circumstances, easy circumstances; independence; solvency. provision, livelihood, maintenance; alimony, dowry. {{owned_by: wealthy person}}. {{causes(ownership[of=wealth], R780a)}} {{has_property(wealthy person)}} wealthiness, command of money, means, resources, substance. {{&has_cause: high income, @R810}}. {{has_result: income, R810}}. {{has_conceptual_part: money, R800}}. {{convertible_into: money, R800}}. {{convertible_into: capital, @R800}}. {{&has_cause: inheritance, @R784}}. mint of money, mine of wealth, El Dorado[Sp], bonanza, Pacatolus, Golconda, Potosi. [derogatory] pelf, Mammon, lucre, filthy lucre. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(social class, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} upper class. {{has_metaphor}} long purse, full purse, well lined purse, heavy purse, deep pockets; purse of Fortunatus[Lat]; embarras de richesses[Fr]. {{owned_by(wealth): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.34, wealthy person}}. <-- ; loaves and fishes[obs2]? --> V. be rich, be wealthy; roll in wealth, roll in riches, wallow in wealth, wallow in riches, be rolling in money. afford, well afford; command money, command a sum; make both ends meet, hold one's head above water. {{has_high_level}} be filthy rich[colloq.], be stinking rich[colloq.], avoir beaucoup d'argent[Fr.]. {{has_commencement(be rich)}} {{has_subtype(acquire[obj=wealth], R775)}} become rich, become wealthy; strike it rich; come into a sum of money. {{has_commencement(be rich)}} {{has_subtype(acquire[obj=wealth], R775)}} {{has_subtype(earn[obj=money, R800], @R775)}} make a fortune. {{&has_commencement(be rich)}} {{has_subtype(acquire[obj=wealth], R775)}} {{has_subtype(get lucky)}} receive a windfall; hit the jackpot, win the lottery; feather one's nest. {{has_subtype(receive a windfall): receive an inheritance, inherit money}}. {{has_metaphor(become rich): fill one's pocket, @R802}}. [transitive] enrich, imburse[obs3]. {{has_subtype(crave[obj=wealth], R865)}} worship the golden calf, worship Mammon. Adj. {{has_property(wealthy person)}} wealthy, rich, affluent, opulent, moneyed, monied, worth much; well to do, well off, well provided for, warm[obs2]. flush, flush with money, flush of cash, flush of money, flush of tin[obs2]; in funds, in cash, in full feather. {{has_high_level(wealthy)}} filthy rich, immensely wealthy, fabulously wealthy, made of money, rich as Croesus, rolling in riches, rolling in wealth, rich as a Jew[obs2][offensive]. {{has_low_level}} comfortable; solvent, pecunious[obs3], out of debt, in the black, all straight. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.34, wealthy person, moneyed class, nouveau riche}}. Phr. one's ship coming in; "We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than we have to consume wealth without producing it."[Candida, George B. Shaw]. amour fait beaucoup mais argent fait tout [French: love does much but money does everything]; aurea rumpunt tecta quietem [Lat][Seneca]; magna servitus est magna fortuna[Latin]; "mammon, the least erected spirit that fell from Heaven" [Paradise Lost]; opum furiata cupido [Lat][Ovid]; "vera prosperit... e non aver necessit..." [It]; wie gewonnen so zerronnen [German]. M7.1.2.1.2.1.3.R1 GOOD LUCK N. good luck, luck, good fortune, smiles of fortune. {{antonym_of: @R735, bad luck, bad fortune, misfortune}}. blessings, godsend. {{has_large_quantity}} run of luck, string of luck, lucky streak. {{has_metaphor(good luck)}} sunshine; fair weather, fair wind. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} made man, lucky dog, enfant gate[Fr], spoiled child of fortune. {{property_of}} {{property_of(successful, R731)}} {{has_subtype(attempt)}} lucky shot. beginner's luck. {{has_metaphor}} Lady Luck. {[in_frame(superstition, M5.4.3)]} {{caused_by(good luck)}} mascot; good luck charm, lucky charm. {[in_frame(superstition)]} {{caused_by(good luck): talisman, @R993}}. {{has_subtype(lucky charm)}} rabbit's foot; lucky penny. V. be lucky. {{has_beginning(be lucky)}} get lucky, drop into a good thing; have a run of luck; have the good fortune to, have the good luck to; take a favorable turn. {{has_large_quantity(be lucky)}} lead a charmed life, bear a charmed life; bask in the sunshine; have a good time of it, have a fine time of it. Adj. lucky, fortunate, blessed. blessed with good luck, favored by fortune, smiled upon by fortune. auspicious, propitious, providential, favorable, happy. {{antonym_of: @R735, unlucky, unfortunate}}. <-- Roget comment: [Absence of pursuit.] doesn't seem accurate. One can avoid while being pursued or not pursued. As a goal, this should actually be avoidance of evil. But avoidance per se may be considered a goal, so avoidance of evil is listed as a subtype of avoidance, and the evil itself is listed only in relation to the goal of avoidance. Is there any supertype for evil? An event? IN MW10 evil, sense 1a, is "the fact of suffering, misfortune, and wrongdoing"; sense 2 is "something that brings sorrow, distress, or calamity". Neither of these senses seems to be in Wordnet. This Roget entry has "avoid" and "evade" in the same place! Perhaps they should be in distinct entries??? --> M7.1.2.1.2.2 AVOIDANCE (R623) #623. Avoidance. N. avoidance, shunning. evasion, elusion. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(evil[1], @R619)}} thing to be avoided. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(goal, R620)}} avoidance of evil. {{has_subtype(avoidance[of=action, R680]): @R681, inaction, abstention, abstinence, forbearance, refraining, eschewing, forbearing, neutrality}}. {{has_subtype: seclusion &c. R893}}. {{has_subtype: @R293, flight, avolation[obs1]}}. {{has_subtype: escape &c. R671}}. {{has_subtype: retreat &c. R287}}. {{has_subtype: rejection &c. R610}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(action, M7.3.4)}} avoidance reaction. {{purpose_of: recoil &c. R277}}. {{performed_by}} shirker, dodger; truant; fugitive, refugee; runaway, runagate; maroon. {{&mcaused_by: opposition, R708}}. V. avoid, shun, steer clear of, keep clear of. evade, elude. abstain, refrain, spare, not attempt. eschew, pass up, deny oneself, let alone. keep aloof keep off, stand aloof, stand off, hold aloof, hold off, turn away from, keep from; take no part in, have no hand in, have nothing to do with. fight shy of; keep one's distance, keep at a respectful distance; keep out of the way, get out of the way. {{purpose_of(avoid)}} shrink back; hang back, hold back, draw back; flinch, blink, blench, shy, shirk, dodge, parry, make way for, give place to. {{&mcaused_by: oppose, R708}}. {{purpose_of(avoid): recoil &c. R277}}. {{has_subtype: @R287, retreat, retire, recede}}. {{has_result(refrain): not do, @R681}}. maintain the even tenor of one's way. {{purpose_of: @R293, @P2.4.1.4, departure, retreat, flight, flee}}. {{&causes: @R624, abandon}}. {{&causes: @R610, reject}}. lead one a dance, lead one a pretty dance; throw off the scent, play at hide and seek. Adj. {{&mcauses(unwilling, R603)}} avoiding, shunning. evading, eluding. abstaining, refraining, sparing. unsought, unattempted; neutral. elusive, evasive; fugitive, runaway, on the lam, in hiding. {{has_subtype(avoiding)}} shy. Adv. lest, in order to avoid. Int. "forbear!"; keep off, "hands off!"; "sauve qui peut!" [French: every man for himself]; "devil take the hindmost!". Phr. "things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme" [Paradise Lost]. <-- "Good" and "evil" are relative to a purpose, and something which is good for one person may be evil for another. The purpose for which something is good or evil must be recognized by the interpreting routines! In this hierarchy, evil itself is listed only in relation to the goal of avoidance. For this entry, the headword "evil" may be an action or a result of action. But an "event" which is an "evil" is classed as a result of the headword "evil". Is there any single supertype for evil? IN MW10 sense 1a is "the fact of suffering, misfortune, and wrongdoing; sense 2 is "something that brings sorrow, distress, or calamity". Neither of these senses seems to be in Wordnet. In Wordnet Evil is a value or an immorality, both qualities, or is "evildoing", a human action. We need to preserve the distinction between the most common things called "evil" (pain and suffering, poverty), and those things which cause that kind of evil; but the causes are also called "evils". We tentatively chose as default everything but an event. Then we list as a second sense (evil[2]), events, which is closest to MW10 sense 2, but also includes some of MW10 sense 1a. Thus the headword is consistent wiht the notion that the most common "evils" may be an evil condition or object. So wthe main sense here is "evil[1], bad thing" which is anything but an event, and is caused by evil[2], which is an event! Evil[1] may have no general supertype. The specific evils may need labeling with their own supertypes???. Some things, such as uncleanness, might be considered either evil[1] (evil in itself) or evil[2] (causing evil). So there is some arbitrariness here. This will probably need further refinement; meanwhile, we try to distinguish between those evils which are events and those evils which are not events. Evil is often used as an attribute of humans or human actions, but here is more general. In the Roget headwords "badness" is considered as a cause of evil, and evil is the bad object or action. An "evil" may be an evil action or an evil condition or an evil object. Thus something may be evil and may have a property which is evil. Thus most adjectives related to intentional evil are at badness, R649. Can this be made more precise??? "deterioration" here is the general concept of something becoming less good; at R659, it is applied specifically to the health of living things. We introduce the concept of "moral evil" to classify those behaviors, such as unmarried sexual activity, which are considered evil by traditionalists, though not by many without strong religious beliefs. [[evil]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1 EVIL (R619) #619. Evil. N. {{antonym_of(good, M7.1.2.1.2.1)}} {{has_high_level(wrong, M9.3.1.R2)}} {{has_tobject(avoidance, R623)}} {{property_of(bad, R649)}} {{not_has_subtype(event, R151)}} evil[1], ill, something bad, bad thing. harm, hurt. {{causes(evil[1])}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} evil[2]. {{has_subtype(evil[1])}} disaster, accident, casualty, calamity, bale, catastrophe, tragedy; bad job, devil to pay. {{has_metaphor(evil[2])}} evil star, ill wind; hoodoo; Jonah; amari aliquid[Lat], thorn in the side. {{has_metaphor(evil[1])}} snake in the grass, skeleton in the closet. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(debatable)}} moral evil, peccancy[obs3]. {{has_subtype: evildoing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. {{&caused_by: badness &c. R649}}. {{performed_by(evildoing, M9.3.3.2.2): evil doer, R913; wrongdoer, R949}}. {{has_subtype(evil[2])}} machinations of the devil, Pandora's box. {{has_subtype(evil[2])}} wrong, injury, foul play; bad turn, ill turn; disservice; grievance. {{has_subtype(wrong)}} {{has_subtype(evildoing)}} ill-treatment, molestation, abuse. {{has_high_level(ill-treatment)}} oppression, persecution, outrage. <-- this annoyance is the action. The result is at R828, suffering --> {{has_low_level(ill-treatment)}} annoyance. {{causes(annoyance): annoyance, @R828}}. <-- the following are not events. --> {{causes(evil[2])}} {{has_subtype(situation, R183a)}} evil state, evil condition, bad situation, bad condition, poor condition, bad state, poor state, evil state. {{has_subtype(circumstances, @R183a)}} adverse circumstances. {{has_subtype(situation, R183a)}} disadvantage, prejudice, drawback. {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} knockout drops [U. S.]. {{property_of}} abomination. {{has_high_level(wrong)}} outrage, crying evil. {{caused_by(bad condition)}} deterioration, degeneration, worsening, deteriorating, degenerating, decline, decay, decaying, degradation, declining; damage. {{has_subtype: loss, R776}}. {{&caused_by(bad condition): loss, R776}}. {{has_low_intensity}} mischief, nuisance. {{has_subtype: misuse, R679; theft, R791}}. {{has_subtype(deterioration): deterioration, R659}}. {{has_subtype: inexpediency, R647}}. {{has_subtype}}{[of(animal, R366): bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1]}. {{has_subtype: illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: pain &c. R830}}. <-- some evil things cause suffering; sufferig itself is also an evil! --> {{has_subtype: suffering, R828}}. {{&causes: suffering, R828}}. {{caused_by: bane &c. R663}}. {{has_subtype: mishap &c. (misfortune) R735; ruin &c. (destruction) R162; adversity &c. R735}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(spirit, @R980): @R980, devil, demon}}. V. suffer evil. {{has_subtype: suffer adversity, R735; be unclean, R653; suffer harm, @R659a; deteriorate, R659}}. Adj. {{causes(bad, R649)}} evil. harmful, hurtful, baleful, adverse. troublesome, disadvantageous. {{has_property(evil state)}} awry, out of joint. {{has_high_intensity(harmful)}} disastrous, calamitous, catastrophic, ruinous, tragic, tragical. Adv. amis[Fr], wrong, ill, to one's cost. Phr. "moving accidents by flood and field" [Othello]; "all the ills that flesh is heir to". M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.1 UNCLEANNESS (R653) #653. Uncleanness. N. {{has_low_level(evil[1], R619)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} uncleanness, uncleanliness, immundity[obs3], immundicity[obs3]. dirtiness, filthiness, soilure[obs3], soiliness[obs1]. untidiness, messiness, mussiness, slovenliness. {{caused_by}} dirtying, soiling; tarnishing; spotting, smearing, blotting, staining. {{property_of(untidiness)}} mess, muss, heap, sossle[obs3], sozzle[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{property_of(undesirable, @R647)}} impurity[1], contaminant, impurity[2], contamination[2], pollution[1], taint, leaven[obs2]. {{&caused_by}} adulteration, defilement, defiling, debasement, contamination[1], contaminating, polluting, pollution[2], tainture[obs1], defoedation[obs1], defedation[obs1]. {{property_of}} {{has_manifestation}} dirt, filth, soil, slop; dust; grit, grime, raff[obs3]. {{has_property(slime, @R352)}} sliminess. {{property_of}} {{location_of(surface)}} blot, tarnish, spot, smear, stain, smudge. {{property_of}} {{generates(fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1): @R384a, smoke; soot, smut}}. {{&has_location(soot)}} {{property_of(dirty): flue}}. {[of(mind): impurity &c. R961]}. {{has_subtype(impurity[2])}} {{has_subtype(additive, R39)}} adulterant. {{&has_manifestation: stench &c. R401}}. mustiness. slovenliness, untidiness, messiness; squalor, slovenry[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} rotting, putrescence, putrefaction, corruption, putrefying, decaying; molding, mildewing. {{property_of}} decay; rot, dry rot. {{property_of}} mold, must, mildew. {{caused_by(mold/mildew): @P2.3.2.1.3.2, mold, must, mildew}}. {{trait_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.27, dowdy, drab, slut, slattern, sloven, scrub, draggle-tail, dustman, chimney sweep, pig, beast}}. {[of(dwelling, P1.2.3.2.4.1)]}{{&has_manifestation(uncleanness[when=indoors])}} {{forms(spider, @P2.3.2.1.1.2): @P2.6.1.6.R1.2, cobweb, spider web}}. {{has_manifestation}} dregs, grounds, sordes[obs3], lees; argol[obs3]; sediment, settlement heeltap[obs3]; dross, drossiness[obs3]; mother[obs1], precipitate, scoriae, ashes, cinders; recrement[obs3], slag; scum, froth. {{property_of}} hogwash; ditchwater[obs3], dishwater, bilgewater[obs3]; rinsings. {{property_of}} cheeseparings; sweepings &c. (useless refuse) R645; offscourings[obs3], outscourings[obs3]; off scum; caput mortuum[Lat][obs3], residuum, sprue, fecula[Lat], clinker, draff[obs3]; scurf, scurfiness[obs3]; exuviae[Lat], morphea; fur, furfur[obs3]; dandruff; tartar. {{trait_of}} riffraff. {{has_manifestation}} vermin, louse, flea, bug, chinch[obs3]. {{property_of}} mud, mire, muck, quagmire, alluvium, silt, sludge, slush, slosh, sposh [obs3][U. S.]. {{property_of}} spawn, gurry [obs3][U. S.]; lientery[obs3]; garbage, carrion; slough, peccant humor, pus, matter, suppuration, lienteria[obs3]. {{property_of: @R299, faeces, feces, excrement, offal, ordure, dung, crap[vulgar], shit[vulgar], sewage, sewerage, coprolite; guano, manure, compost}}. {{property_of}} {{component_of(feces, @R299): @P2.3.1.4, dunghill, sink, privy, jakes; toilet, john, head, latrines; cesspool, sump, sough, cloaca, sewer, common sewer}}. {{property_of}} sty, pigsty, lair, den, Augean stable[obs3], sink of corruption; slum, rookery. V. be unclean, become unclean. be rotten, be decayed; be rancid, be putrefied. {{&caused_by}} rot, decay, go bad, putrefy, ferment, fester, rankle; mold, molder. {{has_manifestation(be rotten/be rancid): stink &c. R401}}. {{&caused_by}} [intransitive] get dirty, become dirty. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] dirty, render unclean, render dirty, render filthy; daub, blot, blur, smudge, smutch[obs3], smoke, tarnish, slaver, spot, smear, begrease[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] sully, stain, soil, smirch, dabble, drabble[obs3], draggle, daggle[obs3]; besmear, bemire, begrime, befoul, distain[obs3], maculate, beslime[obs3], drabble in the mud[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] spatter, slubber, splash. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(corrupt, @R659)}} [transitive] pollute, defile, debase, adulterate, contaminate, taint, leaven[obs2]; cover with dust &c. n.; roil. {{&caused_by: corrupt &c. (injure) R659}}. {{&caused_by}} [intransitive] wallow in the mire; slobber, slabber[obs3]. Adj. dirty, filthy, grimy; unclean, impure. dusty, snuffy[obs3], smutty, sooty, smoky; thick, turbid, dreggy; slimy; mussy [U.S.]. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(corrupted, @R659)}} soiled, stained, sullied, spotted, besmirched, not to be handled with kid gloves; smeared. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(corrupted, @R659)}} contaminated, adulterated. slovenly, untidy, messy, uncleanly. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} unkempt, sluttish, dowdy, draggle-tailed; uncombed. unwashed, unstrained, unscoured[obs3], unswept[obs3], unwiped[obs3], unpurified[obs3]; squalid; lutose[obs3], slammocky[obs3], slummocky[obs3], sozzly[obs3]. nasty, coarse, foul, offensive, abominable, beastly, reeky, reechy[obs3]. moldy, musty, mildewed, rusty, moth-eaten, mucid[obs3]. {[when_modifying(food, R298)]} decayed, rancid, weak, bad, gone bad, rotting, tainted, high, touched, fusty, effete, rotten, corrupt, putrid, putrefactive, putrescent, putrefied, etercoral[obs3], lentiginous[obs3], reasty[obs3]. {{has_subtype(rotten)}} flyblown, maggoty, crawling with maggots. {{&has_consequence(moldy/decayed/putrid): fetid &c. R401}}. saprogenic, saprogenous[obs3]; purulent, carious, peccant; fecal, feculent, excrementitious[obs3]; stercoraceous[obs3]; scurfy, scurvy, impetiginous[obs3]; gory, bloody; rotten as a pear, rotten as cheese. {[of(morals, @R944): gross &c. (impure in mind) R961]}. <-- crapulous[obs3] &c. (intemperate) R954; ?why here? ; fimetarious[obs3], fimicolous[obs3] meaning? --> Phr. " they that touch pitch will be defiled " [Much Ado About Nothing]. <-- this part of R659, deterioration, was broken off from the section under medicine most of these words are actions. This is physical damage, damage to a physical object, and is a subtype of the more abstract damage at A7.4.R1.1 This includes both damage due to a specific event, and gradual deterioration caused by wear or corrosion. With evil, both the action causing harm and the harm caused may be considered as evil[1], a bad thing. here the headword "harm" is the action causing harm. [[harm]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2 HARM (R659a) #659a. Harm. N. {{has_subtype(action)}} {{has_subtype(damage, A7.4.R1.1)}} {{has_subtype(evil[1], R619)}} harm[1], damage[1], detriment, impairment[2], inquination[obs1], vitiation, injury[1], physical damage, worsening, debasement. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(evil[2], R619)}} harm[2], damage[2], impairment[2], injury[2]. {{has_subtype(harm[2])}} {{hurt_by(physical object)}} property damage. {{contrast_to(property damage): bodily injury}}. {{mcauses(harm[2]): suffering, R828}}. {{has_high_level(damage[2])}} severe damage, serious damage, severe impairment, serious harm. {{has_extreme(damage[2]): destruction, R162}}. {{has_subtype: loss, R776; theft, R791}}. {{has_subtype(deterioration)}} discoloration; oxidation. contamination, corruption, adulteration, alloy, leaven[obs2]. {{has_subtype(action)}} {{property_of(gradual, @R275)}} {{required_for(time interval)}} deterioration; wane, ebb. {{has_subtype(deterioration)}} decline, declension[obs3], declination. {{has_subtype(deterioration)}} decay, dilapidation, disrepair, ravages of time. {{has_subtype(deterioration)}} {{causes(use, R677)}} wear, wear and tear. {{caused_by(wear): @P2.4.2.4.3, abrasion, detrition}}. {{has_subtype(decay)}} corrosion, erosion, eating away. {{causes(ravages of time)}} moldiness, rottenness; moth and rust, dry rot, blight, marasmus[obs3], atrophy, collapse. {{has_subtype(ravages of time)}} weathering; rotting. {{has_subtype(weathering)}}{{has_subtype(corrosion[of=metal/iron/steel])}} rusting. {{has_result(rusting)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{location_of(surface[of=metal])}} {{shape_of(layer)}} rust. {{has_subtype(damage[2][to=environment[2]])}} {{has_subtype(pollution, @R653)}} environmental pollution. {{has_subtype(environmental pollution)}} {{has_subtype(pollution[of=atmosphere], @R653)}} air pollution. {{has_subtype(environmental pollution)}} {{has_subtype(pollution[of=body of water, P2.3.1.1.6.1], @R653)}} water pollution, water contamination. {{has_subtype(environmental pollution)}} {{has_subtype(pollution[of=soil], @R653)}} ground pollution, soil pollution. {{property_of(harmful)}} {{has_subtype(waste, P2.3.1.4)}} {{forms(industry)}} industrial waste. {{caused_by(environmental pollution)}} {{has_subtype(dumping[of=industrial waste])}} waste dumping. {{has_subtype(waste, P2.3.1.4)}} {{has_subtype(gas)}} emission. {{has_subtype(waste, P2.3.1.4)}} {{has_subtype(liquid)}} effluent. {{has_subtype(industrial waste)}} {{property_of(toxic, @P2.3.1.3.4.2)}} toxic waste. {{has_subtype(emission)}} {{emits(automobile)}} automobile exhaust. {{has_subtype(emission)}} {{emits(smokestack)}} {{emits(factory/incinerator)}} smokestack emissions. {{has_subtype(effluent)}} {{forms(industrial process)}} waste stream. {{&caused_by: @R679, misuse, perversion, prostitution}}. {{causes(disorganization, @R61)}} disorganization, disorder. {[of(personal morals)]} {{has_subtype(action)}} depravement, corruption, depravation, degradation, corrupting, demoralizing, demoralization, retrogression, degrading. {{causes(depravement): @R945, vice, depravity}}. {{&mcauses(harm[2]): retreat, @R287; avoidance, R623}}. {{&caused_by(harm[2]): retrogression &c. R283; decrease &c. R36}}. V. [transitive] {{caused_by(harm[2])}} damage. [intransitive] be damaged, be impaired, be injured, be harmed. {{caused_by(harm[2])}} [intransitive] suffer harm, suffer damage, become damaged. [intransitive] {{&caused_by(be impaired)}} deteriorate[1], degenerate, decay, rot, degrade, decline; go to seed. {{has_subtype(deteriorate)}} {{causes(use, R677)}} wear. {{has_subtype(damage)}} impair, labefy[obs3], shend[obs1], scath[obs1], scathe; spoil, mar, despoil; dilapidate, waste. {{has_subtype(damage)}} {{hperforms(enemy army, R891): overrun, defeat}}. [transitive] deface, blemish, mutilate; warp. [intransitive] rot, corrode, erode, wear away. [transitive] blight, corrode[2], erode[2], eat away. gnaw, gnaw at the root of; sap, mine, undermine, shake, sap the foundations of, break up; disorganize, dismantle, dismast. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(destroy[obj=part], R162)}} decimate. {{has_high_level(damage[1])}} total, totally destroy. {{has_subtype(destroy, R162)}} devastate. {{has_subtype(destroy, R162)}} {{&hperforms(enemy army, R891)}} waste, despoil. {{has_metaphor(despoil)}} rape, ravage. {{has_subtype(damage)}} {{&hperforms(enemy army, R891): @R791, pillage, plunder, loot, sack}}. {{has_subtype(degenerate)}} {{antonym_of(progress)}} {{analogous_to(regress, R283)}} regress. {{has_metaphor(degenerate): regress, R283}}. [transitive] taint, defile, pollute. denaturalize, denature, leaven[obs2]. {{has_subtype(taint)}} {[with_obj(physical object)]} discolor; alloy, adulterate; tamper with. prejudice, sophisticate[obs2]. pervert, prostitute, demoralize, brutalize; render vicious &c. R945. {[of(attitude)]} embitter, acerbate, exacerbate, aggravate. {{has_subtype(become worse)}} run to seed, go to seed, run to waste; swoon, swale[obs1], sweal[obs1]; lapse, be the worse for; sphacelate; break[obs3], break down; spring a leak, crack, start; fade, go off, wither, molder, rot, rankle, decay, go bad; go to decay, fall into decay; " fall into the sear and yellow leaf", rust, crumble, shake; totter, totter to its fall. {{has_extreme(become worse): perish &c. R162; die &c. R360}}. {{has_subtype(become worse): shrivel, @R195}}. {{caused_by(become worse)}} [transitive] deteriorate[2], degrade; put back, set back; taint, defile, pollute; corrupt, debase, exulcerate[obs1], embase[obs1]. {{has_subtype(deteriorate[2]): weaken &c. R160}}. {{has_subtype(degrade)}} {[with_subject(artifact, P2.3.1.3)]} {{caused_by(useless, R645)}} wear out. {{has_subtype(wear out[ptnt=machine])}} burn out. {{causes(wear out): uselessness, R645}}. {{has_extreme(damage): destroy &c. R162}}. damnify &c. (aggrieve) R649. {[with_subject(person)]} do one's worst; knock down; deal a blow to; play havoc with, play sad havoc with, play the mischief with, play the deuce with, play the very devil with, play havoc among, play sad havoc among, play the mischief among, play the deuce among, play the very devil among. Adj. {{has_result(damage[2])}} damaged, injured. worsened. {{has_subtype(worsened)}} decayed, deteriorated, rotten, worn, seedy, languishing, wasted, washy, laid low, pulled down. {{has_subtype(worn)}} the worse for wear; battered; weathered, weather-beaten; stale, passe, shaken, frayed, faded, wilted, shabby, secondhand, threadbare. {{has_high_intensity(worn)}} worn out, worn to a thread, worn to a shadow, worn to the stump, worn to rags. cracked. {[of(vessel, @R191)]} leaky, sprung. {[of(animal, R366)]} lame. {{has_subtype(deteriorated)}} {[of(structure, R329)]} dilapidated. altered, altered for the worse; sprung; on the wane, on the decline; tabid[obs3]; degenerate; marescent[obs3]; worse; the worse for, all the worse for; out of repair, out of tune; imperfect &c. R651. degenerating; withering; spoiling; rotting, corroding. reduced, reduced to a skeleton; far gone; tacky [U. S.]. {{has_low_level(damaged)}} unimproved, unenhanced; unmended, unamended, uncorrected, unrectified; unrelieved, unalleviated. decrepid[obs3], decrepit. {{has_subtype(worsened)}} decayed, degraded; tainted, contaminated, corrupted, polluted, vitiated, defiled. {{has_subtype(worsened)}} infected; poisoned, envenomed; debased, denaturalized, denatured; deflowered, debauched, depraved; ulcerated. {{has_subtype(worsened)}} moth-eaten, worm-eaten; mildewed, rusty, moldy, spotted, seedy, time-worn, moss-grown; discolored; effete, wasted, crumbling, moldering, rotten, cankered, blighted, tainted; depraved &c. (vicious) R945. {{has_high_level(worsened)}} broken, broke, busted, out of order, out of commission, hors de combat[Fr], out of action, broken down; done, done for, done up; worn out, used up, finished; beyond repair, beyond saving, fit for the dust hole, fit for the wastepaper basket, past work &c. (useless) R645. at a low ebb, in a bad way, on one's last legs; undermined. {{has_extreme(deteriorated): destroyed, @R162}}. tottering &c. (dangerous) R665. past cure &c. (hopeless) R859; fatigued &c. R688; retrograde &c. (retrogressive) R283. {{caused_by(deteriorate): deleterious &c. R649}}. {{caused_by(deteriorate)}} corrupting, tainting, contaminating, polluting, debasing; denaturing, deflowering; debauching, defiling, depraving; degrading; vitiating, infectious; envenoming. Phr. from bad to worse, out of the frying pan into the fire; agrescit medendo[Latin]; "what a falling off was there! " [Hamlet]. <-- is castration = bodily harm? This is a negative, "evil" concept, but sometimes neutering is considered beneficial. This may incur an inheritance conflict. --> M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1 BODILY HARM N. {{caused_by(pain, R378)}} {{has_subtype(damage, R659a)}} bodily harm, bodily injury. injury, hurt, physical harm, trauma. {{has_subtype: disease, R655}}. {{has_subtype(injury)}} wound, insult; puncture. {{has_subtype(puncture)}} cut. {{causes(puncture)}} {{has_subtype(flow[of=blood, @R1002][from=body, R1001], @R264)}} bleeding, bloodshed. {{has_subtype(wound)}} bullet wound, shot; knife wound, bayonet wound. evisceration. {{has_subtype: @P2.6.4.8.3.1, castration, gelding, spaying}}. {{has_extreme}} {{property_of(fatal): killing, P2.2.3.3; death, P2.2.3.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(skin)}} burn. {{has_subtype(burn)}} {{causes(sunlight, @R420/ultraviolet light, @R420)}} sunburn. {{has_low_intensity(burn)}} first degree burn. {{has_manifestation(first degree burn)}} erythema. {{has_high_intensity(burn)}} second degree burn; third degree burn. {{has_high_level(injury)}} loss of limb. {{has_subtype(injury): torture, @R378}}. {{has_high_level(injury): blinding, @P2.6.4.1.1.1.1.R1}}. {{has_high_level(injury): deafening, @R419}}. {{&caused_by: @P2.6.1.2.4.1, strike, hit, blow, buffet, stroke}}. {{&caused_by: assault, M8.2.2.2.2.R1}}. {{&!caused_by: shooting[obj=person], M9.3.3.2.2.2.2}}. V. be hurt. be wounded. {{caused_by(be hurt)}} injure. {{has_subtype(be wounded)}} be shot, take a slug, take a bullet, get shot; be knifed, be stabbed. [transitive] {{has_subtype(injure)}} maim, lame, surbate[obs1], cripple, hough[obs3], hamstring; hit between wind and water, scotch; mangle, mutilate; disfigure. {{has_subtype(injure)}} {{has_subtype(penetrate[obj=body], @P2.6.1.2.4.3)}} wound, puncture. {{causes(puncture)}} {{has_subtype(flow[subj=blood, @R1002][from=body, R1001], @R264)}} bleed. {{has_subtype(wound)}} {{used_in(firearm, P2.3.1.3.23.4)}} shoot. {{has_subtype(wound)}} {{used_in(cutting instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.4.1/piercing instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.4.2)}} stab, knife, cut, slash; bayonet, run through; pierce; impale, spear. <-- fill in the details, with references --> {{has_high_level(be hurt): @R442a, go blind, be blinded}}. {{has_high_level(be hurt)}} {{has_subtype(weaken[obj=legs, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], @P2.6.1.1.1.R2)}} cripple, lame; break a leg. {{has_high_level(be hurt)}} {{has_subtype(become weak, @P2.6.1.1.1.R2)}} {[with_subject(legs, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)]} become crippled, become lame; lose a leg. {{has_extreme(injure): kill, R361}}. {{has_extreme(be hurt): die, R360}}. M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.3 ADVERSITY (R735) #735. Adversity. N. {{property_of(evil[2], R619)}} {{antonym_of(prosperity, R734)}} adversity, trouble, hardship, difficulty. {{caused_by: problem, @R704}}. visitation, infliction, affliction; bitter pill; care, trial; the sport of fortune. {{&caused_by}} {{antonym_of(good luck)}} bad luck, ill luck, evil luck, adverse luck, hard fortune, hard hap, hard luck, hard lot; frowns of fortune. {{has_metaphor}} cloud, dark cloud, gathering clouds, ill wind. {{mcauses: suffering, R828}}. {{has_metaphor: painfulness, R830}}. vicissitudes of life, ups and downs of life, broken fortunes; hard case, hard lines. {{causes}} hard life. {{has_low_level}} load, pressure, mental pressure, pressure of the times. {{has_metaphor(pressure)}} the weight of the world upon one's shoulders, a load on one's chest. {{&mcaused_by(mental pressure): obligation, R926; worry, R860a; fear, R860}}. curse, blight, blast. {{has_large_quantity}} sea of troubles; peck of troubles; hell upon earth; slough of despond. evil dispensation, evil star, evil genius[obs1]. {{has_temporal_location}} iron age, evil day, time out of joint; hard times, bad times, sad times; rainy day. {{has_subtype(event, P2.4.1)}} misfortune, accident, mishap, mischance, misadventure. {{&causes(accident)}} {{has_subtype(injury)}} casualty. {{has_subtype(event, P2.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(failure &c. R732)}} reversal, setback [U.S.], cross, reverse, check, contretemps, rub, comedown, backset[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(misfortune)}} disaster, calamity, catastrophe. fall, downfall, falling, ruination, ruinousness; undoing; extremity. {{has_extreme(adversity): ruin &c. (destruction) R162}}. {{has_metaphor}} losing game. V. suffer adversity, endure hardship, endure adversity, undergo hardship, suffer hardship, have problems. be in trouble, be ill off, be in a jam, be out of luck, be in a bad way, be in a pickle; go hard with. {{has_commencement}} fall on evil, fall on evil days; go on ill. {{has_low_level}} not prosper, not flourish. {{has_subtype(not prosper): fail, R732}}. {{caused_by}} go downhill, go to rack and ruin &c. (destruction) R162; go to the dogs; fall, fall from one's high estate; decay, sink, decline, go down in the world; have seen better days; bring down one's gray hairs with sorrow to the grave; come to grief; be all over, be up with; bring a wasp's nest about one's ears, bring a hornet's nest about one's ears. Adj. ill off, badly off, in adverse circumstances, improsperous[obs3], unprosperous. unfortunate, unlucky, luckless, hapless, unhappy, out of luck, hoodooed [U.S.], snakebit[coll], unblest[obs3]. in trouble, in a jam, in a pickle, in a bad way, in an evil plight, under a cloud, clouded. {{has_subtype(in adverse circumstances): poor &c. R804}}. behindhand, down in the world, decayed, undone; on the road to ruin, on its last legs, on the wane; in one's utmost need. planet-struck, devoted; born under an evil star, born with a wooden ladle in one's mouth; ill-fated, ill-starred, ill-omened. adverse, untoward; disastrous, calamitous, ruinous; dire, deplorable. <-- [[poverty, poor]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.3.1 POVERTY (R804) #804. Poverty. N. {{has_subtype(lack[obj=money, R800])}} poverty, indigence, penury, pauperism, destitution, want, need, neediness, financial distress, financial distress, impecuniosity, lack, privation, distress, necessity, difficulties. bad circumstances, poor circumstances, needy circumstances, embarrassed circumstances, reduced circumstances, straightened circumstances; slender means, narrow means; straits; hand to mouth existence, res angusta domi[obs3][Lat], low water. beggary; mendicancy, mendicity[obs3]; broken fortune, loss of fortune. {{has_extreme: @R808, insolvency, bankruptcy}}. empty pocket, empty purse; light purse; beggarly account of empty boxes. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(social class, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} lower class. {{has_metaphor}} wolf at the door. {{trait_of}} poor man, pauper, mendicant, beggar, starveling, pauvre diable[Fr], fakir[obs2], schnorrer[obs2], mumper[obs3]; homeless person. {{&causes: debt, R806}}. V. {{has_subtype(lack[obj=money, R800])}} be poor, be indigent, want, lack, be indigent, live from hand to mouth. have seen better days, go down in the world, come upon the parish; go to the dogs, go to wrack and ruin; not have a penny, not have a dime in one's pocket; not have a shot in one's locker; beg one's bread; tirer le diable par la queue[Fr]. {{&causes}} run into debt. not have money, have no money. {{&causes: starve, @R956}}. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] render poor, render indigent, impoverish, reduce, reduce to poverty, pauperize, bring to the parish. {{has_subtype(pauperize)}} fleece, ruin. Adj. poor, indigent, poverty-stricken, badly off, poorly off, ill off. impecunious, short of money, out of money, out of cash, short of cash; without a rap, not worth a rap; qui n'a pas le sou[Fr], out of pocket, hard up, unportioned[obs3], unmoneyed[obs3]; fleeced, stripped; bereft, bereaved; reduced. {{&has_consequence}} seedy, out at the elbows, down at the heels, out at the heels; beggarly, beggared; homeless; bare-footed. {{has_extreme}} penniless, destitute, fortuneless[obs3], dowerless[obs3], moneyless[obs3]. in want, in need, in poverty, in financial distress; needy, necessitous, distressed, pinched, strapped, strapped for cash, straitened, at the end of one's tether; put to one's shifts, put to one's last shifts; unable to keep the wolf from the door, unable to make both ends meet; embarrassed, financially embarrassed, under hatches. {{has_simile}} poor as a church mouse, poor as a rat, poor as a Job. {{&causes: in debt, @R806}}. {{has_extreme: @R808, insolvent, bankrupt}}. Adv. in forma pauperis[Lat]. Phr. zonam perdidit[Lat]; "a penniless lass wi' a lang pedigree" [Lady Nairne]; a pobreza no hay verguenza[Sp]; "he that is down can fall no lower" [Butler]; poca roba poco pensiero[It]; "steeped . . . in poverty to the very lips" [Othello]; "the short and simple annals of the poor" [Gray]. M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.3.2 MODERATE CIRCUMSTANCES (R736) #736. Moderate circumstances. N. {{has_low_level(adversity, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.3)}} {{has_subtype(average, R29)}} {{property_of(moderate, @R174)}} moderate circumstances, moderate living conditions, average circumstances; respectability; mediocre living conditions. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(social class, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} middle class. V. live respectably, live in moderate conditions, be reasonably well off, live moderately. jog on; go fairly, go quietly, go peaceably, go tolerably, go respectably, get on fairly, get on quietly, get on peaceably, get on tolerably, get on respectably. Adj. middle-class, respectable. <-- [[danger]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4 DANGER (R665) #665. Danger. N. {{antonym_of(safety, R664)}} {{has_subtype(possibility[of=harm[2], @R659a], A1.4.3)}} {{conceptual_part_of(uncertainty, M5.3.6)}} danger[1], peril, risk, hazard, potential for harm, insecurity, jeopardy, venture. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(valuable item, @R812a/animal, R366/person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{property_of(at risk)}} item in danger, item at risk. {{has_subtype}} imminent danger, imminent peril, immediate danger, immediate peril. {{&iprecedes(imminent danger): harm[2], @R659a}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(circumstance, @R183a)}} danger[2], dangerous situation, hazardous situation. <-- "danger" sometimes refers to a dangerous item --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{property_of(dangerous)}} dangerous object. {{&causes(dangerous object): harm[2], @R659a}}. {{has_subtype(danger[2])}} {{conceptual_part_of(negligence)}} "an accident waiting to happen". {{has_property}} dangerousness, hazardousness, perilousness, precariousness, slipperiness. {{has_metaphor(risk): threat, R909}}. {{&caused_by(danger): threat, R909}}. {{conceptual_part_of(risk)}} {{property_of(risky)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} risky action. {{has_high_level(risk)}} high risk. {{has_high_level(danger)}} {{has_subtype(possibility[of=serious harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2], A1.4.3)}} great danger. {{has_subtype(high risk)}} unjustifiable risk, unwarranted risk, inordinate risk. {{has_subtype(great danger)}} {{property_of(life-threatening)}} mortal danger. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=harm, R659a/loss[1], R776], R177)}} vulnerability, liability, exposure. {{property_of(vulnerability)}} vulnerable point. {{has_extreme(vulnerability)}} defenselessness. {{has_metaphor(vulnerable point)}} Achilles' heel, heel of Achilles. {{has_subtype(vulnerability)}} {{has_subtype(risk[of=monetary loss, @R776], R665)}} financial liability, exposure, financial exposure. {{has_subtype(financial liability)}} {{affects(corporate law)}} limited liabiity. {{property_of}} dangerous course, dangerous act, road to ruin, faciles descensus Averni [Lat][Vergil], hairbreadth escape. cause for alarm. {{has_extreme: hopelessness, R859}}. {{has_subtype(vulnerability): exposure &c. (liability) R177}}. {{&caused_by: leap in the dark &c. (rashness) R863}}. {{caused_by: source of danger &c. R667}}. {{&caused_by: instability &c. R149}}. {{has_metaphor(threat, R909)}} rock ahead, breakers ahead; storm brewing; clouds in the horizon, clouds gathering. {{topic_of: warning, R668; alarm, R669}}. {{topic_of: apprehension &c. R860}}. {{property_of(hazardous): explosive, P2.3.1.3.4.4.3}}. V. be in danger, be at risk, be in peril, be in jeopardy, be exposed to danger, run into danger, encounter danger, encounter a hazard. {{has_high_level(be in danger)}} be in mortal danger, be in danger of life and limb, be in danger of losing one's life. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] adventure, risk, put at risk, hazard, venture, stake, set at hazard, expose to risk, expose to danger; engage in a forlorn hope. {{caused_by(be in danger)}} {{causes(self, M1.1)}} take a risk, run a risk, lay oneself open to danger, incur danger, expose oneself to danger, go out on a limb, stick one's neck out. {{has_high_intensity(take a risk)}} take a big risk, take a great risk, take an excessive risk, go off the deep end[coll]. {{has_subtype(take an excessive risk)}} risk one's life, risk life and limb; risk everything. {{caused_by(be in danger)}} {{has_subtype(take a risk)}} lean on a broken reed, trust to a broken reed. {{co-occurs_with(be in danger)}} feel the ground sliding from under one, have to run for it; have the chances against one, have the odds against one, face long odds; be in deep trouble, be between a rock and a hard place. {{has_metaphor(be in danger)}} hang by a thread, totter, sleep on a volcano, stand on a volcano, sit on a barrel of gunpowder, live in a glass house. <-- &c. (liability) R177 --> {{caused_by}} bring in danger, place in danger, put in danger, place in jeopardy, put in jeopardy, put at risk, put into peril, endanger, expose to danger, imperil, put in harm's way, jeopard[obs3], jeopardize, compromise. {{has_metaphor(run a risk)}} sail too near the wind. {{&caused_by(be in danger): be rash, @R863}}. {{has_subtype(take a risk): run the gauntlet &c. (dare) R861}}. {{&caused_by(be in danger): threaten danger, R909}}. {{&caused_by(be in danger): @R545, lay a trap for}}. <-- run one hard; ?. --> Adj. {{antonym_of(safe, R664)}} {{has_property(danger[1]/dangerous object/danger[2])}} dangerous, hazardous, perilous, precarious, insecure, risky, parlous, fraught with danger, unsafe, periculous[obs1]. {{has_high_level(dangerous)}} life-threatening; potentially disastrous. {{has_low_level}} untrustworthy, slippery, slippy. {{has_metaphor(untrustworthy)}} built upon sand, on a sandy basis. {{has_low_level}} speculative, experimental, wildcat. {{has_consequence}} {{has_property(item at risk)}} endangered, in danger, imperiled, in jeopardy, in peril, threatened, at peril, at risk, at hazard. {{has_subtype(in danger)}} at stake, in question; critical, ticklish. {{consequence_of(endangered)}} {{has_consequence(put at risk)}} risked, hazarded, set at risk, put at risk[2]. {{&consequence_of(endangered)}} {{has_consequence(expose to risk)}} unshielded, unprotected, vulnerable, exposed, naked, expugnable[obs3]. {{has_subtype(vulnerable): liable, R177}}. {{has_extreme(vulnerable)}} defenseless, undefended, fenceless, guardless[obs3], harborless. {{&has_subtype(in danger)}} tottering; unstable, unsteady; shaky, top-heavy, tumbledown, ramshackle, crumbling, waterlogged; in a bad way. {{&has_subtype(in danger)}} reduced to the last extremity, at the last extremity; trembling in the balance, on the verge of extinction, nodding to its fall &c. (destruction) R162. helpless, guideless[obs3]. aux abois[Fr], at bay; on the wrong side of the wall, on a lee shore, on the rocks. {{has_metaphor(in danger)}} hanging by a thread, with a halter round one's neck; between the hammer and the anvil, between Scylla and Charybdis, between a rock and a hard place, between the devil and the deep blue sea, between two fires; on the edge of a precipice, on the brink of a precipice, on the verge of a precipice, on the edge of a volcano; in the lion's den, on slippery ground, under fire; not out of the wood. {{&caused_by(in danger)}} {{has_subtype(unprepared, R674)}} unwarned, unadmonished, unadvised. {{&caused_by(in danger): off one's guard &c. (inexpectant) R508}}. {{&caused_by(in danger): @R460, unwary}}. threatening &c. R909; ominous, ill-omened; alarming &c. (fear) R860; explosive. {{&caused_by(in danger): @R863, rash, incautious, adventurous}}. {{&caused_by(in danger): bold, R861}}. Phr. incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim[Lat]; nam tua res agitur paries dum proximus ardet[Lat]; "fools rush in where angels fear to tread". <-- hazard is generally a source of danger in some cases, it is related to deceiver (deliberate danger) [source of danger] was M7.1.2.1.2.2.2.R1 M7.1.2.1.2.2.2.R2 [[HAZARD]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.1 HAZARD (R667) #667. Hazard. N. {{property_of(dangerous, R665)}} {{property_of(obscurity, R526)}} hazard, pitfall, source of danger. {[in_frame(navigation)]} rocks, sunken rocks; reef, snags; breakers, shoals, shallows, bank, shelf, flat, lee shore, ironbound coast; rock ahead, breakers ahead. {{has_subtype(reef)}} {{consitutes(coral)}} coral reef. sands, quicksand, quicksands; syrt[obs1], syrtis[obs1], sandy foundation; slippery ground. {{has_subtype: precipice; maelstrom; volcano}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(intentional): @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.2, trap, snare}}. {{has_metaphor}} sword of Damocles; wolf at the door, snake in the grass, death in the pot. {{has_subtype(person)}} ugly customer, dangerous person, le chat qui dort[Fr]; firebrand, agitator. {{has_metaphor}} hornet's nest. {{has_instance(sands)}} Goodwin sands. Phr. latet anquis in herba [Lat][Vergil]; proximus ardet Ucalegon [Lat][Vergil]. <-- put this into physical objects? --> M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.2 TRAP N. {{property_of(dangerous, R665)}} {{used_in(deception, M7.3.5.R1.7)}} {{property_of(obscure, R526)}} {{property_of(concealed, R528)}} trap, snare. pitfall, gin; springe[obs3], springle[obs1]; noose, hoot; tub to the whale, guet-a-pens; net, meshes, toils, birdlime; dionaea[obs3]. {{&has_part(trap)}} trapdoor, sliding panel, false bottom; spring-net, spring net, spring gun, mask. masked battery; mine; green goods [U.S.]; panel house. {{uses(trap)}} bait; lure. {{&uses(trap)}} {{has_subtype(lure)}} decoy. {{has_subtype(decoy)}} decoy-duck. baited trap. {{has_subtype: cobweb, @P2.6.1.6.R1.2}}. {{has_subtype(plant, R367)}} Venus's flytrap[obs3]. {{function_of(capture[obj=mouse, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.5], @R789)}} mouse trap. {{function_of(capture[obj=fly], @R789)}} fly trap, flytrap. {{&uses: disguise, R530}}. {{&used_in(disguise, R530)}} ambush, ambuscade. V. entrap, intrap[obs3], ensnare; catch, catch in a trap. waylay; nick, springe[obs3]; trapan[obs3], trepan; kidnap; let in, hook in; nousle[obs3], nousel[obs3]; blind a trail; enmesh, immesh[obs3]; sniggle, entangle, illaqueate[obs3]. {{requires(entrap)}} set a trap, lay a trap, lay a snare for; bait the hook, forelay[obs3], spread the toils, lime. {{has_subtype(kidnap)}} {[in_frame(navigation)]} shanghai, impress. <-- Are these actually actions related to goals? or both actions and goals? Probably both. The headword, pursuit, is here the action of pursuing. As in Roget, it is to be interpreted broadly, as the action of obtaining any goal. As a subtype of goal, the pursuing is a goal; also, the object pursued is a goal. Is this right??? Perhaps the pursuit should only be a relation to a goal, i.e. The means or method to the end. [Purpose in action.] [[hunt]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.3 PURSUIT (R622) #622. Pursuit. N. {{has_subtype(following, R281)}} pursuit[1], quest, pursuance, pursuing, prosecution[osb2]. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(goal, R620)}} pursuit[2], thing pursued. {{has_subtype}} intellectual pursuit. {{has_patient(intellectual pursuit)}} {{has_subtype(thing pursued): knowledge, M3.1.1.2}}. {{has_subtype(intellectual pursuit)}} hobby, avocation, spare-time occupation, spare-time activity. {{has_subtype(intellectual pursuit): inquiry, R461}}. {{&has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(method, R692a)}} search, searching, seeking. {{has_patient(search)}} thing sought. {{has_property(thing sought): unknown location, @R183}}. {{has_patient(search): physical object, P2.3; knowledge, M3.1.1.2}}. {{has_subtype(search)}} {{patient_of(knowledge, M3.1.1.2): question, @M8.1.1.2}}. {{conceptual_part_of(search)}} {{has_subtype(pursuit[of=game animal, @P2.3.2.1.1])}} {{has_subtype(sport, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)}} hunt, hunting, venery, venation[obs2]. {{conceptual_part_of(search)}} {{has_subtype(pursuit[of=game animal, @R366/person, P2.3.2.3])}} tracking. {{has_case(tracking): @R551, trace, track, trail}}. {{has_conceptual_part(hunting)}} stalking. {{has_subtype(hunting)}} {{has_subtype(human activity, @R680)}} fishing; falconry, hawking. {{&exhibited_by(hunting): carnivore, P2.3.2.1.1.1.5.1; raptor, @P2.3.2.1.1.1.2}}. {{has_subtype(thing pursued)}} {[in_frame(hunting)]} game, game animal; prey. {{has_subtype(pursuit[of=beast, @R366])}} sport, sporting; pig-sticking; trapping; bull fighting. {{has_subtype(hunting)}} chase, battue[obs3], race, steeple chase; fox chase; the chase, fox hunting; coursing, shooting. {{has_subtype(fishing)}} angling; fly fishing; casting. {{performed_by(angling)}} angler. {{performed_by(fly fishing)}} fly fisherman. {{&has_conceptual_part}} scramble, hue and cry. {{&uses(hunting): @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1, ambush, still-hunt}}. {{&uses(hunting): camouflage, R530}}. {{has_subtype: enterprise &c. (undertaking) R676; business &c. R625; adventure &c. (essay) R675}}. {{performed_by}} pursuer. {{has_subtype(pursuer)}} {{performed_by(hunting)}} hunter, huntsman; shikari[Geogloc:India], sportsman, Nimrod; hound &c. R366. {{has_subtype(pursuer)}} {{performed_by(tracking)}} tracker. V. {{has_subtype(aim at, @R620)}} pursue, prosecute[obs2]. {[with_obj(animal[2], @R366/person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(follow, R281)}} follow, make after, be after, come after, hunt after, prowl after. {{has_subtype(follow[mode=persistently])}} follow around, trail. {{has_subtype(follow[mode=quickly])}} chase after, run after, give chase. <-- hunt is pursue with intent to capture or kill. We set these as exclusive options --> hunt. {{has_purpose_x(hunt): capture, @R789; kill, R361}}. {{has_subtype(hunt)}} {{has_subtype(chase)}} course. {{&has_conceptual_part}} search, seek, look for, searching, seeking, search for, seek after. {{has_subtype(seek[obj=knowledge]): inquire, R461}}. {{has_subtype(follow[obj=trace, @R551])}} track. {{has_case(track): trace, R461}}. {{has_subtype(follow around[mode=persistently])}} shadow, stalk, dog, hound, beset. tread on the heels, follow on the heels of. rush upon; ride full tilt at, run full tilt at; make a leap at, jump at, snatch at run down; start game. {{&has_conceptual_part(chase after): rush headlong, @R173}}. tread a path; take a course, hold- a course; shape one's steps, direct one's steps, bend one's steps, course; play a game; fight one's way, elbow one's way; follow up; take to, take up; go in for; ride one's hobby. <-- most of the following Roget-related words have only the goal as a common element --> {{&conceptual_part_of: carry on &c. (do) R680; engage in &c. (undertake) R676}}. {{has_subtype: endeavor &c. R675}}. {{has_subtype: @R765, court, request}}. {{has_subtype(search): experiment, R463}}. {{&has_conceptual_part(pursue): press on &c. (haste) R684}}. {{has_commencement(pursue): set about &c. (begin) R66}}. <-- run a race &c. (velocity) R274. --> Adj. pursuing. following; chasing. in pursuit, in full cry, in hot pursuit; on the trail, on the scent. {{has_subtype(pursuing): inquiring, @R461}}. Adv. in pursuit, after. in pursuance of &c. (intention) R620. Int. "tallyho!"; "yoicks!"; "soho!"[obs3]. <-- [[relinquish]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.4 RELINQUISHMENT (R624) #624. Relinquishment. N. {{antonym_of(acquisition, R775)}} {{has_subtype(discontinuance, @R142)}} relinquishment, giving up, abandonment. abnegation; renunciation, expropriation[obs2]. {[with_object(obligation/duty)]} dereliction. {{has_subtype(dereliction[ptnt=duty, R926]): dereliction of duty, R927}}. {[with_object(post, @M7.3.5.4.1.4): desertion, @R927]}. {{has_subtype(desertion)}} {{has_inverse(joining, @R712)}} {[in_frame(rivalry, M8.2.2.1.1.1)]} defection. {{has_conceptual_part(defection): joining[ptnt=rival], @R712}}. {{performed_by(defection): defector, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.63}}. {[of(human group)]} withdrawal, secession. {[of(place, R182): departure, R293]}. cave of Adullam[obs3]; nolle prosequi[Lat]. {{has_subtype: renunciation &c. (recantation) R607; abrogation &c. R756; resignation &c. (retirement) R757; desuetude &c. R614}}. {{has_subtype(relinquishment[obj=property, R780]): relinquishment, R782; transfer, R783}}. V. {{has_subtype(cease, R142)}} relinquish, give up. abandon, desert, abnegate, forsake, leave in the lurch; go back on; depart from, secede from, withdraw from; back out of; leave, take leave of, bid a long farewell. {{has_subtype(abandon)}} defect. {{has_subtype(not do, @R681)}} forego. {{has_subtype(relinquish[obj=position, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1/role, @M7.3.5.4.1/post, @M7.3.5.4.1/office, @M7.3.5.4.1/task, @M7.3.5.4.1]): resign, @R757}}. {{has_subtype(relinquish[obj=task, R625])}} give up, quit, break off, leave off, drop, drop out of, have done with, wash one's hands of, drop all idea of. {{has_subtype: renounce &c. (abjure) R607; disuse &c. R678; discard &c. R782}}. desist; hold one's hand, stay one's hand; quit one's hold; give over, shut up shop. {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} throw up the game, throw up the cards. {[in_frame(debate, @R476)]} give up the point, give up the argument. pass to the order of the day, move to the previous question. {{has_subtype(throw up the game)}} {{has_subtype(be defeated[mode=intentionally], R732)}} {{has_subtype(deceive, R545)}} take a dive. {{&follows}} {{has_subtype(notify, @R527)}} give notice to quit, give warning. {{has_result(defection)}} {{hperforms(defector, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.63): become[obj=opponent, R710]}}. <-- supersede. --> Adj. abandoned, deserted, relinquished, forsaken, left, given up. abandoning, deserting, relinquishing, forsaking. unpursued[obs3]. Int. "avast!" &c. (stop) R142. Phr. aufgeschoben ist nicht aufgehoben[Ger]; entbehre gern was du nicht hast[Ger]. <-- this section was CONTINGENT SUBSERVIENCE TO ENDS (R664 TO R679) 664. Safety 665. Danger 666. Refuge 667. Pitfall 670. Preservation 671. Escape 672. Deliverance Warning and Alarm ==> to communication --> <-- [[safety]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.6 GOALS RELATIVE TO CONTINGENCIES N. {{has_subtype(goal, M7.1.2.1.2)}} {{has_conceptual_part(contingency, @A1.4.3)}} goal relative to a contingency. M7.1.2.1.2.6.1 SAFETY (R664) #664. Safety. N. {{antonym_of(danger, R665)}} {{conceptual_part_of(avoidance[of=danger, R665], R623)}} safety, security, surety. {{!purpose_of}} {{&result_of}} guarding, protection, protecting, shielding. {{has_method(guarding)}} {{conceptual_part_of(travelling + watching)}} patrolling. {{has_method(guarding): @R457, watching, monitoring}}. {{&uses(guarding)}} {{has_subtype(dog)}} watchdog, guard dog. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(strength, R159)}} {{conceptual_part_of(strength, R327a)}} impregnability, invulnerability, invulnerableness. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(situation, @R183a)}} danger past, danger over; storm blown over; coast clear. {{purpose_of: escape &c. R671}}. {{uses(escape, R671)}} means of escape. {{function_of}} safeguard, palladium. {{has_subtype(safeguard)}} {{has_subtype(valve, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.3)}} blow valve, safety valve, release valve, sniffing valve. {{&result_of: @R673, precaution, watchfulness}}. {{&result_of: @R495, monitoring, watching}}. {[of(person)]} {{has_subtype(protection)}} {{has_job(guardian, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.66)}} guardianship, wardship, wardenship; tutelage; auspices. {{purpose_of}} safe-conduct. {{purpose_of: escort, @R753}}. {{purpose_of: convoy, @R717}}. {{purpose_of: preservation &c. R670}}. {{has_subtype(protection)}} custody, safekeeping, keep, care, charge, ward. {{function_of: guard, shield &c. (defense) R717}}. {{function_of}} {{property_of(mythical)}} guardian angel; tutelary god, tutelary deity, tutelary saint; genius loci. {{function_of(protect[ptnt=person]): safety device, P2.3.1.3.18.4}}. {{performed_by(guarding): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.66, protector, guardian, warden, warder, preserver}}. {{performed_by(guarding): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.66, custodian, duenna[Sp], chaperon, third person}}. {{&caused_by: @R666, refuge, anchor}}. {{purpose_of: precaution &c. (preparation) R673}}. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(electronic device, P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} {{has_subtype(television camera, @P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} monitor, guard camera. {{purpose_of}} quarantine, cordon sanitaire[Fr]. {{mcauses: confidence &c. R858}}. V. be safe, be secure. keep one's head above water, tide over, save one's bacon; ride out the storm, weather the storm; light upon one's feet, land on one's feet; bear a charmed life. {{purpose_of: escape &c. R671}}. {{caused_by}} make safe, render safe. <-- the general "protect" is here; at R717, protect against antagonists --> {{has_subtype(make safe)}} {{has_subtype(take care of, @R459)}} protect, guard, shield. {{has_subtype(protect): @R717, defend, protect, guard, shield}}. {{purpose_of: preserve &c. R670}}. {{has_subtype(make safe): secure &c. (restrain) R751; entrench, intrench[obs3], fence round &c. (circumscribe) R229}}. house, nestle, ensconce; take charge of. watch, monitor, mount guard, patrol. {{caused_by: make assurance doubly sure &c. (caution) R864}}. {{purpose_of: take precautions, @R673}}. seek safety; take shelter, find shelter &c. R666. {{purpose_of}} {{has_subtype(take precautions, @R673)}} double reef topsails; take up a loose thread. <-- safe[1] is the condition of being safe. safe[2] is the antonym of dangerous --> Adj. {{antonym_of(in danger, @R665)}} safe[1], secure, sure. protected, guarded, shielded; made secure, secured. in safety, in security; on the safe side; under the shield of, under the shade of, under the wing of, under the shadow of one's wing; under cover, under lock and key; out of danger, out of the woods, out of the meshes, out of harm's way; unharmed, unscathed; on sure ground, at anchor, high and dry, above water; unthreatened[obs3], unmolested; cavendo tutus[Lat]. {{has_subtype(protected): defended, R717}}. alert, watchful. snug, seaworthy; weatherproof, waterproof; fireproof, non-flammable. {{facilitated_by(defend)}} defensible, tenable. proof against, invulnerable; unassailable, unattackable, impenetrable; impregnable, imperdible[obs1]; inexpugnable; Achillean[obs3]. safe and sound &c. (preserved) R670; scathless[obs3] &c. (perfect) R650; unhazarded[obs3]. {{&result_of(safe[1])}} {{antonym_of(dangerous, R665)}} harmless, unthreatening, safe[2], not dangerous. {{has_subtype(harmless)}} {[of(person): friendly (cooperative) R709; trustworthy &c. R939]}. protective, protecting. {{has_subtype(protective): preservative, R670}}. guardian, tutelary. Adv. ex abundanti cautela[Lat]; with impunity. Phr. all's well; salva res est[Lat]; suave mari magno[Lat]; a couvert[Fr]; e terra alterius spectare laborem [Lat][Lucretius]; Dieu vous garde[Fr]. <-- This is a heterogeneous collection of things used for safety or protection. There is ittle structure, and no other common theme. Make this "means of safety" and break it into "refuge" and "protector" [Means of safety.] [[refuge]] --> M7.1.2.1.2.6.1.R1 REFUGE (R666) #666. Refuge. N. {{function_of(safety, R664)}} {{function_of(protection[from=hazard, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.1], @R664)}} {{function_of(prevention[of=harm, R659a], R706)}} refuge. last resort; ward. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(location, R183)}} asylum, place of asylum, sanctuary, retreat; shelter, covert. shield. {{has_subtype(shield): shield, @R717}}. {{has_subtype(sanctuary): @R717, fort, fastness, keep, acropolis}}. {{has_subtype: hiding place, @R530}}. {{has_subtype: @R893, privacy, seclusion}}. screen, cover. buttress, abutment; shore &c. (support) R215. bassinet. cowcatcher; corner stone; thimble; chest protector. lee wall, wing; dashboard, dasher [U.S.]. {{has_subtype: barrier, @R706}}. {{function_of(protection[from=rain, P2.7.2.1.2]): @R242, umbrella}}. {{has_subtype(umbrella)}} {{function_of(protection[from=sunburn, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1]): @R242, beach umbrella}}. {{function_of(protection[from=sunburn, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1])}} {{has_subtype(topical medication, @P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(screen)}} sunscreen, sun block, suntan lotion. {{has_subtype(institution)}} home, refuge for the destitute, poorhouse, almshouse[obs3]. {{has_subtype(sanctuary[from=flood])}} {[in_frame(bible)]} ark. {{uses: wall &c. (inclosure) R232}}. {{function_of(protect[obj=boat]): @R266, anchorage, port, harbor, breakwater, mole}}. {{has_subtype: support &c. R215}}. jury mast; vent-peg; safety valve, blow-off valve; safety lamp. {{function_of}} {{has_part(vehicle)}} safety belt, airbag, seat belt; antilock brakes, antiskid tires, snow tires. {{function_of(protection[from=lightning])}} lightning rod, lightning conductor. plank, steppingstone; emergency landing. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.18.4, means of escape, safety device}}. prison &c. R752. V. seek refuge, take refuge, find refuge &c. n.; seek safety, find safety &c. R664; throw oneself into the arms of; break for taller timber [U. S.]. grant refuge, grant asylum. create a diversion. Phr. any port in a storm; bibere venenum in auro[Lat]; valet anchora virtus[obs3]. M7.1.2.1.2.6.2 PRESERVATION (R670) #670. Preservation. N. {{has_purpose(storage, @R636)}} {{has_subtype(avoidance[obj=damage[1], R659a/loss, R776])}} preservation, safe-keeping, maintenance, upkeep. {{entails: persistence, R141}}. {{antonym_of: damage[1], R659a; loss, R776}}. <-- sustenance seems to require a regular expenditure of maintenance, especially for objects (such as living things) whose survival requires consumption of resources. "support" seems to have some of both meanings. --> {{required_for(consumption, @R677)}} support, sustenance, sustentation, sustention[obs3], susteritation[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(consumption, @R677)}} conservation. {{conceptual_part_of: frugality, R817}}. {{has_purpose: prevent[obj=loss, R776/damage[1], @A7.4.R1.1], R706}}. conservatism; vis conservatrix[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(prevent[obj=uncleanness, R653], R706)}} keeping clean. {{has_method(keeping clean): wrapping, @R225; covering[2], @R223}}. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(additive, R39)}} preserver, preservative; hygiastics[obs3], hygiantics[obs3]; cover, drugget[obs3]. {{purpose_of}} cordon sanitaire[Fr]. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(storage[of=food, R298])}} {{has_subtype(insertion[into=container, P2.3.1.3.9], R300)}} canning; ensilage. {{has_subtype(canning)}} {{has_subtype(insertion[into=can, @R191], R300): canning}}. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(insertion[into=bottle, @R191], R300)}} bottling. {{has_patient(canning)}} {{has_subtype(food)}} {{property_of(preserved)}} tinned goods, canned goods, canned food. {{has_subtype(canned goods)}} canned vegetable; canned meat; canned fish. {{has_subtype(preserver)}} {{function_of(preserve[obj=animal[1], R366] [from=illness]): medication, P2.3.1.3.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(preserver)}} {{has_subtype(medication, P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} {{function_of(preserve[obj=animal[1], R366][from=infection]): antibiotic, antifungal[Med]}}. {{function_of(preserv[obj=food]): food preservative, @P2.3.1.3.2.18}}. {{has_subtype(preservative)}} {{has_subtype(additive, @P2.3.1.3.4)}} {{function_of(kill[obj=microbe])}} biocide. {{has_subtype(preserver)}}{{function_of(protect[obj=person] [from=harm]): @R993, talisman, charm}}. {{result_of: salvation &c. (deliverance) R672}}. V. {{has_purpose(store, R636)}} {{has_subtype(make safe, @R664)}} {{conceptual_part_of(care, R459)}} preserve, maintain, keep, hold, take care of. sustain, support. {{has_result(maintain)}} be maintained, be preserved, be kept. <-- to survive it sometimes requires maintenance, and maintenance sometimes is the cause of survival, but maintenance always helps survival --> {{&causes(maintain)}} {{&required_for(maintain)}} {{helps(maintain): @R141, persist, survive}}. keep up, keep alive; not willingly let die; bank up; nurse; save, rescue; be safe. {{purpose_of: guard &c. (defend) R717}}. {{used_in(cold)}} {{function_of(refrigerator, R387): @R385, refrigerate, keep on ice}}. {{has_subtype(refrigerate, @R385)}} freeze, quick-freeze, deep-freeze. stare super antiquas vias [Lat][obs3][Bacon]; hold one's own; hold one's ground, stand one's ground &c. (resist) R719. {[with_obj(food)]} {{purpose_of}} cure, salt; pickle, season, kyanize[obs1], bottle, pot, tin, can; sterilize, pasteurize, radiate. {{&purpose_of: @R340, dry, dessicate, lyophilize[Chem], freeze-dry}}. {{&purpose_of: concentrate, evaporate}}. {[with_obj(corpse): @R363, embalm]}. {[with_obj(corpse)]} {{has_subtype(dry): @R363, mummify}}. Adj. preserving, keeping, holding. preservative, conservative, preservatory[obs3]. {[in_frame(health)]} hygienic. preserved, kept, held. unimpaired, unbroken, uninjured, unhurt, unsinged[obs3], unmarred; safe, safe and sound; intact, with a whole skin. Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat][obs3]. M7.1.2.1.2.6.3 ESCAPE (R671) #671. Escape. N. {{has_subtype(avoidance[obj=harm, R659a], R623)}} escape, scape. {{purpose_of}} {{has_subtype(traveling, R266)}} flight, fleeing, running away, avolation[obs1]. {{has_purpose: safety, R664}}. {{has_case(flight)}} {{has_subtype(destination, @R292): refuge &c. R666}}. narrow escape, hairbreadth escape; close call; come off, impunity. <-- this "retreat" can be from any danger. The "retreat" at R725 is for retreat after competition, usually battle. --> {{purpose_of}} retreat. {{has_subtype(retreat): retreat, @R725}}. {{has_subtype(escape[from=parents])}} {{purpose_of(get married)}} elopement. {{&uses: loophole &c. (opening) R260; path &c. R627}}. {[of(gas)]} {{&uses}} vent, vent peg; safety valve. drawbridge. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(egress, R295): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, fire escape, emergency exit}}. {{has_result: reprieve &c. (deliverance) R672; liberation &c. R750}}. {{performed_by: refugee &c. (fugitive) R623}}. V. {{has_subtype(avoid, R623)}} escape, scape; make one's escape, effect one's escape, make good one's escape. {{has_purpose: be safe, R664}}. escape scot-free. flee, abscond; break away, slip away, get away. break free, give one the slip; slip through the hands, slip through the fingers; slip the collar, wriggle out of prison, break out, break loose, break loose from prison; find vent, find a hole to creep out of. break jail; get off, get clear off, get well out of; echapper belle[Fr], save one's bacon, save one's skin. march off &c. (go away) R293. {{&purpose_of: @R449, disappear, vanish}}. Adj. escaping. escaped. fled, stolen away, slipped away, absconded. Phr. the bird has flown the coop. <-- deliverance is escape with the help of another person --> M7.1.2.1.2.6.3.1 RESCUE (R672) #672. Rescue. N. {{has_subtype(escape)}} rescue, deliverance, extrication, salvation. reprieve, reprieval[obs3]; respite; emancipation; redemption; riddance; gaol delivery. {{has_subtype: liberation &c. R750}}. {{requires}} salvageability, redeemability, redeemableness[obs3]. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(benefactor, R912)}} rescuer, deliverer, savior; salvager; redeemer. {{performed_by(liberation, R750)}} liberator. V. deliver, extricate, rescue, save. emancipate, redeem, ransom; bring off, bring through; tirer d'affaire[Fr], get the wheel out of the rut, snatch from the jaws of death, come to the rescue; rid; retrieve &c. (restore) R660; be rid of, get rid of. Adj. saved, rescued, delivered, extricated. extricable, redeemable, rescuable, salvageable. Int. "to the rescue!". <-- This is a type of motive. Note that "unpremeditated" has its primary sense here, and this must therefore be one of the primitives [[impulse]] M7.3.1.2 --> M7.1.2.1.3 IMPULSE (R612) #612. Impulse. N. {{has_subtype(motive, M7.1.2.1)}} {{property_of(spontaneous, @R674 + sudden, @R113)}} impulse, sudden thought, inspiration, flash, spurt. {{has_property: @R600, spontaneous, voluntary}}. {{antonym_of: forethought, R611}}. spontaneity, spontaneousness, extemporaneousness. impromptu, improvisation, ad-lib. {{performed_by}} creature of impulse, improvisatore[obs3]. {{has_subtype(improvisation): @R147, makeshift, jury-rigging}}. {{has_subtype(impulse)}} {{has_subtype(purchase, R795)}} impulse purchase, impulse buying. {{has_subtype: @R452, instinct, reflex}}. V. flash on the mind. {{&mcauses}} blurt out, say what comes uppermost; improvise, extemporize, ad-lib. Adj. {{has_property(impulse)}} extemporaneous, spontaneous, impulsive, impromptu, indeliberate[obs3]. improvised, unpremeditated, unplanned, unmeditated, spur-of-the-moment, off-the-cuff, improvisate[obs3], improvisatory[obs3], improvise; unrehearsed, unprompted, ad-lib, unguided; natural, unguarded. automatic, mechanical. {{has_subtype: @R452, instinctive, reflexive}}. snap. {{antonym_of: premeditated, R611}}. Adv. impulsively, on impulse, extempore, extemporaneously; offhand, impromptu, ad lib, a limproviste[Fr]; improviso[obs3]; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion. M7.1.2.2 ABSENCE OF MOTIVE (R621, R615A) #615a. Absence of Motive. N. absence of motive, aimlessness. {{has_subtype: caprice &c. R608}}. {{has_conceptual_part: chance, R621}}. V. have no motive; scruple &c. (be unwilling) R603. Adj. aimless, capricious, whimsical, without rhyme or reason. {{has_conceptual_part: @R621, chance, random}}. Adv. out of mere caprice. <-- [[chance2]] [[gambling]] [[unintentional]] [Absence of purpose in human actions] Chance, entry 2. This "chance" is more related to chance as affecting human events (lack of intention, unintentional), whereas the "chance" at R156 is statistical probability, a more mathematical concept. There is a lot of overlap. ##?? The "lack of intention" needs to be broken out as a separate concept from "chance", since there is in fact a causal relationship in accidents resulting from negligence, even if there is no intention to cause the result. Should be "Inadvertence" --> <-- This is not be the proper place for gambling, but where else would it go??? Under entertainment? complex human actions? --> M7.1.2.2.1 CHANCE (R621) #621. Chance. N. {{conceptual_part_of(chance, R156)}} absence of purpose, purposelessness, lack of intention, chance, foruitousness. {{affects: @R601, lot, fate}}. {{affected_by}} luck. {{has_subtype(luck): good luck, M7.1.2.1.2.1.3.R1; bad luck, @R735}}. {{has_conceptual_part: uncertainty, R475; coincidence, @R120}}. {{conceptual_part_of(uncertainty)}} uncertainty principle, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. {{conceptual_part_of}} stake, game of chance; mere shot, random shot; blind bargain, leap in the dark; fluke, potluck; faro bank; flyer[coll]. {{conceptual_part_of: @R675, speculation, venture}}. {{has_subtype(human activity)}} {{property_of(chance)}} {{conceptual_part_of(chance, R156)}} {{conceptual_part_of(probability, R472)}} {{conceptual_part_of(risk, R665)}} gambling, wagering, betting. {{has_subtype(gambling)}} {{required_for(survival[of=winner], @R40)}} tontine. {{has_result(gambling)}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} gamble. {{&has_result(gambling): winning, @R775}}. {{has_subtype(gambling)}} lottery. {{has_patient(gambling)}} {{constitutes(money, R800)}} {{has_subtype(item at risk, @R665)}} wager, bet. {{part_of(bet)}} stake, stakes. {{causes(winning, @R775): acquire[ptnt=stakes/winnings, @R775], R775}}. {{constitutes(stakes): winnings, @R775}}. {{has_subtype(stakes): pot, @R775}}. {{purpose_of(gambling)}} {{has_subtype(game)}} gambling game. {{occurs_in(betting): @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1, racing, horse racing, the track, the racetrack, the turf, the horses, the ponies[coll], the horse races}}. {{has_subtype(gambling game)}} drawing lots; sortilegy[obs3], sortition[obs1]; sortes[obs3], sortes Virgilianae[obs3]; hazard; ante, chuck-a-luck, crack-loo [obs3][U.S.]. {{has_subtype(gambling game)}} craps, dice; faro; roulette. {{has_subtype(gambling game): blackjack, twenty-one}}. {{has_subtype(gambling game)}} pitch and toss; chuck; farthing; cup tossing, heads or tails cross and pile, poker-dice. {{has_location(gambling)}} gaming house, gambling house, betting house; bucket shop; gambling joint. totalizator, totalizer; hell. {{has_subtype(gaming house)}} casino. rouge et noir[Fr]. {{uses(roulette)}} roulette wheel. {{uses(craps)}} dice, dice box. {{performed_by(gambling)}} gambler, gamester; adventurer; dicer[obs2]. {{has_subtype(gambler)}} {{performed_by(win)}} winner. {{has_subtype(gambler)}} {{performed_by(lose)}} loser. {{has_subtype(gambler)}} high roller; man of the turf. {{&member_of(gambler)}} betting ring. {{has_subtype(gambler)}} the house. {{owns(the house): gaming house; casino}}. {{has_member(betting ring)}} runner, numbers runner. {{&has_result(gambling)}} {{has_subtype(succeed, R731)}} win. {{&has_result(gambling)}} {{has_subtype(fail, R732)}} lose. <-- limit. ?? --> V. do things without purpose, do things unintentionally. leave things to chance, trust to chance, leave to the chapter of accidents, trust to the chapter of accidents. {{has_conceptual_part(trust to chance): @R470, stand a chance, be possible}}. toss up; cast lots, draw lots; tempt fortune. {{has_subtype(trust to chance)}} {{has_subtype(attempt, R675)}} chance it, take one's chance, take a shot at it; run the risk, run the chance, incur the risk, incur the chance, encounter the risk, encounter the chance; stand the hazard of the die. {{has_subtype(trust to chance)}} {{has_subtype(attempt, R675)}} speculate, try one's luck, set on a cast, raffle, put into a lottery, buy a pig in a poke, shuffle the cards. {{conceptual_part_of(trust to chance)}} {{has_subtype(take a risk, @R665)}} gamble, game; make a bet, wager, bet, play for. {[in_frame(gambling)]} {{has_subtype(succeed, R731)}} {{has_method(get[obj=money], R775)}} win. {[in_frame(gambling)]} {{has_subtype(fail, R732)}} {{has_method(lose[obj=money], R776)}} lose. {{has_conceptual_part(gamble)}} ante; lay, lay a wager; play at chuck farthing. {{has_subtype(trust to chance)}} {{has_subtype(attempt, R675)}} risk, venture, hazard, stake. {{has_subtype(gamble[on=horse race])}} play the horses, bet at the track, play the ponies[coll]. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(random, @R156)}} {{conceptual_part_of(possible, R470)}} unintentional, unwitting, fortuitous, unintended, not meant, inadvertent, unplanned, without purpose, undesigned, unpurposed, unwilled; purposeless, aimless, driftless[obs3], designless[obs3]. accidental; unforeseen, uncontemplated, never thought of. {{conceptual_part_of(unintentional): unpremeditated &c. R612}}. random, indiscriminate, promiscuous; undirected. unforeseeable, unpredictable, chancy, risky, speculative, dicey. Adv. unintentionally, unwittingly, unthinkingly, inadvertently, casually. fortuitously, randomly, by chance, aimlessly. unpredictably, unforeseeably. incidentally, en passant[Fr], by the way; as it may happen; at random, at a venture, at haphazard. Phr. acierta errando[Lat]; dextro tempore[Lat]; "fearful concatenation of circumstances" [D. Webster]; "fortuitous combination of circumstances" [Dickens]; le jeu est le fils d'avarice et le pere du desespoir[Fr]; "the happy combination of fortuitous circumstances" [Scott]; "the fortuitous or casual concourse of atoms" [Bentley]; "God does not play dice with the universe" [A. Einstein]. <-- note: we moved M7.1.2.1.3, external influences on volition, (persuasion, dissuasion, compulsion) to M8 Mind-mind inteactions, but the general concept of enticement, attraction, which may have more internal character, and may not involve another mind, remains here. M8.2.2.1 MENTAL INTERACTIONS WITHIN A GROUP --> <-- the headword is the action of luring --> M7.1.3 ENTICEMENT (R616B) #616b. Enticement. N. {{has_subtype(influence, R175)}} enticement, inducement[1], attraction, temptation, agacerie[obs3], allurement, beguilement, captivation, luring, enticing. {{uses}} {{property_of(attractive)}} lure, blandishment, inducement[2]. {{has_subtype(lure)}} {[in_frame(law, R963)]} {{property_of(dangerous, R665)}} attractive nuisance. fascination; allectation[obs1], allective[obs1]. witchery, bewitchment, bewitchery; charm; spell &c. R993. {{has_metaphor(lure)}} magnet, loadstone. {{has_metaphor(attraction)}} magnetism, magnetic force. {{has_property}} attractiveness, allure. influence, pull[coll]; prompting, dictate, instance. {{used_in: persuasion, M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1}}. incentive, stimulus, spur, goad, incitement, ankus[obs3], provocation, whet, fillip, whip, dram. {{has_subtype(spur)}} rowel. {{has_subtype: @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.2, lure, bait, decoy, decoy duck}}. trail of a red herring. V. induce, attract, move, draw, lure, draw on, entice, allure, captivate, beguile; bring in its train. spur, goad, impel, stimulate, incite, inspire, give an impulse to. tempt, seduce, fascinate, bewitch, carry away, charm, conciliate, wheedle, coax, lure; inveigle; tantalize; cajole &c. (deceive) R545. Adj. enticing, attracting, attractive, luring, inviting, tempting, alluring, drawing. fascinating, stimulating, bewitching, beguiling, captivating. {{&mcaused_by: pleasing, R829; provocative &c. (exciting) R824}}. seductive. induced; attracted, tempted, invited; disposed. persuaded, seduced. M7.2 PLANNING FOR ACTION (R625 TO R679) N. {{follows(action, R680)}} {{requires(action, R680)}} planning for action, thinking about acting. <-- 3. Precursory Measures The implied case of preparation is an "action prepared for" -- this might be thought of as a situation prepared for, but we are always preparing for an action, dependent upon a situation. So this case is a type of action. [[preparation]] --> M7.2.1 PREPARATION FOR ACTION #673. Preparation. N. {{antonym_of(non-preparation, R674)}} {{has_subtype(care, M2.1.2.1)}} {{follows(action, R680)}} preparation, preparing, readying, preparation for action, laying the groundwork. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} action prepared for. {{requires: resources, R632}}. groundwork, spadework. {{has_metaphor(preparation[for=harvesting, @M7.3.5.4.1])}} sowing, seeding. providing, provision, providence. prearrangement, preconcertation[obs3], preconcertion[obs3]. {{has_case(prearrangement)}} {{has_subtype(agreement, @R762)}} arrangement. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{similar_to(action prepared for)}} rehearsal, practise, trial run, dry run, trial, note of preparation. {{has_subtype(rehearsal)}} {[in_frame(drama, R599)]} dress rehearsal, full-dress rehearsal. first stone, cradle. {{requires: willingness, R602}}. {{requires: forecast &c. (plan) R626}}. {{mcaused_by: anticipation, foresight, R510}}. {{&has_conceptual_part: arrangement &c. R60}}. {{has_subtype(preparation): obtaining[obj=permission, R760/consent, R762]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{result_of(safety, R664)}} {{used_in(foresight, R510)}} {{prevented_by(harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2)}} precaution, watchfulness; protection. {[of_obj(measuring device)]} {{has_subtype(adjustment, R23)}} calibration, tuning. {{uses(calibration)}} {{has_subtype(prototype, @R22)}} standard. equipping, equippage, outfitting. {{has_patient(equipping)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} equipment, outfit, accouterment, armament, array. ripening, maturing, seasoning, nurturing, maturation. evolution, elaboration, elaborating. concoction, digestion. {{has_subtype(preparation[for=birth, @R163])}} {{has_subtype(growth, @R161)}} gestation, hatching, incubation, sitting. {[in_frame(learning, R539): @R539, homework, cramming, studying]}. {[in_frame(construction, @R161): @P2.3.1.3.10.1, foundation, scaffold, scaffolding, echafaudage[Fr]]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): training &c. (education) R537; inurement &c. (habit) R613]}. {{has_subtype(training): novitiate, @R539}}. {[of(food): @P2.8.7, cooking, cookery, culinary art; baking, frying, broiling, boiling, roasting]}. {{has_subtype(preparation[of=soil][for=planting, @R371])}} tilling, plowing. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} preparedness, readiness; ripeness, mellowness, maturity; un impromptu fait a loisir[Fr]. {{performed_by}} preparer. {{has_subtype(preparation[for=singing, @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1])}} {{has_subtype(clearing[obj=throat, @R1002], @R652a)}} clearing one's throat. <-- transitive and intransitive variants are not separated --> V. {{conceptual_part_of(plan, R626)}} {{follows(act, R680)}} {{conceptual_part_of(anticipate, @R510)}} {{conceptual_part_of(expect, R507)}} prepare; get ready, make ready; make preparations, settle preliminaries, get up, sound the note of preparation. set in order, put in order; prepare the ground, plow the ground, dress the ground; till the soil, cultivate the soil. arrange. prearrange, preconcert. lay the foundations, predispose, sow the seed, lay a train, dig a mine; lay the groundwork, fix the groundwork, lay the basis, fix the basis, fix the foundations; dig the foundations, erect the scaffolding. {{precedes: begin[obj=action, R680], R66}}. {{has_subtype(prepare[obj=measuring device])}} calibrate, tune, standardize. roughhew; cut out work; block out, hammer out; lick into shape. elaborate, mature, ripen, mellow, season, bring to maturity; hatch, cook, brew; temper, anneal, smelt; barbecue; infumate[obs1]; maturate. {{has_subtype: nurture &c. (aid) R707}}. equip, arm, man, outfit; fit-out, fit up; furnish, rig, dress, garnish, betrim[obs3], accouter, array, fettle, fledge; pack; dress up, furbish up, brush up, vamp up; refurbish. {[with_obj(tool, R633)]} sharpen one's tools, trim one's foils, set, prime, attune; whet the knife, whet the sword; put in trim, put in train, put in gear, put in working order, put in tune, put in a groove for, put in harness. wind up, screw up. {[with_obj(tool, R633): adjust &c. (fit) R27]}. {[with_obj(person): train &c. (teach) R537; inure &c. (habituate) R613; learn, R539]}. breed; prepare for, get ready for, make preparations for; rehearse; make provision for; take steps, take measures; provide, provide against; beat up for recruits. set one's house in order, make all snug; clear the decks, clear for action; close one's ranks; shuffle the cards. prepare oneself; lay oneself out for, get into harness, gird up one's loins, buckle on one's armor, reculer pour mieux sauter[Fr], prime and load, shoulder arms, get the steam up, put the horses to. guard against, make sure against, take precautions; forearm, make sure, prepare for the evil day, have a rod in pickle, provide against a rainy day, feather one's nest; lay in provisions &c. R637; make investments; keep on foot. be prepared, be ready, hold oneself in readiness, keep one's powder dry. principiis obstare[Lat]; veniente occurrere morbo[Lat]. {{has_subtype: facilitate, R705}}. {{has_subtype(prepare[for=singing, @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1])}} {{has_subtype(clear[2][obj=throat, @R1002], @R652a)}} clear one's throat. Adj. prepared, readied, in readiness, ready; ready to one's band, ready made, ready cut and dried; made to one's hand, handy, on the table; in gear; in working order, in working gear; snug; in practice. {{property_of(preparation)}} {{has_subtype(preliminary, @R62)}} preparative, preparatory, preliminary. preparing, readying. forthcoming, in preparation, in course of preparation, coming, on the way, near at hand, around the corner, available soon, in agitation, in embryo, in hand, in train; afoot, afloat, on foot, on the stocks, on the anvil; brewing, brooding; in store for, in reserve. {{has_subtype(prepared)}} refined, polished. under consideration &c. (plan) R626. precautionary, provident; provisional, inchoate, under revision. ripe, mature, mellow; pukka[obs3]; labored, elaborate, highly-wrought, smelling of the lamp, worked up. {{has_result(practise)}} {{has_subtype(ready): practiced, @R698}}. in full feather, in best bib and tucker; in harness, at harness; in the saddle. {[in_frame(battle, @R722)]} in arms, in battle array, in war paint; up in arms; armed at all points, armed to the teeth, armed cap a pie; sword in hand; booted and spurred. in utrumque paratus[Lat], semper paratus[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of(ready): @R459, on the alert, vigilant, at one's post}}. Adv. preparatively, in preparation, in anticipation of; against, for; abroach[obs3]. Phr. a bove majori discit arare minor[Lat]; "looking before and after " [Hamlet], si vis pacem para bellum[Lat]; "be prepared" [Boy Scouts of America, Motto]. M7.2.1.1 UNPREPAREDNESS (R674) #674. Unpreparedness. N. {{antonym_of(preparedness, @R673)}} {{has_low_level(preparation)}} unpreparedness, unreadiness, non-preparation, absence of preparation, want of preparation, ill-preparedness, inculture[obs1], inconcoction[obs1]. improvidence. immaturity, unripeness; crudity, roughness, rawness. {{&causes: @R730, abortion, premature termination}}. {{&causes}} disqualification. {{property_of: nature, P2.1.2.R1}}. {{property_of: @P2.1.2.R1, nature, state of nature, virgin soil}}. {{&caused_by: neglect &c. R460}}. {{property_of: rough copy &c. (plan) R626; raw material &c. R635}}. {{&mcauses: improvisation &c. (impulse) R612}}. {{trait_of}} {{has_instance(King)}} Ethelred the Unready. V. be unprepared, be unready, be ill-prepared, want preparation, lack preparation. lie fallow; s'embarquer sans biscuits[Fr]; live from hand to mouth. {{&caused_by: @R645, dismantle, dismantle, dismast, dismount, disqualify, disable, unrig, disengage, put out of gear, render useless, render inoperative}}. {{&caused_by: undress &c. R226}}. {{&mcauses}} extemporize, improvise, ad lib, wing it[coll.]. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(incomplete, R53)}} unprepared, unready; ill-prepared, without preparation. immature, unripe, kachcha[obs3], green. crude, raw, rough. {{has_subtype(crude)}} unpolished, coarse, rough cast, rough hewn, unformed, unwrought, unblown, uncooked, unboiled, unconcocted, unhewn[obs3], unlabored[obs3], unfashioned[obs3]. {{antonym_of(crude): refined}}. rudimental, rudimentary, embryonic; abortive. unhatched, unfledged, unnurtured[obs3], unlicked[obs3], untaught, uneducated, uncultivated, untrained, untutored, undrilled, unexercised; deckle-edged[obs3]; precocious, premature; undigested, indigested[obs3]; unmellowed[obs3], unseasoned, unleavened. unrehearsed, unplanned, unscripted, extemporaneous, improvised, spontaneous, ad lib, ad libitem [Latin]. {{has_subtype(unplanned): @R612, impulsive, unpremeditated}}. {[of(arable land, @R342): @R371, fallow; unsown, untilled]}. undressed; in dishabille, en deshabille[Fr]. {{has_subtype: @P2.1.2.R1, natural, in a state of nature}}. unqualified, disqualified; unfitted; ill-digested; unbegun, unarranged[obs3], unorganized, unfurnished, unprovided, unequipped, untrimmed; out of gear, out of order; dismantled &c. v.. {[of(person)]} shiftless, improvident, unthrifty, thriftless, thoughtless, unguarded; happy-go-lucky. {{&mcauses: caught napping &c. (inexpectant) R508}}. {{&mcauses: unpremeditated &c. R612}}. Adv. without preparation. crudely, roughly, coarsely. {{&mcauses: @R612, impulsively, extempore, extemporaneously, ad lib}}. in the rough. <-- [[forethought]] M7.3.1.1--> M7.2.1.2 PREMEDITATION #611. Premeditation. N. premeditation, forethought, predeliberation[obs3], presurmise[obs3]. resolve, propendency[obs1]. {{required_for}} predetermination, predestination, preordination. {{mcauses: @R511, prediction, forecast}}. {{required_for: @R626, plan, project}}. {{conceptual_part_of: intention &c. R620}}. {{mcauses(predetermination)}} foregone conclusion, fait accompli[Fr]; parti pris[Fr]. {[in_frame(mysticism, R992)]} {{causes: @R601, fate, foredoom, necessity}}. V. premeditate, think through, think ahead. resolve, concert, resolve beforehand, predesignate. predestine, preordain, predestinate; predetermine. Adj. premeditated, considered, advised, studied, designed, calculated. predesignated, predesigned[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(considered)}} well-considered, well thought out. {{has_high_intensity(calculated)}} carefully calculated. calculating, scheming. predetermined, foregone, prepense[obs3]. well-laid, well-devised, well-weighed; maturely considered; cunning. {{conceptual_part_of: intended &c. R620}}. Adv. advisedly, premeditatedly, with design, with calculation, with premeditation, deliberately, all things considered, with eyes open, in cold blood. calculatingly. aforethought. {{conceptual_part_of: intentionally &c. R620}}. <-- note distinction between first two paragraphs: by what method -but- in what manner! --> M7.2.2 SUBSERVIENCE TO ENDS. N. subservience to ends. M7.2.2.1 ACTUAL SUBSERVIENCE (R631 TO R641) N. actual subservience. <-- 631. Instrumentality 632. Means Note: 633. Instrument MOVED TO P2.3.1.3.12 INSTRUMENT 634. Substitute - 635. Materials 636. Store 637. Provision 638. Waste 639. Sufficiency 641 Redundance 640. Insufficiency This meaning of "resource" is very broad. --> M7.2.2.1.1 RESOURCE FOR ACTION (R632) #632. Resource. N. {{requires(action, R680)}} means, resource, resources[collective], wherewithal, ways and means[collective]. {{has_property: instrumentality, R631}}. means and appliances; conveniences. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(source, R66)}} source. {{has_subtype(source[of=raw material, R635])}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} natural resource. {{has_subtype(natural resource): mineral, P2.3.1.1.4.2; air, P2.3.1.1.5.2; ocean, R341; ground water, @R337; forest, P2.3.1.1.6.2.6; petroleum}}. {{has_location(mineral, P2.3.1.1.4.2)}} {{has_subtype(source[of=mineral, P2.3.1.1.4.2]): mine, @R636}}. {{has_location(ground water): ground; well}}. {{has_subtype(source[of=physical object]): supply, R636; provision &c. R637}}. {{has_subtype: instrument, R633}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(money, R800): @R810, revenue, income}}. {{has_subtype(resource): capital, @R800}}. {{has_subtype: appliances &c. (machinery) R633; expedients &c. (measures) R626; sheet anchor &c. (safety) R666; medium &c. R631; aid &c. R707; assistant, R711}}. V. find means, have means, have the resources, possess the means, have the wherewithal. Adj. resourceful. {{property_of(instrument): instrumental &c. R631; mechanical &c. R633}}. Adv. by what means, by all means, by any means, by some means; wherewith, herewith, therewith. {{similar_to(in what manner, @R627)}} how. Prep. by means of, with. {{has_subtype(by means of): @R631, through, by the instrumentality of}}. {{has_subtype(by means of): @R707, with the aid of, by the aid of}}. {{has_subtype(by means of): by the agency of, @R170}}. <-- this entry was a jumble in Roget. We now reserve this for the property of being instrumental --> M7.2.2.1.1.1 INSTRUMENTALITY (R631) #631. Instrumentality. N. {{has_property(means, R632)}} instrumentality, subservience, subserviency; mediation, intervention. {{property_of}} medium, vehicle, intermedium[obs3]. {{has_subtype: aid &c. R707; agency &c. R170}}. {{property_of: assistant, R711}}. stepping-stone. {{has_metaphor}} tool; key; master key, passkey, latchkey; " open sesame "; passport, passe-partout, safe-conduct, password. {{has_subtype: @R633, @P2.3.1.3.12, instrument, tool, device}}. V. subserve, be subservient to. minister, mediate, intervene; be instrumental &c. adj.; pander to; officiate; tend. Adj. {{has_conceptual_part(useful, R644)}} instrumental. ministerial, subservient, mediatorial[obs3]; intermediate, intervening; conducive. Adv. whereby; thereby; hereby. somehow, somehow or other; per fas et nefas[Lat], by fair means or foul; by hook or by crook. Prep. through, by, per, by the instrumentality of. by dint of; by virtue of, in virtue of; along with; on the shoulders of. via, by way of, through the medium. {{has_subtype(through): by the aid of, with the aid of &c. (assistance) R707}}. {{has_subtype(through): by the agency of &c. R170}}. <-- R633, instrument, moved to physical objects, instrument, P2.3.1.3.12 INSTRUMENT --> M7.2.2.1.1.2 SUBSTITUTE (R634) #634. Substitute. N. {{has_subtype(substitute, R147)}} substitute, expedient. {{has_subtype: deputy, @R759}}. <-- badli[obs3]. ??--> <-- R635 materials to P2.1.2 specific materials --> <-- the following entry combined the location of storage and the item stored, plus the source! These supplies are physical objects only--> M7.2.2.1.1.3 SUPPLY (R636) #636. Supply. N. {{has_subtype(group[of=physical objects, P2.3], R72)}} {{has_subtype(source[of=physical object, P2.3])}} supply, stock, fund, supplies[collective]. {{has_subtype(supply)}} {{property_of(stored)}} store, cache, accumulation, stored supply. {{has_large_quantity(supply)}} rich supply, large supply, rich source. {{has_large_quantity(store)}} hoard. {{&has_location(stored supply): depot, R636a}}. treasure, thesaurus. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unused, R614)}} reserves, resources in reserve, reserve supply, reserves[collective]. {{has_metaphor(reserves)}} ace in the hole, a shot in the locker; two strings to one's bow; cards to play. {{has_subtype(reserves): savings, @M7.3.5.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(reserve)}} stock in trade, stock-in-trade. {{derived_from}} source. stack, rick, heap. {[of(mineral)]} {{derived_from(ore, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} {{has_subtype(source, @R632)}} mine, vein, lode, quarry. {[of(water)]} {{derived_from(water)}} {{has_subtype(source, @R632)}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} {{has_metaphor(source, @R632)}} spring; fount, fountain; well, wellspring. {{has_subtype(reserve)}} {[of(soldiers, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)]} reserve corps reserve units, corps de reserve; reinforcements, reinforcement, reenforcement[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(source)}} milch cow. {{has_subtype(reserve)}} {[of(money): @M7.3.5.1.1, reserved fund, nest egg, savings]}. {[of(vegetable, @R367)]} {{&derived_from: @R371, crop, harvest, vintage}}. {{&result_of: @R637, relay, provision}}. {{patient_of}} {{formed_by}} {{purpose_of(form[obj=supply])}} {{purpose_of(preserve[obj=supply], R670)}} {{has_subtype(insertion[into=depot, R636a], R300)}} storing, storage, stowing, stowage. {{has_method(prepare[for=storing/shipment, R270/sale, R796], R637)}} {{patient_of(contents, R190): @R300, packing, packaging}}. {{&uses(packing): packing material, @R190}}. {{patient_of}} accumulating, amassing, hoarding. <-- this verb "supply" is a general term, not specifically for human agents. e.g. "the mine supplied us with a ton per day .." --> V. {{result_of(supply[1])}} supply[2]. <-- the deposit at R184 is a generic term. Here, it is the act of putting into a cache --> {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype(deposit[into=depot, R636a], @R184)}} deposit. {{has_subtype(deposit)}} {{&result_of(store[1])}} store[2], save, stow. {{has_method(prepare[to=store[2]/ship, R270/sell, R796], R637)}} {{patient_of(contents)}} pack, package. {{has_subtype(save)}} save up; bank. {{has_subtype(save)}} accumulate, amass, hoard, fund, garner, garner up, cache. {{has_subtype(save)}} {{purpose_of(provide, R637)}} stock up, stock up on, put by, lay by, set by, lay in, lay in store, lay up, put up, stow away, set aside, set apart, lay apart, lay aside. {{has_subtype(store[obj=treasure, @R812a])}} store treasure, hoard treasure. {{has_subtype(save[obj=part])}} reserve, keep back, hold back; husband, husband one's resources. {{has_subtype(deposit)}} {{formed_by(stack)}} stack. {{has_subtype(deposit)}} {{formed_by(heap/pile)}} heap, pile up, heap up, pile up, pile on. {{&result_of: harvest, @R775; collect, R72; preserve &c. R670}}. {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype(deposit): @R300, load}}. keep. {[with_object(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} file. Adj. {{has_consequence(store[2])}} {{required_for(store[2])}} stored, saved. accumulated, amassed, hoarded. storing, saving; accumulating, hoarding. in store, in reserve, in ordinary; spare, supernumerary. Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit[Lat]. <-- location where something is stored. This is a "place" and is therefore immobile, in contrast with other containers, which may be moved. A storehouse is a container, and may have (smaller) containers as parts --> M7.2.2.1.1.3.R1 DEPOT (R636A) #636a. Depot. N. {{has_location(store[1], @R636)}} {{has_subtype(container, P2.3.1.3.9)}} {{has_subtype(place, P1.2.1.1.2)}} depot, depository, cache, store, repository, repertory, repertorium[obs3], reservatory[obs3]. magazine, lager, promptuary[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(building)}} storehouse, warehouse, entrepot[Fr]. {{&has_location(warehouse): dock, pier}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(room)}} storeroom, storecloset[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_part(room): closet, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1}}. <-- a depot, which is a container, sometimes has containers in it --> {{&contains(depot): container, P2.3.1.3.9}}. {{has_subtype}}{{contained_in(food)}} buttery, larder, pantry, spence[Brit. dial.]. {{contained_in(grain, P2.3.1.3.2.13)}} garner, granary; grain elevator. {{contained_in(money, R800/valuables, @R812a)}} bank vault, safe-deposit vault, safe-deposit box, stillroom[obs3]. {{contained_in(weapon, R727)}} armory, arsenal, powder-house; ammunition depot, ammunition dump; gun room. {{function_of(display, @R525 + preserve, R670)}} gallery, museum. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(display[obj=plant, R367], @R525 + preserve[obj=plant, R367], R670)}} conservatory. {{has_subtype}} {{function_of(display[obj=beast, @R366], @R525 + preserve[obj=beast, @R366], R670)}} menagerie, menagery[obs3]. {{contained_in(money, R800/valuables, @R812a): treasury, R802; bank, M9.2.4.2.2}}. {{contained_in(water, R337)}} {{has_subtype(lake, R343a, P2.3.1.1.6.1.1.3)}} reservoir. {{contained_in(water, R337)}} cistern, aljibar[obs3], tank, pond, mill pond; gasometer[obs3]. {{contained_in(arrow, @R727)}} quiver. {{contained_in(bullet[1], @P2.3.1.3.23.1)}} {{has_subtype(belt)}} bandolier, ammunition belt, ammo belt. {{contained_in(ammunition, P2.3.1.3.23.1)}} heersporn. {{contained_in(money, R800): @P2.3.1.3.5.6, purse, wallet, billfold, pouch, budget}}. {{contained_in(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} portfolio. {{has_subtype: coffer &c. (receptacle) R191}}. <-- this "provision" is specifically words related to food supplies --> M7.2.2.1.1.4 PROVISION (R637) #637. Provision. N. {{has_subtype(resource[for=living, R359], R632)}} {{has_subtype(food, R298)}} provision[1], supply; grist, grist for the mill; groceries, grocery. {{patient_of}} providing, provision[2]; purveyance; commissariat. {{has_subtype}} ensilage; viaticum. {{job_of(providing[obj=food, R298])}} caterer, purveyor, commissary, quartermaster, manciple[obs3], feeder, batman, victualer; grocer, comprador[Sp]; restaurateur. {{has_subtype(providing)}} relay, relaying, transshipment. {{job_of(providing): sutler[obs3] &c. (merchant) R797}}. {{works_at(grocer): grocery shop [U. S.], grocery store}}. V. provide, supply, furnish, suppeditate[obs1]; make provision, make due provision for; lay in, lay in a stock, lay in a store. cater, victual, provision, purvey, forage; beat up for; stock, stock with; make good, replenish; fill, fill up; recruit, feed. find, find one in. {{has_subtype(supply[obj=weapon, R727])}} arm. have in store, have in reserve; keep, keep by one, keep on foot, keep on hand; have to fall back upon. {{requires: store &c. R636}}. M7.2.2.1.1.5 WASTE (R638) #638. Waste. N. {{has_subtype(consumption, R677)}} waste, wasting. spillage, spilling. {{causes: loss, R776}}. {{&caused_by: dispersion &c. R73; leakage &c. (exudation) R295; misuse &c. R679}}. {{&caused_by: prodigality &c. R818}}. {{&caused_by: wear and tear}}. {{has_product: rubbish &c. (useless) R645}}. ebb. {{has_metaphor}} mountain in labor. V. {{has_subtype(spend, R677)}} waste. {{causes: lose, R776}}. spill. fritter away, cast away, fool away, muddle away, throw away, fling away; burn the candle at both ends. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(labor, M7.3.5.4.1)}} labor in vain. {{has_subtype: squander &c. R818; disperse &c. R73}}. {{has_metaphor(labor in vain)}} " waste its sweetness on the desert air " [Gray]; cast one's bread upon the waters, cast pearls before swine; employ a steam engine to crack a nut, waste powder and shot, break a butterfly on a wheel; cut blocks with a razor, pour water into a sieve. run to waste; ebb; melt away, run dry, dry up. {{&caused_by: leak &c. (run out) R295}}. Adj. wasted; at a low ebb. wasteful, penny wise and pound foolish. {{has_subtype(wasteful): prodigal, R818}}. {{similar_to: excessive, immoderate, monstrous, preposterous, inordinate, exorbitant, excessive, enormous, outrageous, @R31, A3.2}}. Adv. wastefully, prodigally. down the drain, for nothing, in vain. {{similar_to: excessively, immoderately, monstrously, preposterously, inordinately, exorbitantly, excessively, enormously, out of all proportion, outrageously, with a vengeance; value &c. (goodness) R648}}. Phr. magno conatu magnas nugas[Lat]; le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle[Fr]; " idly busy rolls their world away " [Goldsmith]. <-- This section contains concepts which are properties of actions, or properties of objects. Roget labeled these: DEGREE OF SUBSERVIENCE TO ENDS. In general, these express relations of objects or actions to the goals of an agent. Goodness and badness are overall utility judgments, but the remainder are different aspects of goodness, each a different "dimension" in the space of goodness. [[ENDS]] 648. Goodness 649. Badness 642. Importance 643. Unimportance 644. Utility 645. Inutility 646. Expedience 647. Inexpedience 650. Perfection 651. Imperfection 652. Cleanness 653. Uncleanness Note: the following (654 to 663) are in vitality or medicine [P2.6.4.8] 654. Health 655. Disease 656. Salubrity 657. Insalubrity 658. Improvement 659. Deterioration 660. Restoration 661. Relapse 662. Remedy 663. Bane --> M7.2.2.2 ATTRIBUTES RELATING MEANS TO ENDS N. {{has_subtype(attribute, R79a)}} attribute relating means to ends. {{has_case: goal, R620}}. {{property_of: means, R632}}. <-- [[important]] --> M7.2.2.2.1 IMPORTANCE (R642) #642. Importance. N. {{has_subtype(greatness)}} {{antonym_of(unimportance, R643)}} importance, consequence, moment, import, significance, weightiness, prominence, consideration, mark, materialness, materiality. {{causes}} gravity, seriousness, solemnity. {{&causes(seriousness): @M3.3.2.1.1.9, pressure, stress}}. {{&causes(pressure)}} {{has_excess(eagerness[to=act, R680], @R865)}} impatience, haste, urgency. {{&causes(impatience)}} {{has_mode(action, R680): @R684, haste, urgency}}. memorabilia, notabilia[obs3], great doings; red-letter day. {{property_of(seriousness)}} {{has_subtype(affair)}} serious matter, important matter, grave matter, no joke, no laughing matter. {{has_high_intensity(important matter)}} matter of life and death. {{property_of}} great thing, great point; main chance, "the be all and the end all " [Macbeth]; cardinal point; sum and substance, gravamen, head and front; important part, principal part, prominent part, essential part; half the battle; sine qua non; breath of one's nostrils; core, kernel, heart, nucleus; keynote, keystone; corner stone; salient points. {{has_metaphor}} cream, salt. {{property_of: substance, gist &c. (essence) R5}}. {{&caused_by: weight &c. (influence) R175; superiority &c. R33; notability &c. (repute) R873; value &c. (goodness) R648}}. {{property_of: trump card &c. (device) R626}}. {{has_subtype: usefulness &c. R644}}. {{trait_of}} top sawyer; first fiddle; prima donna; chief; triton among the minnows; " it" [U.S.]. V. be important, be consequential, matter, be significant, count. be somebody, be something; import, signify, boot, be an object; be in the ascendant, come to the front, lead the way, take the lead, play first fiddle, throw all else into the shade; lie at the root of; deserve notice, merit notice, be worthy of notice, be worthy of regard, be worthy of consideration. {{&caused_by: carry weight &c. (influence) R175; make a figure &c. (repute) R873}}. attach importance to, ascribe importance to, give importance to &c. n.; value, care for, set store upon, set store by. {{mcauses}} make a fuss about, make a fuss over, make a stir about, make a piece of work about, make much ado about; make much ado of, make much of. {{&mcauses: mark &c. R550}}. {{&mcauses}} accentuate, emphasize, lay stress on, take note of, mark with a white stone, underline; write in italics, put in italics, print in italics, print in capitals, print in large letters, put in large type, put in letters of gold. Adj. important, consequential, of importance. momentous, material; to the point; not to be overlooked, not to be despised, not to be sneezed at; egregious; notable, prominent, salient, signal; memorable, unforgettable, never to be forgotten; stirring, eventful. {{has_low_level}} {{has_subtype(interesting, @R455/interesting, @R457)}} remarkable, noteworthy, worthy of remark, worthy of notice. significant, telling; trenchant, emphatic, pregnant; tanti[Lat]. grave, serious, earnest, solemn; grand, impressive, commanding, noble, imposing. urgent, pressing, critical, instant. essential, vital, all-absorbing, paramount, radical, cardinal. {{has_high_level(important)}} main, primary, principal, chief, prime, leading, capital, foremost, overruling, most important, of vital importance, of great importance. in the front rank, first-rate; marked, emphasized, accentuated. {{caused_by: weighty &c. (influential) R175; of note &c. (repute) R873; superior &c. R33; considerable &c. (great) R31; rare &c. R137}}. Adv. importantly, consequentially, momentously. notably, materially, prominently, saliently; memorably, unforgettably, stirringly, eventfully. vitally, essentially, radically. urgently, critically, pressingly. seriously, gravely, solemnly, earnestly. impressively, imposingly. egregiously. in the main; above all, kat' exochin[Grk], par excellence, to crown all, to beat all. Phr. "expende Hannibalem!"[Lat] [Juvenal]. M7.2.2.2.2 UNIMPORTANCE (R643) #643. Unimportance. N. {{antonym_of(importance, R642)}} unimportance, insignificance, triviality, nothingness, immateriality, negligibility. triviality, levity, frivolity. paltriness, meanness, poverty, pitifulness, meagerness, shabbiness, miserableness, wretchedness, vileness, niggardliness, beggarliness, worthlessness, cheapness, trashiness. no object. {{&caused_by: smallness &c. R32}}. {{property_of}} trifle, nothing much, unimportant thing, small beer, nothing, nothing to signify, nothing worth speaking of, nothing particular, nothing in particular, nothing to boast of, nothing to speak of, small matter, no great matter, trivial matter, trifling matter, unimportant matter, insignificant matter, mere nothing, matter of indifference, matter of no interest; hardly anything, scarcely anything; nonentity, cipher. {{property_of}} no great shakes, peu de chose[Fr]; child's play, kinderspiel. {{property_of}} toy, plaything, popgun, paper pellet, " trifles light as air "; yankee notions [U. S.]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(ornament, R847)}} {{property_of(decorative, @R847)}} trinket, knickknack, whatnot, gewgaw, bauble, gimcrack, tchotchke, chotchke, bibelot, bric-a-brac, bagatelle, curio, novelty, kickshaw, trifle, nicknack, whim-wham; objet d'art, virtu. {{has_subtype(objet d'art)}} {{property_of(small, R32)}} miniature. {{property_of}} trumpery, trash, rubbish, stuff, fatras[obs3], frippery; " leather or prunello "; chaff, drug, froth, bubble, smoke, cobweb; weed. {{property_of: refuse, @R645; scum &c. (dirt) R653; fudge &c. (unmeaning) R517}}. {{&consequence_of: inutility, R645}}. joke, jest, mere joke, snap of the finger, fiddlesticks, fiddlestick, fiddlestick end[obs3]; pack of nonsense, mere farce. {{has_metaphor(unimportant thing)}} straw, pin, fig, button, rush, bulrush, feather, halfpenny, farthing, brass farthing, doit[obs3], peppercorn, jot, rap, pinch of snuff, old son, sou, cent, mill, picayune, pistareen[obs3], red cent [U.S.]. {{property_of}} minutiae, details, minor details, small fry; dust in the balance, feather in the scale, drop in the ocean, flea-bite, molehill. nine days' wonder, ridiculus mus[Lat]. {{&case_of: much ado about nothing &c. (overestimation) R482}}. {{property_of: flash in the pan, @R158}}. V. be unimportant, be insignificant, be trivial, be inconsequential, not matter, go for nothing, matter nothing, signify nothing, matter little, matter little or nothing, not matter a straw, not matter a whit. {{&causes: make light of, @R483}}. {{&case_of: catch at straws &c. (overestimate) R482}}. Adj. unimportant, of little account, of small account, of no account, of little importance, of no importance, of no significance, of no import; immaterial. unessential, nonessential; indifferent. insignificant, negligible, inconsiderable, so-so, inappreciable. trifling, trivial; slight, slender, light, flimsy, frothy, idle; airy, shallow; frivolous, petty, niggling; piddling, peddling; fribble[obs3], inane, ridiculous, farcical; finical, finikin[obs3]; fiddle-faddle, fingle-fangle[obs3], namby-pamby, wishy-washy, milk and water. {{has_subtype(trifling): puerile &c. (foolish) R499}}. {{&consequence_of: immeasurable}}. {{&consequence_of: weak &c. R160; powerless &c. R158; subordinate &c. (inferior) R34; mediocre &c. (average) R29; ordinary, @M7.3.5.1.2.1; vain &c. (useless) R645}}. just passable, passable, fair, respectable, tolerable, commonplace; uneventful, mere, common. poor, paltry, pitiful; sorry, mean, meager, shabby, miserable, wretched, vile, scrubby, scrannel[obs3], weedy, niggardly, scurvy, putid[obs3], beggarly, worthless, twopenny-halfpenny, cheap, trashy, catchpenny, gimcrack, trumpery; one-horse [U. S.]. {{&has_consequence: contemptible &c. (contempt) R930}}. not worth the pains, not worth while, not worth mentioning, not worth speaking of, not worth a thought, not worth a curse, not worth a straw &c. n.; beneath notice, unworthy of notice, beneath regard, unworthy of regard, beneath consideration, unworthy of consideration; de lana caprina[It][obs3]. Adv. slightly &c. adj.; rather, somewhat, pretty well, tolerably. for aught one cares. Int. "no matter!"; "pish!"; "tush!"; "tut!"; "pshaw!"; "pugh!"; "pooh", "pooh-pooh!"; "fudge!"; "bosh!"; "humbug!"; "fiddlesticka"[obs2], "fiddlestick end!"[obs3]; "fiddlededee!"; "never mind!"; "n'importe!"[Fr]; what signifies it, what boots it, what of it, what of that, what matter, what's the odds, a fig for; stuff and nonsense, "stuff!"; "nonsense!". Phr. magno conatu magnas nugas[Lat]; le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle[Fr]; it matters not, it does not signify; it is of no consequence, it is of no importance; elephantus non capit murem[Lat]; tempete dans un verre d'eau[Fr]. M7.2.2.2.3 UTILITY (R644) #644. Utility. N. {{has_subtype(value, M9.2.4.8)}} {{has_subtype(worth &c. (goodness) R648)}} {{has_subtype(agreement, R23)}} {{has_subtype(subservience, @R631)}} {{antonym_of(inutility, R645)}} utility, usefulness, serviceability, usability, serviceableness; service, functionality, use, stead, avail. {{has_case: goal, R620}}. {{has_measure}} fitness, aptness, appropriateness, applicability, suitableness, appositeness, aptitude[obs2], sortance[obs1]. {{&caused_by: @R23, adaptation, adjustment}}. {{has_measure}} efficacy, efficiency, adequacy. relevancy, pertinence, pertinency, pertinacy[obs1]. {[of(time, R113a): opportuneness, @R134]}. {{property_of: help &c. (aid) R707}}. {{required_for: utilization &c. (use) R677; function, R170}}. {{used_for}} {{has_subtype(progress, @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1)}} step in the right direction. {{has_subtype(efficiency, A7.3.2)}} {{conceptual_part_of(utility)}} {{has_relative_val(value, M9.2.4.8 + cost)}} cost-effectiveness, money's worth. {{has_high_level(cost-effectiveness)}} high cost-effectiveness. {{has_subtype(high cost-effectiveness)}} {{has_subtype(productivity)}} efficient production, high productivity. {{assessed_by(cost-effectiveness)}} cost-benefit analysis. {{&caused_by(high productivity)}} economy of scale. {{conceptual_part_of: productiveness &c. R168}}. {{issue_in: common weal; commonwealth, public good, public interest}}. {{issue_in: utilitarianism &c. (philanthropy) R910}}. V. {{has_subtype(be good, R648)}} be useful, be of use, be of service, avail, serve; answer, serve one's turn, answer a purpose, serve a purpose. profit, remunerate. {{requires: act a part &c. (action) R680}}. perform a function, play a role, discharge a function, play a useful role; render a service, render good service, render yeoman's service; bestead[obs3], stand one in good stead be the making of; bring grist to the mill. find one's account in, find one's advantage in. {{has_subtype: help &c. R707}}. {{has_subtype: subserve &c. (be instrumental to) R631}}. {{has_subtype: bear fruit &c. (produce) R161}}. {{&caused_by: render useful, @R677}}. <-- conduce &c. (tend) R176. ??relation?? --> Adj. {{has_subtype(applicable, @R23)}} {{has_subtype(beneficial, R648)}} {{requires(use)}} useful, serviceable, usable, useable, of use, of service, proficuous[obs1]. {{has_subtype(usable)}} {{antonym_of(broken/out of order)}} working, in usable condition[pred.], in working condition[pred.]. {{has_conceptual_part: @R631, subservient, instrumental}}. fit, appropriate, suitable, applicable, apropos, apposite, a propos[Fr], in loco, seasonable, sortable, idoneous[obs3]. deft. good for, useful for, suited to, suited for. {[of(time, R113a): opportune, @R134]}. {{has_subtype: expedient, R646}}. {{has_subtype: subsidiary &c. (helping) R707}}. profitable, gainful, remunerative, worth one's salt; valuable. adequate; efficient, efficacious; effective, effectual. available, ready, handy, at hand, tangible; commodious, adaptable; of all work. {{conceptual_part_of: expedient &c. R646}}. {{has_high_level: prolific &c. (productive) R168}}. <-- conducive &c. (tending) R176; ?? why? --> Adv. usefully &c. adj.; pro bono publico[Lat]. M7.2.2.2.4 INUTILITY R645) #645. Inutility. N. {{antonym_of(utility, R644)}} inutility, uselessness, unusability; inefficacy, futility. {{property_of}} useless thing, something useless. {{has_high_intensity}} disservice. vanitas vanitatum[Lat], vanity, inanity, worthlessness, nugacity[obs3]. {{&consequence_of}} ineptitude, inaptness, inaptitude, unsubservience[obs3]. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(unrelatedness, @R10)}} irrelevance, inapplicability. {{&consequence_of: inadequacy &c. (insufficiency) R640; ineffectiveness, @R175a}}. {{&consequence_of: @R158, incapacity, inefficiency, incompetence}}. {{has_consequence: unimportance, R643}}. {{&causes: failure, R732}}. {[of(person): unskillfulness &c. R699]}. {{has_subtype: unfruitfulness &c.(unproductiveness) R169}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(work, M7.3.5.4.1)}} labor in vain, labor lost, labor of Sisyphus, lost trouble, lost labor, work of Penelope, sleeveless errand, wild goose chase, mere farce. {{has_low_level: tautology &c. (repetition) R104; supererogation &c. (redundancy) R641}}. {{has_consequence: triviality, @R643}}. {{property_of}} waste paper, dead letter, caput mortuum[Lat]; blunt tool. {{property_of}} waste. {{has_subtype(waste)}} rubbish, trash, refuse, litter, orts[obs3]; junk, odds and ends; button top; sweepings, scourings, offscourings[obs3]; rubble, debris, detritus; stubble, leavings; broken meat; weeds, tares; rudera[obs3], deads[obs3]. {{has_subtype(waste)}} {{has_subtype(clothing, R225)}} cast-off clothes, worn-out clothes. {{has_metaphor(something useless): rubbish, trash}}. {{has_metaphor(something useless) }} tripe. {{has_location(rubbish)}} dust hole. {{constitutes(rubbish)}} rubbish heap. {{property_of: dregs &c. (dirt) R653}}. fruges consumere natus [Lat][Horace] &c. (drone) R683. V. be useless. go a begging &c. (redundant) R641. {{&causes: fail &c. R732}}. seek after impossibilities, strive after impossibilities; use vain efforts, labor in vain. {{&caused_by}} render useless, disqualify; render inoperative, disable. {{&caused_by: @R158, incapacitate, disable}}. {{has_metaphor}} roll the stone of Sisyphus, beat the air, lash the waves, battre l'eau avec un baton[Fr], donner un coup d'epee dans l'eau[Fr], fish in the air, milk the ram, drop a bucket into an empty well, sow the sand; bay the moon; preach to the winds, speak to the winds; whistle jigs to a milestone; kick against the pricks, se battre contre des moulins[Fr]; hold a farthing candle to the sun; cast pearls before swine &c. (waste) R638; carry coals to Newcastle &c. (redundancy) R641; wash a blackamoor white &c. (impossible) R471. {{&caused_by: be too late, R135}}. {{has_subtype(render useless)}} dismast, dismount; unrig; spike guns, clip the wings. {{has_subtype(render inoperative[mode=temporarily])}} disengage, put out of gear. {{has_method(disable)}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=essential part[num=>0], @R5])}} dismantle, take apart. {{has_subtype(put out of gear[obj= motor vehicle])}} shift into neutral. {{has_subtype(render inoperative)}} {[with_object(animal[1], R366): cripple, lame &c. (injure) R659]}. Adj. {{has_consequence(render useless)}} useless, inutile, of no avail, of no use. fit for the dust hole; good for nothing; of no earthly use; not worth having, not worth powder and shot. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(unrelated, @R10)}} {{antonym_of(relevant, @R23)}} irrelevant, inapplicable. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(unable[to=operate, @M7.3.4.2], @R158)}} inoperable, unserviceable, non-functional, out of service, out of action, hors de combat[Fr]. {[when_modifying(effort, R686/attempt, R675): futile, unavailing, pointless, bootless, inefficacious; vain, empty, inane; gainless[obs3], profitless, unprofitable, fruitless; ill-spent; leading to no end, uncalled for]}. dispensable. inapt, ineligible, inadmissible. inservient[obs1], unsubservient. effete, past work &c. (impaired) R659. {{&consequence_of: unproductive &c. R169}}. {{&consequence_of: inadequate &c. (insufficient) R640; obsolete, @R614; ineffectual &c. (failure) R732; "stale, flat and unprofitable"; superfluous &c. (redundant) R641; thrown away &c. (wasted) R638; abortive &c. (immature) R674}}. {{&consequence_of(unproductive, @R169): incompetent &c. (unskillful) R699}}. {{&consequence_of: @R158, inoperative, inept, inefficient, impotent}}. {{has_consequence: @R641, unnecessary, unneeded}}. {{has_consequence: @R815b, worthless, valueless, unsalable, not worth a straw}}. Adv. uselessly. pointlessly, futilely, to little purpose, to no purpose, bootlessly, to little or no purpose. Int. "cui bono?"[Lat]; "what's the good?"; "Why bother?"; "What's the point?". Phr. actum ne agas[Lat][obs3]; chercher une aiguille dans une botte de foin[obs3][Fr]; tanto buon che val niente[It]. <-- [Specific subservience.] See R23 suitability, agreement. Make this a subtype (suitable to goal) --> M7.2.2.2.5 EXPEDIENCE (R646) #646. Expedience. N. {{has_subtype(suitability, @R23)}} {{has_subtype(utility, R644)}} suitability, expedience, expediency. propriety. {{has_high_level}} advisability, desirableness, desirability. {{property_of: @R134, opportunity, occasion, high time}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{used_in(opportunity)}} {{has_trait(opportunist)}} opportunism. {{&has_consequence}} advantage. V. {{has_subtype(suit, @R23)}} be expedient, be suitable, be fit. [transitive] suit, befit. suit the time, befit the time, suit the season, befit the season, suit the occasion, befit the occasion. <-- Roget had "conform" here -- may be misplaced?? --> {{has_conceptual_part: conform &c. R82}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(suitable, @R23)}} {{has_subtype(useful, R644)}} expedient, suitable. convenient; worth while, meet; fit, fitting. {{has_high_level}} desirable, advisable. {{has_low_level}} acceptable. due, proper, eligible, seemly, becoming; befitting, in loco. {{conceptual_part_of: opportune &c. (in season) R134}}. {{trait_of(opportunism)}} opportunist. Adv. in the right place; conveniently &c. adj.. Phr. operae pretium est[Lat]. <-- [[inconvenience]] --> M7.2.2.2.6 INEXPEDIENCE (R647) #647. Inexpedience. N. {{has_subtype(evil)}} {{has_subtype(unfitness, @R24)}} inexpedience, inexpediency, undesirableness, undesirability, discommodity[obs3]. {{similar_to: inefficiency, @R158}}. impropriety. {{has_high_intensity: inutility &c. R645}}. {{has_low_intensity}} inconvenience. {{has_consequence}} disadvantage, disadvantageousness. {{has_high_intensity: @R659a, harm, damage}}. V. {{has_subtype(disagree, R24)}} be inexpedient. {{has_high_intensity}} be undesirable, be objectionable, be unwanted. {{causes: @R830, inconvenience, discommode, put to inconvenience}}. {{&causes: hinder, R706}}. {{&has_consequence}} pay too dear for one's whistle. Adj. {{has_subtype(unfit, R24)}} inexpedient. {{has_high_intensity}} undesirable, unwanted; objectionable. {{has_low_intensity}} inconvenient. unadvisable, inadvisable; incommodious, discommodious[obs3]; disadvantageous. {{has_high_intensity}} ill-contrived, ill-advised; unsatisfactory; unprofitable; out of place, in the wrong place. improper, unseemly. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(difficult, R704)}} clumsy, awkward; cumbrous, cumbersome; lumbering, unwieldy, hulky[obs3]. {{&consequence_of: inopportune &c. (unseasonable) R135}}. {{has_high_intensity: useless, R645}}. {{&has_consequence: obstructive &c. (in the way) R706}}. {{&consequence_of: unmanageable &c. (impracticable) R704; unnecessary &c. (redundant) R641}}. Phr. it just won't do, it will never do. M7.2.2.2.7 PERFECTION (R650) #650. Perfection. N. {{has_extreme(goodness, R648)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=flaw, @R651])}} {{antonym_of(imperfection, R651)}} perfection; perfectness, impeccability, flawlessness, absence of error, absence of flaw, indefectibility[obs3], impeccancy[obs3]. {{property_of}} something perfect. {{has_metaphor(something perfect)}} pink, beau ideal, phoenix, paragon; pink of perfection, acme of perfection; ne plus ultra[Lat]. {{has_metaphor(something perfect)}} philosopher's stone, chrysolite, Koh-i-noor, cygne noir[Fr]. {{property_of}} model, standard, pattern, mirror, admirable Crichton; trump, very prince of. {{property_of}} masterpiece. {[in_frame(comparison)]} {{has_consequence: transcendence &c. (superiority) R33}}. {{has_metaphor: @R210, summit, peak}}. V. be perfect, be faultless, be impeccable, be flawless. {[in_frame(comparison)]} {{causes: transcend &c. (be supreme) R33}}. {{&caused_by}} bring to perfection, perfect, ripen, mature, maturate. {{&caused_by: complete &c. R729; put in trim &c. (prepare) R673}}. Adj. {{has_extreme(good, R648)}} perfect, faultless, impeccable, flawless, indefective[obs3], indeficient[obs3], indefectible, free from imperfection. {[in_frame(cleanness, R652)]} immaculate, spotless. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(damaged, R659)}} undamaged, unharmed, unblemished, uninjured, in perfect condition, unscathed, scathless[obs3], harmless. sound, sound as a roach, intact. model, standard; superhuman, divine; beyond all praise, above reproach, sans peur et sans reproche[Fr]. {{&has_consequence: inimitable, unparagoned[obs3], unparalleled &c. (supreme) R33}}. {{has_subtype: seaworthy &c. (safe) R644; right as a trivet; consummate &c. (complete) R52; finished &c. R729}}. Adv. perfectly, flawlessly, faultlessly, impeccably. to perfection; ad unguem[Lat]; clean, clean as a whistle. Phr. " let us go on unto perfection " [ Hebrews vi, 1]; " the perfection of art is to conceal art " [Quintilian]; "Why not the best?" [Jimmy Carter, 1976]; "Anything less than the best is a felony." [Vanilla Ice, 1988]; in seipso totus teres atque rotundus [Lat][Horace]. M7.2.2.2.8 IMPERFECTION (R651) #651. Imperfection. N. {{antonym_of(perfection, R650)}} imperfection, imperfectness, lack of perfection. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(flaw, @R70)}} {{has_subtype(evil, R619)}} fault, defect, flaw, deficiency, weak point; taint, attainder. {{has_subtype(flaw)}} drawback; seamy side. {{has_metaphor(flaw): @R848, blot, blemish}}. {{has_metaphor(flaw[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} skeleton in one's closet, screw loose, Achilles' heel, bar sinister, hole in one's coat. {{has_subtype(flaw): gap &c. R198; twist &c. R243; blemish &c. R848; weakness &c. R160; half blood; shortcoming &c. R304}}. {{has_subtype(flaw): inadequacy &c. (insufficiency) R640; peccancy[obs3] &c. (badness) R649; immaturity &c. R674}}. mediocrity, bare adequacy, mere sufficiency; no great shakes, no great catch, not much to boast of. {{has_metaphor(mediocrity)}} one-horse shay. V. be imperfect &c. adj.; have a defect &c. n.; lie under a disadvantage; spring a leak. not pass muster, barely pass muster; fall short &c. R304. Adj. imperfect, suboptimal; not perfect &c. R650; deficient. defective; faulty, flawed, unsound, tainted; out of tune. {{has_subtype: @R659, out of order, cracked, leaky, sprung; lame; injured, damaged, deteriorated}}. {{has_subtype: warped &c. (distort) R243; peccant &c. (bad) R649; frail &c. (weak) R160; inadequate &c. (insufficient) R640; crude &c. (unprepared) R674; incomplete &c. R53}}. found wanting; below par; short-handed, undermanned; understrength, below its full strength, under its full strength, below its full complement. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(average, R29)}} mediocre, middling, ordinary, tolerable, fair, average, passable, acceptable, so-so, unobjectionable, admissible, bearable, barely adequate, indifferent, only better than nothing, inobjectionable[obs3], couci-couci, milk and water, OK. pretty well, pretty good; rather good, moderately good; good; good enough, well enough, adequate; decent; not bad, not amiss. inferior, second-rate, declasse, secondary, second-best; one-horse [U.S.]. Adv. imperfectly. almost. {{has_subtype(partially, @R32)}} to a limited extent, rather, somewhat; pretty, moderately, passing; only, considering, all things considered, enough. suboptimally. Phr. surgit amari aliquid[Lat]. M7.2.2.2.9 ATTRIBUTES MEASURING SUBSERVIENCE TO ENDS (R642 TO R653) N. attribute measuring subservience to goals. <-- [Capability of producing good. Good qualities.] The difference between this "good" and that at M7.1.2.1.2.1 (R618) is that at R618 a "good" is a desirable goal; here "goodness" seems to relate to the ability to accomplish a goal. Therefore goodness here is a property of the "good" at R618. However, the words in the two sections do not convey a clear distinction. In the triad "motive, means and opportunity", Motive is at M7.1.2.1, means is at M7.2.2.1.1, and opportunity is a time, at R134. We point to opportunity from this entry, goodness. As in other cases, the words "goodness, value" refer both to a measure for an attribute (goodness), and to a high level of that attribute. The headword of this entry has as its main meaning a high level of goodness (since that is how it is used in relation to most other concepts in this semantic network) [[good]] --> M7.2.2.2.9.1 GOODNESS (R648) #648. Goodness. N. {{has_property(good, R618, M7.1.2.1.2.1)}} goodness[1], merit, value[1], worthiness, high value, valuableness. {{high_level_of}} value[2], worth, goodness[2]. {{&has_measure(value[2]): price, R812}}. {{has_subtype(value[2]): monetary value, @R812a}}. <-- the most general meaning of "virtue" is a good trait (of people, objects, methods, etc. --> {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(property, R79a)}} virtue, good property, good characteristic. {[of(time, R113a): opportunity, timeliness, R134]}. {[of(morals/ethics)]} {{has_subtype: @R944, virtue, meritoriousness}}. {{has_high_intensity}} excellence, exquisiteness, superlativeness. {{has_high_intensity(excellence)}} super-excellence, supereminence; perfection &c. R650; coup de maitre[Fr]. {{has_high_intensity}} {{has_subtype(superiority, R33)}} superiority. {{property_of(excellence)}} masterpiece, chef d'ouvre[Fr]. prime, flower, cream, elite, pick, "A1", nonesuch, nonpareil, creme de la creme, flower of the flock. {{property_of(excellence)}} tidbit, treasure, excellent item, superb item. {{has_metaphor(treasure)}} gem, jewel, pearl, gem of the first water, bijou, precious stone, diamond, ruby, brilliant[obs2]; rara avis[Lat], one in a thousand, one in a million. {{trait_of(excellence)}} cock of the roost, salt of the earth; prodigy. {{has_subtype(excellence)}} {[of(intellect): intelligence, R498]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): beneficence &c. R906]}. {{property_of(beneficence, R906): good man &c. R948}}. {{has_superlative(goodness)}} superlativeness; optimality. {{property_of(superlativeness)}} the best, the greatest, the best thing. {{property_of(optimality)}} optimum. V. be good, be beneficial. [transitive] benefit. be valuable. {{result_of: produce good, do good &c. R618; profit &c. (be of use) R644; confer a benefit &c. R618}}. be the making of, do a world of good, make a man of. {{result_of}} produce a good effect; do a good turn, confer an obligation. {{result_of: improve &c. R658}}. {{has_low_level(be beneficial)}} do no harm, break no bones[fig]. {{has_high_level(be good)}} {{has_subtype(be superior, R33)}} excel, be excellent, transcend, bear away the bell[fig]. stand the proof, stand the test; pass muster, pass an examination. challenge comparison, vie, emulate, rival. Adj. good, beneficial. valuable, of value; serviceable &c. (useful) R644; advantageous, edifying, profitable; salutary &c. (healthful) R656. favorable; fair. nice, fine. {{has_high_level(good)}} good as gold; excellent. {{has_low_level(good)}} harmless, hurtless[obs3]; unobnoxious[obs3], innocuous, innocent, inoffensive, neutral, okay, OK. {{has_low_level(good)}} satisfactory, good enough, up to the mark, unexceptionable, unobjectionable; tidy. {{has_low_level(good): tolerable &c. (not very good) R651}}. in good condition, in fair condition; fresh; sound &c. (perfect) R650. propitious &c. (hope-giving) R858. {{has_subtype(good)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @R944, virtuous, meritorious]}. <-- this "better" is the general comparative, which may be between two different objects. The "better" at M7.1.2.1.2.1.1 is for improvement of a single object, i.e. an improved state or condition --> {{has_high_level(good)}} better; above par. {{has_high_level(better)}} {{has_subtype(superior, R33)}} superior. {{has_superlative}} best; first-rate, first-class, superb, superlative, optimal; state-of-the-art. {{has_superlative}} {{has_subtype(supreme, R33)}} inimitable, unparagoned, unparalleled. {{has_high_level(good)}} choice, select, picked, elect, recherche, bully[coll.], crackerjack[coll.], crackajack[obs3]. {{has_high_level(choice)}} magnificent, outstanding; rare, priceless, gilt-edged; superfine, superexcellent[obs3]; of the first water; high-wrought, exquisite, very best, crack, tip-top, top-notch, prime, top grade, capital, cardinal. {{has_subtype(best): gold standard &c. (perfect) R650}}. admirable, estimable, couleur de rose[Fr]. precious, of great price; worth its weight in gold, worth a Jew's eye; priceless, invaluable, inestimable, precious as the apple of the eye. {{&causes: pleasing &c. R829}}. {{has_subtype: praiseworthy &c. (approve) R931}}. {{&causes: costly &c. (dear) R814}}. {{has_subtype: @R494, genuine, true, authentic}}. Adv. beneficially &c. adj.; well &c. R618. {{has_superlative: superlatively &c. R33}}. Phr. " Jewels five words long " [Tennyson]; " long may such goodness live! " [Rogers]; "the luxury of doing good " [Goldsmith]. <-- [Capability of producing evil. Bad qualities.] This is a property of evil[2], which is something which causes evil[1]. --> M7.2.2.2.9.2 BADNESS (R649) #649. Badness. N. {{has_property(evil[2], @R619)}} badness, harmfulness, banefulness, balefulness, injuriousness, deleteriousness, disadvantageousness, hurtfulness[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} noxiousness, perniciousness, mischievousness, maleficence, malignance, malignity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: @R945, vice, depravity}}. {{property_of(maleficence/malevolence, R907): evil-doing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): malevolence, R907]}. {{has_metaphor(malevolence, R907)}} tender mercies [ironic]. virulence. {{property_of: plague spot, @R657}}. {{property_of}} abomination. {{property_of: painfulness &c. R830; pestilence &c. (disease) R655}}. {{property_of: @R735, adversity, bad luck, misfortune}}. {{&causes: guilt &c. R947}}. {{&causes: injury &c. (damage) R659}}. {{&causes: pain &c. R830}}. {{property_of: bane &c. R663}}. V. be hurtful, be harmful, be baneful, be injurious, be deleterious, be detrimental, cause evil, produce evil, inflict evil, work evil, do evil. be noxious, be pernicious, be malignant, be prejudicial, be disadvantageous. [transitive] hurt, harm, damnify[obs3], endamage[obs3]. {{&causes: injure &c. (damage) R659}}. {{&causes: pain &c. R830}}. [transitive] wrong, aggrieve, oppress, persecute; trample upon, tread upon, bear hard upon, put upon; overburden; weigh down, weigh heavy on; victimize; run down. do mischief, make mischief, be mischievous, cause mischief; make trouble, bring into trouble. {{has_subtype(aggrieve): molest &c. R830}}. {{has_subtype(hurt): @R907a, maltreat, abuse, ill-use, ill-treat, buffet, bruise, scratch, maul, do violence, do harm, do a mischief, stab, pierce, outrage}}. {{has_subtype(hurt): smite &c. @M9.3.3.2.2.2}}. {{has_high_level(harm): destroy &c. R162}}. Adj. bad, ill, negative. {{consequence_of(harm, R659a)}} injurious, deleterious, detrimental, noxious, pernicious, mischievous, hurtful, harmful, scathful[obs3], baneful, baleful. full of mischief, mischief-making, nocuous, noisome; prejudicial; disserviceable[obs3], disadvantageous; wide-wasting. {{has_high_level}} malefic, malignant. {[in_frame(moral obligation)]} evil, wrong. unlucky, sinister; obnoxious; untoward, disastrous. oppressive, burdensome, onerous; malign &c. (malevolent) R907. {{has_subtype: @R659, corrupting, tainting, infectious, contaminating, envenoming, polluting, vitiating, debasing, denaturing, deflowering, debauching, defiling, depraving, degrading}}. {{has_subtype(harmful[to=living thing])}} virulent, venomous, envenomed. {{has_subtype(harmful[to=physical object])}} {[def(causing[obj=corrosion])]} corrosive. {{has_subtype: poisonous &c. (morbific) R657; deadly &c. (killing) R361; destructive &c. (destroying) R162; inauspicious &c. R859}}. {{has_high_level}} arrant, as bad as bad can be, dreadful; horrid, horrible; dire; rank, peccant, foul, fulsome; rotten, rotten at the core. {{has_high_level}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} vile, base, villainous; mean &c. (paltry) R643. {{has_subtype: @R659, decayed, deteriorated, tainted, infected, contaminated, poisoned, envenomed, corrupted, polluted, vitiated, debased, denaturalized, denatured, deflowered, debauched, defiled, depraved, degraded, ulcerated}}. {{has_low_level}} unsatisfactory, exceptionable; indifferent; ill-contrived, ill-conditioned; wretched, sad, grievous, deplorable, lamentable; pitiful, pitiable. {{has_low_level: below par &c. (imperfect) R651}}. {{has_subtype(deplorable): woeful &c. (painful) R830}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): depraved &c. R945]}. {{has_high_level}} hateful, hateful as a toad; abominable, detestable, execrable; cursed, accursed, confounded, damned, damnable, infernal. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): diabolic &c. (malevolent) R907]}. {[of(action): unadvisable &c. (inexpedient) R647; unprofitable &c. (useless) R645; irremediable &c. (hopeless) R859]}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): incompetent &c. (unskillful) R699]}. Adv. badly, harmfully, injuriously, deleteriously, detrimentally, perniciously, mischievously, malignantly, prejudicially, disadvantageously. wrong, ill; to one's cost; where the shoe pinches. Phr. the worst come to the worst; herba mala presto cresco [Lat]; "wrongs unredressed or insults unavenged " [Wordsworth]. M7.2.2.2.9.3 QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF RESOURCES N. {{has_subtype(measure, R466)}} quantitative measure of resources. <-- sufficiency includes the concept of plenty. Should they be separate??? [[enough]] --> M7.2.2.2.9.3.1 SUFFICIENCY (R639) #639. Sufficiency. N. {{has_subtype(quantity)}} sufficiency, adequacy, enough, withal, satisfaction, competence; no less; quantum sufficit[Lat], "Q.S.". {{has_low_quantity}} bare sufficiency, just enough, none to spare. {{causes(just enough)}} bare subsistence. <-- mediocrity might also be considered a qualitative rather than quantitative measure --> {{has_subtype: mediocrity, @R651}}. {{&causes: fullness &c. (completeness) R52}}. {{has_large_quantity}} abundance, profusion, plenitude, plenty, copiousness, plenteousness, amplitude, lots, full measure, " good measure pressed down and running, over". {{has_metaphor(abundance)}} fat of the land; cornucopia; horn of plenty, horn of Amalthaea; "a land flowing with milk and honey". {{has_large_quantity}} {{has_subtype(great quantity, R31)}} outpouring, flood, tide; fill. {{property_of: mine &c. (stock) R636}}. {[of(life): luxuriance &c. (fertility) R168]}. {[of(money, R800): affluence &c. (wealth) R803]}. {{has_large_quantity: repletion &c. (redundancy) R641}}. {{causes: satiety &c. R869}}. V. suffice, be sufficient, be enough, be adequate, do, just do, satisfy, pass muster. {{causes}} have enough, have sufficient, have the wherewithal, have the means, have the resources. {{has_subtype(have enough)}} have one's fill. {{has_subtype(have one's fil[obj=food])}} eat one's fill. {{has_subtype(have one's fil[obj=beverage])}} drink one's fill. {{has_high_level}} roll in, swim in. {{has_high_level: wallow in &c. (superabundance) R641}}. abound, exuberate, teem, flow, stream, rain, shower down; pour, pour in; swarm; bristle with; superabound. {{caused_by}} render sufficient &c. adj.. {{&caused_by: replenish &c. (fill) R52}}. {{&caused_by: lavish &c. R641}}. Adj. sufficient, enough, adequate, up to the mark. commensurate, competent, satisfactory, valid, tangible. measured. {{has_large_quantity}} abundant, copious, ample; plenty, plentiful, plenteous, galore [postpositive]; plenty as blackberries; abounding &c. v.; enough and to spare, flush; choke-full, chock-full; well-stocked, well-provided; liberal; unstinted, unstinting; stintless[obs3]; without stint; unsparing, unmeasured; wholesale. replete with, lots of. {{has_low_quantity: moderate &c. (temperate) R953}}. <-- "just enough" seems to need a more detailed definition --> {{has_low_quantity}} barely sufficient, just adequate, borderline, just enough. {{has_subtype(full, @R52)}} full, brimming over. rich. {{has_subtype: luxuriant &c. (fertile) R168; affluent &c. (wealthy) R803; wantless[obs3]}}. <--big with &c. (pregnant) R161. relation?? --> {{has_extreme(sufficient)}} inexhaustible, exhaustless, unexhausted[obs3], unwasted[obs3]. {{has_high_level: lavish &c. R641}}. Adv. sufficiently, adequately. {{has_high_level}} amply; fully; with no sparing hand; to one's heart's content, ad libitum, without stint. {{has_large_quantity}} abundantly, copiously, in abundance, plentifully, plenteously, galore [postpositive]; wholesale, en masse. {{&has_mode(giving, R784/providing, @R637)}} {{conceptual_part_of(amply): @R816, generously, liberally, unstintingly, stintlessly[obs3], without stint, unsparingly}}. Int. "enough!"; "basta!"[Ital.]. Phr. das Beste ist gut genug[Ger]; there's plenty more where that came from; enough is as good as a feast[15th cent. proverb]; " cut and come again " [Crabbe]. M7.2.2.2.9.3.2 INSUFFICIENCY (R640) #640. Insufficiency. N. {{has_subtype(quantity)}} {{antonym_of(sufficiency, R639)}} insufficiency; inadequacy, inadequateness. paucity; stint. scarcity, dearth; want, need, lack, poverty, exigency; inanition, starvation, famine, drought. emptiness, poorness, meagerness, thinness; depletion, vacancy, flaccidity. {[of(money, R800): indigence &c. R804; insolvency, @R808]}. {{has_metaphor}} ebb tide, low water, low point, low water mark; " a beggarly account of empty boxes " [Romeo and Juliet]. {{property_of}} dole, mite, pittance; short allowance, short commons; half rations; banyan day. {{has_subtype: incompetence &c. (impotence) R158; imperfection &c. R651; shortcoming &c. R304; scantiness &c. (smallness) R32}}. {{&caused_by: deficiency &c. (incompleteness) R53; taking, R789}}. V. be insufficient, be inadequate, not suffice, fall short, come short of, fall shy of. [transitive] want, lack, need, require; caret. {{has_subtype(lack[obj=money, R800]): @R804, be poor, be in want, be indigent, live from hand to mouth}}. {{&caused_by}} run dry. {{&caused_by}} render insufficient, render inadequate; drain of resources, impoverish; put on short allowance. {{&caused_by: waste, R638}}. {{causes: @R819, stint, scrimp}}. {{&causes}} do insufficiently, do inadequately; scotch the snake. Adj. {{antonym_of(sufficient, R639)}} {{has_subtype(lacking, @R53)}} insufficient, inadequate, too little, not enough, not sufficient. lacking, wanting, needing. meager, poor, thin, scrimp, sparing, spare, stinted. {{has_consequence}} unprovided, unsupplied[obs3], unfurnished; unreplenished, unfed[obs3]; unstored[obs3], untreasured[obs3]. scant &c. (small) R32. {{&consequence_of(insufficient)}} {{has_subtype(few, @R103)}} {{&has_property(physical object)}} scarce, rare, hard to find; exceptional, out of the ordinary, rare as a blue diamond, scarce as hen's teeth, not to be had, not to be had for love or money, not to be had at any price. {{similar_to(rare)}} {[in_frame(periodicity, R138): infrequent, R137; unusual, @R83]}. {{&has_consequence(insufficiency[of=money, R800]): stingy &c. R819; in want &c. (poor) R804; in debt &c. R806}}. {{&has_consequence(insufficiency)}} without resources, without means, without the wherewithal. scurvy. {{has_subtype(lacking[obj=nutritive value])}} jejune. unequal to. ill-furnished, ill-provided, ill-stored, ill-off. slack, at a low ebb. short of. {{&has_consequence}} starved, starving; half-starved, famine-stricken, famished. {{has_extreme(too little)}} out of, destitute of, devoid of, bereft of; denuded of; dry, drained; empty-handed. {{has_extreme(insufficient)}} empty, vacant, bare. {{&consequence_of: taken, R789}}. {{has_extreme(insufficient): absent, @R2}}. {[of(skill, R698): @R699, incompetent, unskillfull]}. {[of(power, R157): impotent, R158]}. {{has_subtype(lacking[obj=attention]): perfunctory &c. (neglect) R460}}. {{has_subtype(lacking[obj=perfection]): imperfect &c. R651}}. Adv. insufficiently &c. adj.; in default of, for want of; failing. {{similar_to: almost &c. @R34, A3.2}}. Phr. semper avarus eget [Lat][Horace]; " weighed in the balance and found wanting "[Bible]. <-- there is significant overlap between abundance, under "sufficiency", and "overabundance", here. Where does "more than enough" belong? Note that we do not use "has_excess" to describe the headword. The headword means only "more than enough". "has_excess" implies a value judgment of too much, in a negative sense. So "too much" is a subtype. [[excess]] --> M7.2.2.2.9.3.3 EXCESS (R641) #641. Excess. N. {{has_subtype(quantity)}} {{has_large_quantity(abundance, @R639)}} {{has_subtype(remainder[over=requirement, R630], R40)}} {{has_subtype(margin, @R28)}} excess, surplus, surfeit, more than enough, more than required, surplusage[obs3], overplus[obs3], nimiety[obs3]. {{has_property: unnecessary, @R641}}. plethora, superabundance, oversupply, transcendency, exuberance, profuseness; repletion, enough in all conscience, satis superque[Lat]. {{has_property}} redundancy, superfluousness, redundance[obs3], superfluity, duplication, superfluence[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_excess(quantity)}} too much, too many, overabundance, saturation; engorgement, congestion, overload, sickener[obs3]. {{has_subtype(excess[of=work, M7.3.5.4.1])}} {{has_subtype(waste, R638)}} duplication of effort. duplicate. {{has_subtype(too much)}} overdose, overmeasure[obs3]. {{has_subtype(too much)}} {[of(liquid)]} overflow. {{has_subtype(too much)}} drug, drug in the market, drug on the market, glut; crowd; burden. {{has_metaphor(too much)}} avalanche. {{has_metaphor(too much): @R348, inundation, flood}}. {{has_metaphor}} lion's share. {{&has_manifestation: turgescence[obs3] &c. (expansion) R194}}. {{&causes: waste, R638}}. {[of(work)]} supererogation, work of supererogation. {[of(money, R800)]} bonus, bonanza, windfall. {{has_subtype(excess[of=expenditure, R809])}} luxury; exorbitance, lavishment[obs3]. {{has_subtype(excess[of=self-indulgence, R827]): intemperance &c. R954; extravagance &c. (prodigality) R818}}. {{has_subtype(too much)}} {[in_frame(language, R560): pleonasm &c. (diffuseness) R573]}. {{has_metaphor(overload[of=task, R625])}} too many irons in the fire. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(desirable)}} an embarrassment of riches, embarras de richesses[Fr]. {{has_subtype: accumulation &c. (store) R636; heap &c. R72}}. {{has_subtype(excess[of=time])}} {[in_frame(calendar)]} epact[obs3], moon's age at the beginning of the calendar year, number of days by which the new moon precedes the beginning of a year. V. be in excess, be in surplus, be surplus. superabound, overabound[obs3]. abound with, creep with, crawl with, bristle with, swarm with; run riot, know no bounds; meet one at every turn. {{caused_by}} glut, gorge, load, load up, whelm, hepatize[obs3]; inundate, deluge, flood, surcharge, supersaturate, drench; superimpose, overlay. {{caused_by}} choke, cloy, accloy[obs3], suffocate; pile up, lay on thick; impregnate with. {{has_excess(load up)}} overstock; overcharge; overfeed. {{has_excess(load up)}} {{caused_by(harm, R659a)}} overdose; overburden, overload, overdo. {{has_metaphor}} {[in_frame(selling, R796)]} drug, drug the market. {{&has_result(overburden)}} {{caused_by(fail, R732)}} overwhelm. {[of(liquid)]} overflow, overrun, run over, flow over, well over, brim over. {{has_subtype(be excessive)}} {[of(expenditure, R809): lavish &c. (squander) R818]}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(go beyond, @R303)}} overshoot the mark. {{has_metaphor}} send coals to Newcastle, carry coals to Newcastle, carry owls to Athens; teach one's grandmother to suck eggs; pisces natare docere[Lat]; kill the slain, " gild refined gold", "gild the lily", butter one's bread on both sides, put butter upon bacon. {{has_metaphor}} {{has_subtype(waste, R638)}} employ a steam engine to crack a nut. wallow in; roll in; remain on one's hands, hang heavy on hand, go a begging. {[in_frame(assertion, R535): exaggerate &c. R549]}. Adj. {{has_large_quantity(abundant, @R639)}} excess, surplus. {{&consequence_of: @R641, redundant, duplicative}}. {{has_excess(surplus)}} excessive, too much, too many; exuberant, inordinate, superabundant, overmuch, replete, profuse, lavish, extravagant, wanton; exorbitant; overweening; extravagant; overcharged &c. v.; supersaturated, drenched; overflowing, running over, running to waste, running down. {[of(self-indulgence): prodigal &c. R818]}. crammed to overflowing, filled to overflowing; gorged, ready to burst; dropsical, turgid, plethoric. {[of(body weight, @P2.3.2.2.3.1): obese &c. R194]}. {{!has_consequence}} {{antonym_of(necessary, @R601)}} superfluous, unnecessary, needless, supervacaneous[obs1], uncalled for. to spare, in excess; over and above &c. (remainder) R40; de trop[Fr]; adscititious &c. (additional) R37; on one's hands, spare, duplicate, supererogatory, expletive; un peu fort[Fr]. {{property_of: supernumerary &c. (reserve) R636}}. Adv. in excess. too, excessively, overly, over and above; overmuch, too much; too far; without measure, beyond measure, out of measure; "with . . . to spare"; over head and ears; up to one's eyes, up to one's ears; extra; beyond the mark &c. (transcursion) R303; acervatim [Lat]. {{has_metaphor}} up to one's neck in, up to one's eyes in, up to one's ears in, over one's head in, awash in, swimming in. Pref. over-. Phr. it never rains but it pours; it's either feast or famine; fortuna multis dat nimium nulli satis [Lat]; "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." [Bert Lance]. <-- there are two intimate concepts attached to any "use"; the agency of the object which is used (how it is useful), and the agent using it. [[use]] --> M7.2.2.3 USE OF MEANS FOR ENDS (R677) #677. Use. N. {{conceptual_part_of(usefulness, R644)}} {{case_of(means, R632)}} use, use of means for ends, utilization, employ, employment, using, application, appliance[obs2], adhibition[obs3]. <-- here "tool" may be anything useful -- a physical object or a method --> {{has_case}} {{property_of(useful)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} tool, device, thing used, something useful. {{has_case: agency[of=thing used], R170}}. {{used_by(object used): agent}}. {{has_subtype(method[of=use])}} usage, way of using, method of use. {{causes(use[of=property, R780])}} {{has_subtype(good, R618)}} usufruct, benefit, service. {{has_subtype(benefit, @R677)}} interest, stake. {{affects(interest)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} interested person. {{has_subtype(interest): possession, R777; ownership, R780a}}. {{has_subtype(interest)}} vested interest; contingent interest; beneficial interest, equitable interest. exercise, exertion, practise, exercitation[obs3]; disposal. recourse, resort, avail. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(processing, @A7.7)}} manipulation. {{has_beginning}} conversion to use, putting into service. {[of(clothing, R225)]} wearing. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(destruction, @R162)}} expenditure, consumption. {{has_subtype(consumption)}} {{property_of(complete)}} depletion, exhaustion, complete consumption. {{has_subtype(use)}} {{property_of(good, R618)}} {{property_of(efficient, R157b)}} good use, effective use, efficient use. {{antonym_of(good use): waste, M7.2.2.1.1.5}}. {{has_subtype(use)}} {{has_subtype(repetition[of=use])}} reuse. {{has_subtype(reuse[ptnt=material, P2.1.4])}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} recycling, reclaiming. {{has_subtype(reuse[ptnt=part])}} cannibalization. {{causes: wear, @R659a}}. {{forms(use[ptnt=physical object])}} {{has_subtype(material, P2.1.4)}} {{property_of(used)}} used material. {{forms(recycling)}} {{processed_into(used material)}} {{has_subtype(material, P2.1.4)}} recycled material. V. [transitive] use, utilize, make use of, employ. {{has_commencement}} put to use, put in action, put in operation, put in practice; set in motion, set to work. ply, work, wield, handle, manipulate; play, play off; profit by, resort to, have recourse to, recur to, take oneself to, betake oneself to, take up with; lay one's hands on, try. {{has_subtype(use[mode=completely])}} [transitive] exhaust, swallow up, absorb, finish, drain, run out of, tap out, impoverish, empty, use up all of, consume all of. {{has_subtype(use)}} {{has_subtype(destroy, R162)}} {{has_method(exhaust)}} consume, use up, deplete, expend, spend. {{has_subtype(exhaust): wear out, @R659a}}. {{causes(consume): nonexistence, R2}}. {{has_subtype(use)}} {{caused_by(be useful, R644)}} {{&result_of(improve[1], @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1)}} [transitive] apply, render useful, make useful, turn to use, put to good use, make good use of, turn to account, convert to use, avail oneself of, mold to one's purpose, adhibit[obs3]; work up; call into play, bring into play; put into requisition; press into service, enlist into service; bring to bear upon; make a handle of, make a cat's-paw of; bring out, take out, bring up, call forth, draw forth. {{has_high_level(make useful)}} reap the benefit of, profit by, take advantage of, cash in on, make capital out of, make the most of, make hay of, make hay out of. {{has_subtype(avail oneself of)}} have recourse to, resort to; fall back upon, make a shift with. devote, dedicate, consecrate. make the most of, make the best of. tax, task, wear, put to task. {{has_subtype(use[mode=again])}} {{has_subtype(repeat[obj=use])}} {[after(use)]} reuse. {{has_subtype(reuse[obj=part])}} cannibalize. exert, exercise, practice. {{has_subtype(use[obj=money, R800/asset, @R812a]): invest, @M7.3.5.1.1.1}}. {{!has_method(use[obj=clothing, R225]): wear, @R225}}. {{has_subtype(reuse[ptnt=material, P2.1.4])}} recycle, reclaim. <-- , dispose of ?? --> Adj. in use, being used. used, utilized, employed, made use of. {{has_high_level(used)}} well-worn, well-trodden. {{has_requirement: useful &c. R644}}. {{has_property(object used): subservient &c. (instrumental) R631}}. {{has_high_intensity(used)}} well-used, much-used, well-utilized; overutilized, overused. {{has_low_intensity(used)}} underused, underutilized; barely used. {{has_subtype(used[mode=completely])}} depleted, used up, exhausted, consumed, finished, drained, expended, tapped out, swallowed up, completely used up. {{causes(use up): nonexistent, R2}}. {{has_consequence(used up): nonexistent, R2}}. {{has_consequence(recycle)}} {{has_property(recycled material)}} recycled, reclaimed. {{has_property(interested person)}} interested, having an interest. M7.2.2.3.1 MISUSE (R679) #679. Misuse. N. {{property_of(bad, @R649)}} misuse, misusage, misemployment[obs3], misapplication, misappropriation. {{&caused_by(failure, R732)}} incorrect use, inappropriate use. abuse, profanation, prostitution, perversion. {[of(sacred object/holy place)]} desecration. {{causes: waste &c. R638}}. V. misuse, misemploy, misapply, misappropriate. desecrate, abuse, profane, prostitute. overtask, overtax, overwork. {{causes: waste &c. R638; squander &c. R818}}. cut blocks with a razor, employ a steam engine to crack a nut; catch at a straw. Adj. misused &c. v.. Phr. ludere cum sacris[Lat]. M7.2.2.3.R1 DISUSE (R678) #678. Disuse. N. {{antonym_of(use, R677)}} disuse, lack of use, disusage[obs3]. forbearance, abstinence. {{&caused_by: relinquishment &c. R782}}. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(habit, R613)}} want of habit, want of practice, inusitation[obs3]. V. not use. do without, dispense with, let alone, not touch, forbear, abstain, spare, waive, neglect; hold back, keep back, reserve. {{has_subtype(store, R636)}} lay up, lay by, lay on the shelf, keep on the shelf, lay up in ordinary; keep in reserve, lay up in a napkin, keep under the mattress; shelve; set aside, put aside, lay aside, sock away, squirrel away, tucked away. disuse, leave off, have done with; supersede; dismiss, give warning. {{caused_by}} {{&has_commencement: throw aside &c. (relinquish) R782; destroy, R162; discard &c. (eject) R297; dismantle &c. (Render useless) R645}}. lie unemployed , remain unemployed &c. adj.. Adj. not used, unused, unemployed, unapplied. undisposed of, unspent, unexercised, untouched, untrodden, unessayed[obs3], ungathered[obs3], unculled; uncalled for, not required. disused, neglected. reserved, held back, kept back, set aside, hoarded, kept in reserve, held in reserve. done with. <-- this Roget entry was listed "DESUETUDE" as an antonym of "habit", R613, but the word "desuetude" is actually defined as cessation of use, or the falling into disuse, which conforms to one sense of the more common term of obsolescence; we put it here as a type of disuse, and move some of the the "lack of use" parts to disuse, above --> M7.2.2.3.R2 OBSOLESCENCE (R614) #614. Obsolescence. N. {{has_subtype(discontinuance[of=use, R677], @R142)}} obsolescence[1], desuetude, cessation of use, falling out of use, discontinuation of use, widespread cessation of use, disusage[obs3]. {{causes: disuse &c. R678}}. {{!causes}} {{has_subtype(oldness, R124)}} {{has_subtype(state, A7)}} obsolescence[2], general lack of usage, nonprevalence[obs3]. <-- general term for unpopularity; the clothing and style unfashionability is at R851, "vulgarity" --> {{has_subtype(obsolescence[2])}} unfashionability, unpopularity. {{has_high_level(unpopularity): disfavor, @R867}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(oldness, R124): @R851, unfashionability}}. {{&caused_by: boredom, R841}}. {{caused_by(obsolescence)}} {{property_of(improved, M7.1.2.1.2.1.1/better, R648/newer)}} improvement, something better. {{has_subtype(something better)}} {{has_subtype(tool, @R677)}} improved tool. {{has_metaphor(improved tool)}} new brooms. {{&caused_by}} newness to. {{has_subtype: infraction of usage, @R83}}. "a custom more honored in the breach than the observance" [Hamlet]. <-- ; --> V. [transitive] stop using, cease using, halt usage. fall out of use. break a habit, kick the habit, leave off a habit, cast off a habit, break off a habit, wean oneself of a habit, violate a habit, break through a habit, infringe a habit, leave off a custom, cast off a custom, break off a custom, wean oneself of a custom, violate a custom, break through a custom, infringe a custom, leave off a usage, cast off a usage, break off a usage, wean oneself of a usage. violate a usage, break through a usage, infringe a usage. {{causes: disuse &c. R678}}. {{&caused_by}} wear off, lose interest. {{causes}} be unaccustomed, be out of practise. {{causes: lose[obj=skill, R698], R776}}. {{result_of(obsolescence)}} {{has_subtype(replace, @R147)}} [transitive] obsolete. Adj. disused. {{has_consequence: unused &c. R678}}. {{has_consequence}} {{has_consequence(unused, R678)}} unaccustomed, unwonted, unseasoned, uninured[obs3], unhabituated[obs3], untrained, unobserved; unhackneyed. {{&consequence_of(unaccustomed): green &c. (unskilled) R699}}. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(old, R124)}} {{has_low_level(useless, R645)}} obsolete. {{&consequence_of(disused)}} {{has_low_level(disliked, @R867)}} unfashionable, unpopular. {{has_high_level(obsolete)}} {{has_subtype(antique, @R124)}} antiquated. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(old, R124): @R851, unfashionable}}. {{&consequence_of: boring, R841}}. {{has_consequence: unusual &c. (unconformable) R83}}. <-- nonobservant[obs3] --> <--- 3. Precursory Measures 673. Preparation 674. Nonpreparation 675. Essay 676. Undertaking 677. Use 678. Disuse 679. Misuse ==> to M7.2.2.3 Use [[method]] --> M7.2.3 METHODS FOR ACTION (R692a) #692a. Method. N. {{has_subtype(complex concept, M3.1.2)}} {{has_method(goal, R620)}} method, way, manner, wise, mode, fashion, method for action, procedure, procedures[pl], protocol, technique, course of action, process, mechanism, means, modus operandi, MO[acron]. {{has_execution: process, @R680}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(organized/planned)}} system. {{has_lexpression: description, R594}}. {{has_metaphor}} route, course. gait, form, tone, guise. {{has_metaphor: way, P2.3.1.3.10.5; path, R627}}. {{property_of(speed, R274): short cut, R628}}. {{property_of(frequency, R136)}} routine. {{property_of(secrecy, @R528)}} trade secret. {{has_expression(skill, R698)}} clever method, trick, trick of the trade. {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{uses: rule book, manual, check list, handbook}}. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(empirical, @R463)}} {{has_method(inquiry/research)}} scientific method. {{has_conceptual_part(scientific method)}} formation of hypothesis, hypothesis generation. {{&has_method(formation of hypothesis): @R515, speculation, imagination, creativity, random shot, leap in the dark}}. {{has_conceptual_part(scientific method)}} {{has_subtype(experiment)}} test of hypothesis. {{uses(manufacturing)}} industrial process. {[in_frame(computer program, M7.2.3.1.1)]} {{has_conceptual_part}} routine, subroutine, algorithm. Adj. methodical, systematic. Adv. how; in what way, in what manner, by what method; by what mode; so, in this way, after this fashion. methodically, systematically. procedurally. one way or another, anyhow; somehow or other &c. (instrumentality) R631. Pron. with, using; by, by means of. {{has_subtype(using)}} wielding. Phr. "There's more than one way to skin a cat.". <-- 625. Business ==> to action 626. Plan 627. Method 628. Mid-course 629. Circuit 630. Requirement --> <-- A "plan" might be considered formally as a subtype of "method", but for this classification, we also specify the sense in which a method is one tactic, but a plan is more or less a complete strategy. The word "plan" also is typically used in reference to a point in time when the goal is still in the future. The word "method" is more neutral as to whether the completion of an overall goal is included in the specific method. These distinctions are probably not observed in general use, and these two entries have a lot in common. [[plan]] --> M7.2.3.1 PLAN (R626) #626. Plan. N. {{has_subtype(complex concept, M3.1.2)}} {{used_in(method, M7.2.3)}} {{property_of(premeditated, R611)}} plan, scheme, design, project. {{has_conceptual_part: motive, R615; intention, R620}}. {{affects: future action}}. {{has_execution}} {{has_subtype(process, @R680)}} execution, performance. proposal, proposition, suggestion; resolution, motion. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(planned[mode=carefully, @R459])}} {{property_of(carefully calculated, @R611)}} well-laid plan, deep-laid plan, carefully calculated plan, intricate scheme, involved scheme, elaborate plan, elaborate scheme, intricate plot. {{has_conceptual_part: precaution &c. (provision) R673}}. {{has_result: system &c. (order) R58; organization &c. (arrangement) R60}}. {{uses: protocol, @R692a}}. {{has_part}} {{property_of(preliminary, @R673/incomplete, R53)}} {{has_subtype(framework, @R5)}} sketch, skeleton, outline, draught, draft, ebauche[Fr], brouillon[Fr]; rough cast, rough draft, draught copy. {{complement_to(outline): detail, @R594}}. copy; proof, revise. {{&uses(outline)}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} drawing, scheme, schematic, graphic, chart, flow chart (representation) R554. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(agent[num=>1], R690)}} intrigue, cabal, plot, conspiracy, complot[obs3], machination; subplot, underplot[obs3], counterplot. forecast; prospectus; carte du pays[Fr]; card; bill; order of the day, list of agenda; base of operations; platform, plank, slate [U. S.], ticket [U. S.]. {[of(meal): bill of fare, @P2.8.3.R1]}. role. {{has_execution: policy, @R692}}. contrivance, invention, expedient, receipt, nostrum, artifice, device; pipelaying [U. S.]. {{has_subtype: stratagem &c. (cunning) R702; trick &c. (deception) R545}}. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(substitute, R147)}} alternative plan, alternative, variant, expedient, plan B. {{has_subtype(expedient)}} {{property_of(final, @R67)}} {{property_of(necessity, R601)}} last resort. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(qualification, R469)}} loophole, escape hatch, escape clause. {{has_subtype(list[of=future event], R86)}} schedule; timetable. {{property_of(schedule/timetable): ordered[by=time, R106], R60}}. {{has_subtype(schedule)}} program, programme[Brit]; syllabus; agenda, calendar, docket. {{has_subtype(program): computer program, R626a}}. {{has_subtype(timetable[of=travel])}} itinerary. <-- this "step, measure" is part of a plan. At R680 "step, measure" is part of an action. Any difference??? --> {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(step, @R680)}} step, measure. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(step, @R680)}} {{property_of(cunning, R702)}} stroke, stroke of policy; master stroke; trump card, court card; cheval de bataille[Fr], great gun; coup, coup d'etat[Fr]; clever stroke, bold stroke, good move, good hit, good stroke; bright thought, bright idea. {{has_part(plan, R626): @R702, stratagem, tactic, ploy, device, machination, maneuver, dodge, sidestep, artful dodge, finesse, go by, subterfuge}}. {{performed_by}} planner, schemer, schemist[obs3], schematist[obs1]; strategist, machinator; projector, artist, promoter, designer &c. v.. {{performed_by(conspiracy)}} conspirator, co-conspirator. {{performed_by(intrigue): @R702, intrigant, intriguer}}. V. {{has_subtype(devise, @R515)}} {{has_subtype(arrange, @R60)}} {{has_subtype(prepare, @R673)}} plan, scheme, arrange, design, frame, contrive. project, forecast, sketch; set one's wits to work &c. R515; spring a project; fall upon, hit upon; strike out, chalk out, cut out, lay out, map out; lay down a plan; shape out a course, mark out a course; concert, preconcert, preestablish; hatch, hatch a plot concoct; take steps, take measures. schedule. cast, recast, systematize, organize; digest, mature. plot; counter-plot, counter-mine; dig a mine; lay a train. {{&causes: predetermine &c. R611}}. {{has_subtype(plot): intrigue, @R702}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(intended, @R620)}} planned, arranged. schemed, plotted, contrived. {{has_consequence(schedule)}} scheduled. strategic, strategical; planning &c. v.; prepared, in course of preparation. [predicate adj.] under consideration, in planning, in the planning stage; on the drawing board, on the tapis[obs3], on the carpet, on the floor. Adv. {{has_subtype(in conformity[with=plan], R82)}} as planned, according to plan, in conformity with plan. M7.2.3.1.1 COMPUTER PROGRAM (R626A) #626a. Computer Program. N. {{hcreates(programmer, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.5)}} {{uses(electronic computer)}} computer program, software[collective pl], computer software, program. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(writing, R590)}} computer programming, programming. {{uses(programming)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} constant; variable. {{has_subtype(constant)}} numerical constant; string constant. {{has_subtype(variable)}} numerical variable; string variable. {{has_subtype(programming)}} object-oriented programming. {{uses(object-oriented programming)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} program object, object. {{has_property(program object/variable/constant)}} {{has_subtype(attribute, @R79a)}} attribute, property, object attribute. {{has_action(program object)}} {{has_subtype(inheritance[of=attribute], @R154)}} inheritance. {{has_conceptual_part: @M7.2.3, routine, subroutine, algorithm}}. {{has_lexpression}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} code, computer code, program listing, listing. {{has_execution}} running a program, executing a program. {{has_part}} user interface, interface. {{has_subtype(user interface)}} {{has_part(operating environment)}} character-based interface; graphical interface, graphical user interface, GUI[acron]; windowing system. {{has_part(graphical user interface)}} icon; pointer, cursor. {{uses(pointer)}} {{function_of(move[obj=cursor])}} {{has_subtype(electronic device)}} pointing device. {{has_subtype(pointing device)}} mouse, computer mouse; trackball; light pen; touch-sensitive screen. {{has_subtype(graphical user interface)}} "Windows"; "OS/2 Presentation Manager"; "OS/2 Workplace Shell", WPS[acron]; McIntosh interface; X-Windows. {{has_subtype(Windows)}} {{has_subtype(operating environment)}} "Windows 3.1"; "Windows-95"; "Windows NT". {{has_part(graphical user interface)}} {{location_of(computer screen)}} {{shape_of(rectangular)}} window. {{has_part(window)}} {{has_subtype(menu)}} pull-down menu; pop-up menu; menu bar; scroll bar. {{has_part(menu)}} highlight bar, selection bar. {{&has_function(mouse/arrow key): move[obj=selection bar]}}. {{has_subtype}} operating system; application program; operating environment. {{uses(application program): operating system}}. {{has_subtype(operating system)}} {{uses(microcomputer)}} CPM[obsolete]; DOS; MS-DOS; IBM-DOS; DR-DOS; Windows. {{has_subtype(operating system)}} Unix; Xenix. {{has_subtype(operating system)}} "OS/MVS"; "OS/VS2". {{has_subtype(application program)}} computer game. {{has_subtype(computer game)}} Zork; Pacman; Super Mario Brothers; King's Quest; computer chess. {{has_subtype(application program)}} {{&uses(writing, R590)}} word processor, word processing program; editor, text editor. {{has_subtype(application program)}} computer-aided design program, CAD program; database program, database, database manager; speradsheet program, spreadsheet; integrated program. {{has_part(integrated program): database program + spreadsheet program + word processor}}. <-- The two entries 628 and 629 were oddly placed. We leave them here, since the words which primarily refer to routes of travel can also metaphorically be used for methods to achieve a goal. two different concepts were in R628: direct route and "compromise, moderation" !??? Why? Compromise is at R774, so those concepos were moved to that location. --> M7.2.3.2 DIRECT WAY (R628) #628. Direct way. N. {{has_property(nearness, R197)}} {{has_property(directness)}} {{antonym_of(detour, R629)}} direct route, direct way, straight course, straight path, direct course, shortest route; direct method, main chance. short cut, cross cut. {[in_frame(navigation)]} {{has_subtype(direct route)}} great circle route, great circle sailing. V. use the direct route, take the main chance. keep in a middle course, preserve a middle course, preserve an even course, go straight, go directly. {{has_metaphor}} go for the jugular; cut to the heart of the matter. Adj. straight &c. (direct) R278. Phr. medium tenuere beati[Lat]; "that's where the money is"[Willy Sutton]. M7.2.3.3 ROUNDABOUT WAY (R629) #629. Roundabout way. N. {{antonym_of(direct route, R628)}} roundabout way, indirect route, circumbendibus, ambages[obs3], loop, indirect way. digression. {{has_property: winding &c. (circuition) R311; zigzag &c. (deviation) R279}}. {[in_frame(travel)]} side trip; scenic route; detour, circuit. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(negotiation, R770a): compromise, R774]}. V. use a roundabout way, go round about, go out of one's way; make a detour, digress; take a side trip, take the scenic route; perform a circuit. {{has_subtype: meander &c. (deviate) R279}}. lead a pretty dance; beat about the bush; make two bites of a cherry. Adj. circuitous, indirect, roundabout, out of the way; backhanded. {[of(path): zigzag &c. (deviating) R279]}. Adv. circuitously, indirectly, by a side wind, by an indirect course; in a roundabout way; from pillar to post. <-- note that all methods have requirements! [[requirement]] --> M7.2.3.R1 REQUIREMENT (R630) #630. Requirement. N. {{has_requirement(method, M7.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(deficiency, R640)}} {{property_of(necessity, R601)}} requirement, need, needs[pl], necessities[pl], necessity[1], exigency. {{has_high_level}} pressing need, crying need, urgent need. {{has_temporal_location(pressing need)}} time of need. {{property_of(required)}} necessity[2], necessities[pl], needful, something needed. {{has_subtype(necessity)}} necessaries[pl], necessaries of life[collective]. {{co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} stress, exigency, pinch, sine qua non, matter of necessity; case of need, case of life or death. needfulness, essentiality, indispensability, urgency. wants. {{&mcauses: @R741, demand, exaction}}. {{mcauses: requisition &c. (request) R765}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} run upon, run on; demand, call for. {{has_subtype: desideratum, @R865}}. {{mcauses: desire, R865}}. V. require, need, want, have occasion for; not be able to do without, not be able to dispense with; prerequire, stand in need of. {{caused_by}} render necessary, necessitate, create a necessity for, call for. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(request, @R765)}} put in a requisition. {{mcauses: @R765, request, make a requisition, ask for}}. {{mcauses: desire &c. R865}}. {{&mcauses: demand, R741}}. {{&caused_by: lack &c. R640}}. {{&caused_by: insufficiency, R640}}. desiderate[obs3]; be necessary &c. adj.. Adj. {{has_subtype(necessary, R601)}} required, needed, requisite, needful, necessary. {{has_high_intensity(necessary)}} imperative, essential, indispensable, prerequisite, called for. {{has_high_intensity}} {{has_subtype(urgent, @R684)}} urgent, exigent, pressing, instant, crying, absorbing. {{has_consequence}} demanded, mandatory, in demand. {{has_consequence}} requested, in request. {{antonym_of}} unnecessary, not needed, not required. {{has_subtype(demanded[by=obligation, R926]): obligatory, @R926}}. {{&caused_by}} in want of. {{&caused_by: destitute of &c. R640}}. Adv. {{has_subtype(necessarily, R601)}} necessarily, ex necessitate rei[Lat], of necessity. Phr. there is no time to lose; it cannot be spared, it cannot be dispensed with; mendacem memorem esse oportet [Lat][Quintilian]; necessitas non habet legem[Lat]; nec tecum possum trivere nec sine te [Lat][Martial]. <-- ?? entire next section may need relocation. Objects to objects, methods to methods, quantities to quantities --> M7.3 RESULT OF VOLITION N. {{has_result(volition)}} result of volition. <-- Roget's "choice" included the general "choosing" as well as the concept "choice in favor". These are distinct concepts, but use the same words in many cases. We feel that it is better to treat them as distinct concepts, so we leave the action of choosing, generally, at R600, and put "choice in favor" as "election", here. This will result in apparent duplications of words here which are also in R600, but we believe that there is sufficient semantic distinction to justify this split. The general concept of "alternative, choice, option" is at (M7.R1). --> M7.3.1 ADOPTION (R609) #609. Adoption. N. {{has_subtype(choice, R600)}} {{has_subtype(predilection &c. (desire) R865)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{antonym_of(rejection, R610)}} adoption, decision in favor, election, selection, decision for, choice, choosing, cooptation[obs3], novation[obs3]. {{has_case}} thing chosen. {{has_requirement: @R600, discretion, volition}}. excerption, gleaning, eclecticism; excerpta[obs3], gleanings, cuttings, scissors and paste. {{has_subtype(thing chosen): pick &c. (best) R650}}. {{similar_to: decision &c. (judgment) R480}}. {{mcaused_by}} preference, taste, prelation[obs3]. {{measured_by}} {{has_subtype(inquiry[of=human group], R641)}} opinion poll, poll, survey. {{has_method(opinion poll): ask[obj=question, R461a], R461a}}. {{has_subtype(selection[of=leader, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1])}} {{has_subtype(poll)}} election. {{has_subtype(election): political election (politics) R737a}}. V. choose, elect, opt for, select, fix upon, decide upon, decide in favor, make choice of, settle on, settle upon. adopt, take up, embrace, espouse. {{has_conceptual_part: decide &c. (adjudge) R480; list &c. (will) R600; make up one's mind &c. (resolve) R604}}. {{&mcaused_by: desire, R865}}. take one's choice, make one's choice. select; pick and choose; pick out, single out; cull, glean, winnow; sift the chaff from the wheat, separate the chaff from the wheat, winnow the chaff from the wheat; pick up, pitch upon; pick one's way; indulge one;s fancy. use option, use discretion, exercise option, exercise discretion, one's option. {{has_subtype}} see fit, think fit; volunteer. {{requires}} offer one's choice, set before; hold out the alternative, present the alternative, offer the alternative; put to the vote. vote, poll, hold up one's hand; divide. set apart, mark out for. prefer; have rather, have as lief. {{&mcaused_by: M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1, persuasion}}. take a decided step, take a decisive step; commit oneself to a course; pass the Rubicon, cross the Rubicon; cast in one's lot with; take for better or for worse. Adj. adopted, chosen, selected. optional. {{has_property(adoption): @R600, discretionary, voluntary}}. eclectic; choosing, selecting, adopting; preferential. {{has_property(thing chosen)}} {{has_subtype(best, @R648): @R648, choice, select}}. Adv. by choice, by preference, preferentially. optionally; at pleasure; either the one or the other; or at the option of; whether or not; once and for all; for one's money. in preference; rather, before. M7.3.2 REJECTION (R610) #610. Rejection. N. {{antonym_of(adoption, R609)}} {{has_subtype(negation[of=adoption, R609], R536)}} rejection, repudiation, exclusion, decision against. {{has_case}} thing rejected. {{&uses: negation, R536}}. declination. {{has_subtype: refusal &c. R764}}. V. reject; set aside, lay aside; give up; exclude, except; pluck, spin; cast. {{has_subtype: decline &c. (refuse) R764}}. repudiate[1], scout, set at naught; fling to the winds, fling to the dogs, fling overboard, fling away, cast to the winds, cast to the dogs, cast overboard, cast away, throw to the winds, throw to the dogs, throw overboard, throw away, toss to the winds, toss to the dogs, toss overboard, toss away; send to the right about. {{has_subtype: disclaim &c. (deny) R536}}. {[with_obj(person)]} {{has_subtype(exclude, M2.5.5.5)}} repudiate[2]; blackball. {{has_subtype(reject[obj=possession]): discard &c. (eject) R297}}. {{has_subtype: have done with, R678}}. Adj. {{has_property(thing rejected)}} rejected, repudiated; reject, rejectaneous[obs1], rejectious[obs1], not chosen, not adopted, not selected. not to be thought of, out of the question. selected out. Adv. neither, neither the one nor the other. {{uses: no &c. R536}}. Phr. non haec in faedera[Lat]; "no way!"; "not on your life!"; "forget it!", "impossible!". M7.3.3 FAILURE TO CHOOSE (R609a) #609a. Failure to Choose. N. failure to choose, no choice, no decision; first come first served, random selection; not a pin to choose &c. (equality) R27; any, the first that comes; that or nothing. {{has_case}} thing not chosen. {{&causes: inaction}}. {{&caused_by: necessity &c. R601; dilemma, @R704}}. {{&mcaused_by: neutrality, indifference; indecision &c. (irresolution) R605; arbitrariness}}. {{has_subtype: Hobson's choise, @R601}}. {{&caused_by: coercion, compulsion R744}}. V. not choose, make no choice, be neutral. waive, not vote; abstain from voting, refrain from voting; leave undecided; "make a virtue of necessity" [Two Gentlemen]. {{&mcaused_by}} have no choice, have no election. Adj. {{has_subtype(undecided, @R605)}} neutral, neuter; indifferent, uninterested. {{has_property(thing not chosen)}} unchosen, unselected. {{&consequence_of: undecided &c. (irresolute) R605}}. Adv. either &c. (choice) R609. Phr. "who cares?", "it's all the same to me", "what difference does it make?"; "There's not a dime's worth of difference between them." [George Wallace]. <-- in the section below on motives, we distinguish motive generally (which may be internally or externally caused) and goals, which are a subgroup of motives, namely those causing action for a specific end. --> <-- For this hierarchy, each the below categories (including inaction!) will be considered a subtype of action. (Thus, doing nothing is doing something!) ACTION (R680 TO R703) [[ACTION]] --> <--- 680. Acting 681. Inaction 682. Activity 683. Inactivity 684. Haste 685. Leisure 686. Exertion 687. Repose 688. Fatigue 689. Refreshment 690. Agent, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1 (Moved to person) 691. Workshop to edifice, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2 M7.3.4 SIMPLE ACTION (R680 TO R691) --> <-- R680 is for actions of humans/agents, primarily mental or concepts related to action in general. These actions have a goal, which is an integral part of the action (even if the goal is just to relax). Actions of people which are primarily physical in nature are under "human action" at P2.8 [humact]. These actions are distinguished from physical events. "Inaction" was moved to the physical human action section, R681. We include actions of machines as a subtype under this general category, since they behave (physically) as agents in many ways. brisk activity is under activity, below. Action is classified as an abstract process (A7.7) and also includes a component of physical and mental processes. [[action]] --> M7.3.4 ACTION #680. Action. N. {{antonym_of(inaction, R681)}} {{conceptual_part_of(human physical activity, P2.8)}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} {{conceptual_part_of(physical process)}} {{conceptual_part_of(mental process)}} action, acting, performance, doing, operation[1], movement, purposive behavior, goal-oriented behavior. {{!!performed_by($action): $agent, R690, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1}}. &&{{!!has_property($agent)}} {{!!has_subtype(agency, R170)}} responsibility, accountability, accountableness[obs3]. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(attribution[of=accountability], R155): credit, @R931; blame, @R932}}. {{has_purpose: purpose, R615}}. {{has_execution(method, R692a/plan, R626/procedure, M3.1.2.2)}} {{conceptual_part_of(physical process)}} {{conceptual_part_of(mental process)}} {{part_of(action, M7.3.4)}} process, human process. {{!has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{affected_by(person, P2.3.2.3)}} human event, act, human act, event, deed, overt act, stitch, touch, transaction. {{has_subtype(act)}} {{property_of(symbolic, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} {{purpose_of(affect[obj=other, M1.2], @R175)}} gesture, gest[obs3]. {{has_subtype(gesture)}} {{property_of(ineffective, @R175a)}} mere gesture. {{&has_purpose(mere gesture): express[obj=sympathy, M8.3.1.1.1.1.1], @R527}}. {{has_subtype(deed)}} {{property_of(superior, R648 + important, R642)}} great deed. {{has_subtype}} {{temporal_location_of(future, R121)}} future action. <-- this entry is needed to distinguish acts performed once from those which involve a more prolonged or persistent effort. The property of such action is "continuing" --> {{has_subtype}} continuing action, continued action. <-- this entry means that we can classify actions by the "field" in which they belong --> {{member_of($action[num=>1])}} {{has_subtype(domain, A8)}} field, field of activity, field, domain of action, area. &&{{has_property($action[num=all]): related, @A9}}. {{has_subtype(human event)}} {{caused_by(pleasure, R827)}} happy event. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(agent[num=1], R690)}} individual action, acting alone, action by oneself, action alone, independent action. {{member_of(individual action)}} separate actions[pl], uncoordinated actions[pl], independent actions[pl]. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(interaction, @R170)}} {{affected_by(agent[num=>1])}} {{hperforms(agent[num=>1], R690): interaction, M8}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(beginning, R66)}} {{conceptual_part_of(choice, M7.R1)}} {{contrast_to(reaction)}} {{follows(reaction)}} initiative. {{has_subtype(initiative)}} {{has_beginning(social interaction, M8)}} first move, first action. {{has_subtype: participation, @M8}}. <-- what's the cutoff for people affected by an important event? The question is what goes into a "history". --> {{has_subtype(human event)}} {{property_of(important, R642)}} {{affected_by(person[num=>10])}} significant human event, important event. {{has_subtype(important event): disaster, @R735; war, R722; election, @R737b; revolution, @R737b; scientific discovery, @R480a}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(controlling[object=$device, R633/$organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5], R693)}} {{has_subtype(using[object=$device, R633/$organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5], R677)}} [transitive] operation[2], operating, running. {{performed_by(operate[2])}} operator. {{has_subtype(operation[obj=vehicle, R272])}} driving. perpetration; movement, evolution[obs2]. execution, praxis, exercise, excitation, putting into effect. handicraft. {{has_subtype(action)}} {{hperforms(person[num=1])}} unilateral action, one-sided action. job, doings, dealings, proceeding; bout, passage. <-- human responses to other human actions are a subtype of the general concept of reaction at R154 --> {{has_subtype}} {{&mcauses}} {{precedes}} {{has_subtype(reaction, @R154)}} reaction, response. {{has_subtype(response)}} {{has_subtype(counteraction, R179)}} counteraction, counter effort. {{conceptual_part_of(counteraction): competition, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(action)}} {{mcaused_by(response)}} {{temporal_location_of(past, R122)}} {{has_subtype(provocation, @R824)}} prior action. {{precedes(prior action): response}}. {{result_of: agency &c. (power at work) R170}}. {{conceptual_part_of: business &c. R625}}. {{conceptual_part_of: behavior, M7.3.5.1}}. {{conceptual_part_of: procedure &c. (conduct) R692}}. {{&has_part(action)}} measure, step, maneuver, move, stroke, blow. {{has_subtype(maneuver)}} demarche, political maneuver. coup, coup de main, coup d'etat[Fr]; tour de force &c. (display) R882; feat, exploit; achievement &c. (completion) R729; handiwork, workmanship; manufacture; stroke of policy &c. (plan) R626. {{property_of}} human activity. {{has_subtype(human activity): @R686, work, labor}}. {{has_subtype(human activity): @R685a, play}}. {{has_subtype(human activity): learning, studying; idleness}}. {{has_subtype(start[obj=machine])}} activation, activating, turning on. V. do, perform, operate, be in action, act, be an actor. execute; transact, enact; commit, perpetrate, inflict; exercise, prosecute, carry on, work, be at work, practice, play. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(interact, @R170)}} {{affected_by(agent[num=>1])}} {{hperforms(agent[num=>1], R690): interact, M8}}. {{has_subtype: @M8, participate, take part}}. {{has_commencement}} [intransitive] take action, go into action, swing into action, take steps; strike a blow, lift a finger, stretch forth one's hand; put oneself in motion. {{has_commencement}} set out; put in practice, put into action; act upon. employ oneself, ply one's task; officiate, have in hand &c. (business) R625; pursue a course. {{&has_result: achieve &c. (complete) R729}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R692, behave, conduct, transact}}. {{has_subtype: labor &c. R686}}. {{conceptual_part_of: take in hand &c. (undertake) R676}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(control[object=device, R633], R693)}} [transitive] operate[2]. {{has_subtype(operate[2][obj=vehicle, R272])}} drive. {{performed_by(drive): driver, P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.1}}. {{has_commencement(drive)}} get into the driver's seat, take the wheel. {{has_subtype(be an actor): @R709, participate, take part in, take a part in, act a part in, play a part in, play a role in, perform a part in, participate in, have a hand in, have a finger in the pie, be a party to, be a participator in, bear a hand, lend a hand}}. {{has_subtype(be an actor)}} pull an oar, run in a race. {{has_subtype(take part in): mix oneself up with &c. (meddle) R682}}. {{has_commencement(be in action)}} come into action, come into operation, start up. Adj. doing, acting, performing; in action, in operation. in harness; on duty. {{has_property(unilateral action)}} unilateral, one-sided. {{has_property(individual action)}} lone, individual. {{has_subtype(lone)}} {{has_property(independent actions)}} independent, uncoordinated, separate. {{has_subtype(individually)}} {{has_mode(uncoordinated actions)}} separately, independently, without coordination. {{has_property(continuing action)}} {{has_subtype(prolonged, @R110)}} continuing. Adv. in the act, in the midst of, in the thick of; red-handed, in flagrante delicto[Lat]; while one's hand is in. {{has_mode(individual action)}} {{has_subtype(singly, @R87)}} by oneself, individually, alone, singly, solo, on one's own, by one's lonesome[coll.]. {{has_subtype(individually)}} {{has_mode(uncoordinated actions)}} separately, independently, without coordination. Phr. "action is eloquence" [Coriolanus]; actions speak louder than words; actum aiunt ne agas [Lat][Terence]; "awake, arise, or be forever fall'n" [Paradise Lost]; dii pia facta vident [Lat][Ovid]; faire sans dire[Fr]; fare fac[It]; fronte capillata post est occasio calva[Lat]; " our deeds are sometimes better than our thoughts" [Bailey]; "the great end of life is not knowledge but action " [Huxley]; "thought is the soul of act" [R. Browning]; vivre-ce nest pas respirer c'est agir[Fr]; "we live in deeds not years" [Bailey]. <-- note: inaction, R681 was moved to M7.3.4.3, as a volitional phenomenon of choosing not to act . The human physical inactivity exhibited by resting, sloth, etc is under relation on P2.8.5, as a relation on human physical activity. --> <-- [[activity]] This entry is for words describing brisk activity, of humans. Speed of events, physical actions is under R274. Action generally is under R680. See also vigor, 574 (considered as "force" by Roget) This is closely related to haste, R684. Many words seem to be a subtype of haste, but we include haste as a conceptual part of the words implying quickness. --> M7.3.4.1 BRISK ACTIVITY #682. Brisk Activity. N. {{has_high_level(action, R680)}} {{antonym_of(inaction, R681)}} {{case_of(task, R625)}} brisk activity. alacrity, promptitude, promptness, despatch, dispatch, expedition, expeditiousness. {{has_property}} {{has_manifestation(vigor, R574)}} {{property_of(velocity, R274)}} briskness, liveliness, quickness; animation, life, vivacity, spirit, dash, energy; snap, vim. {{requires}} nimbleness, agility, spryness; smartness. {{causes(promptness): punctuality &c. (early) R132}}. {{has_conceptual_part(alacrity): haste &c. R684; exertion &c. R686}}. {{&mcaused_by(briskness/alacrity): @R865, eagerness, zeal, ardor, perfervidum aingenium[Lat][obs3], empressement[Fr], earnestness, intentness}}. {{&mcaused_by(briskness/alacrity): devotion &c. (resolution) R604}}. {{has_excess(eagerness)}} abandon. {{has_high_level}} industry, assiduity; assiduousness &c. adj.; sedulity; laboriousness; drudgery &c. (labor) R686; painstaking, diligence; perseverance &c. R604a; indefatigation[obs1]; habits of business. {{has_high_level}} wakefulness; sleeplessness, restlessness; insomnia; pervigilium[obs3], insomnium[obs3]; racketing. {{has_high_level}} {{conceptual_part_of(haste, R684)}} bustle, stir, fuss, ado, to-do, bother, pottering, fidget, fidgetiness, flurry, flurry of activity. {{has_high_level(industry): vigilance &c. R459}}. {{&mcaused_by}} officiousness. {{&mcauses(zeal)}} dabbling, meddling; interference, interposition, intermeddling; tampering with, intrigue. {{caused_by: @R625, press of business, no sinecure, plenty to do, many irons in the fire}}. {{&part_of}} great doings, busy hum of men, battle of life, thick of the action. {{trait_of(assiduousness): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.30, hustler, housewife, busy bee, young turk, new broom, sharp fellow, sharp blade, devotee, enthusiast, zealot, meddler, intermeddler, intriguer, busybody, hummer, live man [U.S.]}}. V. {{conceptual_part_of(make haste, @R684)}} {{has_conceptual_part(exert oneself, @R686)}} be active, bustle, hustle, be lively, work quickly, be busy. busy oneself in; stir, stir about, stir one's stumps; bestir oneself, rouse oneself; peg away, lay about one, fuss; raise up, kick up a dust; push; make a push, make a fuss, make a stir; keep up the ball, keep the pot boiling, keep balls in the air. {{causes}} go ahead, push forward; fight one's way, elbow one's way; make progress. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(act[mode=efficently])}} kill two birds with one stone. {{used_in(vigilance, R459)}} look sharp, have all one's eyes about one. {{has_excess(be busy)}} be too busy. {{has_excess}} overdo, overact, overlay, overshoot the mark; make a toil of a pleasure. {{has_method}} rise, arouse oneself, get up early, be about, keep moving, steal a march; seize the opportunity &c. R134; lose no time, not lose a moment, make the most of one's time, not suffer the grass to grow under one's feet, improve the shining hour, do one's best, take pains. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(achieve[obj=much], R729)}} do wonders, work wonders, outdo. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(complete[mode=rapidly])}} make short work of, dash off. {{has_metaphor(be too busy)}} have many irons in the fire, have one's hands full, have much on one's hands; not have a moment to spare, not have a moment that one can call one's own. have other things to do, have other fish to fry. have one's fling, run the round of; go all lengths, stick at nothing, run riot. {{has_subtype(overact)}} tamper with, meddle, moil; intermeddle, interfere, interpose; obtrude; poke one's nose in, thrust one's nose in. {{&conceptual_part_of: have a hand in &c. (act in) R680; take an active part, put in one's oar, have a finger in the pie, mix oneself up with, trouble one's head about, intrigue; agitate}}. [render active] activate, energize. {{has_conceptual_part: toll &c. (labor) R686}}. {{&has_conceptual_part: plod, persist &c. (persevere) R604a}}. Adj. active, brisk, brisk as a lark, brisk as a bee, lively, bustling, animated, vivacious; alive, alive and kicking; frisky, spirited, stirring. working, at work, on duty, in harness; up in arms; on one's legs, at call; up and doing, up and stirring. busy, occupied; hard at work, hard at it; up to one's ears in, full of business, busy as a bee, busy as a one-armed paperhanger, busy as hen with one chicken. restless, restless as a hyena; fussy, fidgety, pottering. {{has_conceptual_part(fast, @R274)}} nimble, nimble as a squirrel; agile; light-footed, nimble-footed; featly[obs3], tripping. {{has_conceptual_part(fast, @R274)}} quick, prompt, yare[obs3], instant, spry, quick as a lamplighter, expeditious. {{requires}} awake, broad awake; go-ahead, live[U.S.]. {{has_subtype(awake): wide-awake &c. (intelligent) R498}}. ready, alert, sharp, smart; businesslike, workaday. {{has_subtype(hard-working &c. R686)}} unwearied; unsleeping[obs3], never tired; plodding. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(trait)}} {{has_subtype(intent on, @R457)}} {{has_subtype(hard-working, @R686)}} {{has_subtype(conscientious, @R868)}} diligent, industrious, assiduous, sedulous, notable, painstaking. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(trait)}} {{has_subtype(enthusiastic, @R821)}} {{has_subtype(intent on, @R457)}} {{has_subtype(well-meaning)}} eager, zealous, forward, strenuous, enterprising, in earnest. {{has_consequence(zealous): resolute &c. R604}}. {{has_consequence(zealous): indefatigable &c. (persevering) R604a}}. {{has_excess(zealous)}} meddling, meddlesome, pushy, pushing, officious, overofficious[obs3], intrigant[obs3]. astir, stirring; agoing[obs3], afoot; on foot; in full swing; eventful. {{required_for: on the alert &c. (vigilant) R459}}. Adv. actively &c. adj.; with life and spirit, with might and main &c. R686; with haste &c. R684; with wings; full tilt, in mediis rebus[Lat]. Int. be alive, look alive, "look sharp!"; move on, "push on!"; "keep moving!"; "go ahead!"; "stir your stumps!"; "age quod agis!"[Lat]; "jaldi!"[obs3]; "karo!"[obs3]; "step lively!". Phr. carpe diem[Latin: seize the day] &c. (opportunity) R134; nulla dies sine linea [Latin][Pliny]; nec mora nec requies [Latin][Vergil]; the plot thickens; No sooner said than done &c. (early) R132; "veni vidi vici" [Lat][Suetonius]; catch a weasel asleep; abends wird der Faule fleissig [German]; dictum ac factum [Lat][Terence]; schwere Arbeit in der Jugend ist sanfte Ruhe im Alter [German: hard work in youth means soft rest in age]; "the busy hum of men " [Milton]. <-- "haste" means both quick action, and "undue eagerness to act". Here we have the first meaning. The second meaning is at R642 (importance) [[haste]] --> M7.3.4.1.R1 HASTE #684. Haste. N. {{required_for(swiftness, @R274)}} {{mcaused_by(haste, @R642)}} {{has_conceptual_part(brisk activity, R682)}} {{has_subtype(rate[of=action, R680], @R151)}} haste, urgency, hurry. despatch, dispatch; acceleration, spurt, spirt[obs3], forced march, rush, dash; precipitancy, precipitation, precipitousness &c. adj.; brusquerie[obs3]; drive, scramble, bustle, flurry, flutter, splutter; fuss, fidget. impetuosity. {{conceptual_part_of: alacrity, @R682}}. V. hasten, hurry, rush, haste, make haste, make a dash. hurry on, dash on, whip on, push on, press on, press forward; hurry, skurry[obs3], scuttle along, barrel along, bundle on, dart to and fro, bustle, flutter, scramble; plunge, plunge headlong; dash off. {{&causes: rush, @R173}}. {{conceptual_part_of: be active, @R682}}. lose no time, lose not a moment, lose not an instant; make the best of one's time, make the best of one's way. {{&has_result}} make short work of. be precipitate, be hasty, be hurried, be impetuous, be rushed; jump at, be in haste, be in a hurry &c. n.; have no time, have not a moment to lose, have not a moment to spare; work against time. {{result_of}} {{metaphor_for(accelerate, @R274)}} quicken, accelerate, expedite, speed up, precipitate; urge, whip. {{has_subtype(accelerate)}} railroad. express. Adj. {{analogous_to(quick, @R274)}} hasty, hurried, impetuous, rushed. precipitate, headlong, furious, boisterous, hotheaded; feverish, fussy; pushy, pushing. brusque; scrambling. express. {{&has_consequence}} cursory. in haste, in a hurry, in a rush; in hot haste, in all haste; breathless, pressed for time, hard pressed, urgent. Adv. {{analogous_to(quickly, @R274)}} hurriedly, in haste, in a hurry, in a rush, with haste, with all haste, with breathless speed, amain[obs3]. {{has_extreme(hurriedly)}} {{has_high_level(fearfully, @R860)}} in a panic. at short notice, at a moment' s notice. {{has_extreme: all at once &c. (instantaneously) R113; immediately &c. (early) R132}}. posthaste; by cable, by express, by telegraph. {[in_frame(war)]} by forced marches. hastily, precipitately. impetuously, furiously; helter-skelter, hurry-skurry[obs3], holus-bolus; slapdash, slap-bang; full-tilt, full drive; heels over head, head and shoulders, headlong, a corps perdu[Fr]. by fits and starts, by spurts; hop skip and jump. Phr. sauve qui peut[French: every man for himself][panic], devil take the hindmost, no time to be lost; no sooner said than done &c. (early) R132; a word and a blow; haste makes waste, maggiore fretta minore atto [Italian]; ohne Hast aber ohne Rast [German][Goethe's motto]; "stand not upon the order of your going but go at once" [Macbeth]; "swift, swift, you dragons of the night" [Cymbeline]. <-- "mechanical action" means any kind of machine function, including electronic, energy emission, etc. --> M7.3.4.2 MACHINE ACTION N. {{has_function(machine, @R633)}} {{analogous_to(action, R680)}} {{!caused_by(physical process)}} {{has_action(machine, @R633)}} operation, functioning, machine action, activity of a machine, running of a machine. <-- the action of a machine causes the (state/event/act/process) which is its intended "function". Implication: if the machine doesn't function, the intended purpose (function, @P2.3.1.3) does not get accomplished. --> {{causes(machine action)}} {{has_subtype(goal, @R615): function, @P2.3.1.3}} {{has_subtype}} {{has_function(machine part)}} subfunction. mechanical action, mechanical function, mechanical functioning. {{requires}} {{has_beginning(operation)}} activation, turning on, switching on; engagement. {{has_subtype(activation)}} {{hperforms(person)}} manual activation. {{has_subtype(activation)}} {{hperforms(machine)}} mechanical activation, automatic activation. {{has_subtype(manual activation)}} manual override. {{has_subtype(operation)}} {{property_of(desirable)}} {{property_of(normal)}} normal operation, nominal operation, normal functioning, nominal functioning. {{has_subtype(operation)}} {{property_of(undesirable, @R647)}} {{property_of(abnormal)}} abnormal operation, malfunction, misfunction. {{has_high_level(malfunction)}} failure, failure to function. V. {{has_action(machine, @R633)}} operate, work, run, function. {{has_commencement(operate)}} activate, turn on, switch on; engage. {{has_commencement(operate)}} {{causes(activate)}} start, kick in, start up. {{has_ending(operate)}} turn off, switch off, deactivate, kill[coll]; disengage; power down. {{has_subtype(fuction[mode=incorrectly])}} {{property_of(undesirable)}} malfunction, misfunction. {{has_extreme(malfunction)}} fail, break down. {{has_subtype(operate[mode=slowly])}} {[with_subject(motor)]} idle, run at idle. {{has_subtype(operate[mode=quickly])}} {[with_subject(motor)]} {{contrast_to(idle)}} run flat out, run at full tilt, run at top speed, run full out. Adj. operating, on, active, running, functioning. {{antonym_of(active)}} inactive, off, stopped. <-- this "inaction" is a failure to act, more of a decision not to act, and therefore a volitional phenomenon. This volitional act causes the physical "inactivity" of Repose-like idleness is at R683, P2.8.5, under the human physical action . In this classification, an "inaction" is a type of action! [[inaction]] M7.3.4.4 --> M7.3.4.3 INACTION #681. Inaction. N. {{has_subtype(avoidance[of=action, R680], R623)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{mcauses(indifference, R866)}} inaction, passiveness, refraining, eschewing, abstinence from action, failure to act, decision not to act, abstention, abstinence, forbearance, forbearing, not doing, not acting; neutrality. {{&mcauses: inactivity, R683}}. noninterference, nonintervention; Fabian policy, conservative policy. want of occupation, inoccupation[obs3]. {{property_of}} sinecure, featherbed, featherbedding, cushy job, no-show job; soft snap, soft thing. {{co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(time, @R108)}} idle hours, time hanging on one's hands, dolce far niente[It]. {{&causes: neglect, R460}}. {{has_subtype(neglect, R460)}} benign neglect. {{&mcauses: @R133, delay, lateness}}. {{&mcauses: rest &c. (repose) R687; quiescence &c. R265}}. {{has_subtype: indecision, R605}}. V. {{has_subtype(be inactive, R683)}} not do, not act, not attempt; abstain from doing, do nothing. {{conceptual_part_of: refrain, @R623; desist &c. (relinquish) R624}}. not stir, not move, not lift a finger, not lift a foot, not lift a peg; hold, spare; fold one's arms, fold one's hands; leave alone, let alone. let be, let pass, let things take their course, let it have its way, let well alone, let well enough alone; quieta non movere[Lat]; stare super antiquas vias[Lat][obs3]; rest and be thankful, live and let live; lie rest upon one's oars; stand aloof, laisser aller[Fr], laisser faire[Fr]. keep oneself from doing; remit one's efforts, relax one's efforts. {{result_of}} {{has_commencement: stop &c. (cease) R142; pause &c. (be quiet) R265}}. wait, lie in wait, bide one's time, take time, tide it over. cool one's heels, kick one's heels; while away the time, while away tedious hours; pass the time, kill time, fill up the time, beguile the time; talk against time; let the grass grow under one's feet; waste time. lie by, lie on the shelf, lie in ordinary, lie idle, lie to, lie fallow; keep quiet, slug; have nothing to do, whistle for want of thought. undo, do away with; take down, take to pieces; destroy &c. R162. Adj. not doing, not acting, not attempting, refraining. passive; unoccupied, unemployed; out of employ, out of work; fallow; desaeuvre[Fr]. {{has_consequence}} not done, undone, left undone. Adv. re infecta[Lat], at a stand, les bras croisis[Fr], with folded arms; with the hands in the pockets, with the hands behind one's back; pour passer le temps[Fr]. Int. "so let it be!"; "hands off!". {{&has_commencement: "stop!" &c. R142}}. Phr. "'We can't just do nothing!'[Lieutenant]; 'Why not? It's usually best'[Gen. Allenby]"[Lawrence of Arabia]; cunctando restituit rem; "If it ain't broke, don't fix it" [Bert Lance]; stare decisis [Latin: (Law) let the decision stand]; "doing nothing is also a decision". <-- [[game]] --> M7.3.4.3.1 LIESURE #685. Leisure. N. {{has_subtype(human activity, @R680)}} {{alternative_to(work, M7.3.5.4.1)}} leisure, relaxation, convenience. {{&mcaused_by}} no hurry, no big rush, no deadline. {{&co-occurs_with: amusement, R840}}. {{co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(time, R108)}} leisure time, spare time, spare hours, spare moments; vacant hour; time, time to spare, time on one's hands. {{has_subtype(liesure time)}} {{has_subtype(day)}} holiday, day off, day of rest, red-letter day, red letter day, play day, dies non, vykhodnij denh'[Russ.]. {{has_subtype(holiday)}} fiesta[Sp], feast day, festival day; gala day; high days and holidays; high holiday, Bank holiday; mi-careme[Fr], feria[Lat]. {{has_subtype(holiday): @R138, Sabbath, Lord's day}}. {{temporal_part_of(day off)}} vacation. {{has_subtype(holiday)}} {{has_subtype(day, @R108)}} New Year's Day; Christmas; May day; Derby day; Saint Monday, Easter Monday, Whit Monday; Arbor Day; Declaration Day; Independence Day; Labor Day; Memorial Day; Thanksgiving Day; Mardi gras[Fr]. <-- ; Bairam[obs3]; wayz-goos[obs3], bean feast ?? --> {{co-occurs_with(leisure time)}} after hours, after-work time; holiday; vacation. {{antonym_of(leisure time): work time, working hours}}. {{has_subactivity: @R687, rest, ease, relaxation}}. {{has_subactivity}} play, playing. {{has_subtype(playing)}} {{has_subtype(contest, R720)}} game. {{has_subtype(playing): amusement, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3}}. {{has_subtype(game)}} {{has_subtype(contest, R720)}} sport. {{has_subtype(sport): professional sport, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.5}}. V. be at liesure, have leisure; take one's time, take one's leisure, take one's ease. be master of one's time, be an idle man. {{co-occurs_with: repose &c. R687; move slowly &c. R275; while away the time &c. (inaction) R681}}. Adj. leisure. {{has_subtype(slow, @R275)}} leisurely; deliberate, quiet, calm, undisturbed. {{has_subtype(leisurely)}} {{antonym_of(serious, @M3.3.2.1.1.9): playful, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3}}. Adv. {{has_subtype(slowly, @R275)}} {{antonym_of(hastily)}} unhurriedly, deliberately, without undue haste; anytime. at leisure, at one's ease, at loose ends, at a loose end. Phr. time hanging heavy on one's hands; "sin in haste, repent at liesure"; eile mit Weile[Ger]; otium cum dignitate [Lat][Cicero]. <-- this entry was created to specifically define a subtype of the abstract "cessation", at R142, applied to agents who have been performing an action and then stop that action --> M7.3.4.3.R1 DESISTANCE N. {{has_subtype(cessation[of=action, R680])}} desistance, halting, cessation, stopping, stoppage, surcease, desinence[obs3]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} prior action. {{has_temporal_location(prior action): the past, R122}}. {{has_result: inaction, M7.3.4.3}}. {{antonym_of(departure): arrival &c. R292}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(pause, @R142)}} {{has_subtype(interval, @R108)}} {{property_of(temporary, R111)}} pause, rest, lull. {{has_subtype(pause[of=action, R680])}} respite, intermission, truce, drop; interregnum, abeyance; recess, break, coffee break, time out, timeout; down time, off time, time off; episode. {{has_subtype(respite[from=work, M7.3.5.4.1/schooling, @R542])}} vacation, holiday. {{has_subtype(respite[of=teacher, R540])}} sabbatical, sabbatical leave, sabbatical year. {[in_frame("U.S. congress")]} {{has_subtype(halting[obj=debate, @R588])}} cloture. V. {{has_subtype(stop[obj=action, R680])}} [intransitive] desist, cease, stop[1], halt[1], cease acting. {{has_result: not act}}. [intransitive] stay; quit, break off, leave off; hold, pull up, stop short; rest. pause. have done with, give over, surcease, shut up shop. {{conceptual_part_of: give up &c. (relinquish) R624}}. hold one's hand, stay one's hand; rest on one's oars repose on one's laurels. come to a deadlock, come to a full stop; arrive &c. R292. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] stop[2], halt[2], put an end to, put a stop to, put a period to; derail; bring to a stand, bring to a standstill; cut short, arrest, stem the tide, stem the torrent. {{synonym_of(stop[2])}} {[with_object(machine/equipment)]} turn off, switch off, power down, deactivate, kill, pull the check-string on; disconnect, pull the plug on. Adj. halted, stopped, paused. Interj. "Stop!", "desist!". <-- The difference between weariness, R841, and fatigue, here, seems to be that fatigue is a physical sensation induced by physical effort, while weariness is more mental and may occur simply by being awake for a period. [[fatigue]] --> M7.3.4.R1 FATIGUE #688. Fatigue. N. {{has_result(prolonged exertion)}} fatigue; yawning, drowsiness &c. R683; lassitude, tiredness, fatigation[obs1], exhaustion; sweat; dyspnoea. {{&causes: weariness, R841}}. {{&has_symptom}} shortness of breath, anhelation; faintness; collapse, prostration, swoon, fainting, deliquium[Lat], syncope, lipothymy[obs3]; goneness[obs3]. V. be fatigued, be tired, be bushed[coll.]. {{&has_symptom: yawn, @R683}}. {{&has_symptom}} droop, sink, flag; lose breath, lose wind; gasp, pant, puff, blow, drop, swoon, faint, succumb. {{caused_by}} fatigue, tire, weary, irk, flag, jade, exhaust, wear out, prostrate, knock up[obs2]; harass. {{caused_by}} tax, task, strain; overtask, overwork, overburden, overtax, overstrain. {{mcauses: seek[obj=refreshment], R622}}. Adj. fatigued, tired, bushed[coll], beat[coll]. drooping &c. v.; haggard, drawn out; toilworn[obs3], wayworn, footsore, surbated[obs1], weather-beaten; faint; done up, used up, knocked up[obs2]; exhausted, prostrate, spent; unrefreshed[obs3], unrestored. {{&has_symptom: drowsy &c. R683}}. {{similar_to(fatigued): weary &c. R841}}. {{has_high_intensity(fatigued)}} exhausted, cratered[coll., 1990]; overtired, overspent, overfatigued. {{has_high_intensity(fatigued)}} ready to drop, all in, more dead than alive, dog-weary, walked off one's legs, tired to death, on one's last legs, played out, hors de combat[Fr]. worn, worn out; battered, shattered, pulled down, seedy, altered. {{&has_symptom}} breathless, windless; short of breath, out of breath, short of wind; blown, puffing and blowing; short-breathed; anhelose[obs3]; broken winded, short-winded; dyspnaeal[obs3], dyspnaeic[obs3]. fatiguing &c. v.; tiresome, irksome, wearisome; weary, trying. <-- M7.3.4.9 --> M7.3.4.R2 REFRESHMENT #689. Refreshment. N. {{has_subtype(restoration[of=strength, P2.2.3.5.3.6], R660)}} refreshment, recovery of strength, repair, refection, refocillation[obs1], regalement[obs3]. invigoration, bracing. {{increases: strength, P2.2.3.5.3.6}}. {{reduces: fatigue, R688}}. {{mcauses: relief &c. R834}}. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(relaxation, R687)}} {{has_subtype(period, R108): @R142, break, spell, recess}}. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(food): refreshments, @P2.8.3.R1}}. {{has_subtype(refreshments, @P2.8.3.R1): ice cream, cold soda, soda pop, hot dogs, bait[obs2]}}. {{sold_by(refreshment, @P2.8.3.R1)}} refreshment stand. V. {{has_subtype(repair, @R660)}} refresh, restore; brace, invigorate, reinvigorate. <-- no distinction here between be refreshed and get refreshed. --> {{has_result}} be refreshed, get refreshed, perk up, recover one's strength, regain one's strength, renew one's strength, get one's second wind. air, freshen up, recruit; fan, refocillate[obs1]; refresh the inner man. {{has_method: @R687, take a break, take a breather, relax}}. {{has_result}} get better, raise one's head. {{&causes: come to oneself &c. (revive) R660}}. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(feel)}} feel refreshed, feel like a giant refreshed. Adj. refreshing, restorative, recuperative. invigorating, bracing. {{has_consequence}} refreshed, restored, recuperated, reinvigorated, untired[obs3], unwearied. M7.3.4.R3 PROPERTY OF ACTION N. {{has_property(action, R680)}} property of action. <-- (include WN verb class 4) 1. Conditional (Passive) Antagonism 704. Difficulty 705. Facility 2. Active 706. Hindrance The Roget entry R707. Aid is moved to mind-mind interactions, so that it can specifically refer to agents adiding agents. The headword difficulty[1] is the nominalized "difficult". A "difficulty[2]" is a difficult situation, or factor in a situation [[difficult]] --> M7.3.4.R3.1 DIFFICULTY #704. Difficulty. N. {{antonym_of(ease, R705)}} {{&has_property(action, R680)}} difficulty[1], hardness, toughness, formidability. troublesomeness, toilsomeness, irksomeness; laboriousness, onerousness, arduousness. awkwardness, unwieldiness, unmanageability, unmanageableness. {{has_high_level}} intractability, perversity, refractoriness, stubbornness, thorniness, knottiness. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(circumstances, @R183a)}} difficulty[2], problem, complication, difficult situation, rub. {{has_subtype(difficult situation): @R735, adversity, hardship}}. {{property_of}} difficult objective, difficult goal, ambitious goal, ambitious objective. {{has_high_level}} great difficulty. {{has_high_level(difficulty): impracticability, @R471}}. {{has_extreme(difficulty): @R471, impossibility}}. {{&property_of: task, R625; situation, @R183a}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(work, R625)}} tough work, hard work, uphill work, tough job, difficult task, tough task, teaser, rasper[obs3], hard task, difficult problem, tough problem, hard problem. {{has_metaphor(difficult problem)}} hard nut to crack, tough nut to crack. {{has_metaphor(difficult task)}} Herculean task, Augean task[obs3]; task of Sisyphus, Sisyphean labor; dead lift; Gordian knot. {{property_of}} dilemma, embarrassment. {{has_subtype(difficult situation)}} imbroglio, mess, ado; false position. {[of(situation, R183a)]} {{&caused_by: @R606, stubbornness, obstinacy}}. <-- a "deadlock" isn't always an impossibility --> {{property_of(great difficulty)}} {{has_subtype(situation, R183a)}} deadlock, dead set, standstill, stand, set fast; paradox. {{has_metaphor(paradox)}} horns of a dilemma, cul de sac[Fr]. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(complexity, R59a)}} entanglement, involvement[obs2]; crooked path. {{&caused_by}} cross fire; awkwardness, delicacy, ticklish card to play, dignus vindice nodus[Lat]. {{caused_by: @R59a, complexity, intricacy}}. {{caused_by: perplexity &c. (uncertainty) R475}}. {{has_metaphor(complexity): coil &c. (convolution) R248}}. {{property_of}} nice point, delicate point, subtle point, knotty point; vexed question, vexata quaestio[Lat], poser. {{property_of: puzzle &c. (riddle) R533}}. {{has_subtype(difficulty[2])}} {{property_of(difficulty[1]): @R183a, quandary, fix, exigency, strait, pass, pinch, pretty pass, nonplus, brunt, hitch, trial, scramble}}. {{property_of(great difficulty): @R183a, critical situation, crisis, emergency}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(situation, @R183a)}} scrape, hobble, slough, quagmire. {{mcauses: stress, @M3.3.2.1.1.9}}. {{&caused_by: hindrance, R706}}. {{has_metaphor(difficult situation/exigency, @R183a)}} net, meshes; maze; knot; hot water, hornet's nest, sea of troubles, peck of troubles; pretty kettle of fish, fine kettle of fish, pickle, stew; bone to pick, crux, pons asinorum[Lat], where the shoe pinches. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} crab; curmudgeon. V. be difficult, be hard, be tough. {{&causes}} pose; bother, nonplus, gravel, bring to a deadlock. have much ado with, have a hard time of it; come to the push, come to the pinch; bear the brunt. {{has_extreme(be difficult): be impossible &c. R471}}. {{causes}} be in difficulty, labor under difficulties, struggle with difficulties, contend with difficulties, grapple with difficulties. {{has_high_level(be in difficulty)}} be in trouble, be hard pressed, be sorely pressed; be reduced to straits, be straitened; be pinched, be hard put to it; be hard up, be hard set. {{has_metaphor(be in trouble)}} be in hot water. {{&causes}} flounder, boggle, struggle; perdre son Latin[Fr]; stick at, stick in the mud, stick fast; come to a stand, come to a standstill, come to a deadlock; hold the wolf by the ears, hold the tiger by the tail. {{&causes: @R475, be uncertain, be perplexed, not know which way to turn}}. {{has_metaphor(be perplexed, @R475)}} grope in the dark, lose one's way, weave a tangled web. {{&caused_by(be in difficulty)}} be at a disadvantage, labor under a disadvantage. {{&caused_by}} meet with difficulties, get into difficulties, plunge into difficulties. {{&caused_by}} get into a scrape, get into trouble, get into difficulty; be put to one's shifts. {{&caused_by}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} run one hard, go against the grain, try one's patience, put one out; put to one's shifts, put to one's wit's end; go hard with one, try one. {{&caused_by: hinder, R706}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(hinder[obj=oneself], R706)}} create problems for oneself, make life difficult for oneself, bring problems on oneself. {{has_metaphor(create problems for oneself)}} fish in troubled waters, buffet the waves, swim against the stream, bring a hornet's nest about one's ears, scud under bare poles[obs2]. {{&mcauses: be careful, @R459}}. {{&mcauses}} {{has_metaphor(be careful, @R459)}} walk among eggs, walk on eggs. {{&caused_by}} render difficult &c. adj.; enmesh, encumber, embarrass, ravel, entangle. {{has_metaphor(entangle)}} lead a pretty dance. Adj. difficult, not easy, hard, tough. {{has_high_level}} troublesome, toilsome, irksome; operose[obs3], laborious, onerous, arduous, Herculean, formidable; sooner said than done; more easily said than done, easier said than done. perverse, plaguy[obs3], trying, thorny, rugged; knotted, knotty; invious[obs1]; pathless, trackless. {{has_high_level(difficult)}} forbidding, forbiddingly difficult; intractable, refractory, unmanageable. {{&consequence_of}} awkward, unwieldy, difficult to handle. {{&consequence_of: stubborn &c. (obstinate) R606}}. {{&caused_by: labyrinthine &c. (convoluted) R248}}. {{&consequence_of: intricate, complicated &c. (tangled) R59; not feasible &c. R470; desperate &c. (hopeless) R859}}. {{&consequence_of: @M8.2.1.1, difficult to deal with, hard to deal with, ill-conditioned, crabbed, crabby}}. {{has_high_level(difficult): impracticable, @R471}}. {{has_extreme(difficult): impossible, R471}}. embarrassing; delicate, ticklish, critical. {{&has_consequence}} {{&has_property(person, P2.3.2.3)}} in difficulty, under a difficulty, beset with difficulties. {{has_property(difficult situation)}} full of difficulties, surrounded by difficulties, entangled by difficulties, encompassed with difficulties. {{has_metaphor(in difficulty)}} in a box; in the suds, in a cleft stick, in a fix, in the wrong box, in a scrape &c. n.; in deep water, in a fine pickle, in deep doo-doo[George Bush]; in extremis; between two stools, between Scylla and Charybdis, between a rock and a hard place, between the devil and the deep blue sea, up to one's neck in alligators; surrounded by shoals, surrounded by breakers, surrounded by quicksands, surrounded by sharks; at cross purposes; not out of the wood, not out of the woods. {{has_high_level(in difficulty)}} in trouble; hard pressed, sorely pressed, reduced to straits, run hard, pinched, put to it, straitened, hard up, hard put to it, hard set, put to one's shifts. {{has_metaphor(in trouble)}} in hot water. {{&has_consequence: perplexing &c. (uncertain) R475}}. {{&has_consequence: puzzled, baffled, at a loss &c. (uncertain) R475}}. {{&has_consequence(intractable)}} {{&has_property(person, P2.3.2.3)}} at the end of one's tether, at the end of one's rope, at one's wit's end, at a nonplus, at a standstill, stalemated, in a dead end; graveled, nonplused, nonplussed, stranded, aground; stuck fast, set fast; up a tree, at bay, aux abois[Fr], driven into a corner, driven from pillar to post, driven to extremity, driven to one's wit's end, driven to the wall; au bout de son Latin; out of one's depth; thrown out. {{has_property(difficult goal)}} accomplished with difficulty, hard-fought, hard-earned, hard-won. Adv. with difficulty, with much ado. laboriously, onerously, arduously. barely, hardly; uphill; against the stream, against the grain; d rebours[Fr]; invita Minerva[Lat]; in the teeth of; at a pinch, upon a pinch; at long odds, against long odds. "with blood, sweat and tears", at great cost. Phr. "ay there's the rub" [Hamlet]; hic labor hoc opus [Lat][Vergil]; things are come to a pretty pass, ab inconvenienti[Lat]; ad astra per aspera[Lat]; acun chemin de fleurs ne conduit a la gloire[Fr]. M7.3.4.R3.2 FACILITY #705. Facility. N. {{antonym_of(difficulty, R704)}} {{&has_property(action, R680)}} facility, ease, easiness, manageability, tractability, facileness. capability; flexibility, pliancy &c. R324. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(task, R625)}} easy task. {{&caused_by}} simplicity, lack of complication. {{&property_of: task, @M7.3.5.4; situation, @R183a}}. {{facilitates: task, @M7.3.5.4}}. {{high_level_of: feasibility &c. (practicability) R470}}. {{has_metaphor(easy task)}} mere child's play, holiday task, kinderspiel[German: child's play], cinch [U.S.]. {{has_metaphor}} plain sailing, smooth sailing, straight sailing; smooth water, fair wind; smooth royal road; clear coast, clear stage; tabula rasa[Lat]. {{&result_of}} disentanglement, disencumbrance[obs3]. {[of(motion, P264)]} {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(removal[obj=obstruction[2], @R706], R301)}} clearing, clearance, removal of obstruction, deobstruction, deoppilation[obs2]. {{function_of(removal of obstruction)}} {{has_subtype(medication, P2.3.1.3.4.1)}} deobstruent[Med.], deoppilative[Med.]. {{&consequence_of: permission &c. R760; full play &c. (freedom) R748}}. {[of(propulsion)]} {[in_frame(gravitational field)]} {{&caused_by: smoothness &c. R255}}. V. be easy, be facile. {{&caused_by}} have full play. {{&causes}} go on smoothly, run smoothly; go on all fours, run on all fours; obey the helm, work well. {{&caused_by}} flow with the stream, swim with the stream, drift with the stream, go with the stream, flow with the tide, drift with the tide; see one's way; have all one's own way, have the game in one's own hands; walk over the course, win at a canter; make light of, make nothing of, make no bones of. {{&caused_by: @R698, be skillful, be at home in, make it look easy, do it with one's eyes closed, do it in one's sleep}}. {{&caused_by}} facilitate, smooth, ease, render easy, make easy, make facile, lighten, lighten the labor. {{&caused_by}} clear, unclog, deobstruct[obs3], deoppilate[obs2]; extricate, disentangle, unravel, untie the knot, cut the knot. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=burden, @R706], A44)}} free, disencumber, disembarrass; disburden, unload. {{has_subtype(free)}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=obligation, R926], A44)}} exonerate, emancipate, free from, disengage. {{has_subtype(make easy[obj=understanding[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/idea, R453/explanation, R522], R490]): popularize, @R518}}. {{&caused_by}} leave a hole to creep out of, leave a loophole, leave the matter open; give the reins to, give full play, give full swing; make way for; open the door to, open the way, prepare the ground, smooth the ground, clear the ground, open the way, open the path, open the road; pave the way, bridge over. {{&caused_by: permit &c. R760; aid, R707; lubricate &c. R332; relieve &c. R834}}. Adj. {{antonym_of(difficult, R704)}} easy, facile. easily managed, easily accomplished; within reach, accessible, easy of access, for the million, open to. {{has_high_level}} elementary, simple, abecedarian, trivially easy. {{has_consequence(elementary): certain, R474}}. <-- "feasible" is not necessarily easy, just doable --> {{has_low_level: feasible &c. (practicable) R470}}. {[when_modifying(work, R625/effort, R686)]} light. manageable, wieldy; towardly[obs3], tractable; submissive; yielding, ductile; glib, slippery; on friction wheels, on velvet. {{has_subtype(easy[to=manipulate, @R677]): pliant &c. (soft) R324}}. {[of(propulsion)]} {[in_frame(gravitational field)]} {{&caused_by: smooth, R255}}. {{&consequence_of}} unembarrassed, disburdened, unburdened, disencumbered, unencumbered, disembarrassed; exonerated; unloaded, unobstructed, untrammeled; at ease. {{&consequence_of: unrestrained &c. (free) R748}}. {{has_consequence(skillful, R698/accustomed, R613)}} at home; quite at home; in one's element, in smooth water. Adv. easily, facilely, with ease, with facility. readily, smoothly, swimmingly, on easy terms, single-handed. Phr. "'easy to use' is easy to say."; "easy for you, difficult for me"[Senor Wences]; touch and go. M7.3.4.R4 CONDITION AFFECTING ACTION N. {{has_subtype(condition, @R183a)}} {{affected_by(action, R680)}} condition affecting action. {{&requires(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(enablement, @R157)}} enablement. {{facilitated_by(action, R680)}} {{has_high_level(enablement)}} facilitation. {{has_subtype(facilitation)}} {{&hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680): assistance}}. <-- the headword is a state [[obstruct]]. This entry also includes objects which are obstructive. THis was split off from the Roget entry R706, which included the act, the state, and the objects. The sense of "barrier" here can be abstract, as a legal barrier. We treat "stoppage" as not necessarily insuperable. --> M7.3.4.R4.1 OBSTRUCTION N. {{causes(obstructing, R706)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} obstruction, stoppage. {{has_high_level}} complete stoppage, total obstruction. {{&caused_by}} obstruction[2], stoppage[2], obstacle, barrier. {{caused_by(total obstruction)}} {{has_subtype(barrier)}} absolute barrier, insuperable obstacle, insuperable barrier. {{causes(barrier): difficulty[of=action, R680], R704}}. {{inhibits(barrier): action, R680; motion, R264}}. {{prevents(insuperable barrier): action, R680}}. {{inhibits(physical barrier): progression, R282; ingress, R294; egress, R295}}. {{has_subtype(barrier)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} physical barrier. {{has_subtype(barrier)}} {{&has_legal_effect(law, R963)}} legal barrier. {{has_subtype(physical barrier): @R752, barrier, restraint, bond, tether}}. {{has_subtype(physical barrier): closure, R261; stopper, R263}}. {{has_subtype(physical barrier[to=enemy army, @R891]): fortification, @R717}}. interruption, interception, interclusion[obs1]. {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(partial)}} hindrance, impediment, stricture, restriction. {{has_subtype: restraint &c. R751; inhibition &c. R761}}. {{property_of(partial)}} interference, interposition; obtrusion. {{has_subtype(obstruction[2]): blockade &c. (closure) R261}}. {{has_subtype(obstruction[2])}} let, knot, knag[obs3]; check, hitch, contretemps, screw loose, grit in the oil. {{has_subtype(obstruction[2])}} {[of(blood flow)]} embolus, embolism [medical]; infarct [medical]. drawback, objection; stumbling-block, stumbling-stone; lion in the path, snag; snags and sawyers. encumbrance, incumbrance[obs3]; clog, skid, shoe, spoke; drag, drag chain, drag weight; stay, stop; preventive, prophylactic; load, burden, fardel[obs3], onus, millstone round one's neck, impedimenta; dead weight; lumber, pack; nightmare, Ephialtes[obs3], incubus, old man of the sea; remora. ill wind; hold back, counterpoise. head wind &c. (opposition) R708. <-- the actions of obstructing are at R706 --> V. obstruct, stop. stay, bar, bolt, lock. block, block up; choke off; belay, barricade; block the way, bar the way, stop the way; forelay[obs3]; dam up &c. (close) R261. {{has_subtype(obstruct)}} {[of(conduit, R350)]} constipate, stop up. Adj. {{has_property(obstruction[2])}} hindering, obstructing, obstructive, blocking, obstruent[obs3], impeding, impedimentary. {{has_consequence(obstruction)}} hindered, obstructed, blocked, impeded. {{has_subtype(obstructed)}} {[of(conduit, R350)]} constipated[1], stopped up. {{has_subtype(constipated)}} {[of(bowel, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)]} costive, constipated[2]. {{has_property(insuperable obstacle): insuperable &c. R471}}. <-- R690, Agent, moved to person who does ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.1 AGENT --> <-- moved workshop to edifice, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2 --> <-- 692. Conduct 692a. Method (moved here from path, method) 693. Direction 694. Director to DIRECTOR 695. Advice 696. Council 697. Precept 698. Skill 699. Unskillfulness R700, Proficient, and R701, Bungler, to character P2.3.2.3.6.4.19 EXPERT (R700){{HAS_TRAIT: SKILL}} P2.3.2.3.6.4.20 BUNGLER (R701) {{HAS_TRAIT: unskillfullness}} 702. Cunning 703. Artlessness --> <-- "complex action" may be composed of many individually identifiable actions --> M7.3.5 COMPLEX VOLUNTARY ACTION R692 TO R703 N. {{part_of(action[num=>0], R680)}} {{hperforms(agent, R690)}} complex voluntary human action, activity. {{has_subtype(complex voluntary human action)}} {{hperforms(agent[num=>1], R690)}} group activity. {{has_subtype(group activity)}} {{has_subtype(human event, @R680)}} {{property_of(planned, @R626)}} {{participant_in(person[num=>1], P2.3.2.3)}} organized activity, occasion. <-- {voluntary actions of an individual agent] Note: management should be a separate entry ??? [[volact]] [[conduct]]--> M7.3.5.1 CONDUCT (R692) #692. Conduct. N. {{has_execution(intention)}} conduct, behavior, deportment, comportment. demeanor, bearing, manner, guise, carriage, maintien[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of}} course of conduct, line of conduct, line of action, line of proceeding; role; process, ways, practice, procedure, modus operandi, MO, method of operating. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(conformity[to=law, R963/duty, R926/agreement, R488], R82)}} observance, adherence, compliance. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(nonconformity[to=law, R963/duty, R926/agreement, R488], @R83)}} violation, nonobservance, noncompliance, infringement, transgression, infraction. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(morality): moral practise, M9.3.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(conduct[toward=someone else])}} relationship, interpersonal relation. {{has_subtype(relationship): love affair}}. dealing, transaction. {{conceptual_part_of: business &c. R625}}. <-- a policy differs from a typical "plan" in that it applies to events which are to some extent unpredictable and provides guidelines for decision rather than a fixed schedule for activity --> {{affected_by}} {{has_subtype(plan, R626)}} policy, course of action, polity, game plan, game. {{has_part(policy)}} {{affected_by(decision, @R600)}} {{has_subtype(rule, @R697)}} guideline. {{has_subtype(policy)}} {{property_of(inflexible)}} rigid policy, firm policy, inflexible policy. {{has_subtype(policy)}} {{uses(government[2], @R737a)}} {{topic_of(governing, @R737a)}} public policy. {{execution_of}} {{has_part(plan, R626): tactic, @R702}}. {[of(general)]} generalship. {[of(statesman)]} statesmanship. {[of(sailor)]} seamanship. {{execution_of}} {{has_subtype(plan, R626)}} strategy, strategics[obs3]. management; husbandry; housekeeping, housewifery; stewardship; menage; regime; economy, economics; political economy; government &c. (direction) R693. {{has_subtype(management)}} {{property_of(good)}} good management, skillfull management. {{has_subtype: @R676, cause, movement, campaign}}. {{has_subtype}} manipulation; treatment, handling. {{has_subtype}} {{temporal_location_of(lifetime[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} career, life's work. course, walk, race, record. {{execution_of: @R692a, method, way, procedure, manner, wise, gait, form, mode, fashion, tone, guise}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(example[of=behavior], R22)}} {{has_subtype(prior action, @R680)}} example, example of conduct. {{performed_by(example of conduct): role model, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1}}. {{has_subtype(example)}} {{property_of(good, R648): good example}}. {{has_subtype(example)}} {{property_of(bad, R649): bad example}}. <-- [cause to occur] --> V. {{has_subtype(do &c. R680)}} behave, conduct. conduct oneself, bear oneself, behave oneself, comport oneself, demean oneself, carry oneself, conduct oneself, acquit oneself. transact, execute; despatch, dispatch; proceed with, discharge; carry on, carry through, carry out, carry into effect, put into effect; work out; go through, get through; enact; put into practice. <-- the important concept of "dealing with" an object or situation is located here. It should have more subtype links --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(affect, @R175)}} [transitive] treat, handle, deal with, have to do with. {{has_subtype(handle): manipulate, @R677; process, @R144}}. handle a case, take steps, take measures. {{has_subtype(take measures): take precautions, @R673}}. <-- to "observe" an obligation is to obey an inner command. This assumes that one is aware of the obligation. See note at R926, "obligation" for additional comment on knowing/not knowing an obligation --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(conform[to=law, R963/duty, R926/agreement, R488], R82)}} observe, adhere to, comply with, honor, perform an obligation. {{has_conceptual_part: obey[obj=concience, @R926]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(not conform[to=law, R963/duty, R926/agreement, R488], @R83)}} violate, not observe, not comply with, infringe, transgress, not adhere to. run a race, lead a life, play a game; take a course, adopt a course; steer one's course, shape one's course; play one's paint, play one's cards, shift for oneself; paddle one's own canoe; bail one's own boat. {{has_subtype(perform[obj=example of conduct])}} set an example, give an example. {{has_subtype(set an example)}} be a role model. {{has_subtype(set an example)}} {{property_of(good, R648): @R537, set a good example}}. {{has_subtype(set an example)}} {{property_of(bad, R649): @R538, set a bad example}}. {{has_subtype: manage, supervise &c. (direct) R693; officiate &c. R625; participate &c. R680}}. {{formed_by(policy)}} set a policy, establish a policy. {{has_part(set a policy)}} {{formed_by(guideline)}} establish guidelines, draw up guidelines. Adj. behaving, conducting, conducting oneself. strategical, businesslike, practical, executive. {{has_subtype(behaving[mode=properly, @R944])}} behaving oneself. <-- [[saving]] M7.3.5.1.3 --> M7.3.5.1.1 SAVING N. {{has_subtype(frugality, M4.2.2.1.1.6)}} {{patient_of(money, R800)}} saving, saving money, putting away money; saving for a rainy day. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(liquid asset)}} savings, money in the bank, money stashed away, nest egg, bon bouche[Fr]. {[of(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5)]} reserves, reserve fund, reserved fund. {{has_subtype(reserve fund)}} rainy day fund. {{has_subtype: investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1}}. {{&uses: bank, M9.2.4.2.2}}. {{&uses}} {{location_of(bank, M9.2.4.2.2)}} bank account, deposit. {{has_subtype(bank account)}} savings account, time deposit; checking account, demand deposit. {{has_subtype(savings account)}} {{has_conceptual_part("M1", @M9.2.4.1)}} money market account; negotiable order of withdrawal account, NOW account; certificate of deposit, CD[acron]. {{has_subtype(NOW account)}} super NOW account. {{has_metaphor}} nest egg. {{not_location_of(bank, M9.2.4.2.2)}} cache, stash, money stashed away. {{has_metaphor(money stashed away)}} money under a mattress. V. save money, save. put away money, provide for a rainy day, save for a rainy day, provide against a rainy day, save against a rainy day, feather one's nest, provide a nest egg for oneself, look after the main chance. stash away money. Adj. saved. <-- this "investment" is for money or goods. Anything "vluble" may be used as capital (land, rights, etc), so this is left vague as a "productive item", i.e. anything useful for producing goods or wealth, exclusive of money. The "investment" of time should be a metaphorical use of this sense --> M7.3.5.1.1.1 INVESTMENT N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} investment[1], investing, financial investment. {{consumes}} {{has_subtype(valuable item, @R812a)}} capital. {{has_purpose: obtain[obj=profit[2], @R810], @R775}}. {{has_subtype(capital)}} {{has_subtype(money, R800)}} invested money. {{has_subtype(capital)}} {{has_subtype(valuable item, @R812a)}} {{property_of(productive)}} {{convertible_into(invested money)}} means of production, productive item. {{used_in(capital): production, @R161}}. {{&generates(investment[2]): profit, @R775}}. {{&causes(investment[1]): loss[of=capital], R776}}. {{has_measure(profit, @R775)}} return on investment. {{metaphor_for(investment[1]): productive activity, M7.3.4}}. <-- the "investment[2]" may still be money, or may be converted into something else --> {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(asset, @R812a)}} {{has_subtype(capital)}} {{convertible_into(invested money)}} investment[2]. {{&uses: stock market; bond market; commodities market}}. {{performed_by: investor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.67}}. {{has_subtype: reinvestment}}. {{conceptual_part_of(investment/capital): capitalism}}. V. {{hperforms(investor)}} invest, invest money; put out to interest. Adj. invested. <-- [includes commonness due to frequency of occurrence] -- [[habit]] M7.3.5.1.4 --> M7.3.5.1.2 HABIT (R613) #613. Habit. N. {{&has_subtype(human action, @R680)}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} habit, habitude, wont, assuetude[obs1], assuefaction[obs1], way. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(trait)}} second nature. confirmed habit, inveterate habit, intrinsic habit, innate habit. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(human group)}} {{has_subtype(conformity[to=precedent, @M7.3.5.1.2.1], @R488): custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. {{has_result}} common state of things, general state of things, natural state of things, ordinary state of things, ordinary course of things, ordinary run of things; matter of course; beaten path, beaten track, beaten ground. one's old way, old school, veteris vestigia flammae[Lat]; laudator temporis acti[Lat]. rule, standing order, routine; red-tape, red-tapism[obs3]; pipe clay; rut, groove. {{has_subtype}} trick. {{has_ending(habit)}} break, breaking a habit. {{has_subtype(habit)}} {{property_of(harmful, @R649)}} bad habit. {{has_high_intensity(habit, R613)}} {{property_of(strong)}} addiction. {{has_high_intensity(addiction)}} {{property_of(unbreakable)}} unbreakable addiction. {{has_subtype(bad habit)}} {{has_subtype(addiction): @R954, drug addiction}}. {{&caused_by(drug addiction, @R954): addictive substance}}. {{&caused_by: training &c. (education) R537}}. seasoning, acclimatization. {{&causes: @R698, knack, skill}}. <-- cacoethes[Lat]; --> V. {{has_conceptual_part(repeat, R104)}} be wont, be in a habit. {{has_subtype(conform, @R488)}} fall into a rut, fall into a custom; tread the beaten track, follow the beaten track, tread the beaten path, follow the beaten path; stare super antiquas vias[Lat][obs3]; move in a rut, run on in a groove, go round like a horse in a mill, go on in the old jog trot way. {{has_commencement(habit)}} habituate, get into the habit. {{has_subtype(habituate)}} {{has_subtype(train, @R537)}} [transitive] inure, harden, season, caseharden; accustom, familiarize; naturalize. {{has_subtype(habituate)}} {{has_subtype(learn, R539)}} [intransitive] adapt, acclimatize, acclimate; become inured, become hardened, become seasoned, become accustomed, get accustomed, become familiarized, get familiarized; keep one's hand in. {{has_termination(habit)}} break, break a habit, kick a habit[coll], overcome a habit, drop a habit, beat a habit. {{has_subtype(become familiarized)}} {{has_subtype(learn, R539)}} get into the way, get into the knack of; cling to, adhere to; acquire a habit, contract a habit, fall into a habit, acquire a trick, contract a trick, fall into a trick; addict oneself to, take to, get into. be habitual &c. adj.; prevail; come into use, become a habit, take root; gain upon one, grow upon one, grow on one. Adj. {{has_subtype(usual, @R82)}} {{!!has_property(habit)}} habitual, wonted, usual, customary. general, ordinary, common, regular, established, accustomary[obs3]. prescriptive, second nature. accustomed, habituated, familiarized. {{has_subtype(accustomed)}} adapted, acclimatized, acclimated. {{has_subtype(adapted)}} inured, hardened, seasoned. wont; used to, given to, addicted to, attuned to, habituated &c. v.; in the habit of; habitue. at home in &c. (skillful) R698; seasoned; imbued with; devoted to, wedded to. hackneyed, fixed, rooted, deep-rooted, ingrafted[obs3], permanent, inveterate, besetting; naturalized; ingrained &c. (intrinsic) R5. {{facilitated_by(habit)}} {{&has_property(pleasant thing)}} habit-forming. {{has_high_intensity(habit-forming)}} {{facilitated_by(addiction)}} {{has_property(addictive substance)}} addictive. {{requires(break a habit)}} {{&has_property(habit)}} breakable. {{prevented_by(break a habit)}} {{antonym_of(breakable)}} {{&has_property(addiction)}} unbreakable. Adv. habitually, as is one's wont, regularly. Phr. cela s'entend[Fr]; abeunt studia in mores[Lat]; adeo in teneris consuescere multum est[Lat]; consuetudo quasi altera natura [Lat][Cicero]; hoc erat in more majorum[Lat]; "How use doth breed a habit in a man!" [Two Gentlemen]; magna est vis consuetudinis[Lat]; morent fecerat usus [Lat][Ovid]. <-- THe "fashionable" at R852 is reserved for fashions in dress, and here "fashion" is fashion in actions, generally. [[custom]] [[precedent]] --> M7.3.5.1.2.1 CUSTOM N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(human group)}} custom, convention, use, usage, prescription, practice, accustomed practise, common practise, general practise, prevalence, observance, wide observance, conventionalism, conventionality. {{trait_of: follower, @R484}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(old, R124)}} tradition, old custom, long-standing custom, immemorial usage. <-- a "culture" is a set of traditions? --> {{member_of(tradition)}} {{exhibits(race, @R11/nation, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1/human group)}} culture, civilization. {{has_expression(culture): art[1], M3.1.2.3.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(tradition): common law, @R963}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(recent, @R123)}} fad, trend, bandwagon, thing, in thing, craze, latest thing, last word, furore[obs3]. mode, fashion, vogue, rage; order of the day, cry; consuetude, dustoor[obs3]. {{has_subtype(fad): fashion, R852}}. {{has_high_intensity(fad)}} cult. {{&mcauses: conformity[to=precedent, @M7.3.5.1.2.1], @R488}}. {{has_subtype(custom)}} political correctness, PC[acron.]. {{has_conceptual_part(custom)}} {{has_subtype(conformity, @R488)}} {{has_subtype(imitation[of=action, R680], R19)}} conformity, adherence, conforming, adhering, adherence to convention, conformity with precedent, sticking with precedent. {{mcaused_by(conformity)}} {{has_subtype(suggestion, R695/advice, @R175)}} pressure to conform, peer pressure, societal pressure. {{&mcaused_by(conform)}} {{has_subtype(inducement, R616b)}} pressure to conform, herd instinct, peer pressure. {{&result_of(conformity): imitation}}. {{has_conceptual_part(custom)}} {{property_of(antecedence, R116)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(precedent, R62)}} precedent, prior occurence. {{caused_by(custom): frequency, R136}}. {{has_low_level(ostentation, R882/affectation, R855)}} {{has_subtype(adherence to convention)}} {{&mcauses(probity, R939)}} formality, form, formalism. {{has_high_level(formality)}} stiffness, stuffiness, buckram[obs2]. {{has_subtype(formality)}} etiquette. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(celebration[ptnt=event, R151], R883)}} {{property_of(formality)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{has_subtype(organized activity)}} ceremony, ceremonial, ritual, rite. {{has_high_level(formality)}} {{has_low_level(ostentation)}} pedantry, purism, precisianism, euphuism. {{has_high_level(formality)}} punctilio, punctiliousness; starched stateliness, stateliness. {{has_excess(formality)}} priggism, priggishness. {{has_subtype(custom)}} {{temporal_location_of(future, R121)}} wave of the future, coming thing. {{uses(prediction[of=wave of the future]): trend, @R176}}. {{has_subtype(convention): etiquette, @R852}}. {{caused_by(formality)}} formalization. V. adhere to custom, conform to custom. conform, adhere, stick to; practise. be modish, be in fashion. {{caused_by(formal)}} formalize. Adj. customary, conventional, usual, accustomary[obs3]. fashionable, current, prevailing, prevalent, in vogue, in fashion, trendy, all the rage, in, with it. {{has_subtype(old, R124)}} established, traditional, received, set, stock, stereotyped. familiar, regular, general, vernacular, trite. typical, frequent, everyday, ordinary, common, commonplace, household, garden variety, jog, trot, of daily occurrence, of everyday occurrence, consuetudinary[obs3], well-trodden, well-known. {{has_subtype(established)}} recognized, accredited; acknowledged, admitted, understood. {[in_frame(clothing)]} {{has_subtype(fashionable): fashionable &c. (genteel) R852}}. {{has_low_level(ostentatious, R882)}} {{has_property(adherence to convention)}} {{&has_consequence(probity, R939)}} formal, formalistic. {{consequence_of(formal)}} formalized. {{has_high_intensity(stiff)}} pedantic, pompous, stilted. {{has_subtype(formal)}} {{has_subtype(proper, @R939)}} prim, straight-laced. {{has_high_level(formal)}} {{has_property(ceremony/ritual)}} ceremonious, ceremonial, ritual. {{has_high_level(formal)}} punctilious. {{has_high_level(formal)}} solemn, stately, majestic. {{has_high_level(formal)}} stiff, starched. {{has_subtype(customary)}} {[referring_to(political correctness)]} politically correct, PC[acron.]. Adv. customarily, usually, ordinarily, typically, generally, as a rule, for the most part, most often, most frequently. according to use, according to custom, according to routine, according to precedent. as usual, as things go, as the world goes, as the sparks fly upwards; more suo, more solito[Lat]; ex more. {{has_extreme(usually): always &c. (uniformly) R16}}. formally, stiffly, formalistically. punctiliously. ceremoniously, ceremonially, ritually. solemnly, majestically. <-- most of these words can be both actions and traits --> M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1 NONCONFORMITY N. {{antonym_of(conformity, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(unconformity[to=custom], R83)}} {{has_subtype(nonconformity, @R83)}} nonconformity, unconformity. unconventionality. individuality, idiosyncrasy, originality, mannerism, peculiarity, idiocrasy[obs3]. {{has_high_level}} monstrousness, teratism[obs3]. {{has_high_level(unconventionality): eccentricity, @R608}}. {{has_low-level(unconventionality)}} {{antonym_of(formality, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} informality. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} failure to conform. {{has_subtype(failure to conform)}} violation of custom, violation of usage, infringement of custom, infringement of usage. {{has_subtype(failure to conform[to=law, R963])}} infringement of law. {{trait_of}} nonconformist, weirdo. {{has_subtype: infraction of law, breach, of law, violation of law}}. V. not conform, be nonconforming. be idiosyncratic, exhibit idiosyncrasies, display one's individuality. <-- all the same words as the general concept apply to people --> Adj. {{has_property(unconformity): exceptional, @R83}}. Phr. march to one's own drum, march to the beat of a different drummer. <-- Caveat: almost any action with a goal is an attempt up to the point where it succeeds. But "attempt" is usually used for actions which have not yet achieved their goals, and especially for those that fail. [[try]] --> M7.3.5.2 ATTEMPT (R675) #675. Attempt. N. {{has_conceptual_part(conduct)}} {{has_subtype(action)}} attempt, try, essay, trial, endeavor, shot[coll], go[coll]. {{has_case: goal, R620}}. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(risk, @R665)}} venture, adventure, speculation, coup d'essai[Fr]. {{&has_result: success, M7.4.1.1; partial success, M7.4.1.1; failure, M7.4.1.2; achievement, @M7.4}}. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(vigorous, R574)}} the old college try; best shot. struggle. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(first, @R66)}} debut. {{has_subtype: experiment, R463}}. V. attempt, try, essay, endeavor, strive, tempt, make an attempt, venture. adventure, speculate, take one's chance, tempt fortune; take a shot at it, try one's fortune, try one's luck, try one's hand; use one's endeavor; feel one's way, grope one's way, pick one's way. {{has_subtype: experiment, R463}}. try hard, push, make a bold push, use one's best endeavor, give it the old college try. {{has_extreme(try hard): do one's best &c. (exertion) R686}}. Adj. experimental, trial. essaying, attempting, trying; tentative, empirical, probationary. {{has_subtype(experimental): experimental &c. R463}}. attempted, tried, essayed. Adv. experimentally, empirically. by trial and error. on trial, at a venture; by rule of thumb. if one may be so bold. Int. "go for it!", "go to it!"; "gambatte!"[Jap]. Phr. "nothing ventured, nothing gained"; better luck next time; aut non tentaris aut perfice [Lat][Ovid]; chi non s'arrischia non guadagna[Fr]; "If you don't succeed at first, try, try again.". <-- In one respect, an undertaking may seem like a subtype of attempt; but although it is usually used with respect to the beginning of a sustained activity, it also refers to the continuation of the activity. So an "attempt" will be considered as a conceptual part, not a supertype. The sense of "promise" for the word "undertaking" is a separate sense, found at "promise", R768. [[endeavor, venture]] --> M7.3.5.3 UNDERTAKING (R676) #676. Undertaking. N. {{has_subtype(productive activity, M7.3.5.4.1)}} undertaking, endeavor, effort, venture, enterprise, emprise[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: effort, R686; attempt, R675}}. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(risk, @R665)}} adventure. {{has_subtype: engagement, @R768; matter in hand &c. (business ) R625}}. {{has_beginning}} commencement, launch, first move. pilgrimage. {{has_conceptual_part}} move. {{topic_of: @R768, undertaking, engagement}}. {{topic_of: compact &c. R769}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(party, @M8.2)}} principal, venturer. {{has_subtype(principal)}} {[in_frame(business, R794)]} entrepreneur. {{has_subtype(principal)}} {{has_subtype(partner, @R711)}} partner, business partner. <-- we adopt an un-cynical view of causes and campaigns --> {{has_subtype}} {{&mcauses(ideology, @R737b/principle, @R484)}} {{purpose_of(do good, @R906)}} cause, good cause. {{has_subtype(cause)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>1], P2.3.2.3)}} crusade; movement; campaign. {{has_subtype(movement): political movement}}. {{has_subtype(campaign): political campaign}}. V. {{conceptual_part_of(attempt, R675)}} undertake, endeavor, venture, engage in. {{has_subtype(undertake[mode=voluntarily, @R600])}} {{antonym_of(be ordered, @R741)}} volunteer; take upon oneself, take upon one's shoulders. {{has_subtype(take upon oneself): devote oneself to &c. (determination) R604}}. apprentice oneself to. {{has_commencement}} take up, take in hand, tackle, embark on, embark in, launch into, plunge into, plunge right into; set to it, go to, go to it, go at it. {{has_subtype(launch into)}} {{has_subtype(take a risk)}} take the plunge, dare it, risk it. {{topic_of: @R768, undertake, engage}}. {{topic_of: contract &c. R769}}. {{has_commencement}} {{has_subtype(begin[obj=undertaking], R66)}} set about, go about; set to, fall to, set to work; launch forth; set up shop; put in hand, put in execution; set forward; break the neck of a business, be in for; put one's hand to, put one's foot in; betake oneself to, turn one's hand to, go to do; put one's hand to the plow, lay one's hand to the plow, put one's shoulder to the wheel. have in hand &c. (business) R625. {{has_large_quantity: have many irons in the fire &c. (activity) R682}}. {{has_commencement}} {{has_subtype(originate, @R153)}} found, broach, institute, lay the foundation of, set up, originate. Adj. undertaking, endeavoring. undertaken, ventured. under way, in progress, in the fire, on the anvil. {{has_trait(entrepreneur)}} entrepreneurial, enterprising. Int. "here goes!". Phr. "nothing ventured, nothing gained". <-- We feel it necessary to make the subtle distinction of "productive" activity", to accomplish any useful goal, and "gainful occupation", performed primarily for money or other compensation. The two are in many places intertwined. --> <-- The distinction between action, above, and business, here seems to be that a business or affair is more extended in time and has a larger component of longer-range goals. We emphasize the part of the goal. The disticntion between this and the next entry, productive activity, is very small and they might be better merged???. Some of the words at M7.3.5.4.1 suggest physical labor, and that should be clearly distinguished from labor generally. [[business]] [[task]] --> M7.3.5.4 TASK (R625) #625. Task. N. {{part_of(action, R680)}} {{purpose_of(goal, M7.1.2.1.2)}} task, business, job, thing to do, agendum, occupation, employment, matter in hand, iron in the fire, work, chore [U.S.], what one is doing, what one is about. affair, concern, matter, case. exercise. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(impossible, R471)}} {{has_subtype(waste, R638)}} impossible task, exercise in futility, wasted effort. {{part_of: @R622, pursuit, avocation}}. {{part_of: undertaking &c. R676}}. {{has_subtype(mission): duty &c. R926}}. {{has_subtype: productive activity, M7.3.5.4.1}}. {{uses: plan, M7.2.3.1}}. {{conceptual_part_of(physical activity, @P2.8)}} physical task. {{has_subtype: @M7.3.5.4.1, office, place, post, chargeship[obs3], incumbency, living, situation, berth, employ}}. {{has_conceptual_part: press of business &c. (activity) R682}}. {{member_of(task, R625)}} press of business, no sinecure, plenty to do, many irons in the fire. V. be about one's business, go about one's business, pass one's time in, employ one's time in, spend one's time in; employ oneself in, employ oneself upon; occupy oneself with, concern oneself with; make it one's business; enter a profession; betake oneself to, turn one's hand to; have to do with &c. (do) R680. {{part_of: undertake &c. R676}}. be about, be doing, be engaged in, be employed in, be occupied with, be at work on; have one's hands in, have in hand; have on one's hands, have on one's shoulders; bear the burden; have one's hands full &c. (activity) R682. be in the hands of, be on the stocks, be on the anvil; pass through one's hands. Adj. {{part_of(acting, R680)}} engaged, occupied. on hand, in hand, in one's hands; afoot, in the fire, on foot, on the anvil; going on. {{has_subtype(engaged): busy, @R682}}. Adv. at work. in the course of business, all in one's day's work. productively; professionally. <-- [[labor, work]] --> M7.3.5.4.1 PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY N. {{has_subtype(business, R625)}} {{has_conceptual_part(enterprise, R676)}} productive activity, labor, work, working, toil, effort, toiling, laboring, warm work[obs2]. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} work[2], piece of work. {{has_subtype(piece of work): artifact, P2.3.1.3; service[2], @M7.3.5.4.1.3}}. {{has_subtype: gainful employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} office work, paperwork. {{property_of(obligatory)}} {{has_subtype(moral obligation, R926)}} duty. {{has_subtype: manufacturing, M7.3.5.4.1.1; agriculture, M7.3.5.4.1.2; service, M7.3.5.4.1.3}}. {{has_location: workshop, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_method(acquisition, @R775)}} gathering, collecting. <-- this "sowing" and "harvesting" are also metaphorical, not only agricultural --> {{has_subtype(gathering)}} {{conceptual_part_of(sowing, R673)}} harvesting. {{produces(harvesting): harvest, @R636}}. {{has_subtype(harvesting): reaping, @R371}}. {{has_subtype(labor)}} {{property_of(routine)}} routine work, manual labor, drudge work, drudgery, swink[obs3]. {{has_subtype(labor)}} {{property_of(difficult)}} travail, hard work, sweat of one's brow, toil and trouble, sweat and strain, uphill work. {{has_subtype(drudgery)}} {{property_of(undesirable)}} coolie labor. {{has_subtype(drudgery)}} slavery, hammering, fagging[obs3]; limae labor[Lat]. {{has_subtype(labor)}} industry, industriousness, operoseness[obs3], operosity[obs3]. {{has_subtype(labor)}} trouble, pains. {{requires(hard work): resolution &c. R604; energy &c. (physical) R171}}. {{has_subtype(labor)}} {{property_of(defined, @R525)}} project, chore, undertaking, enterprise. <-- is this role a subtype of role, at R9? For now, no, since the "role' at R9 must be a relation name, and we are not certain that all subtypes of this "role" will have that property --> {{mcaused_by(perform[obj=labor])}} {{has_part(joint effort, @R709)}} {{has_property(worker)}} role, function, part, capacity, cue[obs2][drama]. <-- a "post" is a role/function with more responsibility than just a function, so that is the only differentium --> {{has_subtype(role)}} {{property_of(responsibility, @R926/accountability, @R680)}} post, position, place, berth, incumbency, position of responsibility, chargeship[obs3]. <-- a position of authority has both responsibility and authority. It may be unpaid, so it can't go into the "employment" section --> {{has_subtype(post)}} {{property_of(authority, R737)}} office, position of authority. <-- assignment of a task creates a duty for the assignee --> <-- the relation of work/labor to "task/assignment" is not clear. AN assignment requires labor for its fulfillment???. These words are all used in the case frame "my assignment is to ... " --> {{has_concern(role)}} {{affected_by(role)}} {{conceptual_part_of(labor)}} {{has_result(assignment[ptnt=task, R625], R755)}} {{property_of(imposed, @R741)}} {{has_subtype(duty, R926)}} {{property_of(roleness[to=assignee])}} task, assignment, mission, charge, errand, commission, responsibility, engagement, care, assigned duty. {{performed_by(task)}} assignee, responsible person, responsible individual. {{conceptual_part_of(responsibility)}} {{has_subtype(field of activity, @R680)}} {{property_of(roleness[to=worker])}} province, sphere, department, area of responsibility, field, orb, lookout. {{has_subtype(province): field of expertise, @M7.3.5.4.1.4}}. V. labor, work, toil. moil, fag, drudge, drag a lengthened chain, wade through, strive, stretch a long arm; pull, tug, ply; ply the oar, tug at the oar; do the work; take the laboring oar. {{has_high_intensity(work)}} work hard, sweat, slave, rough it, put forth one's strength, put forth a strong arm, put one's back into, sweat and strain; work like a horse, work like a cart horse, work like a galley slave, work like a coal heaver; labor day and night, work day and night; redouble one's efforts; do double duty; work double hours, work double tides; sit up, burn the candle at both ends. fall to work, bend the bow; buckle to, set one's shoulder to the wheel &c. (resolution) R604; work one's way, fight one's way; lay about one, hammer at. {{conceptual_part_of(work hard): stick to &c. (persevere) R604a}}. {{has_high_intensity(work)}} take pains, do one's best, do one's level best, do one's utmost, give one hundred percent, do the best one can, do all one can, do all in one's power, do as much as in one lies, do what lies in one's power; use one's best endeavor, use one's utmost endeavor; try one's best, try one's utmost; play one's best card; put one's best leg foremost, put one's right leg foremost; have one's whole soul in his work, put all one's strength into, strain every nerve; spare no efforts, spare no pains; go all lengths; go through fire and water &c. (resolution) R604; move heaven and earth, leave no stone unturned. <-- the transitive words at R72, gather, collect, etc. are probably the same sense as this. Perhaps there should be a subtype here with all the transitive words from R72??? --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_method(acquire, R775)}} {{has_subtype(gather[2], @R72)}} {{has_subtype(take, R789)}} gather, collect. {{has_method(gather): pick up}}. {{conceptual_part_of(pick up): pick, @R371}}. Adj. working, laboring, toiling. Adv. by working, by laboring, by the sweat of one's brow. Phr. "In all labor there is profit" [Proverbs, 14:23]; "By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt earn thy bread" [Gen. 3:19]; "We make money the old-fashioned way -- we earn it!" [Smith Barney advertisement, 1993]; "he who does not work shall not eat" [Constitution of the Soviet Union]; "I am a true laborer; I earn that I eat, get that I wear, owe no man hate, envy no man's happiness, glad of other man's good, content with my harm." [As You Like It]; lucri causa[Lat]. "Are you working hard or hardly working?". <-- "manufacturing" here is making artifacts in general. The usual category of manufacturing items of commerce is a subtype [[manufacturing]] --> M7.3.5.4.1.1 MANUFACTURING N. {{has_subtype(creation[of=artifact, P2.3.1.3])}} {{has_subtype(human process, @R680)}} manufacturing, production, art, artifice. {{produces: artifact, P2.3.1.3}}. {{performed_by: @R164, maker, producer}}. {{has_subtype}} industrial manufacturing. {{performed_by(industrial manufacturing)}} {{member_of(firm, @P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)}} industry, manufacturing industry. {{has_subtype(industrial manufacturing)}} heavy industry. {{has_subtype(manufacturing)}} light industry. {{&causes(heavy industry): environmental pollution}}. {{part_of(industry)}} {{has_subtype(national economy): industrialized economy, @M9.2.4.9}}. {{&has_method: forming, @R240}}. {{has_concern}} {{has_subtype(cost[of=production], @R812a)}} production cost, manufacturing cost, cost of production. V. make, manufacture, produce. Adj. manufactured, man-made. {{antonym_of(natural, @P2.1.2.R1)}} artificial, artifactual. {{has_subtype(artificial)}} {[of(chemical substance)]} {{has_consequence(chemical synthesis)}} synthetic. manufacturing, industrial. {{&has_property(country)}} {{alternate_to(agricultural)}} industrialized, developed. {{has_subtype(manufactured)}} home-made, self-made. M7.3.5.4.1.1.1 CONSTRUCTION N. {{has_subtype(manufacturing[of=structure, P2.3.1.3.10])}} construction, building. {{performed_by}} builder. {{has_subtype(builder)}} {{has_subtype(business)}} building contractor, contractor. <-- [[agriculture]] Formally, the general "agriculture" includes animal husbandry, although it is often thought of as confined to plants. In this entry it is the supertype for agronomy (for which "agriculture is one synonym) and animal husbandry --> M7.3.5.4.1.2 AGRICULTURE (R371) N. agriculture, farming, husbandry. {{performed_at: farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7}}. V. farm. {{has_conceptual_part(farm)}} {{patient_of(beast, @R366/plant, R367)}} grow, raise. Adj. agricultural. <-- [The economy or management of plants.] [[farming]] --> M7.3.5.4.1.2.1 AGRONOMY #371. Agronomy. N. {{required_for(soil, @P2.3.1.1.4)}} {{product_of(plant, R367)}} cultivation, agronomy, agriculture, farming, tillage, spade husbandry, georgics, geoponics[obs3]. {{studied_in}} horticulture, science of agriculture. {{has_subtype}} {{has_activity(garden, @P2.3.1.3.10.7)}} gardening. {{performed_at(farming): farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7}}. <-- this sense of plant is something planted --> {{has_product}} {{has_subtype(plant, R367)}} cultivated plant. {{member_of(cultivated plant)}} crop, harvest[1]. {{has_subtype(cultivated plant)}} {{&contains(pot, @R191)}} potted plant. {{co-occurs_with(harvest)}} {{has_subtype(period)}} harvest time. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(crop)}} {{property_of(immature)}} growing crop. {{has_subtype(crop[of=grape, @P2.3.1.3.2.7])}} vintage. {{has_subtype(farming)}} {{required_for(water, R337)}} {{!:not_required_for(soil, @P2.3.1.1.4)}} hydroponic farming, aquaculture. <-- seeding is required for growth only in the agricultural frame! --> {{has_method}} {{has_requirement(cultivation[of=plant, R367])}} {{follows(growth[of=crop])}} planting, sowing, seeding, semination[obs3]. {{has_subtype(preparation[of=soil, @P2.3.1.1.4][for=planting, @R371], @R673): @R673, tilling, plowing}}. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(harvesting, @R775)}} {{precedes(growth[of=crop])}} harvesting, reaping. {{function_of(tilling)}} {{has_subtype(tool, R633): hoe, @P2.3.1.3.12.1.1; plow, @R253a}}. {{function_of(plowing): plow, @R253a}}. {{performed_at(gardening): garden, @P2.3.1.3.10.7}}. arboriculture[obs3]; floristry, floriculture; landscape gardening. {{performed_at: vineyard, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2.2}} grape growing, viticulture, vintage[obs3]; wine-making. {{performed_at: greenhouse, @P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. {{job_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.10.1, farmer, husbandman, horticulturist, gardener, florist}}. {{has_part(farm)}} {{constitutes(arable land)}} {{location_of(growing crop)}} land under cultivation. {{has_concern}} {{has_subtype(quantity[of=crop], R25)}} yield, crop yield. {{has_relative_val(crop yield + land under cultivation)}} yield per acre; yield per hectare. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} {{function_of(increase[obj=crop yield])}} fertilizer. {{has_subtype(fertilizer)}} {{produces(animal[1], R366/plant, R367)}} natural fertilizer. {{has_subtype(fertilizer)}} {{has_subtype(chemical substance)}} chemical fertilizer. {{has_subtype(natural fertilizer): @P2.8.4, guano, manure, compost}}. V. farm, till the soil, raise crops, grow crops. garden. [trans] grow, cultivate, raise. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_commencement(grow)}} sow, plant. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(harvest, R775)}} {{has_subtype(gather[obj=crop], @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{has_termination(grow)}} reap, harvest[2], glean. {{has_method(reap)}} pick. {{has_subtype(pick)}} {{uses(hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} pick by hand, hand-pick. {{has_method(reap)}} mow, cut. {{has_conceptual_part}} plough, plow, dress the ground, dig, delve, dibble, hoe, harrow, rake; backset [obs3][U.S.]; prune, lop and top. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=weed, @P2.3.2.1.2], @R38)}} weed. {{uses(cultivate)}} {{consumed_by(fertilizer)}} fertilize. {{has_subtype(fertilize)}} {{consumed_by(manure, @R299)}} manure. Adj. agricultural, agrarian, agrestic[obs3]. arable, predial[obs3], rural, rustic, country; horticultural. bucolic, arcadian. {{has_property(farm, P2.3.1.3.10.7/garden, @P2.3.1.3.10.7)}} {{has_consequence(till)}} cultivated, tilled. {{has_property(crop)}} {{has_consequence(raise)}} raised, grown. {{antonym_of(tilled)}} {{has_subtype(unused, R614)}} fallow, unsown, untilled. <-- a subtype of farming. but this entry is for any kind of keeping animal, even in a kennel. So we distinguish a subtype "animal farming", which is raising animals for food. --> M7.3.5.4.1.2.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY #370. Animal Husbandry. N. {{has_subtype(management[obj=domestic animal, P2.3.2.1.1.3])}} {{has_job(animal caretaker, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.10)}} animal husbandry, husbandry; circuration[obs3], zoohygiantics[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{product_of(farm animal)}} animal farming. {{performed_at(animal farming)}} {{has_subtype(workplace, P2.3.1.3.10)}} animal farm. {[of(fish)]} pisciculture, fish farming. {{performed_at(fish farming)}} {{has_subtype(workplace, P2.3.1.3.10)}} fish farm. domestication, domesticity; veterinary art. horse shoeing, shoeing horses, farriery[obs3]. horsemanship, riding, "manSge"[Fr]. {{&has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(improvement, M7.1.2.1.2.1.1)}} breeding. {{has_conceptual_part(breeding): mating, R163; selection, R609}}. taming. {[of(bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2)]} aviculture. {[of(bee, @P2.3.2.1.1.2.1)]} beekeping. {[of(cattle)]} cattle ranching, cattle raising. {{&has_location}} {{has_subtype(abode[of=beast, @R366], R189)}} menagerie, vivarium, zoological garden; bear pit. {{&has_location(aviculture)}} {{has_subtype(abode[of=bird, P2.3.2.1.1.1.2], R189)}} aviary; bird cage. {{has_subtype(cage, @R752): bird cage}}. {{&has_location(beekeeping)}} apiary, alveary[obs3]. {{has_part(apiary)}} {{has_subtype(abode[of=bee, @P2.3.2.1.1.2.1], R189)}} beehive, hive. {[of(duck)]} duck raising. {{&has_location(duck raising)}} duck pond. {{&has_location(pisciculture)}} aquarium; fishery; fish pond. {{&has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(destruction)}} euthanasia, sacrifice, humane destruction, putting animals to sleep[euphemism]; phthisozoics[obs3] &c. (killing) R361. {{has_subtype(aviculture)}} chicken farming. {{&has_location(chicken farming)}} {{has_subtype(workplace, P2.3.1.3.10)}} chicken farm. {{has_part(chicken farm)}} {{has_subtype(cage, @R752)}} chicken coop, hencoop, henhouse, cauf[obs3]. {{&has_location(cattle ranching)}} {{has_subtype(region, R181)}} {{property_of(open, @R748)}} range. {[of(sheep)]} sheep raising, sheep ranching. {{&has_location(sheep ranching)}} sheep farm, sheep station. {{has_part(sheep farm): sheepfold &c. (inclosure) R232}}. V. {{has_subtype(keep[obj=domestic animal, P2.3.2.1.1.3], @R670)}} keep, tend. {{has_subtype(teach[obj=domestic animal, P2.3.2.1.1.3], R537)}} train. {{has_subtype(train)}} tame, break in, domesticate, acclimatize; teach tricks to. {{&has_conceptual_part(keep)}} {{has_subtype(mate, @R163)}} [transitive] breed. improve the breed. {{has_conceptual_part(breed): mate, R163; select, R609}}. {{has_subtype(breed)}} cross, crossbreed; inbreed; outbreed. {{&has_method}} {{has_subtype(restrain, @R751): @R751, cage, bridle, leash, pen in}}. Adj. tame, domestic. pastoral, bucolic. <-- the subdivisions should be referred to in their proper locations --> <-- this service differs from service (aid) at M8.2.1.4 in that it is service for pay. The labor department list of service occupations would fit here. --> M7.3.5.4.1.3 SERVICE N. {{has_subtype(labor)}} {{has_subtype(aid, @M8.2.1.4)}} {{contrast_to(manufacturing, M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} service, services[pl], service work. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} service[2], service rendered, services rendered[collective]. {{has_subtype}} {{temporal_loc_of(future, @R121)}} future service. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(professional, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6)}} professional service, professional work. {{has_subtype}} {{has_activity(office, @R691)}} white collar work, office work. research. counselling. {{has_subtype: @R769, sales, selling}}. {{has_subtype: @R537, teaching}}. {{hperforms(servant, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.12)}} personal service. {{hperforms(domestic servant, @R746)}} {{has_activity(home, P1.2.3.2.4.1)}} domestic service. {{job_of(professional work): professional, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6}}. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(waiter/waitress)}} {{has_activity(restaurant)}} waiting, waiting on tables. {{has_subtype(professional service)}} {{hperforms(broker, @R758)}} brokering, broker's service, broker's services[collective]. {{has_subtype(professional service)}} {{hperforms(health care worker)}} health care. {{has_conceptual_part(health care): diagnosis, P2.6.4.8.1; treatment, R662; health maintenance, P2.6.4.8.4}}. {{has_subtype(professional service)}} {{hperforms(teacher): teaching}}. {{has_subtype(professional service)}} {{hperforms(lawyer, R968)}} legal service. V. {{has_subtype(serve, @M8.2.1.4)}} serve, perform a service, work at a service occupation. do research. {{hperforms(waiter/waitress)}} wait, wait on tables, wait on someone. {{has_subtype: sell; teach; counsel}}. Adj. service. served. serving. {{has_high_intensity(served)}} well-served. {{has_low_intensity(served)}} underserved. <-- This entry, Gainful Occupation, is the general type for people doing things for money or other forms of profit. It includes as subtypes professional occupations, business, self-employment, and wage employment, which is the specific subtype dealt with in M7.3.5.4.1.4.1. It was included by Roget in R625, above. [[occupation]] --> M7.3.5.4.1.4 GAINFUL OCCUPATION N. {{has_subtype(task, R625)}} {{purpose_of(earn[obj=wages, @R973], @R775)}} {{has_job(worker, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6)}} job, livelihood, gainful occupation, business, occupation, employment, gainful employment, work, what one does for a living, line, line of work, means of livelihood, thrift[Scot.], living. {{has_subtype(job)}} {{has_job(craftsman)}} craft, handicraft. industry, art; industrial arts; craft, mystery, handicraft. {{has_subtype}} {{has_job(professional)}} profession, career, vocation, calling, walk, walk of life, faculty[obs]. {{has_subtype(occupation)}} {{required_for(expertise, R698)}} specialty, specialization, field of expertise. beat, round, routine, race[obs2]. {{job_of: P2.3.2.3.6.5.6, working person, worker}}. {{co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(shift, R106a)}} working period. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(shift, R106a)}} full-time job. {{requires(full time job): working period[val=>35 hours per week], @R108}}. {{alternative_to(full time job)}} part-time job; temporary job, temporary work. <-- there is a gap between 30 and 35 hours per week not defined as full-time or part-time. Needs further definition --> {{requires(part time job): working period[val=<30 hours per week], @R108}}. self-employment. {{has_subtype: commerce, R794}}. {{has_subtype: paid employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1}}. {{has_subtype: service &c. (servitude) R749; service, M7.3.5.4.1.2}}. {{performed_at: workshop, R691}}. {{has_metaphor(job)}} bowl of rice[Asia], ricebowl[Asia]. V. work, work for a living, labor in one's vocation. drive a trade; carry on a trade, do a trade, transact a trade, carry on business, do business, transact business &c. n.; keep a shop; ply one's task, ply one's trade; pursue the even tenor of one's way; attend to business, attend to one's work. {{has_subtype(do business)}} drive a roaring trade, do a booming business. officiate, serve, act; act one's part, play one's part; do duty; serve the office of, discharge the office of, perform the office of, perform the duties of, perform the functions of; hold an office, fill an office, fill a place, fill a situation; hold a portfolio, hold a place, hold a situation. Adj. working, employed. businesslike; workaday; professional; official, functional. {{has_property(full-time job)}} full-time. {{has_property(part-time job)}} part-time. Phr. "a business with an income at its heels" [Cowper]; amoto quaeramus seria ludo [Lat][Horace]; par negotiis neque supra [Lat][Tacitus]. <-- This "employment" is distinguished from "Occupation" in that this entry refers specifically to employment for hire, i.e. one has an employer. [[employment]] --> M7.3.5.4.1.4.1 EMPLOYMENT N. {{has_subtype(occupation, M7.3.5.4.1.4)}} {{has_job(employee, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6)}} {{conceptual_part_of(wages, @R973)}} {{has_subtype(duty, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} employment, job, occupation, paid occupation, paying job, paid employment, situation, employ. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3/organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} employer. {{has_subtype(employer)}} boss. {{has_subtype(job)}} office, function, position. {{has_symbol(profession)}} {{has_subtype(clothing)}} cloth. {{antonym_of}} {{has_subtype(inaction, R681)}} unemployment, joblessness, lack of employment, lack of a job. {{has_subtype(duty, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} tour of duty, stint, shift, watch. {{has_beginning}} {{caused_by(employment)}} hiring, employing, engaging, taking on. {{folows(hiring)}} offer of employment. {{follows(offer of employment)}} {{has_subtype(searching[for=employee, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6], @R622)}} recruiting. {{has_beginning}} being hired. {{has_ending}} leaving a job. {{has_subtype(leaving a job)}} {{has_subtype(resignation, R757)}} {{property_of(voluntary)}} retirement; quitting; disability, long term disability, LTD[acron]; transferring. {{has_subtype(leaving a job)}} {{has_subtype(ejection, R297)}} {{property_of(involuntary)}} being fired, being sacked[coll.]. {{has_subtype(leaving a job)}} {{has_subtype(ejection, R297)}} {{property_of(involuntary)}} {{property_of(temporary)}} being laid off. {{caused_by(being laid off)}} layoff. {{caused_by(being fired)}} firing, dismissal, termination, severance, katatataki [Jap: tap on the shoulder]. {{has_metaphor(firing)}} sack, walking papers, pink slip, walking ticket; yellow cover. {{has_large_quantity(firing)}} mass firing, mass dismissal. {{conceptual_part_of(dismissal)}} staff reduction, reduction in force, RIF[acron]. {{&assisted_by(get a job)}} {{has_subtype(organization)}} employment agency; outplacement bureau. {{assisted_by(get a job)}} {{has_subtype(person)}} {{performed_by(seek[obj=employee])}} headhunter, scout. {{has_method(get a job)}} {{has_subtype(read[obj=job advertisement], @R539)}} look in the want ads, look at the want ads. V. be employed, earn a living, work for wages, work for a living, hold down a job, have a job. {{has_commencement(be employed)}} be hired, get hired, get a job. {{caused_by(be employed)}} {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} [transitive] hire, employ, engage, take on. {{folows(hire)}} offer employment, offer a position, extend an offer. {{follows(offer employment)}} {{has_subtype(search[for=employee, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6], @R622)}} recruit. {{has_termination}} {{property_of(involuntary)}} {{has_subtype(eject, R297)}} fire, dismiss, terminate, can[coll], fire out, sack[coll], RIF. {{has_result(fire)}} {{has_termination}} be fired, be dismissed, get the sack, get canned. {{has_metaphor(be fired)}} get a pink slip. Adj. {{has_property(employee)}} employed, working. {{antonym_of(employed)}} {{has_subtype(unemployed, @R681)}} unemployed, jobless, without a job, between jobs[euphemism]. {{&has_consequence(unemployed)}} {{has_subtype(seeking[obj=employment], @R622)}} looking for work, seeking work, looking for a job, looking for an employment opportunity. {{consequence_of(employed)}} hired, taken on, recruited. {{&consequence_of(unemployed)}} fired, sacked, dismissed, canned[coll.], terminated, severed, riffed. {{similar_to(employed)}} {{has_property(contractor, @R769)}} {{!has_consequence(contract, @R769)}} under contract. Prep. {[with_object(employer)]} in the employ of, in the employment of, employed by. Phr. "for money, not for love". <-- repair is a partial creation, or a creation of a part. "repair" may be performed by natural agents such as animals and plants. [[repair]] --> M7.3.5.4.1.5 REPAIR N. {{has_subtype(creation, A7.4)}} {{property_of(incomplete/partial)}} {{has_subtype(reaction[to=damage, R659a], @R154)}} repair, reparation, restoration, restoral, renewal. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(property, R79a)}} {{has_subtype(something lost, @R37)}} wholeness. renovation, rehabilitation, refurbishment. remanufacture. reestablishment, reconstitution, reconstruction; reinstatement, replacement; reorganization. redress, retrieval, reclamation. {[of(health)]}{{has_subtype: recovery, R660}}. {{has_subtype: reproduction &c. R163}}. {{&has_method: substitution, R147}}. {{property_of(periodical)}} maintenance. {[of(structure)]} {{has_subtype(maintenance): painting}}. tinkering. {[of(crack): fill; patch]}. {{has_subtype}} renovation, renewal. {{analogous_to: restitution &c. R790}}. {{&performed_by}} repairman, repair person; tinker. {{&performed_by(repair[of=shoe/leather])}} cobbler. {{&performed_by(repair[of=machine/device])}} technician. {{&causes: relief &c. R834; rescue, R672}}. V. repair; put in repair, remanufacture, put in thorough repair, put in complete repair. retouch, refashion, botch[obs1], vamp, tinker, cobble; do up, patch up, touch up, plaster up, vamp up; darn, finedraw[obs3], heelpiece[obs3]; stop a gap, stanch, staunch, caulk, calk, careen, splice, bind up wounds. reconstruct, rebuild; reorganize, remake, reconstitute; reconvert; renew, renovate; regenerate; rejuvenate. redeem, reclaim, recover, retrieve; rescue &c. (deliver) R672. stir the embers, put into the crucible. Adj. {{has_requirement(repair)}} repairable, restorable; recoverable. <-- This section, M7.3.5.R1, contians "skill, unskillfullness, cunning, artlessness, and folly. These might be classified as human traits, however they primarily refer to the way people perform their actions, and are therefore fundamentally adverbs! In that sense, these have no direct supertypes. However, they are too allied with traits to ignore that connection, and they will also be classified as traits. This may be confusing to the logic -- it needs to be tested???. Notive that a property of an action (as here) is conceptually an adverb. was directly under complex vol. act , M7.3.5.4.1 , 6, 7, 8 --> M7.3.5.R1 CHARACTERISTIC OF HUMAN ACTIVITY N. {{has_property(human activity, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(character trait, M4.2.2.1)}} characteristic of human activity, trait of human activity, the way people do things, property of human activity. {{has_subtype: property of communication}}. <-- "skill" here refers primarily to the way people do things, usually with their hands. Thus the appearance of "dexterity" in the first paragraph. These days we tend to call this "procedural knowledge" to distinguish it from symbolic knowledge used in language. But Roget apparently had symbolic lore in mind also, so this is still a mixture. Separate??? For now, a skill is always considered an ability to "do" an action. [[skill]] --> M7.3.5.R1.1 SKILL (R698) #698. Skill. N. {{facilitated_by(perform[obj=task, R625], M7.3.4)}} {{has_subtype(intelligence, R498)}} {{has_subtype(positive character trait, M4.2.2.1.1)}} skill, proficiency, competence, skillfulness, technical competence, know-how, craft, facility, knack, aptness, aptitude, panurgy[obs3], adroitness, address. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(area of knowledge): field of expertise, @M7.3.5.4.1.4}}. {{has_high_level}} mastery, mastership, excellence, expertise, expertness. {{has_topic: action, R680}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_topic(memory[1], @R505): knowledge}}. {{has_subtype}} {{helped_by(perform[obj=physical task], M7.3.4)}} deftness, quickness, readiness; slickness, trick, sleight. {{has_subtype(skill[at=body movement, @R264])}} {{requires(physical task)}} coordination, motor skill, motor skills[pl], procedural knowledge, physical coordination, motor coordination. {{has_low_quality(motor coordination): spasticity, P2.2.3.5.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(motor coordination)}} eye-hand coordination. {{has_subtype(deftness)}} {{has_high_level(motor skill)}} {{used_in(hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} dexterity, dexterousness, handiness, manual dexterity. {{has_subtype(dexterity)}} ambidexterity, ambidextrousness[obs3]. {{has_subtype(dexterity): sleight of hand &c. (deception) R545}}. {{&result_of: training}}. seamanship, airmanship, marksmanship, horsemanship; rope-dancing. {{expression_of}} accomplishment, acquirement, attainment; science; technicality, technology; practical knowledge, technical knowledge. {{expression_of}} knowledge of the world, worldly wisdom, world wisdom, savoir faire[Fr]. {{expression_of}} cleverness, talent, ability, capability, capacity, parts, talents, faculty, endowment, forte, turn, felicity, curiosa felicitas[Lat], qualification, habilitation. {{expression_of}} aptitude, aptness, gift, turn for, capacity for. {{has_high_level(aptness)}} genius, ingenuity, genius for. {{has_subtype: sharpness, readiness &c. (activity) R682; invention &c. R515}}. {{has_subtype(worldly wisdom)}} {{has_subtype(skill[at=communication, R527])}} tact. masterfulness, art, artistry, finesse. self-help. {{has_subtype(cleverness): cunning, R702}}. {{&required_for: good management, @R692}}. {{has_subtype: mother wit &c. (sagacity) R498; discretion &c. (caution) R864; craftiness &c. (cunning) R702}}. {{trait_of: expert, R700}}. {{has_product}} masterpiece, coup de maitre[Fr], chef d'ouvre[Fr], tour de force. {{has_result: good stroke &c. (plan) R626}}. V. {{&caused_by(be easy, R705)}} be skillful, be proficient, be competetent, be qualified, be capable. {[with_object(field of expertise)]} be familiar with; know how to. {{has_subtype(know how to)}} know how to use. {{has_subtype(know how to[obj=speak[obj=language, R560], R582])}} speak, be conversant in. {{has_high_quality(speak)}} be fluent in, speak fluently. {{has_high_level}} be expert, excel in, be master of; have a knack for, have a bent for, have a turn for, be at home in, make it look easy, do it with one's eyes closed, do it in one's sleep. know what's what, know a hawk from a handsaw, know what one is about, know what's up, know on which side one's bread is buttered, know what's o'clock; have cut one's eye teeth, have cut one's wisdom teeth. see one's way, see where the wind lies, see which way the wind blows; have all one's wits about one, have one's hand in. look after the main chance; cut one's coat according to one's cloth; live by one's wits; exercise one's discretion, feather the oar, sail near the wind; play one's cards well, play one's best card; hit the right nail on the head, put the saddle on the right horse. {{required_for}} {{has_subtype(profit by, @R677)}} take advantage of, make the most of, make a virtue of necessity. <-- to succeed may require skill or luck! --> {{&required_for: succeed, R731}}. make hay while the sun shines &c. (occasion) R134. {{has_subtype: be cunning, @R702}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(knowing, @R490)}} {{has_subtype(intelligent, R498)}} skillful, proficient, competent, skilled, qualified, capable, conversant. {{has_high_level(skillful)}} masterful, masterly, ingenious. dexterous, adroit, expert, apt, handy, quick, deft, ready, gain; slick, smart; good at, conversant with, up to, at home in, master of, a good hand at, au fait, thoroughbred, crack, accomplished. {[in_frame(speech, R582/language, R560)]} fluent. {{consequence_of}} {{has_consequence(experience, R151a)}} experienced, practiced, hackneyed. trained, initiated, prepared, primed, finished; up in, well up in; in practice, in proper cue; efficient; fitted, fit for, up to the mark. {{has_subtype(inventive, @R515)}} clever, cute, able, felicitous, gifted, talented, endowed. shrewd, sharp, on the ball; alive to, up to snuff, not to be caught with chaff; discreet. neat-handed, fine-fingered, nimble-fingered, ambidextrous, sure-footed; cut out for, fitted for. technical, artistic, scientific, daedalian[obs3], shipshape; workman-like, business-like, statesman-like. {{has_subtype: cunning, @R702}}. Adv. {{has_subtype(well, @R618)}} skillfully, proficiently, competently, expertly, with skill, with expertise. dexterously, adroitly, aptly, handily, quickly, deftly, readily. {{has_high_level(skillfully)}} masterfully, with consummate skill. {{has_subtype: slickly, smartly &c. (active) R682}}. artfully, artistically, elegantly. Phr. ars celare artem[Lat]; artes honorabit[Lat]; celui qui veut celui-la peut[Fr]; c'est une grande habilite que de savoir cacher son habilite[Fr]; expertus metuit [Lat][Horace]; es bildet ein Talent sich in der Stille sich ein Charakter in dem Strom der Welt[Ger]; "heart to conceive, the understanding to direct, or the hand to execute" [Junius]; if you have lemons, make lemonade. savoir vivre[Fr]; scire quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent[Lat][obs3]. M7.3.5.R1.2 UNSKILLFULNESS (R699) #699. Unskillfulness. N. {{antonym_of(skillfullness, R698)}} {{has_subtype(negative character trait, M4.2.2.1.2)}} unskillfulness, incompetence, ineptitude, ineptness, incompentency[obs3], lack of skill, want of skill, disqualification, unproficiency[obs3]. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} unskillful act. {{has_subtype(unskillful act)}} {{property_of(bad, @R812a)}} bungling performance, inept performance. {{&forms(unskillful act)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{property_of(low quality)}} {{property_of(bad, @R812a)}} inferior product, bad product. {{has_subtype(inferior product)}} {{has_subtype(computer program)}} {{property_of(buggy)}} buggy program. inability, incapacity, infelicity, indexterity[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(absence[ptnt=experience, R151a], @R2)}} inexperience, lack of experience. misconduct, misapplication, misdirection, misfeasance. {[of(manager)]} mismanagement, impolicy[obs3]; maladministration. {[of(government, R737a)]} misrule, misgovernment. {{has_subtype(misrule)}} {{has_subtype(governing)}} {{hperforms(woman)}} petticoat government [derogatory male chauvinist expression]. {{&causes}} bungling, blundering, floundering, botch, botchery[obs3]. {{causes(bungling): harm, R659a; damage[2], @A7.4.R1.1; failure &c. R732}}. {{&causes: @R495, error, blunder, mistake}}. {{conceptual_part_of: quackery, @R855}}. {{part_of: folly, M7.3.5.R1.4}}. {{&mcaused_by}} absence of rule, rule of thumb; too many cooks. {{&causes}} bad job, botched job, botched effort, sad work; etourderie gaucherie[Fr], act of folly, balourdise[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=physical coordination], @R2)}} clumsiness, awkwardness. {{trait_of(clumsiness)}} clumsy person. {{has_metaphor(clumsy person)}} bull in a china shop. sprat sent out to catch a whale, much ado about nothing, wild-goose chase. {{&mcaused_by: stupidity &c. R499; mental illness, R503}}. {{&mcaused_by: indiscretion &c. (rashness) R863}}. {{&mcaused_by: thoughtlessness &c. (inattention) R458}}. {{&mcaused_by: neglect, R460}}. {{trait_of: bungler &c. R701; fool &c. R501}}. V. be unskillful, be incompetent, be inexpert. not know what one is doing, not know what one is about, not know one's own interest, not know on which side one's bread is buttered. {{&causes}} stand in one's own light, quarrel with one's bread and butter, throw a stone in one's own garden, kill the goose which lays the golden eggs, pay dear for one's whistle, cut one's own throat, bum one's fingers; knock one's head against a stone wall, beat one's head against a stone wall; fall into a trap, catch a Tartar, bring the house about one's ears. {[in_frame(speech, R582/walking, @R266)]} bumble. {{&caused_by: be too busy, @R682}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(be too busy, @R682)}} {{has_subtype(be imprudent, R863)}} take on more than one can handle, bite off more than one can chew. {{has_metaphor(be too busy)}} have too many eggs in one basket, have too many irons in the fire. not see an inch beyond one's nose. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(err, R495)}} blunder, boggle, fumble, bitch, flounder, stumble, trip; hobble &c. R275; put one's foot in it. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(err, R495)}} [transitive] bungle, botch, make a mess of, screw up[coll], make hash of, make sad work of; overshoot the mark. {{causes(bungle): harm, R659a; damage[2], @A7.4.R1.1; failure &c. R732}}. play tricks with, play Puck, mismanage, misconduct, misdirect, misapply, missend. stultify oneself, make a fool of oneself, commit oneself; act foolishly; play the fool; put oneself out of court; lose control, lose control of oneself, lose one's head, lose one's cunning. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(err, R495)}} begin at the wrong end, put the cart before the horse; make two bites of a cherry; play at cross purposes; lock the stable door when the horse is stolen. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(err, R495): @R730, do things by halves}}. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(err, R495)}} lack proportion. {{has_metaphor(lack proportion)}} strain at a gnat and swallow a camel. {{&causes: @R495, err, mistake}}. {{&causes: @R486, be credulous}}. {{&causes}} {{has_metaphor(err, R495)}} bark up the wrong tree; be in the wrong box, aim at a pigeon and kill a crow; take the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong sow by the ear, get the dirty end of the stick; put the saddle on the wrong horse, put a square peg into a round hole, put new wine into old bottles. {{&causes}} {{has_metaphor(err, R495)}} cut blocks with a razor; hold a farthing candle to the sun; fight with a shadow, grasp at a shadow; catch at straws, lean on a broken reed, reckon without one's host, pursue a wild goose chase; go on a fool's goose chase, sleeveless errand; go further and fare worse; lose one's way, miss one's way. {{&causes: fail &c. R732}}. Adj. unskillful, unskilled, inexpert. {{has_high_intensity}} incompetent, unqualified, disqualified, ill-qualified, inept, inapt, unapt, inhabile[Fr]. {{has_subtype}} {{consequence_of(mistake, R495)}} bungling, blundering. {{has_subtype(unskillful[at=movement])}} {{antonym_of(dexterous, @R698)}} clumsy, awkward, unhandy, uncoordinated, floundering, lubberly, maladroit, heavy-handed, gauche[obs2], left-handed[obs2]; gawky. slovenly, slatternly. adrift, at fault. unfit; quackish. {[when_modifying(speech, R582/walking, @R266)]} bumbling. {{&consequence_of}} unteachable, ineducable, untractable[obs3]. {{&consequence_of}} unaccustomed, unused, unconversant[obs3]. {{has_subtype(unaccustomed)}} {{has_subtype(untrained &c. R537)}} inexperienced, raw, green, uninitiated, wet behind the ears[coll.], new to the field. {{has_subtype(unaccustomed)}} {{mcauses(forgetting, @R506)}} rusty, out of practice. shiftless; unstatesmanlike. {{has_consequence}} unadvised; ill-advised, misadvised; ill-devised, ill-imagined, ill-judged, ill-contrived, ill-conducted; unguided, misguided; misconducted, foolish, wild; infelicitous; penny wise and pound foolish &c. (inconsistent) R608. {{&has_consequence: giddy &c. (inattentive) R458; inconsiderate &c. (neglectful) R460}}. <-- {{&caused_by: inactive &c. R683}}. ??? relation? --> Adv. {{has_subtype(poorly, @R812a)}} unskillfully, inexpertly, poorly, badly. bumblingly. Phr. one's fingers being all thumbs; the right hand forgets its cunning; il se noyerait dans une goutte d'eau[Fr]; incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim[Lat]; out of the frying pan into the fire; non omnia possumus omnes [Lat][Vergil]. <-- R700, Proficient, and R701, Bungler, to character P2.3.2.3.6.4.19 EXPERT (R700){{HAS_TRAIT: SKILL, R698}} P2.3.2.3.6.4.20 BUNGLER (R701) {{HAS_TRAIT: unskillfullness}} --> M7.3.5.R1.3 CUNNING (R702) #702. Cunning. N. {{has_subtype(cleverness, R698)}} {{has_subtype(positive character trait, M4.2.2.1.1)}} cunning, craft, wile, wiliness, artfulness, craftiness, shrewdness, cunningness[obs3], subtlety. artificiality. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(reticence, M8.1.2.2)}} slyness, stealth, stealthiness; temporization. {{&uses: white lie &c. (untruth) R546}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(deceitful, R545)}} {{conceptual_part_of(falsehood, R544)}} {{conceptual_part_of(reticence, M8.1.2.2)}} chicane, chicanery; sharp practice, knavery, jugglery[obs3]; guile, double dealing, doubling, duplicity. jobbery, backstairs influence. {{&uses(knavery): foul play}}. {{used_in}} maneuvering; inriguing. {{used_in: politics, R737b; diplomacy, @R770a}}. {{has_high_level(intriguing)}} Machiavelism, Machiavelian tactics. {{used_in}} {{has_part(plan, R626)}} stratagem, tactic, ploy, device, machination, maneuver, trick. {{has_subtype(stratagem)}} {{&has_conceptual_part(plan, R626)}} {{has_subtype(counteraction, @R179)}} countermeasure, counterblow, counterattack. {{used_in}} juggle, tour de force; tricks of the trade, tricks upon travelers; espieglerie[Fr]. {{has_part(maneuver)}} dodge, shift, sidestep, artful dodge, finesse, side blow, thin end of the wedge. {{has_part(maneuver)}} {{has_subtype(avoidance, R623)}} circumvention, subterfuge, evasion, go by. {{has_subtype(stratagem)}} {{property_of(deceptive)}} ruse, art, artifice, ruse de guerre[Fr]. {{has_subtype(stratagem)}} {{property_of(deceptive): @R545, trick, trickery, snare, net, trap}}. {{trait_of}} intriguer, intrigant[obs3]; floater [U.S.], Indian giver [U.S.], keener [U.S.], repeater [U.S. politics]; trickster. {{trait_of: @R700, tactician, strategist}}. {{trait_of}} sharpie, shrewdie, shrewd operator, operator. {{trait_of(knavery): knave, R941}}. {{has_metaphor(tactician, @R700)}} Ulysses. {{has_metaphor(strategist, @R700)}} Machiavelli. {{has_metaphor(shrewdie)}} sly boots, fox, reynard; Scotchman[obs2][derog.]; Jew[obs2][derog.]; Yankee, Yankee trader. V. be cunning, be crafty, be wily, be artful, be sly, be shrewd. maneuver; intrigue. gerrymander, finesse, double, temporize, stoop to conquer, reculer pour mieux sauter[Fr], circumvent, steal a march upon; throw off one's guard; snatch a verdict; waylay, undermine, introduce the thin end of the wedge; play a deep game, play tricks with; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces[Lat]; flatter, make things pleasant; have an ax to grind. {{&mcauses: overreach &c. R545}}. {{&uses: surprise &c. R508}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(deceive, R545)}} be duplicitous, double deal, double cross. have cut one's eyeteeth; live by one's wits. dodge, sidestep, bob and weave. {{&conceptual_part_of: contrive, @R626}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(skillful, R698)}} cunning, crafty, artful, shrewd. {{conceptual_part_of(reticence, M8.1.2.2)}} wily, sly, slim, stealthy. subtle, feline, vulpine; deep, deep laid, profound; artificial; subdolous[obs3]; crooked; arch, pawky[obs3], acute; sharp, sharp as a tack, sharp as a needle[obs2]; canny, astute, leery, knowing, up to snuff, too clever by half, not to be caught with chaff. {{conceptual_part_of(reticence, M8.1.2.2)}} maneuvering, intriguing, designing, contriving. tactful, diplomatic, politic, strategic. {{has_high_level(intriguing)}} Machiavelian, timeserving[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(avoid, R623)}} slippery as an eel, evasive. {{has_subtype(deceitful, R545)}} tricky, underhanded, insidious, tricksy[obs3]. {{has_high_level(cunning)}} foxy, cunning as a fox, cunning as a serpent, crazy like a fox. tactful, diplomatic, politic; polite &c. R894. Adv. cunningly, craftily, artfully, shrewdly. slyly, stealthily, slily[obs3], on the sly, by a side wind. subtly, deeply, profoundly, acutely. Phr. diamond cut diamond; a' bis ou a blanc[Fr]; fin contre fin[Fr]; "something is rotten in the state of Denmark" [Hamlet]. <-- [[folly]] --> M7.3.5.R1.4 FOLLY N. {{has_high_level(unskillfulness, R699)}} folly, frivolity, irrationality, trifling, nugacity[obs3], inconsistency, lip wisdom, conceit. {{&mcauses: giddiness &c. (inattention) R458; eccentricity &c. R503; extravagance &c. (absurdity) R497; rashness &c. R863}}. {{&mcauses: sophistry &c. R477}}. V. be foolish, be silly. Adj. [Applied to actions] foolish, unwise, injudicious, improper, unreasonable, without reason. silly, stupid, dumb, asinine; ill-imagined, ill-advised, ill-judged, ill-devised; mal entendu[Fr]; inconsistent, irrational, unphilosophical[obs3]. {{&has_consequence: extravagant &c. (nonsensical) R497; sleeveless, idle; pointless, useless &c. R645; inexpedient &c. R647; frivolous &c. (trivial) R643}}. Adv. foolishly, unwisely, injudiciously, unreasonably. stupidly. M7.3.5.R1.5 ARTLESSNESS (R703) #703. Artlessness. N. {{antonym_of(cunning, R702)}} {{has_subtype(innocence, R946)}} artlessness, unaffectedness, naiveness, nature, simplicity, naivete[Fr]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(honesty &c. R939)}} candor, frankness, sincerity, bonhomie[Fr], abandon; singleness of purpose, singleness of heart; plain speaking; epanchement[Fr]. {{trait_of}} ingenue, naif; rough diamond, matter of fact man; enfant terrible[Fr]. <--- ; le palais de verite[Fr] ?? --> V. be artless, be unaffected, be natural, be simple. look one in the face; wear one's heart upon one's sleeves, wear one's heart upon his sleeves for daws to peck at[obs3]. be candid, be frank, be sincere, think aloud, speak out, speak one's mind, be free with one, call a spade a spade; not mince words. Adj. {{has_subtype(innocent, R946)}} artless, natural, pure, native, simple, unaffected, naive, naif, lain, undesigning, unspoiled, inartificial[obs3]. unsophisticated, untutored, simple-minded, single-minded, "ing‚nu"[Fr]. {{has_subtype(honest, R939)}} sincere, frank, candid, ingenuous, guileless; unsuspicious, confiding, open, straightforward, unreserved, aboveboard, matter-of-fact, open as day, frank-hearted, open-hearted, single-hearted, simple-hearted, Arcadian[obs3]. {{has_high_level(frank)}} outspoken, blunt, downright, direct, free-spoken, plain-spoken, bluff, unpoetical. {{has_consequence(blunt)}} unflattering. Adv. artlessly, unaffectedly, simply, naively, naturally, matter-of-factly. sincerely, frankly, candidly, ingenuously, guilelessly. in plain words, in plain English; without mincing words; without mincing the matter; not to mince the matter &c. (affirmation) R535. Phr. Davus sum non Oedipus [Lat][Terence]; liberavi animam meam[Lat]; "as frank as rain on cherry blossoms" [E.B. Browning]. <-- "veracity" is the property of a communication, as contrasted with "truth", at R494, M4.1.1, which is the property of a concept. Almost identical meanings. Unfortunately, Roget includes the trait of "truthfulness, candidness" here, which is a property of a person --> M7.3.5.R1.6 VERACITY (R543) #543. Veracity. N. {{uses(disclosure, R529)}} {{has_subtype(probity, M4.2.2.1.1.3)}} veracity; truthfulness, frankness, veraciousness, openness, sraightforwardness; truth, sincerity, candor, honesty, fidelity, singleness of heart, guilelessness, unreserve[obs2]. plain dealing, bona fides[Lat]. {{mcaused_by}} love of truth. {{conceptual_part_of: probity &c. R939}}. {{conceptual_part_of: ingenuousness &c. (artlessness) R703}}. the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth; unvarnished tale; light of truth. honest truth, sober truth &c. (fact) R494. Adj. truthful, true; veracious, veridical. {{has_subtype(artless, R703)}} sincere, candid, frank, open, straightforward, unreserved, downright, plain-spoken; open hearted, true hearted, simple-hearted; honest, trustworthy; undissembling[ob3], uncontrived, undeceitful; guileless, pure; truth-loving; unperjured[obs3]; true blue, as good as one's word; unaffected, unfeigned, bona fide; outspoken, ingenuous; undisguised &c. (real) R494. scrupulous &c. (honorable) R939. V. speak the truth, tell the truth; speak by the card; paint in its true colors, show oneself in one's true colors; make a clean breast &c. (disclose) R529; speak one's mind &c. (be blunt) R703. not lie &c. R544; not deceive &c. R545. Adv. truly &c. (really) R494; in plain words &c. R703; in truth, with truth, of a truth, in good truth; as the dial to the sun, as the needle to the pole; honor bright; troth; in good sooth[obs3], in good earnest; unfeignedly, with no nonsense, in sooth[obs3], sooth to say[obs3], bona fide, in foro conscientiae[Lat]; without equivocation; cartes sur table, from the bottom of one's heart; by my troth &c. (affirmation) R535. uncontrived. genuine, undisguised &c. (real) R494. Phr. di il vero a affronterai il diavolo[It][obs3]; Dichtung und Wahrheit[Ger]; esto quod esse videris[Lat]; magna est veritas et praevalet[Lat]; "that golden key that opes the palace of eternity" [Milton]; veritas odium parit[Lat]; veritatis simplex oratio est[Lat]; verite sans peur[Fr]. <-- "illusion" as in magic tricks are here, but the "negative morality" implications of intentional deceit have to be cancelled by an explicit exception. [[deception]] --> M7.3.5.R1.7 DECEPTION (R545) #545. Deception. N. {{used_in(untruth, R546)}} {{has_subtype(dishonesty, @R940)}} deception, deceit, imposition[obs2]. {{has_subtype: lying, R544}}. fraud, guile; fraudulence, fraudulency[obs3]; covin[obs3]; straw-bail. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} hoax, spoof, imposture. {{has_subtype(hoax)}} trickery, coggery[obs1], chicanery; supercherie[obs3], cozenage[obs3], circumvention, ingannation[obs1], collusion. {{&forms(hoax)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{has_subtype(imitation, R21)}} fake, fraud[2], phony, deceptive item. {{has_subtype(fake)}} knock-off. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(stratagem, @R702)}} bluff. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{!:not_has_subtype(communication)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} practical joke. trick, cheat, wile, blind, feint, plant, bubble, fetch, catch, chicane, juggle, reach, hocus, bite. {{&used_in: knavery, @R702}}. {{uses: lie &c. R546}}. {{has_method: @R544, lying, misrepresentation}}. delusion, gullery[obs3]; juggling, jugglery[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(deception)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{!:not_has_property(evil, @R619)}} {{property_of(entertaining, @R840)}} {{has_subtype(entertainment, R840)}} {{property_of(illusory)}} illusion. {{has_subtype(illusion)}} magic, magic trick. {{performed_by(magic trick): magician, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72}}. {{has_subtype(illusion)}} {{analogous_to(magic, R992)}} slight of hand, legerdemain, prestidigitation, prestigiation[obs1]; conjuring, conjuration, hocus-pocus, escamoterie[obs3], jockeyship[obs3]; stage magic. {{has_subtype(slight of hand)}} party trick; card trick. {{has_subtype(stage magic)}} disappearing act; levitation; sawing a person in half. {{has_high_level: treachery &c. R940}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(slyness, R702)}} deviousness, subterfuge. {{has_subtype(fraud)}} {[in_frame(card game, @R840)]} card sharping. {{performed_by(card sharping): card sharp, @R792}}. {{uses(card sharping)}} {{has_subtype(card deck)}} {{property_of(nonrandom, @R58)}} stacked deck. {{&has_method(card sharping)}} quick shuffle; double dealing; dealing seconds; dealing from the bottom of the deck; switching cards; card up one's sleeve. {{&uses(fraud)}} {[in_frame(craps, @R621)]} {{has_subtype(dice, @R621)}} {{property_of(unbalanced, @P2.2.1.2)}} loaded dice. artful dodge; tricks upon travelers. {{has_subtype(theft, R791)}} {{has_subtype(hoax)}} swindle, confidence trick, scam, con game, bunko game. {{has_subtype(confidence trick)}} brace game; drop game; gum game; panel game[U.S.], barney[obs3][U.S.]; skin game [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(con game)}} shell game, thimblerig; three-card monte. {[in_frame(election)]} ballot-box stuffing, voting the graveyard. {{uses: stratagem &c. (artifice) R702}}. Cornish hug; disguise, disguisement[obs3]; false colors, masquerade, mummery, borrowed plumes; pattes de velours[Fr]. {{performed_by: deceiver, R548}}. counterfeit, sham, make-believe, forgery, fraud; "a delusion a mockery and a snare" [Denman], hollow mockery. mockery &c. (imitation) R19; copy &c. R21. {{property_of(deceptive)}} whited sepulcher, painted sepulcher; tinsel; paste, junk jewelry, costume jewelry, false jewelry, synthetic jewels; scagliola[obs3], ormolu, German silver, albata[obs3], paktong[obs3], white metal, Britannia metal, paint; veneer; jerry building; man of straw. {{&causes: illusion &c. (error) R495}}. {{property_of(deceptive): ignis fatuus [Lat] &c. R423; mirage &c. R443}}. {{used_in: trap, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.4.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(bid, @R763)}} {{property_of(deceptive)}} {[in_frame(auction, @R796)]} straw bid [U.S.]. {{performed_by(thimblerig)}} {{has_subtype(con man, @R548)}} thimblerigger. {{performed_by(con game, @R545): con artist, @R548}}. V. deceive. dupe, gull, hoax, fool, bamboozle, hornswoggle, take advantage of, take in, befool[obs3], trick. {{has_subtype}} {{has_method(obtain[obj=money, R800/valuables, R812a])}} {{property_of(unethical)}} defraud, swindle, con, scam, victimize, cheat, bilk, euchre, jockey, do, cozen, diddle, nab, chouse, cully[obs3], bite, pluck. abuse; mystify. {{has_subtype(cheat)}} flimflam. play one false, jilt. blind one's eyes; blindfold, hoodwink; throw dust into the eyes. impose upon, practice upon, play upon, put upon, palm off on, palm upon, foist upon; snatch a verdict; bluff off, bluff; bunko, four flush, gum [U.S.], spoof. {[in_frame(election)]} stuff a ballot box [U.S.], vote the graveyard. circumvent, overreach; outreach, outwit, outmaneuver; steal a march upon, give the go-by, to leave in the lurch. decoy, lure, beguile, delude, inveigle. make a fool of, make an April fool of[obs3], make an ass of, make game; hocus, escamoter[obs3], practice on one's credulity; hum, humbug; gammon, stuff up, sell; play a trick upon one, play a practical joke upon one, put something over on one, put one over on; balk, trip up, throw a tub to a whale; fool to the top of one's bent, send on a fool's errand; trifle with, cajole, flatter; come over &c. (influence) R616a. put a good face upon, gild the pill, make things pleasant, divert. {{&has_method: dissemble, @R544}}. {{result_of(stacked deck)}} {{&has_method(card sharping)}} {{has_subtype(arrange[obj=deck], @R60)}} stack the deck. {{result_of(loaded dice)}} cog, cog the dice, load the dice. live by one's wits, play at hide and seek; obtain money under false pretenses &c. (steal) R791; conjure, juggle, practice chicanery; deacon [U.S.]. play off, palm off, foist off, fob off. {{has_method: lie &c. R544; misinform &c. R538; mislead &c. (error) R495; betray &c. R940}}. {{has_result: be deceived &c. R547}}. Adj. {{has_property(deception)}} {{has_subtype(untrue, @R546)}} deceptive, delusive, delusory, deceptious[obs3]. {{&consequence_of}} {{&has_trait(person, P2.3.2.3)}} deceitful, covinous[obs3]. illusory, illusive; elusive, insidious, ad captandum vulgus[Lat]. deceived &c. v.; deceiving &c. v.; prestigious[obs1], prestigiatory[obs1]. {{facilitated_by: cunning &c. R702}}. feigned, trumped up, scamped, tricky, factitious. {{has_subtype(deceptive)}} {{has_property(fake)}} {{has_subtype(imitation, @R19)}} fake[2], mock, counterfeit, bogus, sham, fraudulent, make-believe, pseudo, spurious, supposititious, so-called, pretended. {{has_subtype(deceptive)}} {{has_subtype(imitation, @R19)}} {{has_subtype(simulated, @R544)}} {{has_property(fake)}} artificial, phony, ersatz[German]. {{has_subtype(artificial): synthetic, @M7.3.5.4.1.1}}. bastard; surreptitious, illegitimate, contraband, adulterated, sophisticated[obs2]; unsound, rotten at the core; colorable; disguised; meretricious, tinsel, pinchbeck, plated; catchpenny; Brummagem. {[of(speech)]} snide. {{has_subtype(deceived)}} {{result_of(lose[obj=money, R800])}} defrauded, swindled, victimized, cheated, bilked, euchred, diddled, plucked. {{has_subtype(deceptive)}} {{has_subtype(sly, R702)}} devious. Adv. under false colors, under the garb of, under cover of; over the left. Phr. "keep the word of promise to the ear and break it to the hope" [Macbeth]; fronti nulla fides[Lat]; "ah that deceit should steal such gentle shapes" [Richard III]; "a quicksand of deceit" [Henry VI]; decipimur specie recti [Lat][Horace]; falsi crimen[Lat]; fraus est celare fraudem[Lat]; lupus in fabula[Lat]; "so smooth, he daubed his vice with show of virtue" [Richard III]. M7.4 RESULTS OF ACTION (R729 TO R736) N. {{has_result(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(result, @R154)}} result of action, result, upshot, issue. bottom line; net effect. {{has_result(completion[obj=task, R625], R729)}} {{has_subtype(task, R625)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} finished task, work done, accomplishment[1], completed work, fait accompli[Fr]. {{has_subtype(finished task)}} {{has_subtype(deed, @R680)}} {{property_of(noteworthy, @R642)}} accomplishment[2], achievement, noteworthy accomplishment, personal accomplishment, praiseworthy accomplishment, solid accomplishment, noteworthy deed, praiseworthy deed, notable deed. {{has_subtype(noteworthy deed)}} {{property_of(noble, @R939)}} noble deed. {{has_subtype(noble deed): heroic deed, @R861}}. V. {{result_of(noteworthy deed)}} do a noteworthy deed, accomplish something, accomplish something noteworthy, achieve something. <-- 729. Completion 730. Noncompletion 731. Success 732. Failure 733. Trophy 734. Prosperity 735. Adversity 736. Mediocrity This "completion" is the action, but it has more the character of an event than a process. --> M7.4.1 COMPLETION (R729) #729. Completion. N. {{co-occurs_with(result, M7.4)}} {{has_ending(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} completion, accomplishment, achievement, fulfillment, completing, accomplishing, achieving. {{&result_of: @R680, performance, execution}}. {{co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(end[of=action, R680], R67)}} consummation, culmination, finish, conclusion, wrapping up, winding up, finale, denouement. {{has_subtype(completion[obj=schooling, @R542])}} graduation. {{topic_of(graduation)}} {{has_subtype(ceremony, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(celebration[ptnt=graduation], R883)}} graduation ceremony. {{has_ending}} final touch, last touch, crowning touch, finishing touch, finishing stroke; last finish, coup de grace; crowning of the edifice; coping-stone, keystone; missing link &c. R53; superstructure, ne plus ultra[Lat]. {[in_frame(travel): arrival, R292]}. despatch, dispatch. elaboration. {{has_property}} finality. {{causes: completeness, R52}}. <-- catastrophe: why? --> V. [transitive] {{has_subtype(end, R67)}} complete, accomplish, achieve, compass, consummate, hammer out; bring to maturity, bring to perfection, perfect; effect, effectuate. elaborate. do, execute, make; go through, get through; work out, enact; bring about, bring to bear, bring to pass, bring through, bring to a head. knock off, finish off, polish off; make short work of; dispose of, set at rest; perform, discharge, fulfill, realize; put in practice, put in force; carry out, carry into effect, carry into execution; make good; be as good as one's word; despatch, dispatch. {{has_subtype(complete)}} carry through, do thoroughly, not do by halves, go the whole hog; drive home; be in at the death &c. (persevere) R604a; play out, exhaust; fill the bill [U.S.]. finish, bring to a close, wind up, wrap up, stamp, clinch, seal, set the seal on, put the seal; give the final touch to; put the last, put the finishing hand to, put the finishing touches on; crown, crown all; cap. polish, polish up. [intransitive] ripen, culminate; come to a head, come to a crisis; come to its end; die a natural death, die of old age; run its course, run one's race; touch the goal, reach the goal, attain the goal; get in the harvest. {[in_frame(travel): reach &c. (arrive) R292]}. {{has_metaphor(finish)}} cross the t's and dot the i's. Adj. {{has_subtype(ended, @R67)}} complete, finished, done, over, completed, fulfilled. accomplished, realized, performed, discharged, carried out, carried through. concluding, completing, final, conclusive, crowning, finishing; exhaustive. refined, polished. done for, sped, wrought out. {{has_subtype(finished): highly wrought &c. (preparation) R673; thorough &c. R52; ripe &c. (ready) R673}}. Adv. {{has_subtype(thoroughly, @R52)}} completely, thoroughly; to crown all, out of hand. to a turn. Phr. the race is run; actum est[Lat]; finis coronat opus[Lat]; consummatum est[Lat]; c'en est fait[Fr]; it is all over; the game is played out, the bubble has burst; aussitot dit aussitot fait[Fr]; aut non tentaris aut perfice [Lat][Ovid]. <-- [[success, victory, win]] --> M7.4.1.1 SUCCESS (R731) #731. Success. N. {{has_subtype(completion[of=action, R680][mode=as intended, @R620], R729)}} success, successfulness; speed. {{has_case: effort, R686; attempt, R675}}. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} victory, triumph, win. {{property_of(partial/incomplete)}} partial success. {{has_subtype(partial success): @R282, advancement, advance, progress}}. {[in_frame(sport, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} {{has_subtype(partial success)}} {{has_subtype(goal): @M8.2.2.2.2.2, hit, stroke, score; direct hit, bull's eye; goal, point, touchdown; home run, homer; hole-in-one; grand slam; checkmate}}. {{&uses}} trump card. {{has_subtype(partial success)}} {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} {{has_subtype(advantage, R33)}} advantage, lead, upper hand, whip hand. {{has_high_level(advantage)}} ascendancy, mastery, overwhelming advantage. {{has_subtype(partial success)}} half the battle, half the prize. {{has_subtype: profit, @R775}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_large_quantity(profit, @R775)}} {[in_frame(financial investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1)]} killing, windfall. continued success; time well spent. {{&has_result: prosperity, R734}}. {{has_subtype(victory)}} {[in_frame(war, M8.2.2.2.2.1)]} {{&has_result(warfare, R722)}} conquest, victory in war, subdual[obs3], expugnation[obs1]. {{causes(conquest): subjugation &c. (subjection) R749}}. {{mcauses: rejoicing, R838; boasting, @R884; exultation, @R884}}. <-- success may be the result of either skill or luck! We use the disjunctive "_x" --> {{requires_x: skill, R698; good luck, M7.1.2.1.2.1.3.R1}}. {{performed_by}} master of the situation, master of the position, top of the heap, king of the hill; achiever, success[2], success story. {{has_subtype(success[2])}} self-made man. {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} {{trait_of(successful): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.19.1, champion, winner, conqueror, victor}}. V. {{has_subtype(accomplish[obj=goal, R620][mode=as intended, @R620], R729)}} succeed; be successful, gain one's end, gain one's ends, accomplish one's goal, accomplish what one attempted, do what one set out to do; score a success. triumph, be triumphant, be victorious, prevail, gain a victory, obtain a victory, gain an advantage. {{has_metaphor(triumph)}} nail a coonskin to the wall, chain victory to one's car. manage to, contrive to, succeed in. crown with success. come off well, come off successful, walk away successful, come off with flying colors; make short work of; take by storm, carry by storm; bear away the bell; win one's wings, win one's spurs, win the battle; win the day, carry the day, gain the day, gain the prize, gain the palm; have the best of it, have it all one's own way, have the game in one's owns hands, have the ball at one's feet, have one on the hop; walk over the course; carry all before one, remain in possession of the field. {[in_frame(commerce, R794)]} reap the fruits, gather the fruits, reap the benefit of, reap the harvest, gain a windfall, drive a roaring trade; make one's fortune, get in the harvest, turn to good account. {[in_frame(search, @R622)]} strike paydirt, hit paydirt, strike oil [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(succeed[mode=partially]): make progress &c. (advance) R282}}. {{has_subtype(succeed[mode=partially])}} gain a point, make a point, attain a point, carry a point, secure a point, win a point, win an object; get there[U.S.]; do wonders, work wonders; make a go of it. {{has_subtype(succeed[mode=partially])}} speed; win one's way, make one's way, work one's way, find one's way; strive to some purpose. {{&causes: prosper, R734; make profit &c. (acquire) R775}}. surmount a difficulty, overcome a difficulty, get over a difficulty, get over an obstacle &c. R706; se tirer d'affaire[Fr]; make head against; stem the torrent, stem the tide, stem the current; weather the storm, weather a point; turn a corner, keep one's head above water, tide over; master; get the better of, have the better of, gain the better of, gain the best of, gain the upper hand, gain the ascendancy, gain the whip hand, gain the start of; distance; surpass &c. (superiority) R33. {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} defeat, conquer, beat, vanquish, discomfit; overcome, overthrow, overpower, overmaster, overmatch, overset[obs3], override, overreach; outwit, outdo, outflank, outmaneuver, outgeneral; take the wind out of one's adversary's sails; beat hollow, floor, lick, worst; put down, put to flight, put to rout, put to the rout, put hors de combat[Fr], put out of court. {{has_subtype(defeat[mode=with difficulty])}} outlast. {{has_subtype(defeat)}} outvote; euchre. {{has_subtype(defeat[mode=easily])}} [transitive] rout, overwhelm, drub, blow out, crush, roll over. {{has_subtype(defeat)}} silence, quell, checkmate, upset, confound, nonplus, stalemate, trump; baffle &c. (hinder) R706; circumvent, elude; trip up, trip up the heels of; drive into a corner, drive to the wall; run hard, put one's nose out of joint. {{has_subtype(defeat)}} {[in_frame(lawsuit, R969)]} nonsuit[obs3], no-cause. {{has_subtype(defeat)}} settle, do for; break the neck of, break the back of; capsize, sink, shipwreck, drown, swamp; subdue; subjugate &c. (subject) R749; reduce; make the enemy bite the dust; victimize, roll in the dust, trample under foot, put an extinguisher upon. {{has_subtype(succeed)}} {{has_subtype(be useful, @R677)}} {{&has_result(method, R692a)}} work, answer, answer the purpose, avail, take effect, be effective, do; turn out well, work out well, work well, take, tell, bear fruit. hit it, hit the mark, hit the right nail on the head; nick it; turn up trumps, make a hit; find one's account in. Adj. successful. triumphant, victorious, on top; flushed with success, crowned with success. succeeding; triumphing, winning; set up; in the ascendant; well-spent; felicitous, effective, in full swing. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(partial)}} partially successful, advancing, progressing. {{has_subtype}} unbeaten, undefeated, unconquered, unvanquished. {{&has_consequence(successful): prosperous &c. R734}}. {{has_subtype(partially successful)}} {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} leading, ahead, in the lead. {{has_subtype(successful)}} {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} in first place. Adv. successfully. triumphantly, victoriously, in triumph, swimmingly; a merveille[Fr], beyond all hope; to some purpose, to good purpose; to one's heart's content. with flying colors. Prep. advantage over. Phr. veni vidi vici[Lat], the day being one;s own, one's star in the ascendant; omne tulit punctum[Lat]. bis vincit qui se vincit in victoria[obs3][Lat]; cede repugnanti cedendo victor abibis [Lat][Ovid]; chacun est l'artisan de sa fortune[Fr]; dies faustus[Lat]; l'art de vaincre est celui de mepriser la mort[Fr]; omnia vincit amor [Lat: love conquers all]; "peace hath her victories no less renowned than war" [Milton]; "the race by vigor not by vaunts is won" [Pope]; vincit qui patitur[Lat]; vincit qui se vincit[Lat]; "The race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, but that's the way to bet" [Mark Twain]. <-- Originally the Roget entry 733 was "trophy", but a trophy is a physical object. We leave it here because it is a symbolic item, but the entry is renamed to "championship". This needs more consideration. [[trophy]] --> M7.4.1.1.R1 CHAMPIONSHIP (R733) #733. Championship. N. {{&has_result(victory, @R731, @M7.4.1.1)}} {{has_trait(champion, P2.3.2.3.6.4.18)}} championship. {{&has_symbol}} {{has_subtype(artifact)}} {{has_symbol(honor, R873)}} trophy, award, laurels; prize. {{has_subtype(trophy)}} {{has_subtype(insignia &c. R550)}} {{has_subtype(decoration &c. R877)}} medal. {{has_subtype(trophy)}} palm; laurel wreath, wreath, garland; bays, crown, chaplet, civic crown. {{has_metaphor(championship)}} feather in one's cap. {{has_instance(award)}} {{has_subtype(medal)}} Victoria Cross[Great Britain]; Iron Cross [Germany]; Congressional Medal of Honor[U.S.A.]; silver star; bronze star; Distinguished Service Cross, DSC[acron]. {{mcauses(victory): triumph &c. (celebration) R883}}. {{has_subtype(trophy)}} {[in_frame(baseball, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} pennant. {{has_subtype(championship)}} {[in_frame(baseball, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} league championship; world championship. {{has_subtype(trophy)}} {[in_frame(hockey, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} Stanley Cup. {{has_subtype(trophy)}} {[in_frame(yacht race, @M8.2.2.2.2.2)]} America's Cup. {{has_subtype(trophy)}} {{has_subtype(flag)}} flying colors. {{has_subtype(trophy)}} {{&has_symbol(victory in war)}} {{has_subtype(monument, @P2.3.1.3.10)}} triumphal arch. Phr. "for valor"; for valor above and beyond the call of duty; monumentum aere perennius [Lat][Hor.]. M7.4.1.2 FAILURE (R732) #732. Failure. N. {{antonym_of(success, R731)}} failure, successlessness[obs3], nonsuccess[obs3]. {{antonym_of(fulfillment, @R729)}} frustration, nonfulfillment. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(effort, R686/attempt, R675)}} no go, vain attempt, ineffectual attempt, vain effort. {{has_subtype(vain attempt): @R730, abortion, miscarriage, abortive attempt, abortive efforts}}. {{has_subtype(vain attempt)}} fiasco, dead failure, utter failure. {{result_of(vain attempt)}} {{has_subtype(work)}} {{property_of(useless, R645)}} labor in vain. {{has_property(labor in vain)}} futility, inefficaciousness, inefficacy[obs3]. flash in the pan, "lame and impotent conclusion" [Othello]; slip 'twixt cup and lip &c. (disappointment) R509. {{&caused_by(vain attempt)}} fault, omission, miss, oversight, slip, trip, stumble, claudication[obs1], footfall; false step, wrong step; faux pas[Fr], titubation[obs3], bevue[Fr], faute[Fr], lurch; clumsiness &c. (want of skill) R699; flunk [U.S.]. {{&causes(vain attempt)}} scrape, mess, breakdown. {{&caused_by: blunder &c. (mistake) R495}}. {{has_subtype(vain attempt)}} split, collapse, smash, blow, explosion. {{has_subtype(vain attempt)}} {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} loss, defeat. {{has_subtype(defeat)}} {{&has_result(warfare, R722)}} repulse, rebuff, rout, overthrow, discomfiture; beating, drubbing; quietus. {{&has_result(overthrow)}} subjugation. {{has_subtype(vain attempt)}} {[in_frame(chess)]} checkmate, mate. {{has_subtype(checkmate)}} {{property_of(quick, @R274)}} fool's mate; scholar's mate. {{&has_result(defeat)}} fall, downfall, ruin, perdition; deathblow. {{&has_result(defeat): destruction, R162}}. bankruptcy &c. (nonpayment) R808. {{&caused_by(vain attempt): mishap &c. (misfortune) R735}}. {{has_subtype(vain attempt)}} losing game, affaire flambee. {{performed_by(vain attempt)}} failure; loser; victim; bankrupt; flunker[obs3], flunky [U.S.]. brutum fulmen[Lat] &c. R158. V. fail, be unsuccessful, not succeed, be fruitless, be ineffectual, be ineffective. {[in_frame(contest, R720)]} lose, be defeated, have the worst of it, lose the day, come off second best; fall a prey to; succumb &c. (submit) R725. {{has_subtype(fail[mode=quickly])}} never get off the ground. go by the board, go by the wayside. make vain efforts, do in vain, labor in vain, toil in vain; lose one's labor, take nothing by one's motion; bring to naught, make nothing of. {{&result_of}} attempt the impossible, wash a blackamoor white. {[of(attempt, R675)]} come to nothing, fall through, go up in smoke, end in smoke, explode, go down, go down in flames, flat out [obs1], fall to the ground, fall dead, fall stillborn, fall flat; slip through one's fingers; hang fire, miss fire; flash in the pan, collapse. miss, miss one's aim, miss the mark, miss one's footing, miss stays; slip, trip, stumble, make a slip, make a misstep; make a mess of, blow it[coll], botch it, make a botch of, miscarry, abort, go up like a rocket and come down like the stick, come down in flames, get shot down, reckon without one's host; get the wrong pig by the tail, get the wrong sow by the ear. {{has_subtype(fail[obj=examination, @R539])}} flunk [coll.]. {{&caused_by: @R495, err, blunder}}. {{&caused_by: @R699, blunder, mismanage}}. limp, halt, hobble, titubate[obs3]; fall, tumble; lose one's balance; fall to the ground, fall between two stools; flounder, falter, stick in the mud, run aground, split upon a rock; beat one's head against a stone wall, run one's head against a stone wall, knock one's head against a stone wall, dash one's head against a stone wall; break one's back; break down, sink, drown, founder, have the ground cut from under one; get into trouble, get into a mess, get into a scrape; go to the wall, go to the dogs, go to pot; lick the dust, bite the dust; not have a leg to stand on; come to grief &c. (adversity) R735. {{&has_result: topple down &c. (descent) R305; go to wrack and ruin &c. (destruction) R162}}. go amiss, go wrong, go cross, go hard with, go on a wrong tack; go on ill, come off ill, turn out ill, work ill; take a wrong term, take an ugly term; take an ugly turn, take a turn for the worse. be all over with, be all up with; dash one's hopes &c. (disappoint) R509; defeat the purpose; sow the wind and reap the whirlwind, jump out of the frying pan into the fire, go from the frying pan into the fire. roll the stones of Sisyphus &c. (useless) R645; do by halves &c. (not complete) R730; lose ground &c. (recede) R282; fall short of &c. R304. Adj. {{has_subtype(uncompleted, R730)}} unsuccessful, successless[obs3], unattained. failing, tripping, losing, not succeeding; at fault. abortive, addle, stillborn. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(useless, R645)}} futile, unavailing, ineffectual, ineffective, inefficacious, ill-spent, uncalled for; fruitless, vain, inconsequential, unprofitable, of no effect, without effect, nugatory, pointless, bootless, leading to no end, gainless[obs3], profitless. {{&consequence_of: impossible, R471}}. empty, trifling, inane. {{&consequence_of: inefficient &c. (impotent) R158; insufficient &c. R640}}. {{&consequence_of: unfortunate &c. R735}}. {{&has_consequence}} aground, grounded, swamped, stranded, cast away, wrecked, foundered, capsized, shipwrecked, nonsuited[obs3]; foiled; struck down, borne down, broken down; downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; all up with; ploughed, plowed, plucked. {{has_subtype(unsuccessful): defeated &c. R731}}. lost, undone, ruined, broken; bankrupt &c. (not paying) R808; played out; done up, done for; dead beat, ruined root and branch, flambe[obs3], knocked on the head; destroyed &c. R162. frustrated, crossed, unhinged, disconcerted, dashed; thrown off one's balance, thrown on one's back, thrown on one's beam ends[obs1]; unhorsed, in a sorry plight; hard hit. stultified, befooled[obs3], dished, hoist on one's own petard; victimized, sacrificed. {{&consequence_of: wide of the mark &c. (error) R495; out of one's reckoning &c. (inexpectation) R508}}. {{&consequence_of}} left in the lurch. {{&consequence_of: betrayed; deceived}}. {{&has_consequence: thrown away &c. (wasted) R638}}. Adv. unsuccessfully. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(uselessly, R645)}} futilely, ineffectually, ineffectively, inefficaciously; fruitlessly, in vain, inconsequentially, to little or no purpose, unprofitably; of no effect, without effect, pointlessly, bootlessly, profitlessly. re infecta[Lat]. Phr. the bubble has burst, "the jig is up", "the game is up" [Cymbeline]; all is lost; the devil to pay; parturiunt montes [Lat] &c. (disappointment) R509; dies infaustus[Lat]; tout est perdu hors l'honneur[Fr]; better luck next time; "if we don't succeed, we run the risk of failure." [Dan Quayle]. <-- [[draw]] --> M7.4.2 NONCOMPLETION (R730) #730. noncompletion. N. {{has_subtype(incompleteness, R53)}} {{conceptual_part_of(inaction, R681)}} noncompletion, nonfulfillment, stopping short. nonperformance, inexecution[obs3]. abortion, miscarriage, premature termination, abortive attempt, abortive efforts. {{causes}} {{property_of(incompleteness, R53)}} default, defalcation. {{has_subtype: shortcoming &c. R304}}. {[in_frame(warfare, R722)]} draw, drawn battle, stand down. {{has_subtype(draw): truce, @R142}}. {[in_frame(contest/game)]} draw, tie, drawn game; work of Penelope. {[in_frame(race)]} heat, dead heat. {{&caused_by: neglect &c. R460}}. {{has_subtype(draw)}} {[in_frame(chess)]} stalemate. V. {{has_subtype(discontinue, R142)}} {{has_subtype(fall short of, R304)}} {{has_subtype(neglect, R460)}} not complete, not finish, leave unfinished, leave undone, leave incomplete, drop, put down. stop short, stop short of. let alone, let slip. drop out. do things by halves, parboil, scotch the snake not lull it; hang fire; be slow to. {{&caused_by: reevaluate, @R812a; lose interest, @R841}}. {{&caused_by}} break down, stick in the mud, collapse, flat out [U.S.], come to nothing; fall through, fall to the ground; cave in, end in smoke, miss the mark, fail; lose ground; miss stays. {{&caused_by: @R506, lose sight of, forget}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(incomplete, R53)}} unfinished, not completed, not fulfilled, uncompleted, unaccomplished, unperformed, unexecuted. sketchy, addle. {{consequence_of}} in progress, in hand; ongoing, going on, proceeding; on one's hands; on the anvil; in the fire, in the oven. parboiled, half-baked. Adv. re infecta[Lat]. <-- stopping before completion is at noncompletion, just above. This entry is for efforts that do not produce what is required for success (even though the efforts may be "completed" as well as they can). Theses two concepts were intermingled somewhat by Roget --> M7.4.2.1 SHORTCOMING (R304) #304. Shortcoming. N. {{has_subtype(failure, R732)}} {{has_subtype(noncompletion, R730)}} shortcoming, falling short, missing the goal. leeway. {{causes: imperfection &c. R651; insufficiency &c. R640}}. V. come short of, fall short of, come short, come up short, fall short, miss, not reach. want; keep within bounds, keep within the mark, keep within the compass. Adj. unreached; deficient; short, short of; minus; out of depth. {{&consequence_of: perfunctory &c. (neglect) R460}}. out of specification, out of spec. Adv. {{has_subtype(unsuccessfully, @R723)}} far from the mark. short of the finish line. within the mark, within the compass, within the bounds; behindhand; re infecta[Lat]; to no purpose; far from it. Phr. the bubble burst; a trial balloon shot down; crashed in flames. <-- [[choice]] --> M7.R1 CHOICE N. {{requires(volition, M7)}} {{alternative_to(necessity, M7.R2)}} option, alternative, choice, choices[pl], election. {{required_for: election, M7.3.1}}. {{prevented_by: necessity, M7.R2}}. {{part_of($option[num=2])}} {{has_subtype(situation, R183a)}} dilemma. &&{{property_of($option): undesirable}}. {{has_excess}} too many choices, embarras de choix[Fr]. {{&mcauses(too many choices): indecision, R605}}. {{has_subtype: election, R609}}. <-- preoption[obs3]; --> V. choose, elect. {{has_subtype: elect, R609}}. Adj. chosen, elected. Phr. you must choose, you can't have your cake and eat it. <-- This entry is for necessary actions. Necessary objects are at "requirement". Except for reflexes, absence of choice is seldom absolute in actions, so this entry is not a true antonym of choice. Note that here, as elsewhere, what may seem to be an absolute is not quite, linguistically. The "absence" of choice may have degrees, as in "practical necessity" which is not true necessity, but here is classified as a subtype of necessity. In fact, the basic meaning of the word "necessity" as applied to choice doesn't really mean physical necessity, as in physical laws, but something less absolute. How to be more accurate??? The relation between necessity and compulsion also needs further consideration. Here necessity is considered a high level of compulsion [[necessity]] --> M7.R2 NECESSITY #601. Necessity. N. {{alternative_to(choice, M7.R1)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=choice, M7.R1])}} {{has_high_level(compulsion, R744)}} {{similar_to(requirement, R630)}} {{&+caused_by(action, R680)}} necessity[1], necessitation, absence of volition, no choice, necessity of acting. {{has_extreme}} inevitability, inevitableness, unavoidability, inexorability, uncontrollability. {{prevents: choice, M7.R1}}. {{has_subtype: subjection &c. R749}}. stern necessity, hard necessity, dire necessity, imperious necessity, inexorable necessity, iron necessity, adverse necessity; fate; what must be. {{has_subtype: @R452, instinct, reflex}}. {{has_low_level: @R926, duty, obligation, moral obligation}}. {{has_low_level}} practical necessity, virtual necessity. {{has_property}} involuntariness. instinct, blind impulse; inborn proclivity, innate proclivity; native tendency, natural tendency; natural impulse, predetermination. {{property_of: @R152, destiny, destination, fate, kismet, doom, foredoom, election, predestination, preordination, foreordination, lot, fortune}}. {{caused_by}} {[in_frame(mysticism): spell &c. R993]}. {{caused_by}} {[in_frame(mysticism)]} astral influence; Fates, Parcae, Sisters three, book of fate; God's will, will of Heaven; wheel of Fortune, Ides of March. {{has_subtype(astral influence): star, stars; planet, planets}}. {{has_metaphor}} Hobson's choice. last shift, last resort; dernier ressort[Fr]; pis aller[Fr] &c. (substitute) R147. {{performed_by}} necessarian[obs3], necessitarian[obs3]; fatalist; automaton. {{&caused_by: @R741, charge, claim, command, injunction, mandate, order, precept}}. V. be fated, be doomed, be doomed to, be destined for, be preordained for, lie under a necessity, be under the necessity of; have no choice, have no alternative. be one's fate &c. n.; to be pushed to the wall, to be driven into a corner, to be unable to help. {{has_subtype: @R152, destine, doom, foredoom, devote, predestine, preordain}}. <-- next line assumes effectiveness of mysticism -- needs modification --> {{&caused_by: cast a spell &c. R992}}. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(compel, R744)}} necessitate. be obligated, be obliged. ModalAux. {{has_lexpression(necessity)}} must, have to, need to, got to, have got to, gotta[coll]. {{property_of(obligation)}} should, ought, ought to. Adj. {{similar_to(requisite, R630)}} necessary, needed. elect; spellbound. {{high_level_of: compulsory &c. (compel) R744}}. {{has_extreme}} uncontrollable, inevitable, unavoidable, irresistible, irrevocable, inexorable; avoidless[obs3], resistless. involuntary, instinctive, automatic, blind, mechanical; unconscious, unwitting, unthinking. {{has_subtype: unintentional &c. (undesigned) R621; impulsive &c. R612}}. {{has_subtype: @R152, fated, destined, foreordained}}. Adv. {{has_extreme(compulsorily, R744)}} necessarily, of necessity, of course; ex necessitate rei[Lat]. inevitably, inexprably, unavoidably, uncontrollably. needs must. willy nilly, like it or not, will he nil he, bon gre mal gre[Fr], willing or unwilling, willingly or unwillingly, coute que coute[Fr], nolens volens[Lat]. if need be, if needs be, if needs must; faute de mieux[Fr]; by stress of. Phr. "You can have any color you want, as long as it's black." [Henry Ford]; the die is cast [Julius Caesar]; it cannot be helped; che sera sera[It: what will be, will be]; "it is written", insh'allah [Arabic: the will of Allah]; there is no help for, there is no helping it; it will be, it must be, it needs to be, it must be so, it will have its way; jacta est alea[obs3][Lat]; one's days are numbered, one's fate is sealed; Fata obstant[Latin]; diis aliter visum[Latin]; actum me invito factus[Latin], non est meus actus[Latin]; aujord'hui roi demain rien[Fr]; quisque suos patimur manes [Latin][Vergil]. "The moving finger writes and having writ moves on; Nor all your piety and wit can bring it back to cancel half a line, nor all your tears wash out a word of it."[Rubayyat of Omar Khayyam]. <-- [[mindmind]] --> M8 MIND-MIND INTERACTIONS N. {{part_of(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(interaction, @R170)}} {{affected_by(agent[num=>1])}} interaction, mind-mind interaction, social intercourse, social interaction, interpersonal activity. {{performed_by: party[num=>1], @M8.2}}. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_part(interaction)}} {{hperforms(party[num=>1], @M8.2)}} participation, taking part. {{has_subtype(taking part): cooperation, R709; competition, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. V. {{part_of(act, R680)}} {{has_subtype(interact, @R170)}} {{affected_by(agent[num=>1])}} {{hperforms(agent[num=>1], R690)}} interact. {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} {{has_part(interact)}} {{hperforms(party[num=>1], @M8.2)}} participate, take part, be a player, be a participant, be a party, be involved, play a part, play a role, have a role. [oblique] take part in, participate in, take a part in, act a part in, play a part in, play a role in, perform a part in, bear part in, have to do with, be a party to, be a participator in. {{has_subtype(take part): cooperate, R709; compete, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. <-- This entry heading, "communication" is the act of communicating; the nature of the content has similar terms. We designate it as a subtype of "transfer"; "transmit" is a subtype which includes the possibility of sending via some intermediary medium. We include communication of feelings (as, by music, or by emotional behavior). [[COMMUNICATION]] - --> M8.1 COMMUNICATION (R516 TO R599) #527. Communication. N. {{has_subtype(transfer[of=thought, R451/information, M3.1.1.2/feeling, R821][by=agent, R690][to=other, M1.2], R783)}} {{mcaused_by(learning, R539)}} {{has_manifestation(thought, R451)}} communication[1], intimation, communication of ideas, communicating. <-- a "communication" (the content of the act of communicating) is not an event, but what is it? A deep primitive? It may be a document, or some other symbolic storage of information, or a fleeting speech act. --> {{has_result}} communication[2]. {{has_topic(communication[2])}} thing communicated. {{is_a(thing communicated): thought, R451; information, M3.1.1.2; meaning, M8.1.1; feeling, R821}}. <-- here "discourse" is the generic term for any linguistic communication --> {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(language, R560): discourse, @M8.1.3.2.2}}. {{uses}} {{&used_for(symbol, R550)}} means of communication. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(agent, R690)}} {{has_subtype(sender, @R270)}} communicator, sender. {{has_subtype(communicator)}} {{performed_by(compose)}} composer. {{has_subtype(communicator)}} {{performed_by(compose[obj=text, @R590])}} author. {{has_subtype(communicator)}} {{performed_by(compose[obj=music, R415]): composer, @R416}}. {{has_subtype(communicator): spokesperson, @R524}}. {{has_subtype(communicator): informant, P2.3.2.3.6.5.7; speaker, @R626; relator, writer}}. {{has_target}} {{has_subtype(other)}} communicatee. {{member_of(communicatee)}} audience. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(creating[obj=communication[2]], @R161)}} {{has_subtype(thinking, R451)}} composing, composition. {{facilitated_by: clarity, R525}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} informing, information, enlightenment, enlightening, acquaintance, acquainting, notifying, enunciation, annunciation, announcing. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(assertion, R535)}} notice, notification, announcement, communique. {{has_subtype(announcement)}} {{property_of(public, @R531): @M8.1.2.3, public announcement, publication}}. representation, round robin, presentment, presentation, presenting. mention; outpouring; intercommunication, communicativeness. {{has_subtype: @R582, whisper, whispering, passing word, word in the ear, subaudition[obs3], cue, byplay, aside}}. {{has_subtype: @R476, case, pleading}}. {{has_subtype(communication)}} {{property_of(obscure, @R519 + incomplete, R53)}} hinting, hint. {{has_subtype(means of communication): natural language, R560}}. {{has_subtype(information, M3.1.1.2): data &c. R467}}. {{has_subtype(means of communication)}} {{member_of(symbol, R550)}} formal language, artificial language. {{has_subtype(formal language)}} {{property_of(obscure, @R519)}} code. {{has_subtype(code)}} {{uses(semaphor, @M8.1.3.2.1.1)}} semaphor code. {{has_subtype(code)}} {{uses(telegraph, @P2.3.1.3.14.3.2)}} Morse code. {{has_part(Morse code)}} {{has_subtype(symbol, R550)}} dot; dash. {{has_subtype(code)}} {{uses(computer)}} ASCII code, ASCII[acron], American Standard Code for Information Interchange; EBCDIC code, EBCDIC; extended ASCII. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(electronic device, P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} electronic communication. {{uses(electronic communication)}} {{has_subtype(path)}} electronic communication channel. {{has_subtype(electronic communication channel): @P2.3.1.3.14.2.3.1, telephone, telephone line, optical fiber}}. {{has_subtype(electronic communication channel): telegraph line; radio transmission; cable; light}}. {{has_subtype(audience[of=speech, R582]): @R418, hearer, listener, eavesdropper}}. {{has_subtype(audience[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} reader. {{has_result: understanding, R490}}. {{has_subtype: oral communication, speech}}. {{has_property_x: veracity, M7.3.5.R1.6; falsehood, R544}}. {{function_of: publicity &c. R531}}. {{has_subtype: news &c. R532; account &c. (description) R594; statement &c. (affirmation) R535; record, R551}}. {{has_subtype: advice, R695; monition, @R668; report, @R532; specification, @R594; estimate, @R480}}. {{has_subtype: teaching, R537}}. {{performed_by: informant, teller, informer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.7}}. {{has_subtype(assertion, M8.1.1.5)}} {{property_of(possible)}} {{not_property_of(certain)}} {{topic_of(possibility[2], @M5.3.1)}} hint, suggestion, proposal; innuendo; inkling. {{has_subtype(suggestion[ptnt=little-known information])}} tip. {{performed_by(tip)}} tipster, tout. {{&uses: gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1}}. verbum sapienti [Latin: a word to the wise]; insinuation &c. (latency) R526. {{has_subtype(hint)}} gentle hint, broad hint. {{function_of}}{{has_subtype(writing)}} guidebook, handbook; manual; valet de place, cicerone, pilot, guide; vade mecum[Latin]; itinerary &c. (journey) R266. {[of(geographic information)]} {{function_of}}{{has_subtype(writing)}} map, plan, chart; gazetteer. {{uses: @P2.3.1.3.14.3.1, mail, overnight mail, express mail, next-day delivery; post, post office; letter bag; delivery service; United Parcel Service, UPS; Federal Express, Fedex}}. {{&uses: @P2.3.1.3.14.3.2.1, telephone}}. {{&uses: telegraph, cable, wire [electronic information transmission]; carrier pigeon}}. V. {{hperforms(P2.3.2.3.6.5.7, informant)}} [ditransitive] communicate, make known, let fall, mention, express, intimate, represent. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(create[obj=communication[2]], @R161)}} {{has_subtype(think, R451)}} compose. {{hperforms(P2.3.2.3.6.5.7, informant)}} {{exhibits(message)}} [ditransitive] tell, relate, say; inform, inform of; acquaint, acquaint with; impart, impart to; make acquaintance with, apprise, advise, enlighten, awaken; transmit. notify, signify, specify, convey the knowledge of. let one know, have one to know; give one to understand; give notice; set before, lay before, put before; point out, put into one's head; put one in possession of; direct the attention to [R457]. announce, annunciate; report, report progress; send word, leave word, write word; render an account; bring word; retell, relay, retail. telegraph, wire; telephone, phone, call. {{has_subtype(announce): @M8.1.2.3, make public, announce publicly, publish}}. {{has_target(make public)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee): general public}}. {{has_subtype(make public): publish &c. M8.1.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(announce)}} speak of, talk of; broach, utter; put forward. {{has_subtype: instruct &c. (teach) R537}}. {{has_subtype: give an account &c. (describe) R594; state &c. (affirm) R535; disclose, R529; explain &c. (interpret) R522}}. <-- [disclose inadvertently or reluctantly] --> {{has_subtype(disclose, R529): @R529, let slip, blurt out, spill the beans, unburden oneself of, let off one's chest}}. show cause. {{has_subtype(communicate[mode=incompletely, @R53])}} hint; given an inkling of; give a hint, drop a hint, throw out a hint; insinuate; allude to, make allusion to; glance at; suggest, prompt, give the cue, give a clue. {{has_subtype: @M8.1.3.2.1, wink at, tip the wink}}. breathe; whisper, whisper in the ear. give a bit of one's mind; tell one plainly, tell once for all; speak volumes. undeceive[obs3], unbeguile[obs3]; set right, correct, open the eyes of, disabuse, disillusion one of. {{mcauses: know &c. R490; learn &c. R539}}. {{mcauses}} be informed, be apprised of, be alerted to; get scent of, get wind of, gather from; awaken to, open one's eyes to; become alive, become awake to. {{&causes(tell): @R418, hear, overhear}}. {{mcauses(be informed): understand, R490}}. {{mcauses}} come to one's ears, come to one's knowledge; reach one's ears. {{has_commencement}} contact, get in touch, reach, get, get through to. Adj. communicative, communicating, communicatory[obs3], notifying. informative, informing, informational. {{has_consequence}} informed, acquainted, apprised, advised, alerted. communique. communicated, reported, told. {{has_subtype(reported[mode=publicly, @R531]): published, @M8.1.2.3}}. {{consequence_of: expressive &c. R516}}. {{has_subtype: explicit &c. (open) R525}}. {{has_subtype: clear, R518}}. {{&has_property(communication): plain spoken &c. (artless) R703}}. nuncupative, nuncupatory[obs1]; declaratory, expository; enunciative[obs3]. Adv. informatively. from information received. Conj. {{has_marker(information communicated)}} that. Phr. a little bird told me; I heard it through the grapevine. <-- these are generally properties of a communication (except for human roles) 516. Meaning 517. Unmeaningness 518. Intelligibility 519. Unintelligibility 520. Equivocalness 521. Metaphor 522. Interpretation 523. Misinterpretatioa 524. Interpreter --> <-- The subject of thought, at M3.1.1.R1, R454, is essentially the same as the subject of a communication; any thought can be communicated. THerefore we leave "subject, topic" under the thought section, and put in a reference to communication. "meaning" is defined vaguely in dictionaries, but in general relates to communications, rather than thought per se. We defined the "has_meaning" relation specifically to describe the relation between a communication and its meanig; meaning is a deep primitive [Idea to be conveyed.] [Thing signified.] [[meaning]] [[content]] --> M8.1.1 MEANING OF IDEAS COMMUNICATED (R516 TO R524) #516. Meaning. N. {{has_meaning(communication, M8.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(information, M3.1.1.2/ideas, M3.1)}} {{has_case(understanding, M8.1.R1.1/thought, R451)}} meaning, content, purport, import, force, signification, significance, message. {{has_conceptual_part: concept, R453}}. {{studied_in}} semantics. {{studied_by(semantics): semanticist}}. {{has_symbol(concept, R453)}} {{has_subtype(word[1], R562)}} synonym. {{has_conceptual_part}}{{property_of(important/essential)}} substance, gist, point, main point, essence, sum and substance. drift, tenor, bearing, tendency, coloring. sense, light, reading, lection, construction, version; acception[obs3], acceptation, acceptance. {[in_frame(linguistics)]} {{has_subtype(meaning)}} {{has_subtype(reference, @R9)}} reference. {{has_case(reference)}} {{has_subtype(target, @R9): real-world object}}. expression. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{antonym_of(substance/gist)}} peripheral matter, non-essentials, nonessentials; obiter dicta. {[in_frame(law)]} {{synonym_of(substance)}} spirit, spirit of the law. {{contrast_to(spirit)}} letter, letter of the law. matter; argument. {{property_of(implied, M8.1.1.R1.7)}} {{alternative_to(denotation)}} connotation, implication, implied meaning, implicit meaning. {{has_subtype(meaning)}} {{property_of(evident, @R525)}} {{property_of(explicit, @R518)}} {{alternative_to(connotation)}} denotation, expressed meaning, explicit meaning. {{has_subtype(denotation)}} literal meaning, plain meaning, natural interpretation, natural meaning, unstrained reading; general meaning, broad meaning, substantial meaning, colloquial meaning, simple meaning, unstrained meaning; true meaning, exact meaning, honest meaning; prima facie meaning, obvious meaning, apparent meaning. literally; after acceptation. {{has_subtype(connotation): implication, allusion &c. (latency) R526}}. {{conceptual_part_of: suggestion &c. (information) R527b; figure of speech &c. R521}}. {{topic_of: interpretation, R522}}. V. mean, signify, express; import, purport. convey, imply, point to, allude to, breathe, indicate, bespeak, bear a sense; tell of, speak of; bear on, touch on; drive at. {{has_subtype: @R526, involve, imply, connote}}. {{conceptual_part_of(mean): declare &c. (affirm) R535}}. {{purpose_of: understand by &c. (interpret) R522}}. Adj. meaning, meaningful. significant, significative[obs3], significatory[obs3]; pithy; full of meaning, pregnant with meaning. expressive, suggestive, allusive. literal; synonymous. {[referring_to(meaning)]} semantic. {{conceptual_part_of: declaratory &c. R535; intelligible &c. R518; tantamount &c. (equivalent) R27}}. {{has_subtype: implied &c. (latent) R526; explicit &c. R525}}. Adv. to that effect; that is to say &c. (being interpreted) R522. <-- This "message" is more specific than the general "meaning, message" above. Intuitively, it seems that there is difference between a "message", a specific piece of information communicated between two agents, and "communication" generally. But defining the difference has been difficult. [[message]] --> M8.1.1.1 MESSAGE N. {{has_subtype(communication, M8.1)}} message, intelligence, tidings, word, piece of news, news, advice, aviso[Sp]. {{has_topic}} {{constitutes(information, R527b)}} information content, message content. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(pleasing, @R829)}} good news. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unpleasant, @R830)}} bad news. {{has_subtype}} good news and bad news. {{has_subtype(message): @R590, written message, note}}. <-- rumors are not quite public and not quite private --> rumor, hearsay, on dit[Fr], flying rumor, news stirring, cry, buzz, bruit, fame; talk, oui dire[Fr]; town tattle, table talk; tittle tattle; canard, topic of the day, idea afloat. {{has_subtype(piece of news)}} scandal. {{has_topic(scandal): scandalous behavior, M9.3.3.2.2}}. {{&has_method(learn[obj=piece of news])}} eavesdropping. <-- This is for public news, as we usually mean it. [[news]] --> M8.1.1.1.1 NEWS (R532) #532. News. N. {{has_subtype(information, R527b)}} {{property_of(new, R123)}} news, public news, budget of news, budget of information. {{topic_of}} reporting, news reporting, journalism[1]. {{function_of(publish[obj=news, R532])}} {{has_subtype(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} [collective] media, news media, the information industry, journalism[2]. {{has_subtype(news media): print media, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.7}}. <-- ??!!the broadcast media broadcast more than just the news, and should be elsewhere. --> {{has_subtype(news media)}} broadcast media. {{performs(broadcast media)}} {{has_subtype(broadcast, @M8.1.2.3.2)}} news broadcast {{has_subtype(broadcast media)}} {{used_in(radio transmission, @P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} radio. {{has_subtype(broadcast media)}} {{used_in(television transmission, @P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} television. {{has_subtype(broadcast media): internet}}. {{performs(broadcast media)}} {{has_subtype(broadcasting, @R270)}} {{has_subtype(electronic publication, @M8.1.3.2)}} broadcasting. {{has_subtype(broadcasting): @M8.1.3.2, radio broadcasting; television broadcasting}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(very new)}} bulletin, fresh news, news flash, flash, news just in. {{&uses(news flash)}} {{property_of(live)}} on-the-spot coverage; live coverage. {{has_conceptual_part(journalism[1])}} news gathering. {{has_subtype(news gathering)}} {{hperforms(investigative reporter, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(investigation, @R461)}} investigative reporting. {{has_subtype(bulletin)}} stirring news; glad tidings. public notice, these presents. newsletter; private newsletter, samizdat[Russian]. old story, old news, stale news, stale story; chestnut. narrator &c. (describe) R594; newsmonger, scandalmonger; talebearer, telltale, gossip, tattler. {{studied_in}} journalism[3]. {{function_of(publish[obj=news], @R531)}} {{function_of(report[obj=news]): @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.7, media, news media, the press, the information industry; newspaper, magazine, tract, journal, gazette, publication}}. {{has_subtype(media)}} {{property_of(influential, @R175)}} {{used_by(large-volume distribution, @P2.4.2.2)}} mass media. {{property_of(electronic)}} radio; television; ticker, newswire; stock ticker. <-- persons reporting news to HROLE - Newscaster --> V. transpire &c. (be disclosed) R529; rumor &c. (publish) R531. Adj. many-tongued; rumored; publicly rumored, currently rumored, currently reported; rife, current, floating, afloat, going about, in circulation, in every one's mouth, all over the town. {{&has_property(news)}} in progress; live; on the spot; in person. {{has_property(live coverage)}} {{antonym_of(recorded, @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} {{has_subtype(immediate, R113)}} live, on-the-spot, from the scene, s mesta sobytiya[Russian]. {{has_property(news flash)}} {{has_subtype(immediate, R113)}} up to the minute, hot off the press. Adv. as the story goes, as the story runs; as they say, it is said; by telegraph, by wireless. Phr. "airy tongues that syllable men's names" [Milton]; "what's up?", "what's the latest?", "what's new?", "what's the latest poop?","what's the buzz?"[coll]. M8.1.1.1.2 PRIVATE MESSAGE N. private message. {{antonym_of: public information}}. report, dispatch, despatch, communication. {{has_subtype: @R592, correspondence, letter}}. {{has_subtype(despatch)}} {{used_in(telegraph, @P2.3.1.3.14.3.2)}} telegram, cable, wire, marconigram[obs3]. {{has_subtype(despatch)}} {{used_in(radio transmission)}} radiogram. errand, embassy. M8.1.1.1.2.1 SECRET (R533) #533. Secret. N. secret; dead secret, profound secret; arcanum[obs3], mystery; latency &c. R526; Asian mystery[obs3]; sealed book, secrets of the prison house; le desous des cartes [Fr]. {{has_low_level(secret)}} {{property_of(confidential)}} confidential information. problem &c. (question) R461; paradox &c. (difficulty) R704; unintelligibility &c. R519; terra incognita &c. (ignorance) R491. Adj. secret &c. (concealed) M8.1.2.2; involved &c. R248; labyrinthine, labyrinthian[obs3], mazy. {{has_low_level(secret)}} confidential. {{has_high_level(secret)}} top secret. {{has_subtype(top secret)}} critical. enigma, riddle, puzzle, nut to crack, conundrum, charade, rebus, logogriph[obs3]; monogram, anagram; Sphinx; crux criticorum[Lat]. maze, labyrinth, Hyrcynian wood; intricacy, meander. M8.1.1.1.2.2 CODED MESSAGE N. coded message, encrypted message. <-- [[question]] --> M8.1.1.2 QUESTION #461a. Question. N. {{has_subtype(sentence, R566)}} {{has_subtype(search[ptnt=knowledge], M7.1.2.1.2.3)}} {{purpose_of(learn)}} question[1], inquiry, query. {{conceptual_part_of: inquiry, R461}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} inquest, inquisition; exploration; exploitation, ventilation. {{conceptual_part_of}} strict inquiry, close inquiry, searching inquiry, exhaustive inquiry; narrow search, strict search. {{conceptual_part_of: study &c. (consideration) R451}}. scire facias[Lat], ad referendum; trial. {{part_of}} questioning, asking, inquiring; interrogation, interrogatory; interpellation; challenge, examination, cross-examination; feeler, zetetic philosophy[obs3]; discussion &c. (reasoning) R476. {{has_subtype: request &c. R765}}. {{mcaused_by}} problem, desideratum, point to be solved, porism[obs3]. {{has_topic}} subject of inquiry, field of inquiry; subject of controversy. {{has_issue(subject of controversy)}} point in dispute, matter in dispute, moot point, issue, question at issue; bone of contention. {{has_subtype(question at issue)}} quodlibet. {{has_subtype}} {{!:not_purpose_of(learn)}} leading question. {{used_in(leading question)}} {{has_method(teaching)}} Socratic method; catechism. plain question, fair question, open question. {{&has_topic: enigma &c. (secret) R533; knotty point &c. (difficulty) R704}}. threshold of an inquiry. {{performed_by: inquirer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.14}}. V. inquire, ask, seek, search. [transitive: object is a topic] ask about, inquire about. {{&mcauses}} {{has_metaphor}} scratch the head, slap the forehead. discuss, canvass, agitate. [intransitive] question[2], demand; put the question, pop the question, propose the question, propound the question, moot the question, start the question, raise the question, stir the question, suggest the question, put forth the question, ventilate the question, grapple with the question, go into a question. {{patient_of(person)}} [transitive] question[3], put to the question, interrogate, subject to interrogation, subject to examination; press for an answer, pump, demand an answer, give the third degree; put to the inquisition. {{has_subtype(subject to interrogation)}} cross-question, cross-examine. {{part_of}} {{has_method(teach, R537)}} catechize. require an answer; pick the brains of, suck the brains of; feel the pulse. {{used_in(ask)}} get the lay of the land; see how the wind is blowing; put one's ear to the ground. [intransitive] be in question, be at issue; undergo examination. <-- ; dodge[obs2] --> Adj. interrogative, questioning, asking. inquiry &c. v.. inquisitive, requisitive[obs1], requisitory[obs3]; in search of, in quest of; on the lookout for; all searching. {{caused_by(uncertainty, M5.3.6)}} undetermined, untried, undecided; in question, in dispute, in issue, in course of inquiry; under discussion, under consideration, under investigation, under inquiry; sub judice[Lat], moot, proposed. {{&consequence_of(asking): doubtful &c. (uncertain) R475; ignorant; curious, R455}}. <-- , zetetic[obs3] meaning? ; catechetical[obs3]= too remote --> Adv. "what?"; "why?", "wherefore?", "what is the reason?"; "whence?", "from where?"; "whither?", "where to?", "to where?"; "where?", "at what place?"; "quaere?"[Lat]; "how comes it", "how happens it?"; "how is it?"; "what's the matter"; "what's in the wind?", "what's up?", "what's happening?"; "what on earth?"; "when?", "at what time?"; "who?", "which person?"; "nicht wahr?"[Ger]. M8.1.1.3 CURSE (R908) #908. Curse. N. {{has_manifestation(wish[for=evil][to=other], R865)}} curse, malediction, malison[obs3], imprecation. {{conceptual_part_of(denunciation, R932a)}} ban, proscription, anathema, execration. {{has_subtype(ban)}} excommunication, commination[obs3], thunders of the Vatican. aspersion, disparagement. {{has_high_level(disparagement)}} fulmination, abuse, vilification, vituperation, denunciation. {{has_subtype(malediction)}} maranatha[obs3] [Biblical, St. Paul]. foul language, bad language, strong language, unparliamentary language; billingsgate, sauce, evil speaking. profanity, cursing, swearing, profane swearing, oath, foul invective, ribaldry; rude reproach, scurrility. more bark than bite. {{&part_of(profanity): invective &c. (disapprobation) R932}}. V. curse, accurse[obs3], imprecate, damn, swear at. curse with bell book and candle; invoke curses on the head of, call down curses on the head of; devote to destruction. execrate, beshrew[obs3], scold; hold up to execration, denounce, proscribe, excommunicate, fulminate, thunder against. {{has_subtype(curse): anathematize &c. (censure) R932}}. curse and swear; swear, swear like a trooper; fall a cursing, rap out an oath, damn. <-- threaten &c. R909. --> Adj. cursing, cursed &c. v.. Int. "woe to!"; "beshrew!"[obs3]; "ruat coelum!"[Lat]; ill betide, woe betide; "confusion seize!"; "damn!", "damn it!"; "damn you!", "damn you to hell!", "go to hell!", "go to blazes!"; "confound!"; "blast!"; "curse!"; "devil take!"; "hang!"; "out with!"; "a plague upon!"; "out upon!"; "aroynt!"[obs3]; "May the fleas of a thousand camels infest your armpits!"; "honi soit!"[Fr]; "parbleu!"[Fr]. Phr. delenda est Carthago[Lat]. <-- [Absence of meaning.] We must distinguish true meaninglessness from " mere words", which were combined in Roget. For this entry "has_low_level" means that there is some meaning; thus we use this quantitatively, to say there are degrees of meaninglessness. [[nonsense]] --> M8.1.1.4 MEANINGLESNESS #517. Meaninglessness. N. {{&has_property(communication, M8.1)}} meaninglessness, senselessness, nonsensicalness, unmeaningness[obs3]. {{has_high_level: absurdity, R497}}. empty sound, dead letter, vox et praeterea nihil[Lat]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(communication, M8.1)}} nonsense, gibberish, mumbo jumbo, hocus-pocus. {{has_metaphor(nonsense): @R645, rubbish, tripe}}. {{property_of(utter meaninglessness)}} {{has_subtype(communication, M8.1)}} utter nonsense. {{&mcaused_by: vagueness &c. (unintelligibility) R519}}. <-- [routine or reflexive statements without substantive thought, esp. legal] boilerplate. --> {{has_low_level}} jargon, fustian, twaddle; moonshine, stuff and nonsense; mare's nest, quibble. {{&mcaused_by}} self-delusion. {{has_low_level: exaggeration &c. R549}}. {{has_low_level}} {{has_subtype(writing, R590)}} scribble, scrawl, scrabble[obs2]. {{has_low_level}} blarney, baloney, blunder, muddle, bull, Irishism[obs2], Hibernicism[obs2], slipslop[obs3]. {{has_low_level: metaphor, R521; ridicule, R856}}. {{has_low_level}} anticlimax, bathos. {{has_low_level}} farce, galimathias[obs3], rhapsody; betise[Fr]; extravagance, romance; sciamachy[obs3]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(verse, @R597)}} amphigory, amphigouri[obs3], nonsense verse, nonsense rhyme. {{has_low_level}} vagary, tomfoolery, poppycock, mummery, monkey trick, boutade[Fr], escapade. {{&caused_by: deception, R545}}. {{has_subtype: sophism &c. R477}}. <-- farrago &c. (disorder) R59?? pretty remote. --> V. mean nothing, be unmeaning, be nonsensical. {{topic_of}} talk nonsense, talk gibberish; twaddle, quibble. {{has_low_level}} {{has_subtype(write, R590)}} scribble, scrawl, scrabble[obs2]. Adj. meaningless, senseless, unmeaning, nonsensical, void of sense, void of meaning, absent of meaning, vacant. {{has_low-level}} inexpressive, unexpressive. {{&consequence_of}} unmeant. {{has_low_level(meaningless)}} not expressed, unexpressed. {{has_subtype(not expressed): tacit &c. (latent) R526}}. {{&mcaused_by(unexpressed)}} inexpressible, undefinable, incommunicable. {{has_low_level}} extravagant, quibbling. Phr. "a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing"[Shakespeare]; "sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal"[The Bible]. <-- We put true absurdity in its own section, here. But even "utterly absurd", as usually used, may have some elements of meaning, so we define it as a high level of nonsense, not an extreme [[absurdity]] --> M8.1.1.4.1 ABSURDITY #497. Absurdity. N. {{&has_property(assertion, M8.1.1.5)}} {{has_high_level(meaninglessness, M8.1.1.4)}} absurdity, absurdness, utter meaninglessness. {{property_of}} nonsense, utter nonsense, alogy[obs1]. {{property_of}} contradiction, paradox, oxymoron, contradiction in terms, inconsistency; stultiloquy[obs3], stultiloquence[obs3]; nugacity[obs3]. {{&mcaused_by: imbecility &c. R499}}. V. be absurd, be utterly meaningless, be utterly absurd. {{result_of}} play the fool, talk nonsense, parler a tort et a travess[Fr]; battre la campagne[Fr][obs3]; hanemolia bazein[Grk]. Adj. {{has_high_level(unmeaning &c. R517)}} absurd, nonsensical, preposterous, egregious, senseless, ridiculous. inconsistent; self-annulling, self-contradictory; macaronic[obs3], punning. without rhyme or reason; fantastic. {{has_subtype: sophistical &c. R477}}. {{&consequence_of: foolish &c. R499}}. Int. "fiddlededee!"; "pish!"; "pho[obs3]!"; "in the name of the Prophet--figs!" [Horace Smith]. Phr. credat Judaeus Apella [Lat][Horace]; tell it to the marines; "Yeh, right?". <-- R534. Messenger to HROLE. [[assertion]] --> M8.1.1.5 ASSERTION #535. Assertion. N. {{has_subtype(sentence, R566)}} assertion, predication, statement, allegation, declaration, averment, profession. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(emphatic)}} affirmance, affirmation. {{has_subtype(affirmation)}} reaffirmation; confirmation. {{has_subtype(affirmation)}} profession, assurance, avouchment. {{has_subtype(assurance): R768, promise; word, word of honor}}. {{has_subtype}}{{antonym_of(affirmation): negation, R536}}. {{has_subtype(afirmation)}} {{property_of(formal)}} oath, affidavit, swearing, asseveration, adjuration. {{has_reason: @R615, grounds, basis}}. {{has_property(oath/assurance)}} {{has_subtype(clarity, R525)}} definitiveness. {{has_subtype(oath): deposition &c. (record) R551}}. protest, protestation; legal pledge, pronouncement; solemn averment, solemn avowal, solemn declaration. remark, observation; saying, dictum, sentence, ipse dixit[Lat]. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(copy[of=sentence, R566], R19)}} quotation. {{&has_property}} {{has_subtype(force, P2.6.1.1.1.R1)}} emphasis, weight, trenchance. {{has_meaning(emphasis): importance, R642; firm belief, @R484}}. {{conceptual_part_of(affirmation): dogmatism &c. (certainty) R474; dogmatics &c. R887}}. {{property_of(false, R544)}} pretense. acknowledgment &c. (assent) R762; position &c. (proposition) R514. V. assert, say, declare, state, affirm, aver, predicate, profess; make an assertion &c. n.; have one's say. put forth, put forward; advance, allege, propose, propound, enunciate, broach, set forth, hold out, pronounce; protest. {[in_frame(argument, @R476)]} maintain, contend. {{property_of(false)}} pretend. {{property_of(false)}} pretend to[transitive]. {{has_subtype(affirm[mode=positively])}} vouch, warrant, certify, assure, avow, avouch, asseverate; assert roundly, assert positively. {{has_subtype(assert[mode=formally])}} swear, vow, depose, depone; make oath, take one's oath; make an affidavit, swear an affidavit, put in an affidavit; take one's Bible oath, kiss the book, vitam impendere vero[Lat]; swear till one is black in the face, swear till one is blue in the face, swear till all's blue, swear by bell book and candle; be sworn, call Heaven to witness. swear by &c. (believe) R484; insist upon, take one's stand upon; emphasize, lay stress on; lay down, lay down the law; raise one's voice, dogmatize, have the last word; rap out; repeat; reassert, reaffirm. announce &c. (information) R527b; acknowledge &c. (assent) R762; attest &c. (evidence) R467; adjure &c. (put to one's oath) R768. Adj. {{has_property(assertion)}} declaratory, affirmative, asserting, declaring, saying, predicatory[obs3], pronunciative[obs3]. {{has_subtype(strong, P2.6.1.1.1.R1)}} emphatic, assertive, weighty; confident, trenchant, dogmatic, formal, solemn; absolute, categorical. {{has_subtype(definitive, @R67)}} {{consequence_of(conclusive, @R474/certain, R474)}} definitive. {{has_high_intensity(confident/emphatic)}} {{has_subtype(certain, R474)}} positive. soi-disant[Fr]; express, explicit &c. (patent) R525; flat, broad, round, pointed, marked, distinct, decided, peremptory; unretracted[obs3]; predicable. Adv. {{property_of(assert)}} affirmatively, declaratively; in the affirmative. assertively, confidently, trenchantly, dogmatically. formally, solemnly; absolutely, definitively, categorically. {{has_high_intensity(affirmatively)}} emphatically, with emphasis, ex-cathedra, without fear of contradiction. {{has_high_intensity(confidently)}} positively. as God is my witness, I must say, indeed, i' faith, let me tell you, why, give me leave to say, marry, you may be sure, I'd have you to know; upon my word, upon my honor; by my troth, egad, I assure you; by jingo, by Jove, by George; of a truth, truly, perdy[obs3], in all conscience, upon oath; I'll warrant, I'll warrant you, I'll engage, I'll answer for it, I'll be bound, I'll venture to say, I'll take my oath; in fact, forsooth, joking apart; so help me God; not to mince the matter. seriously, sadly; in sadness, in sober sadness, in truth, in earnest. be assured &c. (belief) R484; yes &c. (assent) R762. Phr. quoth he; dixi[Lat]. <-- note that not all subtype are "mcauses" by both questions and inquiries [[answer]] --> M8.1.1.5.1 ANSWER (R462) #462. Answer. N. {{mcauses(question, R461a/inquiry, R461)}} answer, response, reply. rejoinder, rebuttal, riposte, retort. acknowledgment; echo; counter statement. {{has_subtype}} {{&requires(permission, R760/admission, R296)}} {{property_of(secret, R533)}} password. replication, surrejoinder[obs3], rebutter, surrebutter[obs3]; rescript, rescription[obs3]; antiphon[obs3], antiphony. {{has_subtype(retort)}} {{property_of(witty, R842)}} repartee[1]. {{part_of(repartee[1])}} {{has_subtype(conversation, R588)}} repartee[2]. Oedipus; oracle &c. R513; return &c. (record) R551. V. answer, respond, reply, rebut, retort, rejoin; give for answer, return for answer; acknowledge; echo. satisfy, set at rest, determine. {{part_of: explain &c. (interpret) R522; solve &c. (unriddle) R522; discover &c. R480a; fathom, hunt out &c. (inquire) R461}}. Adj. answering, replying, responding. responsive. respondent; conclusive. answered, acknowledged; rebutted. Adv. responsively, in response, in answer. on the scent, on the right scent. Conj. {{has_subtype: because, @R615}}. Int. "eureka!". M8.1.1.5.2 NEGATION (R536) #536. Negation. N. {{antonym_of(affirmation, @R535)}} negation, denial, abnegation. contradiction, contravention; disavowal, disclaimer; abjuration. {{has_subtype(contradiction)}} {{property_of(emphatic)}} flat contradiction, emphatic contradiction. {{has_subtype(denial)}} {{property_of(emphatic)}} emphatic denial. {{conceptual_part_of: protest, @R489; recusancy &c. (dissent) R489}}. {{conceptual_part_of: qualification &c. R469; repudiation &c. R610}}. {{has_subtype(denial[of=belief, R484]): retraction &c. R607}}. {{has_subtype(denial[of=assertion]): confutation &c. R479}}. {{has_subtype(denial[of=request]): refusal &c. R764}}. {{has_subtype(negation[of=permission]): prohibition &c. R761}}. <-- recusation[obs3][Law], dementi[Lat] --> V. deny, negate, negative[obs2]. contradict, contravene; controvert, give denial to, gainsay. {{has_manifestation(deny)}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} {{used_in(head, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} shake the head. disown, disaffirm, disclaim, disavow; revoke &c. (abrogate) R756. dispute; impugn, traverse, rebut, join issue upon; bring in question, call in question &c. (doubt) R485; give one the lie in his throat. deny flatly, deny peremptorily, deny emphatically, deny absolutely, deny wholly, deny entirely; give the lie to, belie. repudiate &c. R610; set aside, ignore &c. R460; rebut &c. (confute) R479; qualify &c. R469. recuse[Law]. {{has_subtype(deny[obj=belief, R484]): @R607, recant, retract}}. {{has_subtype(deny[obj=assertion, R535]): confutate &c. R479}}. {{has_subtype(deny[obj=request, R765]): refuse &c. R764}}. {{has_subtype(deny[obj=permission, R760]): prohibit &c. R761}}. Adj. negative, negatory. not, anything but; no; everything but. denying, negating. denied, negated; disputed, contradicted, controvened, coontroverted; disavowed, disclaimed. contradictory; recusant &c. (dissenting) R489; at issue upon. Adv. negatively, negatory. not, nowise. no, nay. {{property_of(emphatic)}} not a bit, not a whit, not a jot; not at all, nohow, not in the least, not so. {{has_high_intensity}} no way [coll.]; no such thing; nothing of the kind, nothing of the sort; quite the contrary, tout au contraire[Fr], far from it; tant s'en faut[Fr]; on no account, in no respect; by no, by no manner of means; not on your life. {[in_frame(time): @R107, never; at no time]}. Phr. there never was a greater mistake; I know better; non haec in faedera[Lat]; a thousand times no. <-- a maxim is something believed to be true by a lot of people. We haven't yet defined a "believed_by" relation yet. It may be needed to make this more precisely defined --> M8.1.1.5.3 MAXIM (R496) #496. Maxim. N. {{has_subtype(conclusion, @R480)}} maxim, aphorism; apothegm, apophthegm[obs3]; proverb, dictum, saying, adage, old saw, saw. motto, byword, watchword, mot[Fr], word, protasis[obs3]. {{&manifestation_of}} principle, principia[Lat]. moral, philosophy. {{&contained_in(proverb): phylactery, @R993}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(true)}} accepted fact, true saying, wise maxim, sage maxim, admitted maxim, recognized maxim. received truth, conventional wisdom, received maxim, common saying, hackneyed saying, trite saying, commonplace saying. {{has_subtype: @R517a, truism, platitude, cliche, saw, old saw, bromide, old bromide, chestnut, same old story, twice-told tale}}. {{has_subtype: @R476, axiom, theorem, scholium[obs3], postulate, proposition}}. {{similar_to: @R514, first principles, a priori fact, assumption}}. {{result_of: reflection, @R457; experience, R151a}}. golden rule &c. (precept) R697; profession of faith &c. (belief) R484; settled principle, accepted principle, formula. <-- idea) R453 -- already included by implication --> Adj. proverbial, aphoristic, phylacteric[obs3], gnomic. {{has_subtype(assumed, @R514)}} axiomatic. Adv. proverbially, aphoristically. axiomatically. as the saying goes, as the saying is, as they say. <-- the following entry was under "cause" at "constancy of sequence". But an assignment of cause is very like an assertion(or a belief? Consider that an assertion to oneself) --> <-- [Assignment of cause] --> M8.1.1.5.4 ATTRIBUTION (R155) #155.Attribution. N. {{has_subtype(assertion[obj=cause, A7.1])}} {{has_subtype(conclusion, R480)}} {{has_subtype(explanation, @R522)}} attribution, attribution of cause, ascription, rationale. {{has_subtype}} assignment, assignment of cause. {{has_subtype(assignment)}} {{topic_of(responsibility, @R680)}} assignment of responsibility. {{conceptual_part_of: @M3.1.2.3.1, etiology, aetiology[obs3]}}. {{conceptual_part_of: theory, M3.1.2.1}}. {{uses: @R476, abduction, deduction, induction, reference to}}. accounting for &c. v.; palaetiology[1], imputation, derivation from. filiation[obs3], affiliation; pedigree &c. (paternity) R166. explanation &c. (interpretation) R522. {{uses: reasoning, R476}}. {{has_subtype: @R931, credit}}. {{has_subtype: blame, @R932a}}. V. attribute, ascribe, rationalize, give a reason, assign a cause, point out the reason. attribute to, ascribe to, impute to, credit to, assign to, lay to, point to, trace to, refer to, bring home to, put down to, set down to, blame, charge to, charge on, ground on. invest with, assign as cause, lay at, the door of, father upon; account for, derive from; theorize; tell how it comes; put the saddle on the right horse. give reasons for, give a rationalization for, assign a cause for, provide a rationalization for. {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} [accept attribution of cause] take the credit, take credit; take the blame, accept the blame. {{has_subtype(take credit)}} grab the credit. Adj. attributed, ascribed. attributable, ascribable. putative; ecbatic[obs3]. Adv. putatively. on account of, owing to; on that account; from this cause, from that cause; thanks to, forasmuch as; whence, propter hoc[Lat]. in some way, in some such way; somehow, somehow or other. Prep. referable to, referrible to[obs3], due to, derivable from; owing to. because of. {{similar_to: asserted, alleged}}. Conj. because, since, for. hence, thence, therefore. because of which, in consideration of which, due to which. Interrog. why, how come, wherefore; whence; how comes it, how is it, how happens it; how does it happen. Phr. that is why, that's why; hinc illae lachrymae [Lat][Horace]. M8.1.1.5.5 ASSERTION AFFECTING VOLITION N. {{affected_by(volition)}} assertion affecting volition. {{has_subtype: command, M8.1.1.3}}. <-- Permission is a formal consent by someone with authority to grant consent. Should be subtype??? here is a transitive form, to permit an action, and a ditransitive, in which the permittee is explicit. But we list only one sense here. We also put the action permitted in the future (the ususal case), which, however makes retroactive "permission" impossible, unless the frequency attribute of the "has_temp_loc" relation is changed to "sometimes". [[permission]] --> M8.1.1.5.5.1 PERMISSION (R760) #760. Permission. N. {{conceptual_part_of(consent, R762)}} {{property_of(formal, @R882)}} {{antonym_of(prohibition, R761)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} permission, authorization, leave, permitting, authorizing. {{performed_by}} permitter, consenter. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} permittee. {{has_result}} {{inverse_of}} {{entails}} {{hperforms (permittee)}} {{has_subtype(receiving[pntn=permission[2]], R785)}} receiving permission, acquiring permission, getting permission, being permitted, being allowed. {{has_tobject}} {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} action permitted, forbidden action. <-- "permissibility" here is level of permissibility, which could have the value "forbidden" --> {{changes}} {{has_property(action, R680)}} permissibility, degree of permissibility. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(state before action): $assertion}}. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{has_property(forbidden action): forbidden, @R761}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(state after action): $assertion}}. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{has_property(forbidden action): permitted}}. {{has_temporal_location(action permitted): future, P121}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(right, @R924)}} {{possesses(permittee)}} permission[2], authorization[2], leave[2]. {{requires: $assertion}}. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{possesses(permitter): right[to=consent, R762]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{!:not_property_of(formal, @R882)}} allowance, sufferance, tolerance, toleration. <-- an authorization[2] can be pretty informal --> {{has_subtype(authorization[2])}} {{property_of(formal, @R882)}} {{property_of(licensed)}} license[2]. {{valid_duting(license[2])}} {{has_subtype(term, @R108)}} license period. clearance. {{has_subtype(permission[to=enter, R294])}} {{has_subtype(permission[to=use, R677])}} access. {{has_subtype(access)}} {{has_subtype(permission[to=enter, R294])}} {{has_subtype(possibility[to=enter], @R470)}} {{property_of(accessible, @R470)}} public access. {{property_of(public access)}} {{property_of(public, @R182): public place}}. liberty, license, concession, grace; favor, dispensation, exemption, release; connivance; vouchsafement[obs3]. {{has_subtype: indulgence &c. (lenity) R740}}. warranty, accordance. {{has_high_level(permission)}} broad permission, wide latitude. {{has_extreme(permission)}} {{conceptual_part_of(freedom, R748)}} free rein, carte blanche[Fr]. precept, sanction, authority; hukm[obs3]. {{&topic_of: law, R963}}. {{has_evidence(permission[2])}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} permit, license[2], warrant, brevet; furlough, ticket of leave. {{has_evidence(permission[2][to=govern])}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} patent, grant, charter. {{has_evidence(permission[2][to=sell, R796/manufacture, M7.3.5.4.1.1])}} {{has_subtype(patent): @R780, patent, letters patent}}. {{has_subtype(permission[2][to=enter, R294])}} admission. {{has_evidence(admission)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{&uses(admission)}} pass; admission ticket, ticket. {{has_subtype(ticket)}} {{has_evidence(admission[to=theater])}} theater ticket. {{has_part(theater ticket)}} {{has_subtype(remainder[after=admission, @R296], A40)}} stub, ticket stub. {{has_evidence(permission[2][to=ride[1], @P2.4.2.1.1])}} {{has_subtype(ticket)}} train ticket; boat ticket; plane ticket, airplane ticket; bus ticket. {{has_evidence(permission[2][to=ride[1], @P2.4.2.1.1])}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{shape_of(coin)}} token. {{has_subtype(token)}} {{has_evidence(permission[2][to=ride[1][obj=subway train], @P2.4.2.1.1])}} subway token. {{has_subtype(pass)}} {{property_of(free, @R815)}} free pass. {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} passport. {{has_manifestation(acceptance[by=country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1])}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(permission[2][to=enter[obj=country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1], R294], R760)}} {{uses(international travel)}} visa. V. {{result_of(permission)}} {{conceptual_part_of(consent, R762)}} [ditransitive] permit, let, allow, give permission for. {{has_result(permit)}} {{inverse_of}} {{entails}} {{hperforms (permittee)}} {{has_subtype(receive[pntn=permission[2]], R785)}} receive permission, acquire permission, get permission, be permitted, be allowed. give power; admit; suffer, bear with, tolerate, recognize. grant, accord, vouchsafe, concede; favor, humor, gratify, indulge, stretch a point; wink at, connive at; shut one's eyes to. empower, charter, enfranchise, privilege, confer a privilege; sanction. authorize, warrant. <-- this "license" is for permissions granted by authorities (driver's license, practitioner's license). The commercial "license" is at "rental" R795a. There may be intermediate cases, as where a government grants a commercial license or exclusive concession. If not permanent, such concessions should be at "rental" --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(give[obj=license[2]])}} {{property_of(formal, @R882)}} {{hperforms(authorities, @R737)}} license. {{conceptual_part_of(be free, R748)}} give carte blanche[Fr], give free rein to, give the reins to, give scope; leave alone, leave it to one, leave the door open; open the door to, open the flood gates; give a loose to. let off; release, exonerate, dispense with. {{has_subtype: absolve &c. (acquit) R970}}. ask permission, beg permission, request permission, ask leave, beg leave, request leave. {{conceptual_part_of: intrust &c. (commission) R755}}. ModalAux. {{has_symbol(permission)}} may. Adj. permitted, allowed, permissible, allowable, sanctioned, authorized; patent, chartered; unforbid[obs3], unforbidden[obs3]; unconditional. {{has_subtype: @R963, lawful, legitimate, legal, licit, legalized}}. permitting, allowing; permissive, indulgent. {{has_subtype}} {{has_consequence(license)}} licensed, authorized. Adv. with permission, by permission, by leave, with leave, on leave. with authorization; speciali gratia[It]; under favor of; pace. with a license, under authorization. {{has_extreme(with permission): ad libitum &c. (freely) R748}}. {{has_extreme(with permission)}} at will. {{has_manifestation(permission): yes, @R488}}. <-- by all means &c. (willingly) R602; --> Phr. avec permissin[Fr]; brevet d'invention [Fr]. Imp. please, please do; please do not hesitate to, please feel free to; feel free; by all means do; don't bother asking, no need to ask. M8.1.1.5.5.2 PROHIBITION (R761) #761. Prohibition. N. {{antonym_of(permission, R760)}} prohibition, inhibition, disallowance, ban, proscription, interdiction. {{performed_by}} forbidder. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} forbidee. {{has_tobject}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} action forbidden. {{has_temporal_location(action forbidden): future, P121}}. {{possesses(forbidder): right[to=consent, R762]}}. {{has_subtype(forbidder): censor, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.2}}. injunction, estoppel[Law]; embargo, taboo; index expurgatorius[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of: restriction &c. (restraint) R751}}. {{&mcauses: hindrance &c. R706}}. {{has_metaphor(action forbidden)}} forbidden fruit. interdict, interdiction. veto. <-- ; Maine law [U.S.] --> V. prohibit, forbid, ban, proscribe, bar, disallow, enjoin, outlaw, taboo, forefend, interdict, put one's veto upon; proscribe. inhibit. estop[Law]. {{&mcauses: debar &c. (hinder) R706}}. keep in, keep within bounds; cohibit[obs3], withhold, limit, circumscribe, clip the wings of, restrict; put under an interdiction, place under an interdiction; put under the ban, place under the ban; exclude, shut out; shut the door, bolt the door, show the door; warn off; dash the cup from one's lips; forbid the banns. {{conceptual_part_of: restrain &c. R751}}. Adj. {{has_consequence(prohibition)}} {{antonym_of(allowed, R760)}} prohibited, forbidden, disallowed, proscribed, enjoined, banned, barred, outlawed, tabooed, not permitted, not allowed. {{has_property(prohibition)}} prohibitive, prohibitory, proscriptive. restrictive, exclusive. forbidding, prohibiting, banning, enjoining, proscribing. {{has_subtype(prohibited)}} impermissible, under the ban of; not to be thought of, uncountenanced, unthinkable, beyond the pale. <-- "unauthorized" is not always prohibited, but unlicensed implies that a license is required. Hence, unauthorized is a supertype of prohibited. --> {{!:not_has_subtype(prohibited)}} {{is_a(prohibited)}} unauthorized, not explicitly permitted. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(unauthorized)}} unlicensed, unwarranted. {{has_subtype(unlicensed)}} contraband. {{has_subtype(prohibited[by=law]): illegal &c. R964}}. ModalAux. may not, mayn't. Adv. without authorization. by prohibition. {{has_manifestation(prohibition): on no account &c. (no) R536}}. {{has_subtype(without authorization)}} {{antonym_of(with a license)}} without a license. Int. "forbid it heaven!" &c. (deprecation) R766. "hands off!", "keep off!"; "hold!"; "stop!"; "desist!"; "cease and desist!"; "avast!". Phr. that will never do; don't you dare; forget it; don't even think about doing it; "go ahead; make my day " [ironical, threatening] [Dirty Harry]. <-- ??? accord at R488 is used to indicate agreement generally, and consent here is to indicate agreement with the proposal of another. In Roget, R488 was labeled "assent" with the sense of accord, but that label confused the two meanings of "assent", which are distinct enough for separate entries. The older arrangement was probably due to the placement of "agreement" in the social sense under the abstract relations, which we want to keep separate. --> <--??? {{has_subtype(agreement[with=proposal, @R626], R23)}} --> M8.1.1.5.5.3 CONSENT (R762) #762. Consent. N. {{has_conceptual_part(accord[1], R488)}} {{antonym_of(refusal, R764)}} consent, assent, acquiescence, agreement, acceptance, accession, nod, acceptation, assentment[obs3]. {{has_case: suggestion, @R626}}. {{conceptual_part_of: permission, R760}}. {{conceptual_part_of: approval &c. R931}}. {{&has_conceptual_part}} concession, yielding, yieldance[obs1], yieldingness[obs3]; accession, acknowledgment, subscription, agnition[obs1]. {{has_subtype: compromise, R774}}. settlement, ratification. compliance. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(adjustment, R23)}} adjustment, adaptation. ratification, confirmation, corroboration. {{similar_to(ratification): endorsement &c. (record) R551}}. affirmance, affirmation; recognition, acknowledgment, admission, avowal; confession of faith. <-- this conformity is more general than the one at "custom". Here it is an acquiescence with some external suggestion. At "custom" it is specifically a conformity with an accepted precedent. --> {{has_result(consent[to=conform])}} conformity. {{has_subtype(conformity): fashion, R852; conformity, @M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. {{mcauses(compulsion, R744)}} forced agreement. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(moderation, R174)}} pacification, placating, mollifying. <-- promise &c. R768. relation?? --> V. {{has_subtype(accord[2], R488)}} {{antonym_of(refuse, R764)}} consent, assent, yield assent, accede. admit, allow, concede, grant, yield. come round, come over, give into, relent. confirm, affirm; ratify, approve, indorse, countersign. subscribe to, conform to, defer to; say yes to, say ditto, amen to, say aye to. come round to; abide by. {{has_subtype(confirm): corroborate &c. R467}}. acquiesce, agree to, acknowledge, agnize[obs3], give consent, comply with, fall in with, accede, accept, subscribe to, receive, lend oneself to; embrace an offer, close with, take at one's word, have no objection. satisfy, meet one's wishes, settle, come to terms &c. R488; not refuse, not reject, not decline; jump at; deign, vouchsafe. {{&mcaused_by: turn a willing ear &c. (willingness) R602}}. {{mcaused_by}} mollify, pacify. <-- promise &c. R768. relation?? --> Adj. consenting &c. v.. {{has_consequence: agreed &c. R488}}. unconditional. mollifying, remollient[obs3]. {{&consequence_of}} squeezable[obs2]. {{&consequence_of: pressure, }}. Adv. OK, yes, all right; by all means &c. (willingly) R602; no problem; if you please, as you please; be it so, so be it, well and good, of course; please do; don't hesitate. sure, "why not?". Phr. chi tace accousente[It]. M8.1.1.5.5.4 OFFER (R763) #763. Offer. N. {{has_beginning(negotiate, @R770a)}} offer, proffer, presentation, overture, proposal, proposition. counteroffer. tender, bid. motion, invitation. {[of(self)]} candidature, candidacy. {{has_subtype(candidacy): @R737b, political candidacy}}. {[of(physical object)]} {{has_result: @R784, offering, gift}}. V. offer, proffer, present, propose. tender, bid. move, make a motion, make advances; invite, hold out, place in one's way, put forward. hawk about; lay at one's feet. {{has_subtype: offer for sale &c. R796}}. {{&conceptual_part_of: press &c. (request) R765}}. {[with_object(self, M1.1)]} offer oneself, present oneself, volunteer, come forward, be a candidate; stand for, bid for; seek; be at one's service. go a begging. {{has_subtype: bribe &c. (give) R784}}. Adj. offering, proposing. offered, proposed, on the table. {{has_subtype(offered): @R796, in the market, on the market, for sale, to let, disengaged, on hire}}. M8.1.1.5.5.5 REFUSAL (R764) #764. Refusal. N. {{mcauses(unwillingness[to=agree, @R762], R603)}} {{antonym_of(acceptance)}} refusal, rejection, declining, dismissal. noncompliance, incompliance[obs3]; denial; declension; declinature[obs3]; peremptory refusal, flat refusal, point blank refusal; repulse, rebuff; discountenance. recusancy, abnegation, protest, disclaimer. {{&mcaused_by: dissent &c. R489}}. {{has_subtype(refusal[to=continue/renew])}} {[with_object(permission): revocation, @R756]}. V. refuse, reject, deny, decline, turn down, dismiss. nill, negative; refuse one's assent, withhold one's assent; shake the head; close the hand, close the purse; grudge, begrudge, be slow to, hang fire. {[in_frame(card game)]} {{has_subtype(refuse[to=bid])}} pass. be deaf to, turn a deaf ear to, turn one's back upon; set one's face against, discountenance, not hear of, have nothing to do with, wash one's hands of, stand aloof, forswear, set aside, cast behind one. {{has_high_intensity}} {{&mcauses(obstinacy, R606)}} refuse absolutely, not yield an inch, not give an inch. resist, cross; not grant, not yield, not concede; repel, repulse, shut the door in one's face, slam the door in one's face; rebuff; send back, send to the right about, send away with a flea in the ear; deny oneself, not be at home to. discard, spurn &c. (repudiate) R610. {{has_subtype(refuse[to=continue/renew]): rescind &c. (revoke) R756}}. disclaim, protest. {{&mcaused_by: dissent &c. R489}}. Adj. refusing, rejecting, denying, turning down, dismissing. restive, restiff[obs1]; recusant; uncomplying, unconsenting; not willing to hear of, deaf to. refused, rejected, declined, turned down, dismissed; ungranted, out of the question, not to be thought of, impossible. Adv. on no account, not for the world; no thank you, thanks but no thanks. {{has_manifestation: no &c. R536}}. Phr. non possumus[Lat]; your humble servant[ironically]; bien oblige[Fr]; not on your life [U.S.]; no way; not even if you beg on your knees. M8.1.1.5.5.6 DUMMY N. dummy. M8.1.1.5.5.7 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- this sense of promise is for cases where agents promise to do (or refrain from doing) something in the future. Cases like "I promise you you'll enjoy it" (as part of a strong recommendation) are with "assurance", under "assertion". --> M8.1.1.5.5.8 PROMISE (R768) #768. Promise. N. {{hperforms($agent)}} {{has_subtype(assurance, @R535)}} promise, pledge, word, undertaking. &&{{has_topic(promise): $action[by=$agent]}}. &&{{has_temporal_location($promise): future, R121}}. &&{{&mcauses($promise): $action}}. vow, word of honor, troth, plight, parole; stipulation. {{has_subtype(promise[of=restitution, R790])}} {{has_subtype(contract &c. R769)}} warranty, guarantee; insurance, insurance policy. {{has_conceptual_part(insurance)}} {{has_subtype(condition[for=payout], @R770)}} {{has_subtype(future event, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(undesirable event, @R151)}} event insured against. {{&has_result(insurance)}} {{causes(occurrence[subj=event insured against])}} {{has_subtype(restitution)}} insurance payout, payout. {{mcauses: obligation, R926}}. engagement[1], preengagement. {{has_subtype(promise[to=marry])}} engagement[2], betrothal, betrothment, affiance, betroth. V. {{has_subtype(assure, @R535)}} promise, pledge, give a promise, give one's word, pass one's word, pledge one's word, plight one's word. bind oneself, tie oneself, pledge oneself, commit oneself, take upon oneself; give one's honor, pass one's honor, pledge one's honor, plight one's honor. undertake, engage; make an engagement, form an engagement; enter into an engagement, enter on an engagement; vow; give credit, pass credit, pledge credit, plight credit, give troth, pass troth, pledge troth, plight troth; betroth, plight faith. {{has_high_intensity}} swear. {{&has_result(insurance)}} {{causes(occurrence[subj=event insured against])}} {{has_subtype(restitute)}} payout, payout of the insurance amount, payment of the policy. assure, warrant, guarantee, secure, underwrite. become bound to, become sponsor for, contract an obligation; answer for, be answerable for; hold out an expectation. {{&has_conceptual_part(guarantee): give security &c. R771}}. adjure, administer an oath, put to one's oath, swear a witness. {{conceptual_part_of: covenant &c. R769}}. <-- ; attest &c. (bear witness) R467.?? relation? --> Adj. promising, pledging; promissory; votive; under hand and seal, upon oath. promised, pledged; bound; committed, compromised; in for it. affianced, engaged, betrothed. Adv. as one's head shall answer for. Phr. in for a penny in for a pound; ex voto[Lat]; gage d'amour. <-- [[testament]] --> M8.1.1.5.5.8.1 WILL #771b. Will. N. {{has_method(bequeathal, @R784)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} will, testament, last will and testament. {{has_part(will): clause, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{&has_part(will)}} codicil. {{performed_by(bequeathal, @R784)}} {{property_of(deceased, R360)}} {{has_subtype(author[of=will], P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{performed_by(write[obj=will], R590)}} testator[male]; testarix[female]. M8.1.1.5.5.9 RELEASE (R768A) #768a. Release from engagement. N. {{has_subtype(liberation, R750)}} release[1], release from engagement, discharge, discharge from obligation. {{causes: cancellation[obj=promise, M8.1.1.5.5.8], @R756}}. {{has_result: termination[obj=obligation, R926]}}. {{has_subtype(termination[of=contract, @R769])}} release[2], release from contract. {{has_subtype(release)}} unconditional release; conditional release. {{has_result: @R927a, exemption, lack of obligation, lack of responsibility}}. {{&result_of(discharge)}} {{has_subtype(performance[obj=obligation], R772): discharge, @R772}}. {{&result_of(discharge): discharge, @R807}}. Adj. released, discharged. {{has_consequence}} {{has_subtype(free, R748)}} unobligated, not bound. M8.1.1.5.6 CONDITIONAL ASSERTION AFFECTING VOLITION N. conditional assertion affecting volition. <-- compact is mutual conditional promises by at least two parties [[pact, agreement]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.1 COMPACT (R769) #769. Compact. N. {{&has_result(negotiation, R770a)}} {{has_subtype(exchange[of=promises])}} {{required_for(agreement, R488)}} compact, agreement, pact, paction[obs3], affidation[obs3]. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(party to an agreement, @R488)}} contractor[num=>1]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{hperforms(contractor): promise[num=>1], R768}}. settlement; convention. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(exchange[of=property, R780])}} bargain, deal. {{has_conceptual_part: compromise, @R774}}. bond, covenant, indenture; bundobast[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(legally binding, @R963)}} contract. {{!has_part: stipulation, R770; qualification, R469}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(one-sided agreement)}} {{has_result(adherence, @R488)}} contract of adhesion. {{!:not_result_of(contract of adhesion): negotiation, R770a}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.5.5.2, cartel, trust}}. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(nation, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1)}} Protocol, treaty; concordat. charter. {{has_instance(charter)}} Magna Carta[Lat]; Progmatic Sanction. {{has_subtype(treaty)}} customs union, free trade region; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT; Zollverein[Ger], Sonderbund[Ger]. {{has_conceptual_part(GATT)}} most favored nation status. {{result_of: negotiation, R770a}}. {{performed_by: party, @M8.2; negotiator &c. (agent) R758}}. {{has_beginning}} {{has_subtype(ceremony)}} {{has_subtype(completion[of=negotiation, R770a], R729)}} ratification, signing. {{uses(ratification)}} signature; seal, sigil[Lat], signet. {{has_instance(convention)}} {{topic_of(warfare)}} Geneva Convention. V. contract, covenant, agree for, bargain. {{has_conceptual_part: engage &c. (promise) R768}}. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} treat, negotiate, stipulate, make terms. {{has_subtype(negotiate): bargain &c. (barter) R794}}. {{result_of}} make a bargain, strike a bargain; come to terms, come to an understanding; set at rest; close, close with; conclude, complete, settle; confirm, ratify, clench, subscribe, underwrite; endorse, indorse; put the seal to; sign, seal &c. (attest) R467; indent. {{has_conceptual_part: compromise &c. R774}}. take one at one's word, bargain by inch of candle. Adj. contractual, negotiated. contracted, agreed; conventional; under hand and seal. Phr. caveat emptor. <-- "condition" is the essential concept in of "precondition_of", and is therefore a primitive relation --> M8.1.1.5.6.1.R1 CONDITIONS (R770) #770. Conditions. N. {{has_conceptual_part(compact, M8.1.3.6.1)}} {{has_subtype(qualification, R469)}} {{has_subtype(condition, @A1.4.3)}} condition, term, stipulation, precondition, conditions[pl], terms[collective], clause. {{precondition_of(condition): execution[of=promise, R768], @R680}}. {{is_a(condition): action, R680; event, R151; state, @R183}}. {{has_precondition(execution[of=compact, R769], @R680)}} {{has_case(condition)}} {{&mcauses(condition)}} {{has_subtype(completion, R729)}} fulfillment[of=condition]. {{has_subtype(fulfillment)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680): observance, R772}}. {{part_of}} clauses, provisions; covenant, obligation, ultimatum, sine qua non; casus foederris[Lat]. {{has_subtype(term): proviso &c. (qualification) R469}}. {{part_of}} articles, articles of agreement; memorandum. V. {{created_by(condition)}} set a term, set a condition, stipulate a condition, make terms; make it a condition, stipulate, insist upon, make a point of. bind, tie up. {{conceptual_part_of(set a condition): negotiation, R770a}}. {{precedes(make terms): come to terms &c. (contract) R769}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(contingent, @A1.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(qualified, R469)}} conditional, provisional, guarded, fenced, hedged in. conditioned, preconditioned. Adv. {{has_subtype(with qualification, R469)}} conditionally, with conditions. under certain conditions. provisionally, pro re nata[Lat]; on condition; with a string to it. Prep. conditioned upon. Conj. {{has_manifestation(condition)}} if. {{has_manifestation(conditional consequence)}} then. <-- security for performance of a contract. This encompasses a variety of types of security. Oddly, a "security" for performance of an agreement is listed by Roget as a guarantee, warrantee. But a guarantee is only an agreement itself, so he considers an agreement as security for an agreement! In the real world, that actually is true -- the "warranty" that vendors pledge as security is often no stronger than their word. A formal warranty may be somewhat stronger, being a contract with legal force. --> M8.1.1.5.6.1.R2 SECURITY (R771) #771. Security. N. {{&has_conceptual_part(agreement)}} {{purpose_of(certainty, R474)}} security. {{has_purpose: secure[obj=repayment/performance of duty, @R9.3.3]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(contract, @R769)}} guaranty, guarantee, warranty, pledge. {{function_of}} {{property_of(at risk, @R665)}} surety. pledging, putting up. {{has_subtype(pledging)}} pawning, pignoration[obs3]. {{has_subtype(surety)}} {{has_subtype(asset, @R812a)}} collateral, pledged asset. {{has_subtype(collateral)}} {{constitutes(money, R800): @R807, deposit, earnest, handsel, caution}}. {{has_subtype(deposit)}} bond; stake. {{has_purpose(bond): secure[obj=performance of duty, @R9.3.3]}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(collateral)}} mortgage, debenture, hypothecation, plight; lien. {{has_subtype(collateral)}} {{has_subtype(person)}} hostage. {{has_subtype}} {{has_evidence(ownership, R780a)}} {{has_subtype(receipt, @R809)}} bill of sale. pawn ticket, pawn. real security; vadium[obs3]; gage, tie. promissory note, "I.O.U."; bill, bill of exchange; personal security, covenant, specialty. acceptance, indorsement[obs3], signature, execution, stamp, seal. <-- sponsor and other persons need better definition --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(promise)}} sponsorship, aegis, sponsion[obs3]. {{performed_by(sponsorship)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} sponsor, cosponsor. {{has_subtype(sponsor)}} godfather, godmother. {{has_subtype(sponsorship)}} {[in_frame(criminal action)]} custody. {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{has_subtype(security[for=appearance, @R892])}} {{constitutes(money, R800)}} bail. {{has_subtype(bail)}} mainpernor[Law]. {{has_subtype(surety)}} recognizance, personal recognizance, one's own recognizance. deed of indemnity, covenant of indemnity. {{has_subtype(document)}} {{has_subtype(assurance, @R535)}} {{hperforms(authority, @R737)}} authentication, verification, warrant, certificate, voucher, docket, doquet[obs3]. {{&uses(authentication): record &c. R551}}. {{has_subtype(document)}} probate, attested copy. {{has_subtype(document)}} instrument; receipt; acquittance, quittance; discharge, release. {{has_subtype(document)}} {{has_evidence(ownership, R780a)}} deed, title deed, muniment[obs3], deed poll. {{has_subtype(document)}} assurance, indenture; charter poll; paper, parchment, settlement. <-- ; charter &c. (compact) R769?? --> V. give security, provide security, put up security. {{has_subtype(make certain, @R474)}} [transitive] secure. give bail, give substantial bail; go bail; pawn, impawn[obs3], spout, mortgage, hypothecate, impignorate[obs3]. {{has_method(secure)}} guarantee, warrant, warrantee, assure; accept, indorse, underwrite, insure; cosign, countersign, sponsor, cosponsor. indemnify, hold harmless, make whole. execute, stamp; sign, seal &c. (evidence) R467. let, sett[obs3]; grant a lease, take a lease, hold a lease; hold in pledge; lend on security &c. R787. Phr. bonis avibus[Lat]; "gone where the woodbine twineth". <-- this entry is for observance (fulfillment) of an agreement --> M8.1.1.5.6.1.R3 OBSERVANCE (R772) #772. Observance. N. {{has_subtype(obedience[to=conditions, R770/obligation, R926], R743)}} {{has_subtype(fidelity, @R939)}} {{has_subtype(execution, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(observance, @R692)}} observance, performance, execution, compliance, acquiescence, concurrence. {{has_ending}} fulfillment, satisfaction, discharge. {{has_result}} acquittance, acquittal. {{has_result: release, R768a}}. adhesion, adherence, acknowledgment. {{has_high_intensity}} strict observance, exact observance, close observance, rigid observance, conscienscious observance, religious observance, faithful observance. V. {{has_subtype(observe, @R692)}} observe, perform, comply, execute, comply with, respect, acknowledge, abide by. {{has_termination}} meet, fulfill, satisfy, discharge. cling to, adhere to, be faithful to, act up to; carry out, carry into execution; execute, perform, keep, satisfy, discharge; do one's office. execute an agreement. {{has_termination(perform an obligation)}} fulfill an obligation, discharge an obligation, acquit oneself of an obligation; make good; make good one's word, make good one's promise, keep one's word, keep one's promise; redeem one's pledge; keep faith with, stand to one's engagement. Adj. {{has_conceptual_part(honorable, R939)}} observant, faithful, compliant, complying, true, loyal. {{has_consequence}} satisfied, fulfilled, executed, discharged. true as the dial to the sun, true as the needle to the pole; punctual; punctilious; as good as one's word. literal &c. (exact) R494. Adv. faithfully, compliantly. satisfactorily. {{has_high_level(satisfactorily)}} punctiliously, conscientiously. Phr. ignoscito saepe alteri nunquam tibi[Lat]; tempori parendum[Lat]; "to God, thy country, and thy friend be true" [Vaughan]. <-- relate to diosobedience! --> M8.1.1.5.6.1.R4 NONOBSERVANCE (R773) #773. Nonobservance. N. {{has_subtype(disobedience[to=conditions, R770/obligation, R926], R742)}} {{has_subtype(dishonorable behavior, R940)}} {{has_subtype(nonobservance, @R692)}} nonobservance, noncompliance, nonperformance, nonconcurrence, nonexecution. {{has_result}} nonfulfillment, nonsatisfaction. violation, infraction, transgression, infringement. evasion, inobservance, failure, omission, neglect, laches[Law]. laxity, informality. retraction, retractation[obs3], repudiation, nullification; protest; forfeiture. {{has_subtype(violation[obj=law], R773): lawlessness, R964}}. V. {{has_subtype(violate, @R692)}} not comply. fail, neglect, omit, elude, evade, give the go-by to, set aside, ignore; shut one's eyes to, close one's eyes to. violate, infringe, transgress, break, trample under foot, do violence to, drive a coach and six through. discard, protest, repudiate, fling to the winds, set at naught, nullify, declare null and void; cancel &c. (wipe off) R552. retract, go back from, be off, forfeit, go from one's word, palter; stretch a point, strain a point. Adj. noncompliant, nonobservant. violating, infringing, transgressing, breaking, in violation. lawless, transgressive; elusive, evasive. unfulfilled, unexecuted, unsatisfied, undischarged, unperformed. violated, infringed, transgressed, broken. Adv. in violation. <-- the headword is the final state, a type of agreement. THe second sense is the process of compromising. Notice that we treat a compromise as having the quality of "fairness", which does not reflect the bad reputation which compromise may have among self-righteous types. [[compromise]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.1.R5 COMPROMISE (R774) #774. Compromise. N. {{has_subtype(agreement, R488)}} {{property_of(reasonable[2], @M4.2.2.1.1.5.1)}} compromise[1], settlement. {{caused_by}} {{antonym_of(insistence, @R741)}} {{has_subtype(negotiation, R770a)}} compromise[2], compromising, give and take. half measure, half and half measures; middle course, mid-course. commutation, composition; middle term, mezzo termine[It]; abatement of differences, adjustment, mutual concession. {{has_conceptual_part: quid pro quo, @R973; concession, @R762}}. {{has_property(compromise[1])}} {{has_subtype(fairness, @R939)}} balance, neutrality. V. {{has_subtype(agree, R488)}} {{has_subtype(come to terms, @R769)}} compromise, make a compromise, accept a compromise, go halfway, come to a compromise, reach a compromise, settle. concede, make concessions; submit to arbitration, abide by arbitration; split the difference, meet one halfway, give and take, adjust the differences. commute, compound; take the mean; patch up, bridge over, arrange; straighten out; make the best of, make a virtue of necessity; take the will for the deed. {{&uses}} golden mean, juste milieu[Fr], mezzo termine[It], ariston metron[Grk], aurea mediocritas[Lat]. {{&uses: mean &c. R29; middle &c. R68}}. Adj. compromising. compromised; arbitrated. conceding. <-- [[negotiation]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.1.R6 NEGOTIATION (R770A) #770a. Negotiation. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(human process, @R680)}} negotiation, bargaining, parleying, negotiating. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(proposal, R763)}} negotiating demand. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(contract, @R769)}} contract negotiation. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} parley, negotiation[2], conference. {{has_subtype}} {{participant_in(nation, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1)}} diplomatic negotiation. {{studied_in(diplomatic negotiation)}} diplomacy, diplomatics[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: offer, R763; acceptance, R762; refusal, R764}}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R774, compromise, give and take}}. negotiate in good faith. <-- usually two sides to an agreement --> {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(party, @M8.2)}} side [num=>1][avnum=2], party, party to a negotiation. {{has_member(side)}} principal. {{has_member(side): negotiator &c. (agent) R758}}. {{&has_result: compact, agreement, R770; compromise, R774}}. {{has_subtype: bargaining, R794}}. {{has_subtype: mediation, R724}}. V. negotiate, bargain. bargain in good faith. {{has_termination: @R769, strike a bargain, conclude a bargain}}. Adj. negotiating. negotiated, bargained. negotiated in good faith. <-- [[strike]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.1.R6.1 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING N. {{!hperforms(labor union, @P2.3.2.3.5.5 + employer, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} collective bargaining, labor negotiation. {{+!has_result(collective bargaining)}} {{has_subtype(contract, @R769)}} labor contract, collective bargaining agreement, labor agreement. {{has_topic(labor contract)}} {{has_subtype(conditions[at=workplace], @R183a)}} working conditions. {{has_topic(labor contract): wages[of=worker[num=>0]], R807a}}. {{has_conceptual_part(collective bargaining)}} {{has_subtype(negotiating demand)}} {{hperforms(labor union, @P2.3.2.3.5.5/employer, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} contractual demand. {{&&has_result(labor negotiation)}} {{mcauses(disagreement, R489)}} {{has_subtype(failure[to=agree, R488], R732)}} failure to agree. {{&&has_result(failure to agree)}} {{has_subtype(working, M7.3.5.4.1.4)}} {{&hperforms(labor union, @P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} working without a contract. {{&has_result(failure to agree)}} labor action. {{&mcaused_by(labor action)}} {{has_subtype(complaint, R839a)}} grievance, worker's grievance. {{hperfroms(judge[obj=grievance], R480)}} {{has_subtype(committee, @R696)}} grievance committee. {{has_topic(grievance): behavior[of=employer, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1][toward=worker[num=>0], P2.3.2.3.6.5.6], R692}}. {{has_subtype(labor action)}} {{has_subtype(stopping[of=work, M7.3.5.4.1.4], M7.3.4.3.R1)}} {{has_subtype(refusal[to=work, M7.3.5.4.1.4], R764)}} {{hperforms(labor union, P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} strike, labor strike. {{has_subtype(labor action)}} {{has_subtype(stopping[of=work, M7.3.5.4.1.4], M7.3.4.3.R1)}} {{hperforms(worker[num=>0], P2.3.2.3.6.5.6)}} work stoppage. {{has_subtype(work stoppage)}} walkout, wildcat strike. {{has_subtype(labor action)}} {{has_subtype(working[mode=slowly], M7.3.5.4.1)}} slowdown; rulebook slowdown. {{has_subtype(strike)}} {{performed_by($worker[num=>0])}} sitdown strike. &&{{!performed_at(sitdown strike): workplace[of=$worker], R691}}. {{&has_result(collective bargaining)}} {{hperforms(employer, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(exclusion[of=worker][from=workplace, R691])}} lockout, locking out, turn out, lock out, barring out. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(law, R963)}} labor law; labor regulations. {{administered_by(jurisdiction[over=collective bargaining/labor union], R965)}} National Labor Relations Board[U.S.], NLRB[acron.][U.S.]. Phr. "No contract, no work!". <-- the subject of "threat" is listed as a reprisal. A reprisal is usually thought of as a consequence of an action, but it can also be a consequence of refraining from an action that the threatener wants to be done. This does not provide for a naked threat, which is not contingent upon the threatened person doing something. For this definition, a threat is always a communication from an agent. A "threat" arising from a situation is considered a "risk", and the use of "threat" in that sense is classified as metaphorical. (see "risk" ) A "threat" which is a physical object or situation is considered metaphoric use (see danger). [[threat]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.2 THREAT (R909) #909. Threat. N. {{conceptual_part_of(demand, @R741)}} {{conceptual_part_of(insistence, @R741)}} threat, menace, commination[obs3]. {{performed_by}} threatener. {{has_topic(threat): intention[of=$reprisal R718], @R620}}. &&{{has_temporal_location($reprisal): future, R121}}. {{has_purpose}} {{conceptual_part_of(fear[of=reprisal, R718]): intimidation, @R860; dissuasion[from=acting, R680]}}. {{&has_result: defiance, R715}}. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(threat)}} {{has_manifestation(defiance, R715)}} counterthreat. {{mcauses: compulsion, R744}}. {{part_of}} abuse, verbal abuse; denunciation; fulmination. {{has_conceptual_part: warning, R668}}. {{manifestation_of}} {{has_subtype(assertiveness, @R606)}} disposition to threaten, minacity[obs3]. {{used_in(threat)}} {{purpose_of(intimidation, @R860): terrorism, @R860}}. V. threat, threaten; menace. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(speech)}} snarl, growl, gnarl, mutter, bark. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} threatening gesture. {{performed_by}} bully. keep in terrorem[Lat], hold up in terrorem[Lat], hold out in terrorem[Lat]; shake the fist at, double the fist at, clinch the fist at; thunder, talk big, fulminate, use big words, bluster, look daggers, stare daggers. Adj. {{has_manifestation(defiant, @R715)}} {{has_property(threat)}} threatening, menacing, minatory, minacious[obs3], comminatory[obs3]. abusive. {{&has_consequence: dissuaded[from=acting, R680], @R616; prevented[from=acting, R680], @R706; afraid[to=act, R680], @R860}}. {{&has_consequence: defiant, @R715}}. under the ban. {{has_property(threat): ominous &c. (predicting) R511}}. Conj. or else. Int. "Don't you dare!"; "vae victis[Lat]!"; "at your peril!"; "do your worst!". Phr. "Speak softly and carry a big stick." [Theodore Roosevelt]. M8.1.1.5.6.3 WARNING (R668) #668. Warning. N. {{has_subtype(assertion)}} {{topic_of(possibility[of=danger, R665], A1.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(notice, @R527b)}} warning, early warning, caution, caveat. premonition, premonishment[obs3]; contraindication, lesson, dehortation[obs3]; admonition, monition. {{emitted_by: alarm &c. R669}}. {{has_metaphor}} handwriting on the wall, mene mene tekel upharsin; red flag, yellow flag; fog-signal, foghorn; siren; monitor, warning voice, Cassandra[obs3], signs of the times, Mother Cary's chickens[obs3], stormy petrel, bird of ill omen, gathering clouds, clouds in the horizon, death watch. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{property_of(contingent, @A1.4.3): prediction &c. R511}}. {{&uses: watchtower, @R448}}. {{&uses: @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1, beacon, lighthouse, signal post}}. {{job_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.11, sentinel, sentry, guard, watch, watchman, watch and ward, watchdog, patrol, patrolman, picket, scout, spy, undercover agent, mole, plainclothesman, advanced guard, rear guard, lookout}}. {{has_purpose: cautiousness &c. R864}}. {{&uses: @R664, monitor, guard camera}}. {{generated_by: radar, @P2.3.1.31.2.3.1}}. {{generated_by: @P2.3.1.3.16.2.1.2.1, AWACS, "U2 plane", "U-2", spy plane}}. {{generated_by: @P2.3.1.3.16.2.4, spy satellite, spy-in-the-sky}}. {{&performed_by: Dutch uncle}}. V. warn, caution, forewarn, prewarn[obs3]. admonish, premonish[obs3]; give notice, give warning, dehort[obs3]; put on one's guard; sound the alarm &c. R669; croak. {{conceptual_part_of: menace &c. (threaten) R909}}. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(take care, R459)}} beware, ware, take warning, take heed at one's peril, keep watch. Adj. warning, cautioning, premonitory, monitory, cautionary; admonitory, admonitive[obs3]. warned, forewarned, cautioned, admonished, given warning. {{has_trait(watchman, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.11): careful, R459}}. {{has_trait(watchman, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.11): cautious, R864}}. <-- sematic[Biol].?? meaning? --> Adv. in terrorem[Lat] &c. (threat) R909. Int. "beware!", "ware!", "take care!", "look out!"; "fore!"[golf]; "mind what you are about!", "take care what you are about!"; "mind!". Phr. "forewarned is forearmed."; ne reveillez pas le chat qui dort [French: don't wake a sleeping cat]; foenum habet in cornu[Lat]; caveat actor; le silence du people est la legon des rois[Fr]; verbum sat sapienti [Latin: a word to the wise is sufficient]; un averti en vaut deux[Fr]. <-- [Indication of danger.] [[alarm]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.3.1 ALARM (R669) #669. Alarm. N. {{has_subtype(signal, M8.1.3.2.1.1)}} {{topic_of(warning, R668)}} {{purpose_of(warn, R668)}} alarm, alarm signal. {{has_subtype}} alert. {{emitted_by: alarm, @M8.1.3.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{constitutes(sound, R402)}} alarum, larum[obs3], alarm bell, tocsin, alerts, beat of drum, sound of trumpet, note of alarm, hue and cry; blue lights; war-cry, war-whoop; fog-signal, foghorn; fire bell; police whistle. fire cross, signal of distress. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(auto racing)}} yellow flag; danger signal; red light, red flag. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(false, R544)}} false alarm, cry of wolf; bug-bear, bugaboo. V. {{has_method(warn &c. R668)}} give the alarm, raise the alarm, sound the alarm, give an alert, sound an alert, turn in the alarm, beat the alarm, give an alarm, raise an alarm, sound an alarm, turn in an alarm, beat an alarm. alarm; ring the tocsin; battre la generale[Fr]; cry wolf. Adj. alarming. {{has_consequence}} alarmed; warned. Int. "sauve qui peut!" [French: every man for himself]; "qui vive?" [Fr]. <-- These Roget sections were moved form "judgmental affections" since they are manifestations of judgmental affections, and subtype of communication. They need tight links to the emotions. [[detract]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.4 ASSERTION OF JUDGMENTAL EMOTION N. assertion of judgmental emotion. {{has_topic: judgmental emotion, @R821}}. <-- Roget's "detraction" and "censure" had a lot in common. We will distinguish between detraction, an attempt to detract from a person's reputation (usually by communication to third parties), and criticism, a general expression of disapproval of an action (with the result but not necessarily the intention to damage reputation), usually communicated to the disapproved person. (Criticism expressed to the person being criticised is a subtype defined as "direct criticism"). We will specify that Criticism is expression of disapproval of specific actions, detraction is criticism of the person. The two were mixed somewhat by Roget, and the word "criticism" is used in both senses. These are not completely disentangled. The words expressing ctiticism of persons (directly to the person criticised) for specific actions are left in this entry. Perhaps other distinctions are needed? Note that "blame" here is in a different sense from that at R932, where it is only an attribution of responsibility. Here it is an expression of an emotion including disapproval. Also, note the cycle: criticism is a manifestation of disapprobation, but disapporobation may also be caused by criticism. This happens. --> M8.1.1.5.6.4.1 CRITICISM (R932A) #932a. Criticism. N. {{has_manifestation(disapprobation[obj=action, R680], R932)}} criticism, censure, blame, obloquy, dispraise, discommendation[obs3], disparagement, depreciation. <-- a criticism which is also an act of kindness, and helpful ... --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(helpful, @R707/well-meaning, @R906)}} constructive criticism, well-meaning criticism. direct criticism, criticism to one's face. <-- This frame intends to say: "direct criticism is a communication to a person caused by disapprobation of an action performed by that person in the past" --> {{mcaused_by(direct criticism): disapprobation[obj=action, R680/behavior, R692], R932}}. &&{{has_target(direct criticism): $person}}. &&{{performed_by($action): $person}}. &&{{has_temporal_location($action): past, R122}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(public, @R531)}} denunciation. {{has_high_level(criticism)}} condemnation. {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{&causes(condemnation): condemnation, R971}}. {{has_subtype: detraction, R934}}. sarcasm, insinuation, innuendo; bad compliment, poor compliment, left-handed compliment. animadversion, reflection, stricture, objection, exception. {{&has_manifestation(disapprobation, R932)}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} sardonic grin, sardonic laugh. {{&has_method: @R856, satire, ridicule}}. {{&mcaused_by: contempt, R930; disrespect, R929}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1): sneer, @R930}}. {{has_subtype(facial expression, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} frown, scowl, black look. {{has_high_level: hypercriticism, @R868}}. {{has_subtype: taunt, @R929}}. cavil, carping, censoriousness. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(communication)}} reproach, reprehension, remonstrance, expostulation, reproof, reprobation, admonition, increpation[obs3]; rebuke, reprimand, castigation, jobation[obs3]. {{has_subtype(rebuke)}} {{property_of(deserved, R924)}} comeuppance, just deserts. {{has_subtype(reprimand)}} {{property_of(severe)}} lecture, curtain lecture, blow up, wigging, dressing, dressing-down, rating, scolding, trimming, oya no iken [Japanese: father's opinion]. {{&has_purpose: correction[ptnt=behavior, R692], @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R929, set down, put down}}. {{has_metaphor}} rap on the knuckles, coup de bec[Fr], rebuff; slap, slap on the face, home thrust, hit. {{&has_result: disillusionment &c. R616}}. clamor, outcry, hue and cry; hiss, hissing; sibilance, sibilation, catcall. chiding, upbraiding, scolding, berating. {{has_high_intensity}} diatribe, tirade, philippic; jeremiad, jeremiade. {{has_high_intensity}} {{used_in(execration &c. R908)}} abuse, vituperation, invective, objurgation, contumely, exprobation[obs3]; hard words, cutting words, bitter words. {{&performed_by(constructive criticism): Dutch uncle}}. V. criticise, dispraise, discommend[obs3], disparage; deprecate, speak ill of, not speak well of, depreciate, find fault with, cut up. blame, lay blame upon, cast blame upon. reprehend, chide, rebuke, admonish; berate, betongue[obs3]; bring to account, call to account, call over the coals, rake over the coals, call to order; take to task, reprove, lecture, bring to book; read a lesson, read a lecture to. remonstrate, expostulate, recriminate. <-- correction is telling with a component of criticism --> {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(inform, @R527)}} correct, put straight, enlighten. {{has_subtype(correct)}} show one one's error, point out an error, point out a fallacy, disabuse, disabuse one of an error, undeceive[obs3], pick out an error, pick out the fallacy, open one's eyes, pick apart one's argument. {{&uses(correct): confute &c. R479; reason &c. R476}}. <-- next paragraph is more like punishment --> reprimand, chastise, castigate, lash, blow up, trounce, trim, laver la tete[Fr], overhaul; give it one, give it one finely; gibbet. {{has_high_intensity: execrate &c. R908}}. {{has_high_level}} condemn. {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{&causes(condemn): condemn, @R971}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(formal)}} censure, fronder[Fr], reproach, pass censure on, reprobate, impugn. exclaim against, protest against, inveigh against, declaim against, cry out against, raise one's voice against. decry; cry down, run down, frown down; clamor, hiss, hoot, mob, ostracize, blacklist; draw up a round robin, sign a round robin. animadvert upon, reflect upon; glance at; cast reflection, cast reproach, cast a slur upon; insinuate, damn with faint praise; "hint a fault and hesitate dislike"; not to be able to say much for. take exception; cavil; peck at, nibble at, carp at; be censorious &c. adj.; pick holes, pick a hole, pick a hole in one's coat; make a fuss about. snap one up, give a rap on the knuckles; throw a stone at, throw a stone in one's garden; have a fling, have a snap at; have words with, pluck a crow with; give one a wipe, give one a lick with the rough side of the tongue. exprobate[obs3], speak daggers, vituperate; abuse, abuse like a pickpocket; scold, rate, objurgate, upbraid, fall foul of; jaw; rail, rail at, rail against, rail in good set terms; bark at; anathematize, call names; call by hard names, call by ugly names; avile[obs1], revile; clapperclaw[obs3]; rave against, thunder against, fulminate against; load with reproaches. Adj. critical, reproachful, deprecatory, disparaging. {{has_high_intensity}} condemnatory, damnatory[obs3], denunciatory, abusive, objurgatory[obs3], clamorous, vituperative; defamatory &c. R934. satirical, sarcastic, sardonic, cynical, dry, sharp, cutting, biting, severe, withering, trenchant, hard upon; censorious, critical, captious, carping, hypercritical; sparing of praise, grudging praise. {{conceptual_part_of(hypercritical): fastidious &c. R868}}. Adv. critically, reproachfully, disparagingly, deprecatorily. abusively, vituperatively. with a wry face. Int. "it is too bad!"; "it won't do", "it will never do!"; "marry come up!"; "Oh!"; "come!"; "'sdeath!". "forbid it Heaven!", God forbid, "Heaven forbid!"; out upon it, "fie upon it!"; "away with!"; "tut!"; "O tempora! O mores!"; "shame!"; fie, "fie for shame!"; "out on you!". "tell it not in Gath!". Phr. I stand corrected. <-- The dictionary says that detraction is a lessening of esteem. But here it is classified as an assertion of disapproval that lessens esteem (causes disrepute). [[detract]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.4.1.1 DETRACTION (R934) #934. Detraction. N. {{has_subtype(criticism[obj=person, P2.3.2.3], M8.1.1.5.6.4.1)}} {{&mcaused_by(disapprobation[obj=person, P2.3.2.3], R932)}} {{has_manifestation(disapprobation[obj=person, P2.3.2.3], R932)}} detraction, disparagement, deprecation, depreciation, belittlement, belittling, derogation. {{mcauses: disrepute, R874}}. <-- This frame intends to say: "detraction is a communication to a person about an action, caused by disapprobation of that action performed by a different person in the past" --> {{mcaused_by: disapprobation[obj=$action, R680][by=communicator, @R527], R932}}. &&{{has_target: $communicatee}}. &&{{not_performed_by($action): $communicatee}}. &&{{has_temporal_location($action): past, R122}}. &&{{has_topic(detraction): $action}}. &&{{performed_by($action): $person}}. &&{{not_identical_to($person): $communicatee, @R527}}. {{has_subtype}} {{similar_to(invective, R932)}} vilification, obloquy, scurrility, scandal, aspersion, traducement, slander, calumny, defamation, defamation of character, obtrectation[obs3], evil-speaking, backbiting, scandalum magnatum[Lat]. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(rejection, R610)}} ostracism; black list. sarcasm, cynicism; envenomed tongue; spretae injuria formae[Lat]. personality, personal criticism. libel, lampoon, skit, pasquinade; chronique scandaleuse[Fr]; roorback [U.S.]. {{&mcaused_by: contempt, R930; disrespect, R929}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1): sneer, @R930}}. {{performed_by: detractor &c. R936}}. evil-speaking. {{&has_method: accusation, R938}}. V. {{has_subtype(criticize, M8.1.1.5.6.4.1)}} {{tobject_of(person, P2.3.2.3)}} detract, derogate, decry, deprecate, depreciate, disparage, belittle, denigrate. run down, cry down; backcap [obs3][U.S.]. pull to pieces, pick a hole in one's coat, blow upon, bespatter, blacken, vilipend[obs3]; avile[obs1]; give a dog a bad name, brand, backbite, malign; muckrake; speak ill of behind one's back. slur, asperse, cast a slur upon, cast aspersions upon. {{&mcaused_by: hold in contempt, R930}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1): sneer at, @R930}}. {{has_high_intensity}} {{similar_to(anathematize, R932)}} vilify, hold up to shame, send to Coventry, vilipend[obs3], bespatter; tread under foot, trample under foot; show up, drag through the mire, drag one's name through the mud, heap dirt upon. {{conceptual_part_of}} impeach, denounce; hold up to reprobation, hold up to execration; expose, brand, gibbet, stigmatize; show up, pull up, take up; "cry 'shame' upon"; be outspoken; raise a hue and cry against. {{conceptual_part_of: accuse &c. R938}}. {{has_subtype(criticize): reprehend &c. R932}}. {{property_of(unjust)}} bear false witness against, libel; slander; defame, calumniate. scoff at, point at. {{has_subtype: @R929, twit, taunt, fling dirt at}}. {{&mcaused_by: disrespect, R929}}. satirize, lampoon, traduce; pull to pieces, pick to pieces. take down, take down a peg, set down; snub. dip the pen in gall, view in a bad light. [disparage the motives of] impugn. assail, attack. {{&used_in: oppose &c. R708}}. {{has_method: denounce, accuse &c. R938}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(critical, M8.1.1.5.6.4.1)}} detracting, detractive, derogatory, deprecatory, depreciatory, depreciating, pejorative, disparaging, belittling, slighting, insulting, uncomplimentary, dyslogistic, detractory[obs3]; demeaning, degrading, humiliating. {{has_high_level(derogatory): @R930, contemptuous, disdainful, scornful}}. {{has_high_level(derogatory)}} contumelious, vituperative, scathing, searing, acid, scorching. {[with_subject(person, P2.3.2.3)]} catty; scurrile, scurrilous; abusive; foul-spoken, foul-tongued, foul-mouthed. {{has_high_level(derogatory)}} libelous; slanderous; calumnious, defamatory, maligning, vilifying, traducing, calumniatory[obs3]. sarcastic, sardonic; satirical; cynical. Phr. "damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer; and without sneering, teach the rest to sneer" [Pope]; another lie nailed to the counter; "cut men's throats with whisperings" [B. Jonson]; "foul whisperings are abroad"[Macbeth]; "soft-buzzing slander" [Thomson]; "virtue itself 'scapes not calumnious strokes" [Hamlet]. M8.1.1.5.6.4.1.2 ACCUSATION (R938) #938. Accusation. N. {{has_subtype(assertion[of=wrongdoing, R1003], R535)}} {{topic_of(guilt[of=accused[1]], R947)}} {{has_subtype(attribution[of=guilt, R947], R155)}} {{hperforms(accuser, @R726)}} accusation, charge, imputation, impeachment, appeachment[obs3]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} accused[1]. {{has_subtype(accused[1]): defendant, @R726}}. {{+uses}} {{has_subtype(evidence[of=guilt, R947], R467)}} evidence of guilt. denunciation, denouncement; libel, challenge, citation, arraignment. {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(offense, @R947)}} gravamen of a charge, head and front of one's offending, argumentum ad hominem[Lat], scandalum magnatum[Lat]. {{&has_result: acquittal, R970; vindication, R937; conviction, R971; nonsuit, @R480}}. inculpation, exprobration[obs3], delation; crimination; incrimination, accrimination[obs3], recrimination; tu quoque argument[Lat]. slur. {{conceptual_part_of: invective &c. R932}}. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(criminal action, @R969)]} indictment, bill of indictment, true bill, justifiable charge. {{conceptual_part_of: detraction, R934}}. {{&mcauses: disrepute, R874}}. V. {{antonym_of(acquit, R970/vindicate, R937)}} accuse, charge, tax, impute, impeach, appeach[obs3]. brand with reproach; cast a stone at, cast a slur on. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(tarnish, @R874)}} stigmatize, slur. incriminate, criminate; call to account &c. (censure) R932; take to blame, take to task; put in the black book. twit, taunt with, reproach. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(exculpate, R937)}} inculpate, implicate. denounce. {{has_subtype(accuse)}} {[in_frame(criminal action)]} indict; inform against. {{has_subtype(accuse)}} {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{location_of(court, R966)}} charge[2], arraign. {[in_frame(lawsuit)]} lodge a complaint, lodge a complaint against, file a complaint. challenge, cite. have up, show up, pull up; blow upon. {{commencement_of(indict): prosecute, bring an action against &c. R969}}. charge with, saddle with; lay to one's door, lay charge; lay the blame on, bring home to; cast in one's teeth, throw in one's teeth. {{has_metaphor}} cast the first stone at. have a rod in pickle for, keep a rod in pickle for; have a crow to pluck with. {{has_subtype(accuse[mode=falsely, R544])}} trump up a charge. Adj. {{has_property(acusation)}} accusatory, accusative; imputative, denunciatory; recriminatory. {{has_property(accuser, @R726)}} accusing, impeaching, charging. {{has_property(evidence of guilt)}} incriminating, inculpating; implicating. {{antonym_of(incriminating): exculpating, exculpatory, @R937}}. {{has_property(accused[1])}} accused[2], charged, impeached. {{has_subtype(accused[2])}} {[in_frame(criminal action)]} indicted. {{&consequence_of(indicted)}} {{has_subtype(suspected[of=crime, @R947], @R514)}} suspected, under suspicion, under a cloud. {{&consequence_of(indicted)}} {{has_subtype(watched[by=police, @R965], @R457)}} under surveillance. {{&has_consequence(indicted): @R751, in custody, detained, in detention, in the lockup, in the watch house, in the house of detention}}. accusable, imputable; indefensible, inexcusable; unpardonable, unjustifiable. <-- vicious &c. R945.??? --> Int. look at home; tu quoque[Lat] &c. (retaliation) R718. Phr. "the breath of accusation kills an innocent name" [Shelley]; "thou can'st not say I did it" [Macbeth]. <-- we will define praise as being approbation of an action, not approbation of a person. The latter is "popularity", at R873, or "respect' at R928 --> M8.1.1.5.6.4.2 PRAISE (R931A) #931a. Praise. N. {{has_manifestation(approbation, R931)}} {{used_in(word, R562)}} commendation, praise, laud, laudation; good word; meed of praise, tribute of praise. <-- this frame is analogous to that for detraction, except that &&{{¬_identical_to($person): $communicatee, @R527}}. the communicatee may or may not be the person who did the action. --> {{mcaused_by: approbation[obj=$action, R680][by=$communicator, @R527], R932}}. &&{{has_target: $communicatee}}. &&{{not_performed_by($action): $communicatee}}. &&{{has_temporal_location($action): past, R122}}. &&{{has_topic(praise): $action}}. &&{{performed_by($action): $person}}. &&{{¬_identical_to($person): $communicatee, @R527}}. {{has_manifestation}} homage, hero worship. benediction, blessing, benison. {{has_subtype(praise)}} {{property_of(enthusiastic, @R602+warm, @R897)}} encomium. {{has_subtype(praise)}} {{property_of(poetic)}} eulogy, eulogium[obs3], eloge[Fr]. {{has_subtype(praise)}} {{property_of(deeply felt)}} tribute, award, accolade. panegyric. {{has_subtype(praise)}} {{has_conceptual_part(award)}} citation. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} {{caused_by(sound, M6.1.2.6)}} {{used_in(hand[num=2], @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} clap; clapping, clapping of hands, hand. {{has_manifestation}} applause, plaudit, acclaim, acclamation, peal of applause, chorus of applause, round of applause. {{has_manifestation}} {{used_in(voice, R580)}} cheer; shout of applause; paean, hosannah. {{has_high_intensity(applause)}} roar of applause, tiger[obs2]. {{part_of(cheer)}} three cheers and a tiger[obs2]. chorus of praise; Prytaneum. V. praise, laud, compliment, commend, belaud[obs3]. pay a tribute, bepraise[obs3]; clap the hands; applaud, cheer, acclamate[obs3], encore. eulogize, extol, cry up, panegyrize[obs3], proner[Fr], puff. {{has_high_intensity(extol)}} extol to the skies; magnify, glorify, exalt, swell, make much of. {{has_subtype: flatter &c. R933}}. bless, give a blessing to. have a good word for, say a good word for; speak well of, speak highly of, speak in high terms of; sing the praises of, sound the praises of, chaunt the praises of; resound the praises of; sing praises to; cheer to the echo, applaud to the echo, applaud to the very echo, cheer to the very echo. [intransitive] be praised &c. v.; receive honorable mention; be in favor with, be in high favor with; ring with the praises of, win golden opinions, gain credit, find favor with, stand well in the opinion of; laudari a laudato viro[Lat]. rapturize, rapturize over. Adj. commendatory, laudatory, complimentary, panegyrical, eulogistic, encomiastic, lavish of praise, praising, uncritical, benedictory[obs3]. approved, praised, commended, lauded, complimented; uncensured, unimpeached. <-- being praised may cause one to be respected, or to be popular. But this is not entirely accurate -- most of the popularity comes from doping the praiseworthy deed in the first place. --> {{&has_consequence: @R873, popular, in good odor, in favor, in high favor}}. {{&has_consequence: in high esteem &c. (respected) R928}}. Int. "hear hear!"; "bully for you!", "well done!", "bravo!", "bravissimo!", "euge!"[Ger]; "macte virtute!"[Lat]; so far so good, that's right, quite right; "optime[obs3]!"; one cheer more; "may your shadow never be less!"; "esto perpetua!"[Lat]; "long life to!", "viva!", "enviva!"[obs3], "banzai!"[Jap]; "Godspeed!"; "valete et plaudite"[Lat]; "encore!"; "bis!"[obs3]. "give them a hand!". Phr. probatum est[Lat]; tacent satis laudant[Lat]; "servant of God, well done!" [Paradise Lost]. M8.1.1.5.6.4.2.1 FLATTERY (R933) #933. Flattery. N. {{has_subtype(praise, R931a)}} {{property_of(insincere)}} {{hperforms(flatterer, R935)}} flattery, adulation, flattering. blandishment, blandiloquence[obs3], mouth honor, lip homage. cajolery, fawning, wheedling, cajoling, coquetry. {{has_excess}} {{property_of(degrading, @R940): @R886, obsequiousness, sycophancy, flunkeyism[obs3], toadeating[obs3], sucking up, tuft-hunting, ass-kissing[vulg.], boot-licking}}. snobbishness. courting favor, captation[obs3]. incense, honeyed words, flummery; bunkum, buncombe; placebo, butter; soft soap, soft sawder[obs3]; rose water. {{has_subtype(flattery)}} {{property_of(skillful, @R698)}} blarney. gloss, gloze[obs2]. voice of the charmer. euphemism; unctuousness &c. adj.. V. {{has_subtype(overestimate[obj=virtue, @R648], R482)}} {{has_subtype(exaggerate[obj=virtue, @R648], R549)}} flatter, praise to the skies, puff. wheedle, cajole, glaver[obs3], coax; fawn upon, faun upon; humor, gloze[obs2], soothe, pet, coquet; jolly [U.S.], beslaver[obs3]; earwig, cog, collogue[obs3]. {{has_high_level}} lay it on thick, overpraise. {{property_of(excessive, R641/degrading, @R940)}} truckle to, suck up to, kiss the ass of [vulgar], pander to, pandar to[obs3], pay court to, slaver, butter, butter up, court, court favor with, creep into the good graces of, curry favor with, hang on the sleeve of; fool to the top of one's bent, lick the dust, lick the boot of, bespatter, beslubber[obs3], beplaster[obs3]. {{has_subtype(flatter[obj=self]): @R880, flatter oneself, be vain, "lay the flattering unction to one's soul"}}. {{has_subtype(underestimate[obj=fault, @R651][mode=deliberately], @R483)}} minimize, gloss over, make things pleasant. {{has_metaphor(minimize)}} gild the pill, sugar coat the pill. Adj. flattering, adulatory. smooth, smooth-tongued, honey-tongued, mealy-mouthed, honey-mouthed, honeyed; soapy, oily, unctuous, blandiloquent[obs3], specious. fine-spoken, fair spoken. {{property_of(excessive, R641/degrading, @R940)}} servile, sycophantic, obsequious, pandering, courtierly[obs3], courtier-like. {{property_of(excessive, R641/disagreeable, @R867)}} fulsome. Adv. ad captandum[Lat]. <-- This "announcement" is different from the usual sense; it is a foretelling M5.6.2.3 [[predict]] --> M8.1.1.5.6.5 PREDICTION (R11) #511. Prediction. N. {{mcauses(expectation, R507)}} {{mcauses(forethought, @R611)}} prediction, prognosis, forecast, prognostication, foretelling, announcement. <-- prediction in the sense of predicting some aspect of an object or static situation, based on other aspects of that situation, (which should be called "association") may be thought of as prediction of an event, if the event is the learning of the (already existing) properties of that object or situation. The discovery of those properties does lie in the future. --> {{has_topic: future event}}. {{&uses: prior experience, @R151a; calculation, @R507; analogy, R514a}}. {{uses}} {{has_reason: @R615, grounds, basis}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(calculation, @R507)}} projection, extrapolation. {{&uses(projection)}} {{has_subtype(basis, @R615): trend, @R176}}. {{&uses: omen &c. R512; @R22, prototype, type}}. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(feeling, R821)}} foreboding, aboding[obs3]; bodement[obs3], abodement[obs3]; omniation[obs1], omniousness[obs3]. {{&mcaused_by: premonition, @R668}}. {{conceptual_part_of: program, programme[Brit] &c. (plan) R626}}. {{conceptual_part_of: advice, R695; forewarning, R668}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(mysticism, R992)}} prophecy, vaticination, mantology[obs3], premonstration[obs1]; sooth[obs3], soothsaying; fortune telling, crystal gazing; augury, auguration[obs1]. {{has_result(augury)}} {{has_subtype(assertion)}} auspice, fortune. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(mysticism, R992): divination, M8.1.1.5.6.5.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(destiny, R152)}} horoscope, nativity. <-- see ref. 1 for specialized terms of divination --> {{has_subtype(divination, M8.1.1.5.6.5.1)}} {{uses(star, @P2.3.1.1.3): @M5.4.3, astrology, horoscopy, judicial astrology[obs3]}}. {{&performed_at(prediction): @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1, sanctum, adytum}}. {{&mcaused_by}} prefiguration[obs3], prefigurement. {{performed_by(prediction): oracle, R513}}. V. predict, prognosticate, foretell. {{has_tobject(predict): future event}}. {{has_topic(predict): future event}}. prophesy, vaticinate, divine, soothsay, augurate[obs3], tell fortunes; cast a horoscope, cast a nativity. {{&uses: calculate, @R507; analogize, @R514a}}. {{conceptual_part_of: advise, R695; forewarn &c. R668}}. {{&mcaused_by(predict)}} foreshadow, presage, augur, portend, bode, abode[obs2], forebode, foretoken, betoken, prefigure, preshow[obs3], foreshow[obs3], shadow forth, typify, pretypify[obs3], ominate[obs3], signify, point to. {{has_tobject(foreshadow): future event}}. {{has_subtype(foreshadow)}} usher in, herald, premise, announce. {[with_subj(cloud)]} lower. hold out expectation, raise expectation, excite expectation, excite hope; bid fair, promise, lead one to expect; be the precursor &c. R64. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(calculate, @R507)}} extrapolate, project. Adj. predicting &c. v.; predictive, prophetic; fatidic[obs3], fatidical[obs3]; vaticinal, oracular, fatiloquent[obs3], haruspical, Sibylline; weatherwise[obs3]. ominous, portentous, augurous[obs3], augurial, augural. auspicious, auspicial[obs3]; prescious[obs3], monitory, extispicious[obs3], premonitory, significant of, pregnant with, bit with the fate of. {{has_subtype(ominous)}} {[when_modifying(cloud)]} lowering. Prep. {{has_marker(trend, @R176)}} {[in_frame(extrapolate/project)]} from, on the basis of. {{has_marker(basis, @R615)}} {[in_frame(predict): from, on the basis of]}. Phr. "coming events cast their shadows before" [Campbell]; dicamus bona verba[Lat]; "there buds the promise of celestial worth" [Young]; "che sara sara"[Italian: what will be will be]. <-- ref. 1 -[From Roget, 1911]- "The following terms, expressive of different forms of divination, have been collected from various sources, and are here given as a curious illustration of bygone superstitions":- --> M8.1.1.5.6.5.1 DIVINATION N. divination. ariolation[obs1], hariolation[obs1]. Divination by oracles, Theomancy[obs3]; by the Bible, Bibliomancy; by ghosts, Psychomancy[obs3]; by crystal gazing, Crystallomancy[obs3]; by shadows or manes, Sciomancy; by appearances in the air, Aeromancy[obs3], Chaomancy[obs3]; by the stars at birth, Genethliacs; by meteors, Meteoromancy[obs3]; by winds, Austromancy[obs3]; by sacrificial appearances, Aruspicy[obs3], Haruspicy[obs3]; Hieromancy[obs3], Hieroscopy[obs3]; by the entrails of animals sacrificed, Extispicy[obs3], Hieromancy[obs3]; by the entrails of a human sacrifice, Anthropomancy[obs3]; by the entrails of fishes, Ichthyomancy[obs3]; by sacrificial fire, Pyromancy[obs3]; by red-hot iron, Sideromancy[obs3]; by smoke from the altar, Capnomancy[obs3]; by mice, Myomancy[obs3]; by birds, Orniscopy[obs3], Ornithomancy[obs3]; by a cock picking up grains, Alectryomancy[obs3], Alectromancy[obs3]; by fishes, Ophiomancy[obs3]; by herbs, Botanomancy[obs3]; by water, Hydromancy[obs3]; by fountains, Pegomancy[obs3]; by a wand, Rhabdomancy; by dough of cakes, Crithomancy[obs3]; by meal, Aleuromancy[obs3], Alphitomancy[obs3]; by salt, Halomancy[obs3]; by dice, Cleromancy[obs3]; by arrows, Belomancy[obs3]; by a balanced hatchet, Axinomancy[obs3]; by a balanced sieve, Coscinomancy[obs3]; by a suspended ring, Dactyliomancy[obs3]; by dots made at random on paper, Geomancy[obs3]; by precious stones, Lithomancy[obs3]; by pebbles, Pessomancy[obs3]; by pebbles drawn from a heap, Psephomancy[obs3]; by mirrors, Catoptromancy[obs3]; by writings in ashes, Tephramancy[obs3]; by dreams, Oneiromancy[obs3]; by the hand, Palmistry, Chiromancy; by nails reflecting the sun's rays, Onychomancy[obs3]; by finger rings, Dactylomancy[obs3]; by numbers, Arithmancy[obs3]; by drawing lots, Sortilege[obs3]; by passages in books, Stichomancy[obs3]; by the letters forming the name of the person, Onomancy[obs3], Nomancy; by the features, Anthroposcopy[obs3]; by the mode of laughing, Geloscopy[obs3]; by ventriloquism, Gastromancy[obs3]; by walking in a circle, Gyromancy[obs3]; by dropping melted wax into water, Ceromancy[obs3]; by currents, Bletonism; by the color and peculiarities of wine, Oenomancy[obs3]. M8.1.1.5.6.5.R1 OMEN (R512) #512. Omen. N. {{uses(prediction, R511)}} {{has_subtype(sign, @R550)}} {{has_subtype(harbinger, @R64)}} omen, portent, sign, presage, prognostic, augury, auspice. bird of ill omen; signs of the times; gathering clouds. {{used_in: warning &c. R668}}. {{conceptual_part_of: prefigurement, R511}}. <-- ; yule candle[obs2].??? --> Adj. portentous, foreboding, ill-boding, ill-omened. Phr. auspicium melioris aevi[Lat][obs3]. <-- Oracle to PERSON WHO ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.15] --> M8.1.1.6 COMMUNICATION INFLUENCING VOLITION (R616 R617 R744) N. {{affected_by(motive, M7.1.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(inducement, R616b, M7.1.3)}} communication influencing volition. <-- 616a Persuasion 616. Dissuasion 617. Plea 744. compulsion (note that persuasion is distinguished from "motive" generally, where it was placed in Roget at R615. Here persuasion is a communication . We need to remove the concept of "enticement", sometimes caused by external events.) --> <-- "lure" here occurs in 2 different senses; one (decoy) is also a physical object as well as an abstract idea [[persuasion]] --> <-- this is the general term for giving suggestions, pro or con. THe "pro" and "con" parts are subtypes --> M8.1.1.6.1 ADVICE (R695) #695. Advice. N. advice, counsel, recommendation, suggestion, adhortation[obs1]; word to the wise, submonition[obs1]. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(human process, @R680)}} advisement. {{has_subtype: @R616a, recommendation, advocacy, exhortation}}. {{has_subtype: expostulation &c. (dissuasion) R616; admonition &c. (warning) R668; guidance &c. (direction) R693}}. instruction, charge, injunction, obtestation[obs3]. {{purpose_of}} consultation, conferring. conference, deliberation, pourparler. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(government, R737a)]} Governor's message; President's message. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(government, R737a)]} {{hperforms(sovereign, @R745)}} King's message, Queen's speech; message from the throne, speech from the throne. {{performed_by}} adviser, advisor, prompter; counsel, counselor; monitor, mentor, Nestor, magnus Apollo[Lat][obs3], senator. {{has_subtype(adviser)}} {{property_of(stern, @R739/serious, @M3.3.2.1.1.9)}} Dutch uncle. {{has_subtype(counselor)}} {{has_worker(school)}} guidance counselor. {{has_subtype(counselor)}} marriage counselor. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(marriage counselor)}} {{topic_of(troubled marriage)}} marriage counseling. {{&performed_by: teacher &c. R540}}. {{topic_of: @R593, handbook, guidebook, manual}}. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(therapy, R662)}} medical advice. {{performed_by(medical advice): physician, doctor, leech[obs2]}}. {{has_subtype(adviser): @R967, arbitrator, arbiter}}. {{has_subtype(adviser)}} {{has_subtype(writer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{has_worker(newspaper, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.7): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1, editorialist; columnist}}. reference, referment[obs3]. V. advise, counsel, give advice, impart advice, give counsel, give a piece of advice. give a piece of one's mind; put in one's two cents. {{mcauses}} be advised, get advice. {{&mcauses(get advice)}} {{has_subtype(consent, R762)}} take advice, follow advice. {{has_subtype: @R616a, suggest, prompt, recommend, prescribe, advocate, exhort}}. enjoin, enforce, charge, instruct, call; call upon &c. (request) R765; dictate. {{has_subtype: expostulate &c. (dissuade) R616; admonish &c. (warn) R668}}. advise with; lay heads together, consult together; compare notes; hold a council, deliberate, be closeted with. {{purpose_of(be advised)}} confer, consult, refer to, call in; be advised by, have at one's elbow, take one's cue from. Adj. advisory, recommendatory. {{has_subtype: hortative &c. R616a; dehortatory[obs3] &c. (dissuasive) R616; admonitory &c. (warning) R668}}. Int. "go to!". Phr. "give every man thine ear but few thy voice" [Hamlet]; "I pray thee cease thy counsel" [Much Ado About Nothing]; "my guide, philosopher, and friend" [Pope]; "'twas good advice and meant, my son be good" [Crabbe]; verbum sat sapienti [Latin: a word to the wise is sufficient]; vive memor leti[Lat]; "we, ask advice but we mean approbation" [Colton]. <-- most of the synonyms for "inducement" mean both "try to persuade to do" (MW10 sense 2 of persuade) and also "succeed in persuading to do". "seduction" is usually construed as successful, so it it listed as the result of inducement "lure" is moved to R616b at M7.1.3, as a type of "motive". Should it be a type of goal??? There is no distinction here between positive an negative inducements, and these should be distinguished. --> M8.1.1.6.1.1 RECOMMENDATION (R616A) #616a. Recommendation. N. {{&mcaused_by(motive, R615)}} {{has_subtype(attempt[to=persuade, M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1], R675)}} recommendation, encouragement, advocacy, exhortation, urging, persuasion. {{&mcauses}} {{has_purpose: persuasion, M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(request, R765)}} {{&used_by(consideration, R973)}} {{&used_in(lure, @R616b)}} inducement, blandishing, cajolery. {{has_subtype(inducement)}} {{used_in(threat, @R909)}} negative inducement. {{has_high_intensity(negative inducement)}} pressure, pressuring. {{has_high_intensity(pressure): coercion, @R744}}. {{has_subj_requirement}}{{has_trait(persuader, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1)}} persuasiveness, attractiveness; tantalization[obs3]. {{has_subtype: enticement, R616b}}. honeyed words, voice of the tempter, song of the Sirens, forbidden fruit, golden apple. impulse, impulsion; incitement, incitation; press, instigation; provocation &c. (excitation of feeling) R824; inspiration; advice &c. R695; solicitation &c. (request) R765. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(lure, @R616b)}} bribe; sop, sop for Cerberus. {{part_of(bribe)}} bribery and corruption. {{has_subtype: indoctrination, @R537}}. {{has_obj_requirement}} persuasibility[obs3], persuasibleness[obs3]; attractability[obs3]; impressibility, susceptibility; softness. lobbying, lobbyism. {{performed_by(lobbying)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} lobby. {{has_member(lobby)}} {{performed_by(lobbying): lobbyist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1, persuader, prompter, tempter, seducer, instigator, firebrand, incendiary}}. V. suggest, prompt, submonish[obs3], recommend, prescribe, encourage, advocate. {{has_high_intensity(suggest)}} urge, exhort. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(request, R765)}} {{&used_by(consideration, R973)}} {{&used_in(lure, @R616b)}} induce, cajole, persuade, blandish. put up to, prompt, call up; attract, beckon. [transitive] make pleasant, sweeten, bait with a silver hook, sugar-coat. [intransitive] sweeten the pot, gild the pill, make things pleasant, sugar-coat the pill, put a sop into the pan, throw a sop to, bait the hook. {{has_subtype(induce)}} {{property_of(illegal, @R964)}} tamper with, bribe, suborn, grease the palm. {{has_high_intensity(induce)}} {{used_in(negative inducement)}} {{analogous_to(push, @R276)}} push, push into, pressure, pressure one into, squeeze, put the squeeze on. {{has_high_intensity(pressure): coerce, @R744}}. {{has_extreme: @R744, compel, enforce, force}}. whip, lash, goad, spur, prick, urge; egg on, hound, hurry on; exhort; advise &c. R695; advocate. {{has_method}} set an example, set the fashion, lead by example; keep in countenance. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(be persuaded)}} yield to temptation. {{analogous_to: propel &c. R284}}. {{has_high_intensity}} {{analogous_to(drag, R285)}} drag into, drag reluctantly, drag kicking and screaming. <-- The Roget "persuasion" was mostly the concept of "cause to do". But "cause to believe" is a very similar type of communication also using the word "persuade", so we make "persuade" the higher, more general category (persuasion to believe or to do). The attempt to persuade is "inducement", above. "persuade" is usually used in the sense of "succeed in causing someone to believe something", which is the sense listed by Roget. the second (MW10) sense, to try to persuade, is listed at 616a, above. --> M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1 PERSUASION N. {{&mcauses(inducement, R616a)}} {{&used_in(reasoning, M5.4.1)}} persuasion, convincing, suasion, conviction[obs2], convincement[obs3], plerophory[obs3]. {{&mcauses(inducement)}} {{has_subtype(persuasion[to=act, R680], M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1)}} seduction, seducement. {{has_subtype(persuasion[to=believe, R484], M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1)}} {{caused_by(belief, M5.5.5)}} conversion, winning over. {{has_subtype(persuade[for=someone else, M1.2])}} representation, advocacy. V. persuade. {{caused_by(believe, R484)}} cause to be believed, convince, convict[obs2], overpersuade[obs3]; prevail with, prevail upon; overcome, carry; bring round to one's senses, bring to one's senses. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(attempt, R675)}} {{has_subtype(induce, R616a)}} attempt to persuade, try to persuade, invite, court, woo. {{has_subtype(persuade[for=someone else, M1.2])}} represent, advocate, argue on behalf of. lobby. {{mcauses}} be persuaded, be won over; come round; obey a call; follow advice, follow the bent, follow the dictates of; act on principle. {{mcauses: @R762, assent, concede, consent}}. satisfy, assure. convert, win over, wean, bring round, bring over; produce conviction, carry conviction; bring home to, drive home to. procure, enlist, engage; draw over, win over, gain over, come over, talk over. cram down the throat. {{&mcaused_by(convert): indoctrinate, @R537}}. {{facilitated_by}} have the ear of, gain the confidence of. Adj. {{has_property(persuasion)}} persuasive, cogent, convincing, suasory[obs3], persuasory[obs3]. {{has_consequence(persuasion)}} persuaded, convinced, won over, persuaded by. hortative, hortatory; protreptical[obs1]. {{facilitated_by}} {{&has_trait(person, P2.3.2.3)}} easily persuaded, persuadable. {{has_high_intensity(persuaded)}} spellbound, instinct with, smitten with, infatuated, inspired by, seduced by, induced by. {{facilitated_by(persuasion): @R605, impressionable, pliant, irresolute, unresolved}}. <-- &c. (docile) R602; --> <-- [[propaganda]] --> M8.1.1.6.1.2 PROPAGANDA (R537A) #537a. Propaganda. N. {{has_high_intensity(inducement, M8.1.1.6.1.1)}} proselytism, propagandizing, propagandism[obs3]; indoctrination, inculcation, inoculation. {{has_conceptual_part: advice &c. R695}}. {{has_topic}} propaganda. {{has_trait(propagandist): strong desire[to=persuade], @R865}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.54, proselytizer, propagandist}}. V. indoctrinate, proselytize, propagandize; inculcate, catechize. Adj. propagandistic. Adv. propagandistically. <-- in Roget, the difference between this and "deprecation" were difficult to discern. We define "deprecation" as a reuqest not to do, or presenttion of reasons not to do, something. "Dissuasion" will be for the successful attempt to convince someone not to do something. The difference is the same as that between inducement and persuasion. Deprecation is listed blow as a type of request. --> M8.1.1.6.1.3 DISSUASION (R616) #616. Dissuasion. N. {{&mcauses(deprecation, R766)}} dissuasion. {{mcauses(dissuasion)}} discouragement; disillusionment, disenchantment. {{mcauses(dissuasion): @R603, disinclination, reluctance, unwillingness}}. {{has_metaphor(discouragement)}} damper, wet blanket. {{&result_of: deprecation, R766}}. {{&uses: constraint &c. (restraint) R751; curb &c. (means of restraint) R752; check &c. (hindrance) R706}}. contraindication. V. dissuade. disincline, indispose. {{mcauses(dissuade)}} shake, stagger; dispirit, discourage, dishearten. {{mcauses(dissuade)}} {{has_subtype(free[from=illusion, @R495], @R750)}} disillusion, disenthrall, deflate, take down a peg, pop one's balloon, prick one's balloon, burst one's bubble, rain on one's parade[coll]. {{similar_to(disillusion)}} {{has_subtype(free[from=enchantment, @R829], @R750)}} disenchant. throw cold water on, damp, cool, chill, blunt, calm, quiet, quench. {{&result_of: deprecate &c. R766}}. {{&has_method: disabuse (correction) R527a; detract, R934}}. deter; repress, hold back, keep back &c. (restrain) R751; render averse &c. R603; repel; turn aside &c. (deviation) R279; wean from; act as a drag &c. (hinder) R706. Adj. dissuading &c. v.; dissuasive; dehortatory[obs3], expostulatory[obs3]; monitive[obs1], monitory. dissuaded &c. v.; admonitory. uninduced, unpersuaded, untempted; unpersuadable &c. (obstinate) R606; averse &c. (unwilling) R603; repugnant &c. (dislike) R867. repressed. <-- A request is perhaps more of a question than an assertion, but it has elements of both, and seems natural here. Note that "application" is here in the general sense and in the specific sense of written application. Usually, a separate listing for a specific sense will not be needed, but here, the written sense of "application" is more common than the oral, so it listed as a separate sense. [[request]] --> M8.1.1.6.2 REQUEST (R765) #765. Request. N. request, requisition; petition, suit, prayer. asking, requesting, petitioning. {{has_high_intensity(asking)}} begging, mendicancy. {{has_subtype(suggestion)}} proposal, proposition. {{has_subtype(proposal)}} {[in_frame(parliamentary procedure)]} motion. {{performed_by: petitioner, R767, P2.3.2.3.6.5.8}}. {{conceptual_part_of: claim &c. (demand) R741}}. overture; canvass, address, apostrophe; imprecation; rogation. {{has_subtype(request[for=permission, R760])}} {{property_of(formal, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} application[1]. {{has_subtype(requesting[obj=admission, @R760])}} candidacy, postulation. {{has_subtype(request[to=join, @R72])}} invitation. {{has_subtype(request[for=favor/donation[2], @R784])}} solicitation, appeal. {{has_subtype(application[1])}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} written application, application[2]. {{uses(written application)}} application form, blank, form. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(letter, R592)}} begging letter, round robin. {{has_subtype(begging letter)}} fund-raising letter. entreaty, importunity, supplication, instance, impetration[obs3], imploration[obs3], obsecration[obs3], obtestation[obs3], invocation, interpellation. {{&conceptual_part_of: prayer, orison &c. (worship) R990; incantation &c. (spell) R993}}. V. request, ask, ask for. beg, crave, sue, pray, petition, make bold to ask; beg leave, beg a boon; call upon, call for; make a request, address a request, prefer a request, put up a request, make a prayer, address a prayer, prefer a prayer, put up a prayer, make a petition, address a petition, prefer a petition, put up a petition; make application, make a requisition; ask trouble, ask one for. apply to, call to, put to. solicit, invite. propose, pop the question. whistle for. {{has_high_intensity}} beg hard, entreat, beseech, plead, supplicate, implore; conjure, adjure; obtest[obs3]; cry to, kneel to, appeal to; invoke, evoke. {{has_high_intensity}} urge, press, clamor for, beset, importune, imprecate, ply, dun, tax, impetrate[obs3]; cry aloud, cry for help; fall on one's knees; throw oneself at the feet of. {{has_metaphor(urge)}} come down on one's marrowbones. beg from door to door, send the hat round, go a begging; mendicate[obs3], mump[obs3], cadge, beg one's bread. dance attendance on, besiege, knock at the door. bespeak, canvass, tout, make interest, court; seek. publish the banns. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(offer, R763)}} bid for. {{conceptual_part_of: claim &c. (demand) R741; offer up prayers &c. (worship) R990}}. Adj. requesting, asking, asking for, petitioning. requisitioning; proposing; precatory[obs3]; suppliant, supplicant, supplicatory; postulant; obsecratory[obs3]. importunate, clamorous, urgent; cap in hand; on one's knees, on one's bended knees, on one's marrowbones. requested, asked, proposed, petitioned. requisitioning; proposing; precatory[obs3]; suppliant, supplicant. Adv. prithee, do, please, pray; be so good as, be good enough; have the goodness, vouchsafe, will you, I pray thee, if you please. Int. "for God's sake!"; "for heaven's sake!"; "for goodness' sake!"; "for mercy's sake!". Phr. Dieu vous garde[Fr]; dirigenos Domine[Lat]; would you be so kind as to. <-- [Negative request = request not to do s.t.] This entry is different from "dissuade". For Roget, "dissuade" seems to mean to *succeed* in convincing one not to do something; this is the *request* not to, or *attempt* to dissuade. But many words are the same for both concepts. --> M8.1.1.6.2.1 DEPRECATION (R766) #766. Deprecation. N. {{antonym_of(recommendation)}} deprecation, protest, expostulation, intercession, mediation, remonstrance, attempt at dissuasion, request to refrain, request not to. remonstrance, expostulation, dehortation[obs3]. {{&mcauses: dissuasion, R616}}. V. deprecate, protest, expostulate, enter a protest, remonstrate, try to dissuade, dehort[obs3], cry out against. warn against, contraindicate. {{&method_for}} intercede for. Adj. deprecatory, expostulatory[obs3]. intercessory, mediatorial[obs3]. deprecated, protested. unsought, unbesought[obs3]. unasked, unsolicited, uninvited, unrequested, uncalled for, unordered. {{&mcauses: dissuaded, @R616}}. Int. "please don't". "cry you mercy!"; "God forbid!"; "forbid it Heaven!"; "Heaven forefend"; "Heaven forbid!"; "far be it from!"; "hands off!". <-- R696 Council to P2.3.2.3.5.3 HGROUP --> <-- "precept" has two meanings, once as a general rule, and second, as a specific order by a legal authority. here it is listed as a communication -- but it might be better elsewhere??? [[instruction]] --> M8.1.1.6.3 INSTRUCTION (R697) #697. Instruction. N. {{has_subtype(communication, R527)}} {{uses(direction)}} instruction, direction, charge; prescript, prescription. {{performed_by}} instructor. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(communicatee)}} {{has_subtype(learner, R541)}} instructee, person being instructed. {{has_purpose: action[by=communicatee], R680}}. {{part_of}} recipe, receipt; protocol. {{has_subtype: command, R741}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(customary)}} {{property_of(long-standing, @R110)}} precept, norm. {{has_subtype(precept): maxim &c. R496}}. {{has_subtype(precept)}} rule, canon, code. {{member_of: instruction manual; how-to book}}. {{has_subtype}}{{uses(drama)}} stage direction. golden rule. corpus juris[Lat], lex scripta[Lat], act, statute, rubric, regulation. form, formula, formulary. technicality. {{has_subtype: order &c. (command) R741}}. {{has_subtype(precept): ethics; religious doctrine}}. <-- A command is not a request, although it involves someone else doing something that one wants. It has a large primitive element. Here we try to specify some elements of the "command" frame. The location of this entry is problematic. It should be near "compulsion", and "request", though it is not a request. [[command]] --> M8.1.1.6.3.1 COMMAND (R741) #741. Command. N. {{has_subtype(instruction, R697)}} {{used_in(compulsion, R744)}} command, order. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(communicatee, @R527)}} {{applies_to(command)}} commandee. {{performed_by ($order)}} {{has_subtype(communicator, @R527)}} commander. &&{{has_subtype($commander): ruler, R745; director, R694; leader, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1}}. &&{{facilitated_by: authority[of=$commander], R737}}. &&{{has_purpose($order): $action, R680}}. &&{{has_topic($order): $action, R680}}. &&{{performed_by($action): $commandee, M1.2}}. &&{{has_temporal_location($action): future, R121}}. &&{{has_property($action): compulsory, R744}}. &&{{mcaused_by($action): $order}}. &&{{requires($action): obedience[by=$commandee][to=$order], R743}}. instruction, directive, direction, injunction, charge; despatch, dispatch. bid, bidding, dictum, hest[obs3], behest, call, beck, nod. {{has_subtype(command[by=church, M9.6.5], R741)}} canon law. {{applies_to(canon law): adherent, R997}}. <-- this "rule" is not an order to a single person to do something specific, but a guide to how to behave, including what one might not do; usually for groups. This is analogous to "rule, precept" at R697, differing only in having the force of a command (compulsory). --> {{has_subtype}} {{analogous_to(rule, R697)}} rule, precept. {{member_of(rule)}} body of rules. {{has_case(rule)}} {{applies_to(rule)}} {{has_subtype(commandee[num=>0]): human group}}. {{has_topic(rule): conduct, R692; prohibition, R761}}. {{has_subtype(rule)}}{{hperforms(government, R737a): @R963, law, ordinance, act}}. {{has_subtype(rule)}} decree, edict, diktat, ukase, dictate, dictation, mandate, ukaz [Russian], senatus consultum[Lat], decretal[obs3]. {{has_subtype(rule)}} fiat, hukm[obs3]. prescript, rescript; ordination; dispensation, prescription, brevet, placit[obs3]. {[in_frame(law, R963/court of justice, R966)]} {{hperforms(judge, P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1)}} summons, subpoena, nisi prius[Lat], interpellation, citation; writ; warrant. {{has_subtype(writ)}} mittimus; mandamus. {{hperforms(Sultan, @R745)}} firman, hatti-sherif[obs3]. {{hperforms(Pope, @R996)}} bull, ex cathedra pronouncement[Lat]. <-- [[page200]] --> {{has_low_intensity}} {{!:not_required_for(authority, R737)}} demand, insistence, exaction, imposition, requisition, claim, reclamation, revendication[obs3]. {{has_subtype(demand)}} {{property_of(uncompromising)}} non-negotiable demand. requirement. {{has_low_intensity(demand): request &c. R765}}. {{&uses}} word, word of command; mot d'ordre[Fr]. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(sentence, @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R3)}} imperitive, imperitive sentence. {{has_symbol}} {{has_subtype(audible signal, @M8.1.3.2.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(sound, P2.6.1.4)}} bugle call, trumpet call; beat of drum, tattoo. order of the day. {{has_subtype(demand): ultimatum, @R770}}. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(agreement, R769)}} appointment, fixture[obs2]. {{has_subtype(appointment): @P892, appointment, engagement}}. {{has_subtype}} {{!:not_required_for(authority, R737): threat &c. R909}}. <-- plebiscite &c. (choice) R609??? relation? --> V. command, order, direct. decree, enact, ordain, dictate, give orders. prescribe, set, appoint, mark out; set a task, prescribe a task, impose a task; set to work, put in requisition. bid, enjoin, charge, call upon, instruct; require at the hands of; exact, impose, tax, task. {{has_subtype(command[mode=forcefully])}} demand, insist. {{has_high_level(command): insist on &c. (compel) R744}}. claim, lay claim to, revendicate[obs3], reclaim. cite, summon; call for, send for; subpoena; beckon. issue a command; make a requisition, issue a requisition, promulgate a requisition, make a decree, issue a decree, promulgate a decree, make an order, issue an order, promulgate an order &c. n.; give the word of command, give the word, give the signal; call to order; give the law, lay down the law; assume the command &c. (authority) R737; remand. {{causes}} be ordered, be commanded, be directed, receive an order, receive a command, receive a direction. {{has_subtype}} {{!:not_required_for(authority, R737): threaten &c. R909}}. Adj. commanding, ordering, directing. decreeing, decretory[obs3], decretive[obs3], decretal[obs3]; callable, jussive[obs3]. {{facilited_by: authoritative &c. R737}}. commanded, imposed; demanded. charged, called upon, bidden, imposed upon. {{has_property(demand)}} demanding, insistent. {{has_property(non-negotiable demand)}} uncompromising. Adv. in a commanding tone; by a stroke of the pen, by a dash of the pen; by order, at beat of drum, on the first summons. Phr. the decree is gone forth; sic volo sic jubeo[Lat]; le Roi le veut[Fr]; boutez en avant[Fr]. <-- [[compulsion]] --> M8.1.1.6.3.1.R1 COMPULSION (R744) #744. Compulsion. N. {{case_of(perform[obj=action])}} compulsion, coercion, coaction[obs3], constraint, duress, enforcement. {{caused_by: threat[of=harm, R659a], R909; risk[of=harm, R659a], R665}}. force; brute force, main force, physical force; the sword, ultima ratio[Lat]; club law, lynch law, mob law, arguementum baculinum[obs3], le droit du plus fort[Fr], martial law. {{case_of(perform[obj=military service])}} {{hperforms(government)}} drafting, conscription. {{case_of(perform[obj=military service])}} {{hperforms(press gang)}} impressment, press. restraint &c. R751; necessity &c. R601; force majeure[Fr]; Hobson's choice. {{&method_for: authority, R737}}. V. compel, force, make, drive, coerce, constrain, enforce, necessitate, oblige. force upon, press; cram down the throat, thrust down the throat, force down the throat; say it must be done, make a point of, insist upon, take no denial; put down. {{has_result}} be compelled, be forced, be coerced. conscript, draft. impress, shanghai; dragoon. extort, wring from; squeeze, put on the squeeze; put on the screws, turn on the screw; drag into; bind, bind over; pin down, tie down; require, tax, put in force; commandeer; restrain &c. R751. Adj. compulsory, forced, obligatory, compelled, coerced, required, involuntary, compulsatory[obs3]. driven, thrust upon. conscripted, drafted; impressed, shanghaied. compelling, forcing, coercive, coactive[obs3]; stringent, peremptory. {{has_extreme(compelling): inexorable &c. R739}}. forcible, not to be trifled with; irresistible &c. R601; fain to. binding, enforceable. {{has_subtype(binding): legally binding}}. Adv. {{has_subtype(involuntarily, @R603)}} {{used_in(compulsion)}} forcibly, by force, compulsorily, under compulsion, by compulsion, on compulsion, perforce, involuntarily. {{has_subtype(forcibly)}} {{used_in(weapon, R727)}} by force of arms; vi et armis[Lat], under the lash; at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet; by a strong arm. {{has_consequence: nolens volens [Lat] &c. (of necessity) R601}}. under protest, in spite of one's teeth; by stress of circumstances, by stress of weather; under press of; de rigueur. with a gun to one's head. willy-nilly. Phr. "I'll make him an offer he can't refuse". <-- [[management]] --> M8.1.1.6.3.1.R2 DIRECTION (R693) #693. Direction. N. {{hperforms(R694, director)}} {{hperforms(council, R696)}} {{has_subtype(control, @R737)}} {{used_in(command, @R737)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} direction, management, supervision, government, managery[obs3], control, charge, controlling, managing, supervising. {{&has_conceptual_part: compulsion, R744}}. administration; ministry, ministration; stewardship, proctorship[obs3]. {{hperforms(manager)}} {{has_conceptual_part(management)}} supervisory position. {{uses: @R755, delegation, agency}}. {{{has_relation(manager + subordinate)}}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{conceptual_part_of(supervision)}} {{&uses(management)}} supervisory relation, reporting relation. <-- a recursive function will be useful here --> {{&uses(management)}} {{conceptual_part_of(delegation, @R755)}} {{has_subtype(tree-structured graph)}} {{member_of($manager)}} chain of command. &&{{has_subtype(node[of=chain of command], @A2.5.3.R1): $manager; $subordinate}}. &&{{has_subtype(link[of=chain of command], @A2.5.3.R1)}} {{has_subtype(directed relation): supervisory relation}}. &&{{has_subtype(origin[of=supervisory relation], @R9): $manager}}. &&{{has_subtype(target[of=supervisory relation], @R9): $subordinate}}. &&{{hperforms($manager): command[obj=$subordinate]}}. &&{{has_representation(chain of command)}} management diagram. regulation, guidance; conduct; bossism [U.S.]; steerage, pilotage. {{has_metaphor}} helm, rudder, needle, compass; guiding star, load star, lode star, pole star; cynosure. superintendence; surveillance, oversight; eye of the master. premiership, senatorship; chair, portfolio. statesmanship; statecraft, kingcraft[obs3], queencraft[obs3]. {[in_frame(government, R737a): government, gubernation[obs3]; reins, reins of government; legislation; regulation]}. V. direct, manage, govern, conduct, preside over. order, prescribe, cut out work for; regulate; tackle. head, lead, guide, oversee. {{has_subtype(manage[obj=vehicle, R272]): drive, @R680}}. {{has_metaphor}} {{has_conceptual_part(drive[obj=vehicle], @R680)}} steer. {{has_metaphor}} {{has_subtype(drive[obj=boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3], @R680)}} pilot. {{has_commencement}} take charge [intransitive]. {{has_commencement}} take charge of [transitive]. {{has_metaphor(take charge)}} {{has_commencement(drive, @R680)}} [intransitive] take the helm, be at the helm; have the reins, handle the reins, hold the reins, take the reins; tool. lead the way, show the way; take the lead, lead on. superintend, supervise; overlook, control, keep in order, look after, see to; administer, administrate, ministrate[obs3]; matronize[obs3]; have the care of, have the charge of; be in charge of, have charge of, take the direction; boss, boss one around; pull the strings, pull the wires; have the direction, hold office, hold the portfolio; preside, preside at the board; take the chair, occupy the chair, be in the chair; pull the stroke oar. {{has_subtype(manage[obj=government]): rule &c. (command) R737}}. legislate for. Adj. directorial, managerial, supervisory, administrative, administrational; regulatory. directing, heading, guiding, overseeing, supervising; hegemonic. Adv. at the helm, at the head of; in charge; on top. administratively; managerially. <-- R694, Director to Person who does ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.2 --> <--- there is substantial commonality between "properties of communication", here, and "style", at M8.1.3.2.2. These are the differences between communication generally and linguistic communication in particular, but since most communication is linguistic, these headings will have many identical words. There is sufficient difference to leave them separate, but we need to note the relations --> M8.1.1.R1 PROPERTY OF A COMMUNICATION N. {{has_property(communication)}} {{has_subtype(property of human activity)}} property of a communication, property of communication. {{has_subtype: truth, R494; falsity, @R546}}. <-- [[banal]] --> M8.1.1.R1.1 TRITENESS (R517a) #517a. Triteness. N. {{property_of(unoriginal, @R21)}} triteness, banality. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(maxim, R496)}} truism; platitude, cliche, triticism[obs3]; saw, old saw, bromide, old bromide, chestnut; same old story, twice-told tale. cant, set phrase, stock phrase. {{property_of}} verbiage, babble, jabber, mere words, hot air. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(stock phrase): boilerplate, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{property_of}} balderdash, palaver, bombast, rant, rodomontade, rigmarole, fustian, flummery, baverdage, baragouin[obs3], niaiserie[obs3]; flap-doodle; nugae canorae[Lat]. inanity, twaddle, humbug, twattle, fudge, trash, garbage; poppy-cock [U.S.]; stuff, stuff and nonsense; bosh, rubbish, moonshine, wish-wash, fiddle-faddle. Adj. trite, banal, well known. trivial, platitudinous. trashy, washy, trumpery, fiddle-faddle, twaddling, quibbling. not significant, not important; insignificant. ranting, jabbering. canting, stock. M8.1.1.R1.2 INTELLIGIBILITY (R518) #518. Intelligibility. N. {{conceptual_part_of(meaning, R516)}} intelligibility, comprehensibility, understandability. {{has_high_level}} clarity, clearness, explicitness, lucidity, perspicuity. {{has_high_level}} {{has_subtype(precision[of=communication, R527], R494)}} {{has_subtype(uniqueness, @R79)}} unambiguousness, lack of ambiguity, unequivocalness, lack of ambiguity. {{required_for: understanding, R490}}. {{facilitates(clarity): understanding, R490}}. {[of(writing)]} legibility, readability. {[of(speech): plain speaking &c. (manifestation) R525]}. {{property_of(unambiguousness)}} {{has_subtype(meaning[num=1])}} precise meaning, single meaning, unambiguous meaning. <-- phonanta synetoisy[Grk]; a word to the wise. --> V. be intelligible, be comprehensible, be understandable. {{has_high_level}} be clear, be explicit, be lucid, be perspicuous. render intelligible &c. adj.; popularize, simplify, clear up; elucidate &c. (explain) R522. {{required_for: @R490, understand, comprehend, take, take in, catch, grasp, follow, collect, master, make out, enter into the ideas of, come to an understanding}}. speak for itself, speak volumes; tell its own tale, lie on the surface. Adj. intelligible, comprehensible, understandable. {{has_high_level(intelligible)}} clear, clear as day, clear as noonday; lucid; perspicuous, transpicuous[obs3]; luminous, transparent. {{has_high_level(intelligible)}} easily understood, easy to understand, for the million, intelligible to the meanest capacity, popularized. plain, distinct, explicit; positive. graphic. {{has_high_level(intelligible): definite &c. (precise) R494}}. {{has_high_level(intelligible): expressive &c. (meaning) R516; illustrative &c. (explanatory) R522}}. {{has_subtype(manifest, R525)}} unambiguous, unequivocal, unmistakable; unconfused. {{has_subtype}} {[of(writing, R590)]} legible, readable, recognizable. {{antonum_of(legible): illegible, @R519}}. Adv. intelligibly, comprehensibly, understandably. {{has_high_level(intelligibly)}} clearly, lucidly, perspicuously, transparently. in plain terms, in plain words, in plain English. Phr. he that runs may read &c. (manifest) R525. M8.1.1.R1.3 UNINTELLIGIBILITY (R519) #519. Unintelligibility. N. unintelligibility, incomprehensibility, unknowability, unfathomability, inscrutability, impenetrability. inexplicability, inconceivability, inconceivableness; insolubility. {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(uncertain, R475)}} vagueness, obscurity, lack of perspicuity, lack of perspicuousness, imperspicuity[obs3], doubtful meaning, uncertain meaning; spinosity[obs3]; obscurum per obscurius[Lat]. {{has_low_level: obscurity, R526}}. {{&mcaused_by: mystification &c. (reticence) M8.1.2.2; latency &c. R526}}. {{mcauses(vagueness/unintelligibility): perplexity &c. (confusion) R59}}. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(handwriting, @R590)}} scrawl, scribbling, chicken scratchings. {{has_low_level: ambiguity &c. R520}}. {{mcauses: meaninglessness, M8.1.1.4}}. {{property_of}} contradiction, paradox, oxymoron, contradiction in terms. {{has_conceptual_part(contradiction): $assertion1 + $assertion2}}. &&{{has_property($assertion1): contrary[to=$assertion2], @R14}}. {{property_of: @R563, jargon, patois}}. {{property_of: neologism, R563}}. {{property_of}} riddle, enigma, puzzle, mystery; diagnus vindice nodus[Lat]; sealed book; steganography[obs3], freemasonry[obs2]. pons asinorum[Lat], asses' bridge; high Dutch, Greek, Hebrew[obs2]. {{has_subtype: meaninglessness, R517}}. transcendentalism. V. be unintelligible &c. adj.; require explanation &c. R522; have a doubtful meaning, pass comprehension. render unintelligible &c. adj.; conceal &c. M8.1.2.2; darken &c. R421; confuse &c. (derange) R61; perplex &c. (bewilder) R475. not understand &c. R518; lose, lose the clue; miss; not know what to make of, be able to make nothing of, give it up; not be able to account for, not be able to make either head or tail of; be at sea &c. (uncertain) R475; wonder &c. R870; see through a glass darkly &c. (ignorance) R491. not understand one another; play at cross purposes &c. (misinterpret) R523. {{&consequence_of: garble, @R243}}. Adj. unintelligible, incomprehensible, inapprehensible[obs3]. unknowable, unfathomable, unaccountable, undiscoverable; inexplicable, incognizable[obs3], inscrutable; impenetrable; insoluble, insolvable[obs3]. mystifying, puzzling, baffling, enigmatic. indecipherable, undecipherable. {[of(writing)]} illegible, unreadable. as Greek to one, unexplained, paradoxical. {{&consequence_of: garbled, @R243}}. {{&consequence_of(illegible): smeared, @R653}}. {{has_subtype: secret, R533}}. Phr. It's Greek to me. "Say what?". {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(uncertain, R475)}} obscure, dense, dark, muddy, clear as mud, opaque, cryptic, seen through a mist, dim, nebulous, mysterious, shrouded in mystery. {{&consequence_of(obscure)}} telegraphic; fragmented, incomplete. {{&consequence_of(incomprehensible): coded, encrypted}}. {{&consequence_of(incomprehensible/obscure): garbled &c. (indistinct) R447}}. {{&consequence_of(unintelligible): undiscernible &c. (invisible) R447; misty &c. (opaque) R426; hidden &c. R528; latent &c. R526}}. {{&consequence_of(unintelligible)}} {[of(communication, R527): @R495, distorted, garbled, noisy]}. indefinite; undetermined, vague, loose, ambiguous; mysterious; mystic, mystical; acroamatic[obs3], acroamatical[obs3]; metempirical; transcendental; occult, recondite, abstruse, crabbed. {{&has_consequence(inintelligible): perplexed &c. (confused) R59}}. inconceivable, inconceptible[obs3]; searchless[obs3]; above comprehension, beyond comprehension, past comprehension; beyond one's depth; unconceived. inexpressible, undefinable, incommunicable. unpredictable, unforeseeable. Phr. it's Greek to me. <-- [Having a double sense] --> M8.1.1.R1.4 AMBIGUITY (R520) #520. Ambiguity. N. ambiguity, equivocalness, ambiguousness. {{&mcauses: misunderstanding, R523; uncertainty, R475}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(meaning[num=2], R516)}} double meaning. {{property_of}} quibble, equivoque[Fr], anagram, paragram[obs3], calembour[obs3]; amphiboly[obs3], amphibology[obs3]; ambilogy[obs3], ambiloquy[obs1]. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(word)}} polysemous word, word with multiple meanings, ambiguous word. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(word)}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical role, @R9)}} homonym. {{has_case(homonym)}} {{has_subtype(spoken word): $first spoken word; $second spoken word}}. &&{{{has_relative_val($first spoken word^pronunciation, @R582 + second spoken word^pronunciation, @R582): identical}}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(written word)}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical role, @R9)}} homograph. {{has_case(homoraph)}} {{has_subtype(written word): $first written word; $second written word}}. &&{{{has_relative_val($first written word^spelling, @R562 + second written word^spelling, @R562): identical}}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(homonym)}} homonymy[Gram.]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(polysemous word)}} polysemy. {{property_of: conundrum &c. (riddle) R533}}. {{property_of(double meaning): @R521, play on words, double entente, double entendre[Fr], pun}}. {{trait_of}} Sphinx, Delphic oracle. {{&caused_by: equivocation &c. (duplicity) R544}}. {{mcaused_by(equivocation): mental reservation &c. (concealment) M8.1.2.2}}. paltering. V. be equivocal, be ambiguous. {{has_subtype(be ambiguous): have two meanings &c. R516}}. {{&caused_by: equivocate, @R544}}. Adj. equivocal, ambiguous, amphibolous[obs3]. enigmatical, indeterminate. {{&consequence_of: obscure, @R526; obscure, R571}}. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_property(homonym)}} homonymous. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_property(homograph)}} homographic. {{has_property(polysemous word)}} polysemous. {{&consequence_of: double-tongued, @R544}}. Phr. "on the one hand, on the other hand". {{has_instance(ambiguity)}} "Many thanks; I shall lose no time in reading your book." [Disraeli, responding to an author who sent him his book]. <-- metaphor is any figure of speech in which the literal interpretation of what is said is not what is meant [[metaphor]] --> M8.1.1.R1.5 METAPHOR (R521) #521. Metaphor. N. {{has_subtype(substitution)}} {{has_subtype(turn of phrase, @R566)}} metaphor, figure, trope, figure of speech, non-literal phrase, enallage[obs3]. {{has_meaning_x: literal meaning, @R516; @R526, intended meaning}}. manner of speaking, "faØon de parler"[Fr], way of speaking, colloquialism. figurativeness &c. adj.. <-- the king gave up his throne --> metonym, metonymy[Gram][use of a word to refer to something related to it]. <-- [use of the part for the whole] e.g. "fifty head of cattle" --> {{has_subtype(metonymy)}} synecdoche[Semant]. <-- e.g. [use of a general term to mean something specific] "went into town" --> {{has_subtype(metonymy)}} autonomasy, autonomasia[obs2]. image, imagery. {{has_subtype(trope[num=>1])}} metalepsis, type[obs2]. {{property_of(allusive, @R526)}} {{used_in(similarity[of=pronunciation, @R582], R17)}} {{property_of(humorous, @R842)}} {{has_subtype(play on words, @R842)}} pun, play on words, paronomasia, paranomasia[obs3], paragram[obs3], clinch[obs2], macaronic[obs3]. {{part_of(pun)}} {{has_subtype(communicating, @R527)}} punning, making wordplay, playing on words, making a play on words. {{used_in(similarity[of=pronunciation, @R582], R17)}} double entendre, double entente[obs2][Fr.]. {{meaning_of(resemblance, R17)}} simile. {{has_meaning(simile): $intended meaning; $literal meaning}}. &&{{similar_to($literal meaning): $intended meaning}}. irony. {{has_meaning(irony): $intended meaning; $literal meaning}}. &&{{opposite_of($literal meaning): $intended meaning}}. {{has_conceptual_part(irony): oppositeness, @R14}}. anthropomorphism, personification, prosopopoeia[obs3]. {{has_subtype(tale, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1)}} {{property_of(fictional, @R515)}} {{conceptual_part_of(moral, @R496)}} allegory, parable, fable, moral fable, apologue[obs3]. allusion, adumbration; application. {{has_subtype: exaggeration, hyperbole &c. R549}}. {{similar_to: @R514a, association, simile, association of ideas}}. {{similar_to: symbolism}}. {{similar_to: satire, parody, caricature @R856}}. {{similar_to: @R929, @M9.3.2, sarcasm, mockery}}. {{property_of(inconsistency)}} mixed metaphor. {{used_in: poetry}}. V. employ metaphor, use a figure of speech. allude, hint, intimate, adumbrate, shadow forth, apply, allude to. allegorize. anthropomorphize, personify. Adj. {{antonym_of(literal)}} metaphorical, figurative, non-literal. typical[obs2], tralatitious[obs3]. allegorical, parabolic. metonymic. anagogical[obs3]. {{similar_to(ironic): @R856, satirical, ironic, ironical}}. colloquial; tropical. anthropomorphic. symbolic. {{similar_to}} allegorical, allusive; poetic. Adv. figuratively, metaphorically. ironically. figuratively speaking, so to speak, so to say, so to express oneself; as it were, in a manner of speaking. Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat][Horace]. <-- interpreter, R524 to P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3 --> <-- Ther is a mixture of "manifest(visible)" and "obvious" in here, which is difficult to untangle. We put it off to a future stage???.. [[demonstrate]] --> M8.1.1.R1.6 CLARITY (R525) #525. Clarity. N. {{antonym_of(obscurity, R526)}} explicitness, overtness, clarity, plainness, manifestness. {{has_high_level}} obviousness, definiteness, apparentness. {{property_of}} manifestation, expression. {{property_of: plain speaking, @R570}}. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(revealing, @R529)}} {{caused_by(understanding, R490)}} showing, manifesting, presenting, exposition, demonstration, demonstrating, illustrating, illustration. {{has_subtype(showing)}} {{caused_by(seeing, @R441)}} exhibition, production; display, show, presentation; showing off. {{has_subtype(showing)}} {{property_of(main, @R642)}} main showing. {{has_subtype(showing)}} preview, showing beforehand, premonstration[obs1]. &&{{precedes(preview): main showing}}. {{has_patient(showing)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} exhibit, thing shown. {{has_subtype(exhibit): exhibit, @R467; audio-visual aid, M8.1.3.2.1.2; illustration, M8.1.3.2.1.2.1}}. indication &c. (calling attention to) R457. {{property_of: publicity &c. R531; disclosure &c. R529}}. {{result_of: openness &c. (honesty) R543}}. {{result_of: artlessness, R703; epanchement}}. {{&property_of: evidence &c. R467}}. {{performed_by(exhibit)}} exhibiter. {{performed_by(demonstrate)}} demonstrator. V. {{caused_by(explicitness)}} {{has_subtype(disclose[mode=clearly], R529)}} make clear, manifest, make manifest, make obvious, render manifest, express. {{has_metaphor}} spell out, spell out in great detail. {{mcauses}} be manifest, be clear, be obvious. {{has_high_level(be clear)}} be crystal-clear, be perfectly clear. {{has_subtype(direct attention to, @R457)}} show, present, expose, demonstrate, illustrate. {{has_subtype(show)}} {{caused_by(see, @R441)}} exhibit, display, present, show off, expose, hold up to view, expose to view. {{has_subtype(exhibit)}} bring forth, bring forward, trot out, bring to the front, bring into view, set before one, place before one, lay before one, lay before one's eyes, bring to light; draw out, bring out, set forth, unroll; lay open. tell to one's face. {{has_subtype(demonstrate)}} put through one's paces. {{has_high_quality(show)}} show clearly, bring out in strong relief. call into notice, represent, bring into notice; hold up the mirror. {{has_subtype(call into notice)}} wear one's heart upon his sleeve; show one's face, show one's colors; manifest oneself; speak out, give notice; make no mystery, make no secret of; unfurl the flag; produce. {{has_subtype: publish, R531}}. show up. {{&caused_by(be clear): elicit &c. R480a}}. appear &c. (be visible) R446; transpire &c. (be disclosed) R529; speak for itself, stand to reason; stare one in the face, rear its head; give token, give sign, give indication of. {{&caused_by(obviousness): @R518, speak for itself, tell its own tale}}. Adj. {{has_high_level(intelligible, R518)}} {{has_subtype(disclosed[mode=clearly], R529)}} manifest, clear, apparent, salient, demonstrative, prominent, in the foreground, notable. explicit, overt, patent, expressed, express, open, open as day; naked, bare, literal, undisguised, exoteric. {{has_high_level(apparent)}} obvious, evident, striking, unmistakable, self-evident, pronounced, indubitable, not to be mistaken, palpable, autoptical[obs2]. {{has_high_level(obvious)}} glaringly obvious, intuitively obvious to the most casual observer. flagrant; arrant; stark, staring; unshaded, glaring. defined, definite; distinct, conspicuous. plain. {{has_high_level(clear)}} crystal-clear, perfectly clear, plain as day, clear as day, clear as daylight, clear as noonday; plain as a pike staff, plain as the sun at noon-day, plain as the nose on one's face, plain as the way to parish church. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(artless, R703): @R543, candid, unreserved, frank, downright, plain-spoken}}. barefaced. manifested, expressed, made plain, made obvious; capable of being shown, producible; inconcealable[obs3], unconcealable. {{conceptual_part_of: notorious &c. (public) R531}}. {{has_metaphor(manifest): visible, R446}}. Adv. manifestly, openly, prominently, clearly, plainly. flagrantly, arrantly. starkly, staringly, glaringly. {{has_subtype(publicly, @R182)}} in plain view, before one's eyes, under one's nose, to one's face, face to face, above board, cartes sur table, on the stage, in open court, in the open streets, in broad daylight, in open daylight, in market overt, in the face of day, face of heaven; without reserve; at first blush, prima facie[Lat], on the face of; in set terms. Phr. cela saute aux yeux[Fr]; he that runs may read; you can see it with half an eye; it needs no ghost to tell us [Hamlet]; the meaning lies on the surface; cela va sans dire[Fr]; res ipsa loquitur[Lat]; "clothing the palpable and familiar" [Coleridge]; fari quae sentiat[Lat]; volto sciolto i pensieri stretti [It]; "you don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows" [Bob Dylan]. M8.1.1.R1.7 OBSCURITY (R526) #526. Obscurity. N. {{antonym_of(clarity, R525)}} obscurity, density, unobviousness, lack of clarity, latency, inexpression[obs3]. occultness, mystery, cabala[obs3], anagoge[obs3]. {{has_high_level: unintelligibility, R519}}. {{property_of}} obscure communication. {{has_subtype(obscure communication): @R583, mumbling, stammering}}. {{has_subtype(obscure communication): metaphor, R521}}. {{has_meaning(obscure communication): $meaning, R516}}. &&{{has_part($meaning, R516)}} {{property_of(intended, @R620 + unexpressed)}} implication, implied meaning, intended meaning. {{has_subtype(implication)}} {{has_result(reasoning[about=implication], R476)}} logical implication. {{has_subtype(implication)}} hidden meaning, occult meaning; more than meets the eye, more than meets the ear. {{&caused_by(hidden meaning): silence &c. (taciturnity) R585}}. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor}} Delphic oracle. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(concealment &c. R528): $omission}}. &&{{has_topic($omission)}} omitted information, information between the lines. snake in the grass &c. (pitfall) R667; secret &c. R533. darkness, invisibility, imperceptibility. undercurrent. allusion, insinuation; adumbration; "something rotten in the state of Denmark". {{property_of: innuendo, @R527b}}. V. be latent, be obscure, be difficult to understand. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(lie hid, @R528)}} be implied, be implicit. {{has_subtype(be implicit)}} lurk, smolder, underlie, make no sign; escape observation, escape detection, escape recognition. {{mcaused_by(be implied): keep back &c. (conceal) M8.1.2.2}}. involve, imply, allude to, infer, leave an inference. {{has_subtype(understand[obj=implication], R490)}} read between the lines. <-- ; whisper &c. (conceal) M8.1.2.2 laugh in one's sleeve. , understand --> Adj. obscure, unobvious, unclear. {{antonym_of(explicit, @R525)}} implicit, implied, latent, tacit, understood. {{has_subtype(implicit)}} lurking, occult, hidden, dormant, abeyant. unapparent, unknown, unseen, unperceive, unnoticed; in the background; indiscoverable[obs3], dark; unspied[obs3], unsuspected. {{has_high_level(obscure): @R519, impenetrable, unintelligible}}. {{has_metaphor: invisible, @R447}}. {{has_subtype(undisclosed, @R529)}} unexpressed, unmentioned. {{has_subtype(unexpressed)}} unsaid, unspoken, untalked of; unwritten, unpublished, unreported, unexposed, not expressed, untold; unannounced, unproclaimed[obs3]. {{&consequence_of(unexpressed): secret &c. M8.1.2.2}}. unrecognized, undeveloped, unsolved, unexplained, undiscovered; untracked, unexplored, uninvented[obs3], untraced[obs3]. {{has_subtype(implied)}} indirect, crooked, inferential; by inference, by implication; constructive; allusive, covert, muffled; steganographic[obs3]; underhand, underground; delitescent[obs3]. {{&consequence_of(implied): concealed &c. R528}}. <-- ; unsung --> Adv. obscurely, unclearly. {{antonym_of(explicitly)}} implicitly, tacitly. by a side wind; sub silentio[Lat]; in the background; behind the scenes, behind one's back; on the tip of one's tongue; between the lines. {{&consequence_of(obscurely): secretly &c. M8.1.2.2}}. Phr. "thereby hangs a tale" [As You Like It]; tacitum vivit sub pectore vulnus [Lat][Vergil]; "where there's smoke, there's fire"; le dessous des cartes[Fr] [Hamlet]. <-- note that information, here is the ACT of informing (communication). The subject of the informing process (also called information) is listed under Knowledge, R490. --> <-- [Correct an error of information; distinguish from correcting a flaw or misbehavior] Also, distinguish from reprimand, etc under disapprobation, 932a --> M8.1.1.R1.8 CORRECTION (R527A) #527a. Correction. N. {{has_subtype(correction, @R932a)}} correction, amendment, amending. {{has_subtype(correction, @R932a)}} {[of(document, M8.13.2.2.4.3)]} {{has_conceptual_part(publication[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} {{has_subtype(change[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} revision[1], emendation, emending, revising. {{has_subtype(revision)}} editing; proof-reading. {{has_result}} revision[2]. {{has_subtype(editing)}} markup. {{has_subtype(editing)}} spelling correction. {{&uses(spelling correction)}} {{has_subtype(computer program)}} {{&has_part(word processor, @P2.3.1.3.14.2)}} spelling corrector, spell checker, spell corrector. {{has_subtype(editing)}} grammar checking. {{&uses(grammar checking)}} {{has_subtype(computer program)}} grammar checker. {{performed_by(editing): editor, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(editor, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} redactor. {{has_subtype(editing)}} {{hperforms(redactor)}} {{has_subtype(preparation[for=publication, R531], R673)}} redacting, redaction. {{works_at(redactor)}} redactory. {{&uses(editing/redacting): proof, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(proof)}} galley proof. {{has_subtype(correction)}} {{used_in(proof)}} {{property_of(late, @R133)}} note added in proof. {{has_result(revision[1])}} {{has_subtype(revision[2])}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} revised edition, new edition. V. correct, set right, set straight. Adj. corrective. corrected. {{has_result: correct}}. <-- [[exaggeration]] --> M8.1.1.R1.9 EXAGGERATION (R549) #549. Exaggeration. N. {{has_subtype(overestimation[prop=deliberate, @R620], R482)}} {{conceptual_part_of(untruth, R546)}} {{has_subtype(figure of speech, R521)}} {{has_subtype(expansion[of=fact, @M3.1.1.2], R194)}} exaggeration, hyperbole, stretch, stretching, strain, coloring. {{has_meaning}} {{property_of(false, R544): literal meaning}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{property_of(true)}} grain of truth. high coloring, caricature, caricatura[obs3]. {{property_of(exaggerated)}} {{has_subtype(story, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1)}} yarn, tall tale, fish story, fringe, embroidery, traveler's tale, gooseberry, men in buckram[obs2]. {{has_high_level: extravagance &c. (nonsense) R497}}. {{trait_of}} {{has_metaphor}} Baron Munchausen. {{has_metaphor}} storm in a teacup, tempest in a teacup; much ado about nothing. {[in_frame(advertising)]} puff, puffery. {{alternate_to(puffery)}} {{has_subtype(truth, R494)}} truth in advertising. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(imagination, R515)}} stretch of fancy, stretch of the imagination, flight of fancy. false coloring. {{&part_of: boasting, R884}}. {{&used_in: rant &c. (turgescence) R577}}. <-- ; aggravation &c. R835 --> V. {{has_subtype(expansion[of=fact, @M3.1.1.2], R194)}} {{has_subtype(misrepresent, R544)}} exaggerate, hyperbolize, magnify, pile it on, amplify, overstate, pile up, aggravate. overcharge, overdraw, overlay, overshoot the mark, make over much, over the most of, strain, strain over a point, stretch, stretch a point; go great lengths; spin a long yarn; deal in the marvelous. {{has_subtype: overpraise, @R933}}. {{has_metaphor}} draw with a longbow, shoot with a longbow. <-- not sure about the next line --> {{&causes: overestimate &c. R482}}. out-Herod Herod, run riot, talk at random. heighten, overcolor[obs3]; color highly, color too highly; broder[obs3]; flourish. {{has_subtype: color, @R544}}. {{has_subtype: puff &c. (boast) R884}}. Adj. exaggerated, hyperbolic, overstated, amplified, magnified, overwrought, hyperbolical[obs3]. fabulous, extravagant, preposterous, egregious, outre[Fr], highflying[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: bombastic &c. (grandiloquent) R577}}. {{has_metaphor}} on stilts. Adv. hyperbolically, exaggeratedly, extravagenatly. Phr. excitabat enim fluctus in simpulo [Lat][Cicero]. <-- (generally adverbs) 525. Manifestation 526. Latency 527. Information 528. Concealment 529. Disclosure 530. Ambush 531. Publication 532. News 533. Secret - 534. Messenger to HROLE - 535. Affirmation 536. Negation 537. Teaching 538. Misteaching 539. Learning 549. Exaggeration - 540 teacher and 541 learner to HROLE - - 542. School to M9.5 Voluntary Institutions to properties of ideas: 543. Veracity.. 544. Falsehood ref M8.1.2 Modes of communication 545. Deception 546. Untruth (properties of a communication? or properties of the ideas communicated?) --> <-- 547. dupe and R548. deceiver to HROLE- [[modecom]]--> M8.1.2 MODES OF COMMUNICATION (R525 TO R539, R549) N. mode of communication, manner of communication. <-- [[disclose]] --> M8.1.2.1 DISCLOSURE (R529) #529. Disclosure. N. {{used_in(veracity, R543)}} {{&caused_by(learning, R539/clarity, R525)}} {{has_subtype(communication[of=truth, M4.1.1])}} disclosure, revealing, exposing, revealment, revelation, discovering, retection[obs1]. {{antonym_of: concealing, @M8.1.2.2; hiding, R528}}. unveiling, uncovering. disinterment, deterration[obs3]. unmasking, dismasking. exposition, exposure; expose; whole truth; telltale &c. (news) R532. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(communicatee)}} informee, person being informed. {{has_tobject}} {{has_subtype(fact, @M3.1.1.2)}} {{property_of(unknown[to=informee])}} unknown fact, previously unknown fact, new information. {{facilitated_by: clarity, R525}}. {{has_subtype(disclosure[obj=$confidential information, @M3.1.1.2])}} acknowledgment, avowal, concession, conceding, acknowledging, owning up. {{&has_property($confidential information, @M3.1.1.2): embarrassing, @R830}}. {{has_subtype(acknowledgment)}} {{has_subtype(assertion[of=guilt[of=self, M1.1], R947], R535)}} confession, admission. {{has_property(confession/acknowledgment): unpleasant, @R830}}. {{has_subtype(confession)}} {[in_frame(religion, R983)]} confessional, shrift. {{&has_location(confession)}} {[in_frame(Catholic religion, @R983)]} {{has_part(church, @R1000)}} confessional[2]. bursting of a bubble; denouement. {{has_method(revealing)}} decoding, decrypting, deciphering, unscrambling. {{&has_method(decoding)}} code breaking. {{studied_in(decoding/code breaking)}} cryptanalysis. {{performed_by: P2.3.2.3.6.5.7.2, tattletale}}. V. {{has_subtype(inform, @R527)}} disclose, discover, reveal. uncover, unveil, unfold, unseal, draw the veil, draw aside the veil, lift the veil, raise the veil, lift up the veil, remove the veil, tear aside the veil, raise the curtain, pull aside the curtain, tear the curtain, unkennel, take off the seal, break the seal. {[with_object(news, M8.1.1.1)]} break[1]. unmask, dismask[obs1]. {{has_method(discover[obj=coded message])}} decode, decrypt, decipher, unscramble, uncode. {{has_method(discover[obj=coding method])}} break[2]. [transitive] expose, open, open up, bare, bring to light, lay open, lay bare. {{has_subtype}} {{!tobject_of(confidential information, @M3.1.1.2)}} divulge[transitive], spill. {{has_subtype(divulge[mode=impulsively])}} blurt out, blab, peach. {{has_subtype(divulge[mode=unintentionally])}} let out, let fall, let drop. {{has_subtype(divulge)}} squeal, tattle, sing, rat, snitch [all coll.]; let into the secret; reveal the secrets of the prison house; breathe, utter; betray; tell tales out of school, come out of school; give vent, give utterance to; open the lips, vent, whisper about, spread. {{has_subtype(divulge[mode=intentionally][obj=confidential information, @M3.1.1.2])}} acknowledge, allow, concede, grant, own, avow, throw off all disguise, turn inside out, make a clean breast; show one's hand, show one's cards; open one's mind, lay bare one's mind, tell a piece of one's mind[Fr]; unbosom oneself, own to the soft impeachment; say the truth, speak the truth; turn King's evidence, turn Queen's evidence; acknowledge the corn [coll][U.S.]; come out with, unburden oneself of, let off one's chest; unburden one's mind, disburden one's mind, disburden one's conscience, disburden one's heart. {{has_subtype(assertion[of=guilt[of=self, M1.1], R947], R535)}} confess, admit, own up to, fess up[coll.]. {{has_purpose(come out with it): relieve[obj=conscience]}}. {{has_subtype(come out with[obj=everything])}} let it all hang out[intrans.]. {{has_subtype(divulge[obj=secret][mode=unintentionally, @R621])}} [intransitive] [colloquial] let slip, spill the beans, let the cat out of the bag. {{has_subtype: speak out, @R525; make public, @R531; unriddle &c. (find out) R480a}}. split open, fall open. raise the mask, drop the mask, lift the mask, remove the mask, throw off the mask; expose; lay open; undeceive[obs3], unbeguile[obs3]; disabuse, set right, correct, open the eyes of; desillusionner. be disclosed, be revealed. be uncovered, be discovered, come into the light; transpire, come to light; become known, escape the lips; come out, ooze out, creep out, leak out, peep out, crop-out; show its face, show its colors; discover itself; break through the clouds, flash on the mind. {{&caused_by(be revealed): come in sight, @R446}}. {{has_property(cryptanalysis)}} cryptanalytic. Adj. disclosed, revealed, discovered, broken. laid open. {{has_consequence(disclosed): @R531, open, public}}. divulged, let out, let slip. acknowledged, conceded, admitted, owned up to; confessed, avowed, bared. {{has_subtype(revealed)}} decoded, decrypted, deciphered, unscrambled. {{has_consequence(decoded): @R525, clear, explicit, uncoded}}. Adv. revealingly. openly. {{has_mode(decode)}} cryptanalytically. Int. "out with it!". Phr. the murder is out; a light breaks in upon one; the scales fall from one's eyes; the eyes are opened; even the walls have ears. <-- The Roget "concealment", R528 included hiding of visible things and concealment in information transfer. We divide this entry, and leave the latter meaning here. There is no common "concealment" parent type, so we note that these two concepts are analogous. [[reticence]] --> M8.1.2.2 RETICENCE N. {{analogous_to(concealment, R528)}} {{antonym_of(disclosure, R529)}} reticence, reserve, mental reserve, reservation, withholding. {{has_high_level(reticence)}} concealment, concealing, active concealment, suppression, evasion, arriere pensee[Fr]. {{has_purpose}} {{analogous_to(privacy, @R528)}} confidentiality, privacy. {{has_topic}} {{property_of(confidential)}} {{has_subtype(information, R527b)}} confidential information. {{has_high_level(confidential information)}} secret. {{has_subtype(confidential information)}} {{property_of(sensitive)}} sensitive information. {{has_property(sensitive information): $assertion}}. {{asserts($assertion)}} {{mcauses(disclosure[obj=confidential information], R529): damage[1], R659a}}. <-- Question: will the system conclude that disclosure of critical information will cause great damage? We leave it implicit. @? --> {{has_high_level(confidential information)}} critical information. {{has_topic: @R533, secret, confidential information}}. {{&uses(concealment)}} {{has_subtype(untruth, R546)}} white lie, fib; misprision. {{&has_method(concealment)}} covering up, whitewashing. {{has_result(cover up)}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} cover-up, coverup, whitewash. {{has_instance(cover-up)}} Watergate, the Watergate affair. {{has_method(concealment): silence &c. (taciturnity) R585; lying, R544; untruth, R546}}. mystification, obfuscation. underhand dealing; mystery. {{has_property}} closeness, secretiveness. {{causes: obscurity, R526}}. {{has_method(concealment)}} encoding, encrypting, ciphering, coding, scrambling. {{has_execution(encoding): writing in code, @R590}}. {{forms(encoding): @M8.1.1.1.2.2, coded message, cryptogram, cryptograph}}. {{studied_in(encoding)}} cryptography, steganography[obs3]; cryptanalysis. {{job_of(cryptography)}} cryptographer. seal of secrecy. {{used_in(secrecy): freemasonry, @P2.3.2.3.5.5.1}}. {{conceptual_part_of: slyness, @R702}}. {[in_frame(speech, R582)]} {{has_method(concealment): @R582, whisper}}. {{has_subtype: @R881, retiring disposition, meekness, unobtrusiveness}}. V. [transitive] conceal, withhold, reserve. keep snug, keep close, keep secret, keep dark; keep from, keep from out of view, keep from out of sight; keep in the shade, throw into the shade, throw into background. {{has_method(keep secret/conceal)}} {{has_subtype(prevent[obj=disclosure], @R706)}} hush up, cover up, stifle, smother, bury, sink, suppress, whitewash. keep from; keep back, keep to oneself. [intransitive] be reticent, be reserved. {{has_method(be reticent)}} answer with a question, fence with a question, answer a question with a question. {{has_method(conceal): be silent, @R585; suppress the truth &c. R544; lie, @R546}}. {{has_method(conceal): @R477a, equivocate, mystify, obfuscate}}. {{has_method(conceal)}} {{has_subtype(be silent, @R585): ignore[obj=question], @R460}}. {{has_method(conceal)}} encrypt, encode, cipher, code, scramble. keep a secret, keep one's own counsel; hold one's tongue &c. (silence) R585; make no sign, not let it go further; not breathe a word, not breathe a syllable about; not let the right hand know what the left is doing. {{has_subtype(conceal[obj=self^talent]): @R881, hide one's light under a bushel, bury one's talent in a napkin}}. keep in the dark, leave in the dark, keep in the ignorance; blind, blind the eyes. {{has_method(conceal): puzzle &c. (render uncertain) R475; bamboozle &c. (deceive) R545}}. {{has_method(conceal)}} blindfold, hoodwink. {{has_subtype(confidential information)}} {[in_frame(news gathering)]} background information, deep background information, deep background. {{topic_of(background information)}} {{has_subtype(meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} background session, backgrounder. Adj. undisclosed, unrevealed, withheld, not disclosed, not revealed, held back. {{has_subtype(undisclosed): @R526, unexpressed, implicit}}. {{has_high_level(withheld)}} concealed. {{has_subtype(concealed)}} kept confidential, kept under wraps, kept in confidence, kept secret, kept quiet, closely held. {{has_subtype(kept secret)}} hushed up, covered up, suppressed, stifled, smothered, buried, sunk. <-- confidential and secret have two meanings: "should not be disclosed" and "has not been disclosed". The former is here, and the latter under "secret" --> {{consequence_of(undisclosed)}} {{mcaused_by(undisclosed)}} confidential, private, esoteric, inviolable, not to be spoken of, unmentionable, irrevealable[obs3]. {{&consequence_of(undisclosed)}} {{&mcaused_by(undisclosed)}} {{has_property(sensitive information)}} sensitive. {{&consequence_of(sensitive): embarrassing, @R830}}. {{has_high_level(confidential)}} secret. {{has_high_level(secret)}} top secret; critical. {{has_consequence(undisclosed): @R533, confidential, secret}}. {{has_property(background information)}} {{has_subtype(confidential)}} not for attribution. unacknowledged, unconfessed, unavowed. {{consequence_of(undisclosed): untold &c. R527; covert &c. (latent) R526; mysterious &c. (unintelligible) R519}}. {{consequence_of(undisclosed)}} untraceable. {{has_subtype(concealed)}} {{has_consequence(encoded)}} encrypted, encoded, ciphered, coded, scrambled. {{has_property(encoding)}} cryptographic. {{has_high_intensity(confidential): secret, R533}}. {{manifestation_of}} {{has_subtype(trait)}} secretive, evasive; reserved, reticent, uncommunicative, buttoned up; close, close as wax. {{manifestation_of}} {{has_subtype(trait): taciturn &c. R585}}. {[of(information): expurgated, censored; expunged]}. Adv. reservedly, reticently, uncommunicatively. {{has_high_level(reservedly)}} secretively, evasively. {{has_property(confidential information)}} confidentially, in confidence, in strict confidence, in strictest confidence; between ourselves, between you and me; between you and me and the bedpost; entre nous[Fr], inter nos, under the seal of secrecy; a couvert[Fr]. {{has_mode(encrypt/encode)}} cryptographically. Phr. it must go no further, it will go no further; don't tell a soul; "tell it not in Gath", nobody the wiser; alitur vitium vivitque tegendo[Lat][obs3]; "let it be tenable in your silence still"[Hamlet]; "A secret's safe, 'twixt you, me, and the gatepost!" [Robert Browning]. <-- this entry is for broad publication of information, a general concept including speech, print, broadcasting, internet newsgroups, etc., as subtypes --> M8.1.2.3 PUBLICATION N. {{has_subtype(announcement, R527)}} publication, public announcement. {{alternative_to: private message, M8.1.1.1.2}}. {{has_target(public announcement)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee): general public, @R372a}}. {{&performed_by}} {{has_subtype(communicator): spokesperson, @R524}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(knowledge[by=public, @R372a], R490)}} publicity. {{has_subtype}} {{target_of(press)}} press release. V. {{has_subtype(announce, R527)}} [transitive] make public, announce publicly, publish. {{has_target(make public)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee): general public}}. circulate, propagate, promulgate. disseminate, evulugate; put out, put forth, give forth, send forth, emit, get out. bring before the public, lay before the public, drag before the public; give out, give to the world. proclaim, herald, blazon; blaze abroad, noise abroad; sound a trumpet; trumpet forth, thunder forth; give tongue; announce with beat of drum, announce with flourish of trumpets; proclaim from the housetops, shout fron the housetops, proclaim at Charing Cross[obs2], send round the crier. {{has_subtype(publish): publish in print &c. R531}}. {{has_subtype(make public)}} put about, bandy about, hawk about, buzz about, whisper about, bruit about, blaze about; drag into the open day; voice; spread, spread abroad; rumor, diffuse. raise a cry, raise a hue and cry[obs2], raise a report; set news afloat. be published, be made public, be circulated, be disseminated. be public, become public &c. adj.; come out; go about, fly about, buzz about, blow about; get about, get abroad, get afloat, get wind; find vent; see the light; go forth, take air, acquire currency, pass current; go the rounds, go the round of the newspapers, go through the length and breadth of the land; virum volitare per ora[Lat]; pass from mouth to mouth; spread; run like wildfire, spread like wildfire. {{has_subtype(announce publicly[obj=self, M1.1^virtue, P2.2.3.5.2])}} {{has_low_intensity(boast, R884)}} tout one's own accomplishments, promote one's own virtues. {{has_metaphor(tout one's own accomplishments)}} {{antonym_of(hide one's light under a bushel)}} blow one's own horn. Adj. public, open, in circulation, out in the open, out; notorious; flagrant, arrant; trumpet-tongued; encyclical, encyclic[obs3], promulgatory[obs3]; exoteric. {{has_property(publication)}} published, announced, promulgated. {{has_property(announcement): current &c. (news) R532}}. <-- the concept "open" at R525 may actually belong here ??? --> {{has_consequence(published): open &c. R525}}. Adv. publicly, openly. in the open, out in the open; in open court, with open doors. Int. "Oyez!", "O yes!"; "hear ye!"; "notice!". Phr. notice is hereby given; this is to give, these are to give notice; nomina stultorum parietibus haerent[Lat]; semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum[Lat]. <-- This "publication" entry is for printed publications [[publish]] --> M8.1.2.3.1 PRINT PUBLICATION #531. Print publication. N. print publication, publication, publishing. {{!has_method: printing, R591}}. {{requires: distribution[obj=printed publication], R270}}. {{!forms}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{property_of(printed, @R591)}} printed publication. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(human event)}} publication[2]. {{&has_topic: news, R532}}. promulgation, propagation, proclamation, hue and cry[obs2], pronunziamento [Italian]; circulation, indiction[obs3], edition. {{has_subtype(publicity)}} notoriety, flagrancy; currency, bruit; hype, cry. vox populi. {{has_conceptual_part(publication[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3]): @R527a, editing, revision}}. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(printed publication): @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.7, the Press, public press, newspaper, journal, gazette, daily}}. {{function_of}} {{used_in(telegraph)}} {{has_subtype(electronic information transmission)}} telegraphy. <-- a "publisher" may be an individual, printing it himself or contacting with a printer --> {{performed_by(publish[obj=printed publication])}} publisher. {{has_subtype(publisher)}} {{has_subtype(company, P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)}} publishing house. {{has_subtype(publishing house)}} vanity press. {{hperforms(vanity press): publish[obj=vanity book]}}. {{has_subtype(printed publication)}} {{has_subtype($book)}} vanity book. &&{{has_property(publication[2][ptnt=$vanity book]): paid for[by=author[of=$vanity book], P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1], @R807}}. {{uses(publisher)}} {{hcreated_by(printed publication): @R591, printing house; redactory}}. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(notice, @R527)}} circular, circular letter; manifesto. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(printed publication)}} {{has_subtype(notice, @R527)}} placard, bill, affiche[obs3], broadside, poster. {{&has_part(publication)}} {{property_of(paid[by=advertiser, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.2], @R807)}} advertisement, ad, "advt."[abbr]. {{has_subtype(advertisement)}} {{has_method(recruiting, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} job advertisement, job ad, want ad, want advertisement, help wanted ad, help wanted advertisement. {{part_of(job ad)}} employment column; employment page. {{has_subtype(advertisement): @R794, commercial advertisement}}. V. {{has_subtype(make public, @R527)}} publish, publish in print. issue. <-- we add revision as an integral part of publication. Revisions can be of any size or extent. If in fact some publication has had no revisions (an original document), its "revision" slot will be set to null --> {{has_conceptual_part(publish[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} {{has_subtype(change[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} revise. {{has_subtype(revise)}} edit. {{has_subtype(publish[obj=advertisement])}} advertise. placard; post, post up afficher[obs3]. publish in the Gazette. Adj. {{has_property(print publication)}} published, in print. <-- someone with a knowledge of electronic publicataion, please help fill this in! --> M8.1.2.3.2 ELECTRONIC PUBLICATION N. {{used_in(electronic device)}} electronic publication. {{has_subtype(electronic publication)}} broadcasting, electronic broadcasting. {{forms(broadcasting)}} broadcast. {{used_in(radio transmission, @P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} {{used_in(radio, P2.3.1.3.13.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(broadcasting)}} radio broadcasting. {{used_in(television transmission, @P2.3.1.3.19.1)}} {{used_in(television, P2.3.1.3.13.2.2)}} {{has_subtype(broadcasting)}} television broadcasting. {{used_in(computer network)}} network publication, publication over a network. {{used_in(computer bulletin board)}} publication on a bulletin board. {{has_subtype(network publication)}} {{used_in(internet)}} internet publication, publication over the internet. {{has_subtype(publication over the internet)}} posting. {{has_subtype(posting)}} posting to a newsgroup; posting to a listserver; posting to a discussion group; posting to a bulleting board. {{uses(posting to a newsgroup)}} {{has_subtype(computer file)}} newsgroup file. {{created_by(newsgroup file)}} {{performed_by(posting)}} poster, contributor. {{member_of(poster)}} newsgroup. <-- large lists such as newsgroups should be held in separate files --> {{has_subtype(newsgroup)}} "comp.ai". V. broadcast. post. <-- Deciding where to put references to literary, legal or scientific works is remarkably difficult. That important concept is now here, under teaching, as a subtype of assertion. It seems to be an "assistance" for self-learning more than a direct teaching. [[teach]] --> M8.1.2.4 TEACHING (R537) #537. Teaching. N. {{result_of(knowledge)}} {{has_subtype(preparation, R673)}} {{has_activity(school, R542)}} {{reciprocal_of(learning, R539)}} {{has_subtype(communication, M8.1)}} teaching, instruction, edification, tuition, tutorage, tutelage, tutoring. {{has_topic(teach)}} {{has_subtype(information, M3.1.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(subject, M3.1.1.R1)}} subject, school subject, scholastic subject. {{has_subtype(subject): skill, @R698}}. {{part_of}} education. {{has_inverse}} {{has_result}} {{hperforms(student): learning, R539}}. {{has_subtype(teaching[obj=skill])}} {{has_subtype(preparation[for=action, R680], R673)}} training. drilling; qualification; discipline; excitation. {{has_subtype(teaching)}} {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} {{used_in(example of conduct, @R692)}} teaching by example. {{&caused_by(guiding)}} {{has_subtype(prior action, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(example of conduct, @R692)}} {{property_of(bad, R649)}} good example. {{performed_by(good example): good man}}. {{performed_by(good example)}} {{has_subtype(good man)}} {{has_subtype(role model, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1)}} positive role model. {{has_subtype(education)}} specialization, concentration; technical training, technical education. <-- we explicitly note the asymmetry by showing the relation in both directions here. Teaching may occur outside of a school. --> {{&performed_at: school, R542}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(assistance[for=learning])}} direction, guidance. {{has_subtype(direction)}} {{has_subtype(assertion[obj=document title, @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4.2])}} {{requires(find[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} reference, citation, where to find information. {{has_subtype}} {{has_activity(school)}} schooling. rearing, upbringing, bringing up, breeding. {{has_subtype(education)}} graduate education. {{performed_at(graduate education)}} graduate school; medical school; law school; business school. {{uses(training)}} {{hperforms(learner, R541)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{property_of(repeated, R104)}} drill, practice, practise, exercise. {{has_high_quantity(drill)}} drill and kill[slang]. {{uses: @R593, book}}. {{uses: @R635c, writing material, blackboard}}. {{has_subtype(practise)}} {{used_in(book@R593)}} book exercise. {{has_subtype(book exercise): solve[obj=problem, @R461a], @R480a}}. {{&uses(book exercise)}} {{has_subtype(book@R593)}} exercise book, workbook. {{has_subtype(exercise book)}} {{function_of(teach[to=read])}} reader. {{has_subtype: persuasion, proselytism, propagandism[obs3], propaganda; indoctrination, inculcation, inoculation, R537a}}. {{has_subtype: advise &c. R695}}. {{uses: explanation &c. (interpretation) R522}}. {{has_execution}} lesson, lecture. {{has_subtype(lecture)}} {[with_obj(morality, R944)]} sermon, preaching, preachment, preachification[informal]. {{&uses(preaching)}} parable, apologue[obs3]; discourse, prolection[obs3]; chalk talk. {{part_of(sermon)}} {{purpose_of(edification, @R987)}} chautauqua [U.S., early 1900's, outdoors]; retreat; novena [Roman Catholic]. {{has_conceptual_part}} exercise, task; curriculum; course, course of study. {{has_subtype(beginning[of=education], R66)}} elementary education, primary education. {{treats_subject(elementary education)}} grammar, three R's, initiation. {{has_member_x(three R's): reading, @R539; writing, R590; arithmetic, @R85a}}. {{has_part(writing, R590): @R561, alphabet, "A.B.C.'s", ABC's}}. {{has_subtype(education)}} secondary education; college education, collegiate education, university education. {{performed_at(secondary education)}} high school[U.S]. {{performed_at(college education): @R542, college, university, institute of technology}}. {{has_subtype(education)}} technical education; military education; liberal education; classical education; religious education, denominational education, moral education; secular education; propaedeutics[obs3], moral tuition. {{has_subtype(training[obj=muscle, @R1002])}} gymnastics, calisthenics; physical drill, physical education, phys ed. {{has_subtype(training[obj=muscle, @R1002]): exercise, @P2.6.4.8.4}}. {{has_method(teaching[obj=reading, @R539])}} phonics; whole language method. {{has_method(teaching)}} rote, rote memorization, brute memory; cooperative learning; Montessori method, ungraded classes. {{&uses: homework, @R539}}. {{performed_by: teacher, R540, P2.3.2.3.6.5.31}}. <-- ; opsimathy[obs3] --> <-- ; sloyd[obs3] ??def? --> V. {{has_subtype(tell)}} [ditransitive] teach. instruct, educate, edify, school, tutor; cram, prime, coach. {{has_inverse}} {{has_result}} {{hperforms(student): learn, R539}}. {{has_purpose: enlighten[obj=student] &c. (inform) R527; improve[obj=student] &c. R658}}. {{uses: expound &c. (interpret) R522}}. {{property_of(formal)}} offer a course, give a course, give a lecture series. inculcate, inoculate, infuse, instill, infix, ingraft[obs3], infiltrate; imbue, impregnate, implant; graft, sow the seeds of, disseminate. give an idea of; put up to, put in the way of; set right. {{has_purpose}} sharpen the wits, enlarge the mind; give new ideas, open the eyes, bring forward, "teach the young idea how to shoot" [Thomson]. {{has_method}} lecture, read a lesson, give a lesson, give a lecture, hold forth. {{has_subtype(lecture)}} sermonize, moralize, give a sermon, give a discourse, preach, point a moral, incept[obs3]. train, discipline; bring up, bring up to; form, ground, prepare, qualify; drill, exercise, practice, habituate, familiarize with, nurture, drynurse[obs3], breed, rear, take in hand; break, break in; preinstruct[obs3]; initiate. {{has_subtype(train[obj=beast, @R366]): tame, @R370}}. {{conceptual_part_of(train): inure &c. (habituate) R613}}. put to nurse, send to school. {{has_low_level(teach)}} direct, guide. {{has_subtype(guide)}} direct attention to, bring to one's notice. impress upon the mind, impress upon the memory; beat into, beat into the head. {{has_subtype(guide)}} teach by example. {{&caused_by(guide)}} {{has_subtype(set an example, @R692)}} {{property_of(good, R648)}} set a good example. {{has_subtype(set a good example)}} be a positive role model. {{has_purpose(sermonize): convince, @R484}}. {{has_metaphor(teach[mode=unnecessarily])}} preach to the wise, teach one's grandmother to suck eggs, teach granny to suck eggs, preach to the converted. Adj. teaching, instructing, educating, tutoring. {{has_consequence(teaching)}} {{has_subtype(told, @R527)}} taught, instructed, trained, tutored. <-- not all teaching has results. See "learning" for the best results --> {{&has_consequence(teaching): @R539, educated, enlightened}}. educational, instructive, instructional, didactic; propaedeutic[obs3], propaedeutical[obs3]. scholastic, academic, doctrinal; disciplinal[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(trained)}} {{has_result(graduate education)}} highly trained. Prep. {{has_marker(subject)}} to. Phr. the schoolmaster abroad; a bovi majori disscit arare minor[Lat]; adeo in teneris consuecere multum est [Lat][Vergil]; docendo discimus[Lat]; quaenocent docent[Lat]; qui docet discit[Latin]; "sermons in stones and good in everything" [As You Like It]. <-- was M8.1.R1.2, Interpretation But "interpretation" meaning construal is at M8.1.R1.1 [[interpretation]] [[explanation]] --> M8.1.2.4.1 EXPLANATION (R522) #522. Explanation. N. {{hperforms(interpreter, R524, P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3)}} explanation, explication, interpretation; elucidation, dilucidation[obs1]. {{has_purpose}} {{increases: understanding, R490}}. {{studied_in}} hermeneutics. {{has_subtype(explanation[of=word, R562/concept, R453])}} definition. {{has_subtype(definition)}} {{property_of(well-defined)}} {{member_of_x(predicate)}} {{property_of(complete, @R729)}} logical definition, complete definition, complete specification, necessary and sufficient conditions. exegesis; expounding, exposition; comment, commentary. {{&uses}} {{conceptual_part_of(example, @R82)}} illustration, exemplification. {{has_subtype(comment)}} {{has_subtype(explanation[of=$document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3])}} {{has_subtype(addition[to=$document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], R37)}} {{has_subtype(comment)}} {{has_subtype(writing, R590)}} annotation, notation, note. &&{{not_performed_by(annotation): author[of=$document]}}. {{part_of(annotation)}} {{has_subtype(edition, @R593)}} annotated edition. {{has_subtype(annotation)}} {{location_of(margin[of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} marginal note, note in the margin. {{has_subtype(explanation[of=motive, R615])}} justification, rationale. {{&uses: analogy, @R514a}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(conversion[ptnt=language, R560], R144)}} translation, rendering, rendition, redition[obs3]. {{has_subtype(translation)}} {[in_frame(computer programming)]} porting. {{has_subtype(translation)}} literal translation; free translation, loose translation. {{has_subtype(translation)}}{{carries_out(computer)}} machine translation, automatic translation. {{has_subtype(translation)}} {{uses(studying, @R539/learning, R539)}} crib, pony, trot [U.S.], clavis[obs3]. {{uses(mysticism)}} anagoge, anagogy. gloss, scholium[obs3]; eclaircissement[Fr], mot d'enigme[Fr]. {{property_of(conciseness, R572)}} [interpretation using fewer words] paraphrase, metaphrase[obs3], synopsis, summary, executive summary, digest, outline; restatement; abridgement. {{has_meaning}} equivalent, equivalent meaning, same thing in other words. {{has_subtype(equivalent meaning): synonym, @R516; convertible terms}}. {[in_frame(grammar)]} {{has_subtype(equivalent meaning)}} apposition; appositive. {{conceptual_part_of: dictionary &c. R562}}. {{oerformed_by(translation)}} translator, polyglot[obs2]. V. interpret, explain, define, construe. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(convert[ptnt=language, R560], R144)}} translate. render; do into, turn into; transfuse the sense of. throw light upon, shed light upon, shed new light upon, shed fresh light upon; clear up, clarify, elucidate. illustrate, exemplify; unfold, expound, comment upon, annotate; popularize &c. (render intelligible) R518. {{has_subtype(translate)}} {[with_object(computer program)]} {[in_frame(computer programming)]} port. Adj. explanatory, expository, interpretive; explicative, explicatory; exegetical[obs3]; construable. {[referring_to(hermeneutics)]} hermeneutical. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(definitive, @R535)}} {{has_property(logical definition)}} formal, well-defined, completely defined, rigorous, rigorously defined. polyglot; literal; paraphrastic, metaphrastic[obs3]; consignificative[obs3], synonymous; equivalent &c. R27. Adv. in explanation, by way of explanation. interpretively. literally; strictly speaking. Conj. that is to say, id est, videlicet, to wit, namely. {{property_of(equivalent meaning)}} in other words, in plain terms, in plainer terms, in plainer words, in plainer English. {{has_subtype(in other words)}} {{has_subtype(simply)}} more simply, simply put. M8.1.2.5 MISINFORMING (R538) #538. Misinforming. N. misinforming, misleading, misteaching[obs3], misinformaton, misintelligence[obs3], misguidance, misdirection, mispersuasion[obs3], misinstruction[obs3], false teaching. misrepresentation. {{has_high_level}} perversion, corruption. {{has_subtype: sophistry &c. R477}}. {{has_metaphor}} college of Laputa[Gulliver's Travels]; the blind leading the blind. {{&conceptual_part_of: @R537a, propaganda, indoctrination}}. {{has_subtype(propaganda, @R537a)}} {{hperforms(government, R737a)}} agitprop. {{has_subtype(misinforming)}} {{property_of(intentional, @R620)}} {{hperforms(government, R737a)}} {{has_subtype(lie, @R546)}} disinformation. {{&caused_by(misguiding)}} {{has_subtype(prior action, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(example of conduct, @R692)}} {{property_of(bad, R649)}} bad example. {{performed_by(bad example)}} {{has_subtype(role model, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1)}} negative role model. {{performed_by(bad example): bad man}}. V. misinform, mislead, misdirect, misguide, misteach[obs3], misdescribe[obs3], misinstruct[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} miscorrect[obs3]. put on a false scent, throw off the scent, throw off the trail, lead down the garden path. {{conceptual_part_of: mislead &c. (error) R495}}. {{purpose_of: deceive &c. R545; lie &c. R544}}. misrepresent; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces [Lat][Vergil]. {{has_high_level}} pervert, corrupt. {{&conceptual_part_of: @R537a, propagandize, indoctrinate}}. {{has_subtype(propagandize)}} {{hperforms(government, R737a)}} disinform. {{has_method}} render unintelligible. {{&causes: bewilder &c. (uncertainty) R475; mystify &c. (conceal) M8.1.2.2}}. unteach. {{&caused_by(misguide)}} {{has_subtype(set an example, @R692)}} {{property_of(bad, R649)}} set a bad example. {{has_subtype(set a bad example)}} be a negative role model. {{performed_by: propagandist, P2.3.2.3.6.5.54}}. Adj. {{has_consequence(misinform)}} misinformed, misled, misdirected, misguideded, mistaught. unedifying. misinforming, misleading, misdirecting, misguiding. Phr. better untaught than ill taught; piscem natare doces [Lat]; the blind leading the blind. <-- Teacher, R540 to P2.3.2.3.6.5.31 and Learner, R541 to P2.3.2.3.6.5.4 --> <-- We should clarify the distinction between untruth generally (objectively false) and untruth in communication (lie, deception) [[falsity]] --> M8.1.2.5.1 LYING (R544) #544. Lying. N. {{has_subtype(deception, R545)}} {{has_subtype(communicating, R527)}} {{has_subtype(dishonesty, R940)}} lying, telling lies, falsification. {{has_result: lie, @R546}}. {{has_topic}} {{property_of(false)}} false information. perversion of truth, suppression of truth; suppressio veri[Lat]; perversion, distortion, false coloring. {{manifestation_of}} {{has_subtype(dishonesty, @R940)}} falsehood, falseness; falsity; guile; guile. misrepresentation; mendacity, perjury, false swearing; forgery, invention, fabrication; subreption[obs3]; covin[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity(lying)}} fibbing. {{has_low_intensity(lying)}} prevarication, equivocation, shuffling, fencing, evasion, fraud; dissimulation, dissembling; deceit; blague[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity(lying): exaggeration &c. R549; mystification, @M8.1.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(lying)}} {{&conceptual_part_of(behavior, R692/action, R680)}} pretense, pretending, pretension. {{has_subtype(pretending)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} acting a lie, acting; sham. {{has_subtype(pretending[obj=incapacity, @P2.6.4.1.2.1])}} {{purpose_of(avoid[obj=work, M7.3.5.4.1], R623)}} malingering. duplicity, double dealing; insincerity, hypocrisy, cant, humbug. quackery; charlatanism[obs3], charlatanry; gammon; bun-kum[obs3], bumcombe, flam; bam[obs3], flimflam, cajolery, flattery; Judas kiss; perfidy &c. (bad faith) R940; il volto sciolto i pensieri stretti[It]. lip homage, lip service; mouth honor; hollowness; mere show, mere outside; jesuitism, jesuitry; pharisaism; Machiavelism, "organized hypocrisy"; crocodile tears, mealy-mouthedness[obs3]. {{&conceptual_part_of: unfairness}}. {{conceptual_part_of: artfulness &c. (cunning) R702}}. misstatement &c. (error) R495. {{purpose_of(pretending)}} {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} forgery, fake, phony, counterfeit, sham; simulation. {{conceptual_part_of: faking, @R19}}. V. be false, be deceitful, be mendacious, be unveracious, be fraudulent, be dishonest. lie, speak falsely, speak dishonestly, tell a lie, tell an untruth, tell a falsehood; lie like a trooper; swear false, forswear, perjure oneself, bear false witness. {{has_low_intensity}} fib, tell a white lie. be a liar &c. R548. misstate, misquote, miscite[obs3], misreport, misrepresent; belie, falsify, pervert, distort; put a false construction upon &c. (misinterpret) R523. prevaricate, equivocate, quibble; palter, palter to the understanding; repondre en Normand[Fr]; trim, shuffle, fence, mince the truth, beat about the bush, blow hot and cold, play fast and loose. garble, gloss over, disguise, give a color to; give a gloss, put a gloss, put false coloring upon; color, varnish, cook, dress up, embroider; varnish right and puzzle wrong; exaggerate &c. R549; blague[obs3]. invent, fabricate; trump up, get up; force, fake, hatch, concoct; romance &c. (imagine) R515; "cry 'wolf!'". dissemble, dissimulate. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(action, R680)}} pretend, feign, assume, put on, fake it, make believe; affect &c. R855. {{has_subtype(pretend[to=be dead])}} play possum, play dead. {{has_subtype(pretend)}} play false, play a double game; coquet; act a part, play a part; simulate, pass off for; counterfeit, sham, make a show of; say the grapes are sour. malinger. cant, play the hypocrite, sham Abraham, faire pattes de velours, put on the mask, clean the outside of the platter, lie like a conjuror. hand out false colors, hold out false colors, sail under false colors; "commend the poisoned chalice to the lips" [Macbeth]; ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces [Lat]; deceive &c. R545. Adj. {{has_property(lying)}} {{antonym_of(true, @R494)}} false, deceitful, mendacious, unveracious, fraudulent, dishonest, faithless, truthless, trothless. unfair, uncandid; hollow-hearted; evasive; uningenuous, disingenuous; hollow, insincere, Parthis mendacior; forsworn. artificial, contrived; canting; hypocritical, jesuitical, pharisaical; tartuffish; Machiavelian; double, double tongued, double faced, double handed, double minded, double hearted, double dealing; Janus faced; smooth-faced, smooth spoken, smooth tongued; plausible; mealy-mouthed; affected &c. R855. collusive, collusory; artful &c. (cunning) R702; perfidious &c. R940; spurious &c. (deceptive) R545; untrue &c. R546; falsified &c. v.; covinous. bogus, pseudo-, fake. {{similar_to: phony, ersatz, imitation &c. R19}}. Adv. falsely, truthlessly, mendaciously, dishonestly, unveraciously, deceitfully. fraudulently, faithlessly; unfairly; evasively. insincerely, disingenuously, uningenuously, a la tartufe, with a double tongue; slily &c. (cunning) R702. Phr. blandae mendacia lingua[Lat]; falsus in uno falsus in omnibus[Lat]; "I give him joy that's awkward at a lie" [Young]; la mentira tiene las piernas cortas [Sp]; "O what a goodly outside falsehood hath" [Merchant of Venice]. M8.1.2.5.2 MISREPRESENTATION N. {{has_subtype(falsification, @R544)}} {{alternative_to(explanation, R522)}} misrepresentation, perversion. false coloring, false construction; abuse of terms; parody, travesty. mistranslation. {{has_subtype: exaggeration &c. R549}}. V. {{has_subtype(falsify, @R544)}} {{alternative_to(explain, R522)}} misrepresent, explain wrongly, misstate, pervert. garble, distort, detort[obs1]; travesty, play upon words; stretch the sense, strain the sense, stretch the meaning, strain the meaning, wrest the sense, rest the meaning; put a bad construction on, put a false construction on; give a false coloring. explain away. mistranslate. {{has_subtype: exaggerate, R549}}. Adj. misrepresented. garbled, distorted. <-- "learning" here is the process, not the result. The result is at R490 (under M5.5), "understanding". However "to learn" may also be used as a verb of accomplishment (to learn may be an event), so we don't formally define this as a process. [[learn]] --> M8.1.2.6 LEARNING (R539) #539. Learning. N. {{has_result(teaching, R537/communication)}} {{reciprocal_of(teaching, M8.1.2.4)}} {{hperforms(learner, R541)}} {{has_subtype(acquisition[ptnt=knowledge, R490], R775)}} {{has_reciprocal(teaching, R537)}} learning, knowledge acquisition. {{has_result: understanding, R490; knowledge, R490; skill, R698}}. <-- "schooling" is used for both teaching and learning --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_activity(school, R542): schooling, @R542}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(inquiry, R451)}} self-instruction, self-education, study, studying. {{&caused_by}} {{causes(communication, R527)}} finding out; learning about, hearing about. <-- "reading" may be by the Braille method --> {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(linguistic communication)}} {{patient_of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} reading. {{uses(reading[ptnt=text, @R590]): looking, @R441}}. {{uses(reading[ptnt=Braille type, @R442a]): touch[with=finger, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], @R379}}. {{has_high_quantity(reading)}} {{hperforms(bibliophile, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.6)}} heavy reading. {{has_subtype(heavy reading)}} {{temporal_loc_of(late night)}} burning the midnight oil. {{has_subtype(heavy reading)}} {{has_subtype(preparation[for=examination, @R539], R673)}} {{performed_by(student, @R541)}} cramming. {{assessed_by(learning)}} test, examination, exam; final exam, finals; mid-term exam. {{has_subtype(examination)}} {{used_in(speech, R582)}} oral examination. {{has_subtype(examination)}} {{used_in(writing, R590)}} written examination. {{has_trait(bibliophile)}} bookishness, bibliophilia. {{has_extreme(bookishness)}} bibliomania, book madness, bibliolatry[obs3]. {{trait_of(bibliomania)}} bibliomaniac. {{has_low_intensity(reading)}} perusal, scanning. {{has_low_intensity(scanning)}} skimming, skimming the surface. {{has_subtype(self-instruction)}} homework. {{has_subtype(homework)}} take-home lesson; exercise for the student; theme, project, paper, term paper. {{has_result(examination)}} grade, score, mark. {{has_subtype(mark)}} A, excellent, "4"; B, good, "3"; C, fair, "2", gentleman's C; D, poor, "1"; E; F, failure; pass; fail; incomplete. {{has_method}} apprenticeship, prenticeship[obs3]; pupilage, pupilarity[obs3]; tutelage. {{has_beginning(apprenticeship)}} novitiate, matriculation. {{requires: docility &c. (willingness) R602; aptitude &c. R698}}. {{trait_of(educated): scholar, R492; sage, R500, P2.3.2.3.6.4.8}}. V. learn, acquire knowledge, gain knowledge, get knowledge, obtain knowledge, receive knowledge, take in knowledge, drink in knowledge, imbibe knowledge, pick up information, acquire information. {{&caused_by}} {{causes(communication, R527)}} find out; learn about, hear about, find out about. {{has_method}} gather knowledge, collect knowledge, glean knowledge, glean information, glean learning. acquaint oneself with, master; make oneself master of, make oneself acquainted with; get up, coach up. {{has_subtype(learn[mode=thoroughly])}} learn by heart, learn by rote. {{has_conceptual_part(learn)}} study, be studious, apply oneself, hit the books[coll.]. {{has_conceptual_part(study)}} read. {{has_method(learn)}} {{has_subtype(communicate in language)}} {{patient_of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} read. {{has_large_quantity(read)}} read heavily, read a lot. {{uses(read[ptnt=text, @R590]): look, @R441}}. {{uses(read[ptnt=Braille type, @R442a]): touch[with=finger, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], @R379}}. {{has_low_intensity(read)}} scan, spell, peruse; con over, pore over, thumb over; dip into; run the eye over, run the eye through; turn over the leaves. {{has_low_intensity(scan)}} {{has_subtype(search[for=information, R527b], @R622)}} skim, skim over, skim the surface. {{has_subtype(read)}} wade through. {{has_subtype(study[mode=intensively, @P2.6.1.1.1.R1])}} burn the midnight oil, consume the midnight oil, grind, mind one's book[obs2]. {{has_subtype(read heavily)}} {{has_subtype(prepare[for=examination, @R539], R673)}} {{performed_by(student, @R541)}} {{&causes(procrastinate, R133)}} cram. {{has_subtype(learn)}} {{property_of(formal, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} go to school, attend school, go to college, go to the university. {{has_commencement(attend school)}} matriculate. {{has_part(go to school)}} take a course, take courses. serve an apprenticeship, serve one's apprenticeship, serve one's time; learn one's trade. {{has_result(learn): be informed &c. R527; be taught &c. R537}}. {{has_termination(go to school)}} leave school, stop going to school. {{has_termination(go to school)}} {{property_of(voluntary)}} [intransitive] drop out, drop out of school, quit school; transfer; take a leave, take a year off. {{has_termination(go to school)}} {{has_subtype(complete[obj=schooling, @R542])}} graduate. {{&caused_by(stop going to school)}} [transitive] dismiss, expel, kick out of school. {{has_subtype(stop going to school[mode=involuntarily, @R744])}} {{has_subtype(fail, R732)}} flunk out. {{has_subtype(stop going to school[mode=involuntarily, @R744])}} {{has_subtype(be ejected, @R297)}} be dismissed, be expelled. Adj. {{has_trait(learner, R541)}} studious. {{has_high_intensity(studious)}} scholastic, scholarly. {{has_requirement(learning)}} teachable, educable, trainable. {{has_conceptual_part(teachable): docile &c. (willing) R602; apt &c. R698; industrious &c. R682}}. {{&has_consequence(learning)}} educated, enlightened, informed, knowing, knowledgeable. {{has_high_level(educated)}} {{has_result(college education)}} highly educated, well educated, college educted. {{has_high_level(educated): @R490, learned, erudite, well-informed, well-read}}. {{has_high_intensity(studious)}} bookish; bibliomanical. Adv. at one's books; in statu pupillari[Lat] &c. (learner) R541. Phr. "a lumber-house of books in every head" [Pope]; "ancora imparo!"[Lat]; "hold high converse with the mighty dead" [Thomson]; "lash'd into Latin by the tingling rod" [Gay]. M8.1.3 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION (R550 TO R558) N. {{has_method(communication, R527)}} means of communication. <-- MEDIUM, MESSAGE (WN: VERB CLASS 3) "natural" means of communication are those used by animals, not involving language or signals with pre-arranged meanings. Borderline case: gestures and "body language" are considered here as being "conventional" means of communication, see M8.1.3.2. --> M8.1.3.1 NATURAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION N. {{not_conceptual_part_of(human language)}} natural means of communication. <-- this entry is not linguistic, although it is a subtype of voice, so it needs a cancellation [[cry]] --> M8.1.3.1.1 CRY (R411) #411. Cry. N. {{emits(throat, @R1002)}} {{has_subtype(voice, R580)}} {{property_of(loud, R404)}} cry. shout, yell, bellow, howl, scream; screech, screak[obs3], shriek. roar, bawl, whoop; squeak, squeal, squall, whine, yawp. cheer; hoot; grumble, moan, groan. {{has_subtype: @P2.8.5.1.1, snore, snoring}}. snort. {{has_large_quantity}} {{&emits(human group)}} hubbub. {{has_subtype: @R840, laugh, laughing}}. {{causes(pain, R378)}} cry of pain, cry in pain. {{has_subtype(cry of pain): @R839, complaint, plaint, murmur, mutter, grumble, groan, moan, whine, sigh, suspiration, heaving, weeping, crying, wailing, cry, wail, wailing, outcry, wail of woe, ululation, weeping and gnashing of teeth, scream, howl}}. {{has_subtype: animal sound, @R412}}. vociferation, outcry, hullabaloo, chorus, clamor, hue and cry, plaint. {{property_of(very loud)}} loud cry. {{needs(loud cry)}} {{has_subtype(lungs, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} a good pair of lungs. V. cry. roar, shout, bawl, brawl, halloo, halloa, hoop, whoop, yell, bellow, howl, scream, screech, screak[obs3], shriek, shrill. squeak, squeal, squall, whine, pule, pipe, yap, yaup[obs3]. cheer, hurrah; hoot; grumble, moan, groan. snore, snort. vociferate; raise up the voice, lift up the voice; call out, sing out, cry out; exclaim; rend the air; thunder at the top of one's voice, shout at the top of one's voice, shout at the pitch of one's breath, thunder at the pitch of one's breath; "s',gosiller"; strain the throat, strain the voice, strain the lungs; give a cry, give a yell, give a shout, give a whoop. {{has_subtype: grunt &c. (animal sounds) R412}}. Adj. crying. roaring, shouting, bellowing, whooping, howling, screaming, screeching, shrieking. whining, squeaking, squealing. clamant[obs3], clamorous; vociferous; stentorian &c. (loud) R404; open-mouthed. Interj. {{has_subtype(cry of pain)}} "ouch!", "ow!"; "oy!"[Russian]. <-- [Animal sounds.] --> M8.1.3.1.1.1 ULULATION (R412) #412. Ululation. N. cry, ululation, animal sound. roar, bellow, blare, rebellow[obs3]; growl, snarl. crying, ululating. [specific animal sounds] baa[lamb, sheep]; bark [dog, seal]; bleat [lamb]; blatter[obs3]; bow-wow[dog]; cackle, cluck, clack [hen, rooster, poultry]; chuck[bird]; chuckle; chirp, cheep, chirrup, twitter, cuckoo, warble, trill, tweet, pipe, whistle [small birds]; coo [dove, pigeon]; croak, peep, troat[obs3] [frog]; grunt, gruntle[obs3]; caterwaul, pule [cats]; gobble [turkeys]; hiss [snakes, geese]; honk, gaggle, guggle [goose]; hum [insects, hummingbird]; hoot, hoo [owl]; quack [duck]; buzz [flying insects, bugs]; neigh, whinny [horse]; mew, mewl [kitten]; meow [cat]; purr [cat]; ratatat [woodpecker]; roar [lion]; snort [pig, hog, swine, horse]; squeak [swine, mouse]; song, singing [bird]; trumpet, trumpeting [elephant]; yelp [dog]; yap, yip, yipe, growl, yarr[obs1], yawl, snarl, howl [dog, wolf]. baying [dog, wolf, coyote]; braying [donkey, mule, hinny, ass]; bow-wow[dog], latration[obs3], belling; quacking [duck]; lowing, mooing [cow, cattle]; reboation[obs3]; wood-note[bird]; insect cry, fritiniancy[obs1], drone. {[of(person): wailing (lamentation) R839]}. V. cry, roar, bellow, blare, rebellow[obs3]; growl, snarl. [specific animal sounds] bark [dog, seal]; bow-wow, yelp [dog]; bay, bay at the moon [dog, wolf]; yap, yip, yipe, growl, yarr[obs1], yawl, snarl, howl [dog, wolf]; grunt, gruntle[obs3]; snort [pig, hog, swine, horse]; squeak [swine, mouse]; neigh, whinny [horse]; bray [donkey, mule, hinny, ass]; mew, mewl [kitten]; meow [cat]; purr [cat]; caterwaul, pule [cats]; baa[obs3], bleat [lamb]; low, moo [cow, cattle]; troat[obs3], croak, peep [frog]; coo [dove, pigeon]; gobble [turkeys]; quack [duck]; honk, gaggle, guggle [obs3][goose]; cackle, cluck, clack [hen, rooster, poultry]; chuck, chuckle; hoot, hoo [owl]; chirp, cheep, chirrup, twitter, cuckoo, warble, trill, tweet, pipe, whistle [small birds]; hum [insects, hummingbird]; buzz [flying insects, bugs]; hiss [snakes, geese]; blatter[obs3]; ratatat [woodpecker]; sing[songbird, bird]; laugh[laughing hyena, laughing gull]. [crow] crow, caw, squawk, screech. Adj. crying &c. v.; blatant, latrant[obs3], remugient[obs3], mugient[obs3]; deep-mouthed, full-mouthed; rebellowing[obs3], reboant[obs3]. Adv. in full cry. M8.1.3.2 CONVENTIONAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION N. {{has_subtype(representation, R554)}} conventional means of communication. <-- here, a "means of communication" is also a communication itself [[nonling]] --> M8.1.3.2.1 NON-LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION N. {{has_subtype(communication)}} {{not_used_in(speech, R582/writing, R590)}} non-linguistic communication, nonverbal communication. {{uses}} non-linguistic symbol. {{has_subtype(non-linguistic symbol)}} {{has_subtype(sign, R550)}} {{has_subtype(movement[2][of=body part, R1002])}} gesture. {{has_subtype(gesture)}} {{has_subtype(movement[2][of=limb, P2.3.2.2.3.2.3])}} gesticulation. {{&member_of(gesture): sign language, @R560}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(face, @P1002)}} facial gesture. {{has_subtype(facial gesture)}} {{used_in(eye, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} wink, glance, leer. {{has_subtype(gesture)}} nod, shrug, beck; touch, nudge; pointing, dactylology[obs3], dactylonomy[obs3]. {{used_in(gesture)}} {{part_of(gesture)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} pantomime; byplay, dumb show. {{used_in(pantomime)}} {{has_subtype(game, @R840)}} charade. {{used_in(pantomime): @R599, pantomime, mime show}}. {{part_of(gesture)}} sign language. {{has_subtype(sign language)}} American sign language, Ameslan. {{has_subtype(non-linguistic symbol)}} road sign. {{has_subtype(road sign)}} international road sign. {{has_subtype(non-linguistic symbol)}} visual symbol, graphic symbol; audible symbol. {{has_subtype(non-linguistic symbol): sign, signal, M8.1.3.3.1.2; symbol, M8.1.3.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} facial expression; body language. V. {{has_subtype(communicate)}} {{used_in(sign language)}} sign. gesture, gesticulate. {{has_subtype(gesture)}} beckon; nod; wink, glance, leer, nudge, shrug, tip the wink; raise the finger , hold up the finger, raise the hand, hold up the hand; saw the air, "suit the action to the word" [Hamlet]. {{has_subtype(gesture)}} {{formed_by(facial expression)}} make a face, make a facial expression. wave a banner, unfurl a banner, hoist a banner, hang out a banner, wave a flag; wave the hand, wave a kerchief; give the cue &c. (inform) R527; show one's colors; give an alarm, sound an alarm; beat the drum, sound the trumpets, raise a cry. Adj. nonverbal, non-linguistic, symbolic. signing; gesturing. signed; gestured. Adv. nonverbally. by signs. Phr. actions speak louder than words. <--E.G. INTERNATIONAL SIGN LANGUAGE?(ASL?) INTERNATIONAL ROAD SIGNS? these symbols might be considered linguistic, but since their intention is to avoid a surface language, they might be treated as conceptual rather than linguistic. Chinese characters are also purportedly conceptual, but have a more direct tie to language. Similarly ASL? --> <-- the signal itself (emission of sound, light) has not been completely disentangled from the devices doing the signalling. "signal" is used in both senses, but for more precision will require additional work here. [[signal]] --> M8.1.3.2.1.1 SIGNAL N. {{property_of(perceptible/detectable)}} sign, signal. {{used_for(sound, P2.6.1.4)}} audible signal. {{used_for(light, P2.6.1.5)}} visual signal. {{used_for(electricity[1], P2.6.1.9)}} electrical signal; electronic signal. {{&emitted_by}} {{has_subtype(device, P2.3.1.3.12)}} signalling device. {{has_subtype(electrical signal)}} {{produces(neuron)}} nerve impulse. {{has_subtype(signalling device)}} {{emitted_by(visual signal)}} indicator light; pop-up indicator. {{has_subtype(signalling device)}} {{emitted_by(visual signal): measuring device, P2.3.1.3.12.3}}. {{has_subtype: @R669, alarm signal, alarm, alert}}. {{emitted_by(alarm signal)}} {{has_subtype(signalling device): alarm, @P2.3.1.3.18.2}}. {{&uses(signal): code, @M8.1}}. {{has_subtype(visual signal)}} {{used_in(code, @M8.1)}} {{used_in(flag, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1)}} semaphor. {{has_subtype(visual signal)}} rocket, blue light; smoke signal. {{uses}} signal post; watch tower; cresset[obs3], fiery cross; calumet; heliograph; guidon; headlight. {{&uses: flagstaff, @R206a}}. {{&uses: telegraph}}. V. flag, signal. flag down. {{has_subtype(signal)}} signal an alarm; ring; flash; sound. {{has_subtype(signal an alarm)}} flash an alarm; ring an alarm. {{has_commencement(signal an alarm)}} trigger an alarm; sound an alarm. <-- most "symbols" are under "sign", at R550 above --> M8.1.3.2.1.1.1 SYMBOL N. {{has_subtype(sign, R550)}} symbol, emblem, non-linguistic symbol. logo. {{has_subtype(logo)}} corporate logo. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(graphical user interface): icon, @R626a]}. {{has_subtype}} {{constitutes(cloth, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} {{part_of(design, P2.3.1.3.6.7.1)}} flag, banner, pennant, colors. {{has_subtype(flag)}} insignia; banneret[obs3], bannerol[obs3]; bandrol[obs3]; streamer, standard, eagle, labarum[obs3], oriflamb[obs3], oriflamme; figurehead; pennon, pendant; burgee[obs3], blue Peter, jack, ancient, gonfalon, union jack; banderole, " old glory " [U.S.], quarantine flag; vexillum[obs3]; yellow-flag, yellow jack; tricolor, stars and stripes; bunting. {{has_subtype(flag)}} {{has_subtype(symbol[of=nationality, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1])}} {{location_of(ship, R273)}} ensign. {{has_subtype(symbol[of=family name])}} crest; coat of arms, arms; armorial bearings, hatchment[obs3]; escutcheon, scutcheon; shield, supporters. {{studied_in(coat of arms)}} heraldry. {{has_subtype(symbol[of=occupation, M7.3.5.4.1.4])}} {{has_subtype(clothing, R225)}} livery, uniform; cockade, epaulet, chevron; garland, love knot, favor. {{has_subtype(symbol[of=place, R182])}} landmark; seamark. {{has_subtype(landmark)}} beacon, lighthouse, balize[obs3], pharos; post, staff, flagstaff; vane, cock, weathercock; guidepost, handpost[obs3], fingerpost[obs3], directing post, signpost; pillars of Hercules; bale-fire, beacon-fire; cynosure, guide. {{has_subtype(landmark)}} {{has_subtype(pile[of=rocks[2], @P2.3.1.1.4.1], @R72)}} cairn. V. {{has_action(symbol)}} symbolize. Adj. {{has_property(symbol)}} symbolic, emblematic. M8.1.3.2.1.2 AUDIO-VISUAL AID N. {{&part_of(speech/document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} audio-visual aid. <-- illustration, here, is a graphical part of a speech or text to assist understanding. We distinguish this type of illustration of text from illumination, at R558, which is considered as art. [[ILLUSTRATION]] --> M8.1.3.2.1.2.1 ILLUSTRATION N. {{has_subtype(representation, R554)}} {{has_subtype(engraving, R558)}} illustration, visual aid. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.6.8, graphic, graph, chart}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.6.1, illumination, illustration}}. {{has_representation: @R564, caption, title}}. {[of(lecture, @R537): @R554, slide; overhead projection, overhead, transparency, foil]}. {[of(speech)]} {{has_subtype: @R554, movie, video tape, animation, time-lapse video}}. V. illustrate, provide illustration. {{has_function(illustrate): facilitate[obj=understanding]}}. M8.1.3.2.1.2.2 AUDIO AID N. audio aid. {{has_subtype: tape recording, R551}}. <-- 550. Indication 551. Record 552. Obliteration 553. Recorder, 554. Representation 555. Misrepresentation 556. Painting, 557. Sculpture and 558. Engraving to POART --> <-- 559. artist to HROLE --> <-- recognition of something by its features must be broken out into a separate entry. Include the terms recognition, identification, dereplication, classification note memory R505, identification (comparison, R464, discovery R480a) distinguish recognition and recall in technical sense under "indication" some items, like "watchfire" should be moved to "evidence" --> <-- This entry is hierarchically under "non-linguistic symbols", but it includes some punctuation marks from the keyboard set, which perhaps should be under linguistic symbols. Also the "signs" of sign language are subtypes of this "sign". Needs to be moved higher in the hierarchy!! .!??? The non-linguistic symbols specifically are under "symbol", above [[indication]] [[symbol]] --> M8.1.3.2.1.3 INDICATION (R550) #550. Indication. N. {{property_of(perceptible, @M6.1)}} {{has_subtype(reference, @R9)}} indication, sign[2], symbol, representation. {{has_target}} {{has_subtype(meaning, R516)}} {{has_subtype(referent, @R9)}} referent, thing symbolized, thing signified. {{member_of}} {{has_case}} symbol system, representation system. {{has_property}} symbolism. {{purpose_of}} {{has_subtype(communicating, R527)}} indicating, representing, symbolizing, symbolization. {{studied_in}} semiology, semiotics, semeiology[obs3], semeiotics[obs3]. {{has_subtype(symbol): non-linguistic symbol, M8.1.3.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(symbol): linguistic symbol, @R561}}. type, figure, cipher, device; epigraph, motto, posy. index, indice[obs1]; point; exponent, note, token, symptom. {[of(location, R182)]} indicator, pointer. {{has_subtype: evidence, M5.2.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(recognition, R465b)}} {{has_subtype(feature, R79a): @R465b, characteristic, diagnostic}}. lineament, feature, trait. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(motion[of=body part]): gesture, gesticulation}}. {{has_subtype(evidence): @R467, cue, clue, clew, key, scent}}. {{has_subtype(evidence): hint &c. R527}}. {{used_in: freemasonry, telegraphy}}. {{used_in}} chirology[Med]. {{has_subtype(sign)}} {{&causes(contact, R199)}} [sign (evidence) on physobj of contact with another physobj] mark. {{has_subtype(mark)}} scratch; line, stroke, dash; score, notch, nick; stripe, streak; tick; dot, point; check, telltale. {{has_subtype(mark)}} imprint, impress, impression. {{has_subtype(mark): writing, R590}}. {[of(money): dollar sign, dollar mark]}. {{has_subtype: signal, M8.1.3.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype: representation, R554}}. {{has_subtype: emblem, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1}}. print. {{has_subtype(symbol)}} {{has_member(ASCII code, @R527)}} ASCII symbol, ASCII character. <-- [symbols accompanying written text to signify modified interpretation] --> {{has_subtype(ASCII symbol)}} {{has_part(text, @R590)}} keyboard symbol, printing symbol; red letter[for emphasis], italics, sublineation[obs3], underlining, bold font; jotting; note, annotation, reference; blaze, cedilla, guillemets[obs3], hachure[Topography]; quotation marks, double quotes,"", parentheses, brackets, braces, curly brackets, arrows, slashes. {{has_subtype(keyboard symbol)}} {{has_subtype(non-alphanumeric character, @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R5)}} left parenthesis, "("; right parenthesis, ")"; opening bracket, "["; closing bracket, "]"; left curly brace, "{"; right curly brace, "}"; left arrow, "<"; right arrow, ">"; forward slash, "/"; backward slash, "\"; exclamation point, "!"; commercial at, "@"; pound sign, "#"; percent sign, "%"; caret, "^"; ampersand, "&"; asterisk, star, "*"; hyphen, dash, minus sign, "-"; underscore, "_"; em dash, "--"; plus sign, "+", equals sign, "="; question mark, "?"; period, "."; decimal point, "."; semicolon, ";", colon, ":"; comma, ","; apostrophe, "'"; single quote, "'"; tilde, "~"; dollar sign, "$". {{has_subtype(symbol)}} {{uses(identification, R465b)}} badge, criterion, countersign, counterfoil, countercheck[obs3], countermark[obs3]; label, ticket; totem; stamp, cacher[Fr]; trade mark, Hall mark; paraph[obs3], brand. duplicate, tally, billet, letter, counter, check, chip, chop; dib[obs3]; tessera[obs3], card, bill; witness, voucher. {{has_subtype(symbol)}} {{uses(identification[of=person, P2.3.2.3], R465b)}} {{&has_part(document)}} {{has_subtype(handwriting)}} signature, endorsement, mark, autograph, autography, attestation, hand, indorsement[obs3]. {{has_subtype(symbol)}} {{has_subtype(writing, R590)}} {{uses(identification[of=physical object], R465b)}} {{location_of(surface[of=physical object], R220)}} superscription. {{topic_of}} sign manual. {{has_subtype(signature)}} seal, sigil[Lat], signet, hand and seal [Law]. <-- [For identification of people, to gain access to restricted (locations or information)] --> {{has_subtype(symbol)}} {{uses(identification[of=$person, P2.3.2.3], R465b)}} {{&requires(access[by=$person], @R760)}} password, watchword, catchword, mot de passe[Fr], mot du guet[Fr], pass-parole, passkey; security card, pass. {{has_subtype(symbol[of=identity, M1.1])}} {{uses(identification[of=$person, P2.3.2.3], R465b)}} {{&requires(access[by=$person], @R760)}} {{has_subtype(document)}} {{has_subtype(evidence, R467)}} personal identification, credentials. {{has_subtype(symbol[of=identity, M1.1])}} {{has_subtype(card, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} address card, visiting card; carte de visite[Fr]. {{has_metaphor(password)}} open sesame. shibboleth. {{has_subtype(symbol[of=topic])}} {{has_subtype(name, R564): title[2], @R564}}. {{has_subtype(title[2], @R564)}} heading, docket. {{has_subtype(indication)}} {[of(person)]} {[in_frame(communication)]} {{has_subtype(name, R564)}} address, addressing, direction. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} sign[2], signboard. {{has_subtype(sign[2]): placard, @R531}}. {{has_subtype(symbol[of=place, R182])}} polestar, loadstar[obs3], lodestar; l'etoile du Nord[Fr]. {{has_subtype(sign[of=future, R121]): warning &c. R668; omen &c. R512; prefigurement &c. R511}}. {{has_subtype(sign[of=past, R122]): trace, record &c. R551}}. {{has_subtype(sign[of=danger, R665]): warning &c. R668; alarm &c. R669}}. {{has_subtype(sign[of=authority, R737]): scepter &c. R747}}. {{has_subtype(sign[of=triumph, @R731]): trophy &c. R733}}. {{has_subtype(sign[of=measure, R25]): gauge &c. R466}}. {{has_subtype(sign[of=distance, R198])}} milestone, milepost, milliary[obs3]. {{has_subtype(sign[of=disgrace, R874])}} brand; fool's cap. {{&has_subtype(sign[of=use])}} {{&has_part(document)}} {{has_symbol(abrogation, R756)}} cancellation. {{has_subtype(cancellation)}} {{has_subtype(hole, R260)}} punch. {{has_subtype(sign[of=existence, R3a]): test &c. (experiment) R463}}. mileage ticket. word of command, call; bugle call, trumpet call; bell, alarum, cry; battle cry, rallying cry; angelus[obs3]; reveille; sacring bell[obs3], sanctus bell[Lat]. {{has_subtype: notification &c. (information) R527b; advertisement &c. (publication) R531}}. exposition &c. (explanation) R522; proof &c. (evidence) R463. {{has_subtype(sign[of=identity, R5]): pattern, A2.6.1.2}}. <-- timbrology[obs3]; --> V. symbolize, signify, represent, stand for, indicate, refer to, be the sign of, be the symbol of, be the mark of, be a sure sign of, denote, betoken. {{has_subtype}} be characteristic of, be symptomatic of. connote, connotate[obs3]. {{has_subtype(be characteristic of)}} bear the impress of, bear the mark of, bear the earmarks of, bear the imprint of. {{has_subtype(be characteristic of)}} have the odor of, smell of, smell like, "bear the M.O. of". {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(create[obj=mark], R161)}} [transitive] mark, put a mark on. {{has_subtype(mark)}} put a sign on, put a label on, tag, label, ticket, docket, put an indication on; note, stamp, earmark; dot, spot, score, notch, blaze; dash, trace, chalk. {{has_subtype(mark): @R591, print, engrave, stereotype}}. {{has_subtype(mark)}} {{used_in(pressure, P2.6.1.2.3)}} imprint, impress. {{has_subtype: argue, testify &c. (evidence) R467}}. {{has_subtype(symbolize): @M8.1.3.2.1, use non-linguistice signs, give a signal, give a sign, hang out a signal, make a sign, make a symbol}}. signalize; underscore. {{conceptual_part_of: sign, seal, attest &c. (evidence) R467; underline &c. (give importance to) R642; call attention to &c. (attention) R457; give notice &c. (inform) R527}}. Adj. symbolic, signifying, indicating, representative, representing, denotative, denotating. indicative, indicatory, demonstrative, deictic. connotative; diacritical. {{has_subtype(signifying): @R465b, characteristic, diagnostic, typical, typifying, symptomatic}}. indicated, signified, symbolized, represented, denoted, referred to. pantomimic, pathognomonic[obs3]. exponential, emblematic, armorial. individual &c. (special) R79. known by, recognizable by; pointed, marked. {{requires(denote)}} denotable[obs3]; indelible. Adv. in token of; symbolically &c. adj.; in dumb show. Phr. ecce signum[Lat]; ex ungue leonem[Lat], ex pede Herculem[Lat]; vide ut supra; vultus ariete fortior[Lat][obs3]. <-- R553, recorder, moved to Person --> <-- the words here are mostly the nominalizations of actions. We also include the abstract concept of image here. The physical objects are contained under art and its subdivisions, @P2.3.1.3.6 [[representation]] --> M8.1.3.2.1.3.1 REPRESENTATION (R554) #554. Representation. N. {{formed_by(visual representation, P2.3.1.3.6)}} representation, representment[obs3]. visualizing, visualization, illustration, delineation, depictment[obs3]; imagery, picturing, portraiture, iconography; design, designing. {{forms(imagery)}} image, visualization, picture. {{has_subtype_x(image): mental image, @M3.1.1.1; visual representation, P2.3.1.3.6}}. {{has_subtype: imitation &c. R19}}. {{studied_in: visual arts}}. art, fine art, fine arts. {{creates(fine art)}} beautiful thing. {{has_subtype(fine art): painting; sculpture; music}}. {{has_method: tracing, @P2.3.1.3.6}}. {{has_method: printing, R591}}. {{has_method}} {{used_in(pressure, P2.6.1.2.3)}} {{has_function(press, P2.3.1.3.12.7)}} stamping, pressing. {{&forms(stamping): relief, @R557; medal, @R557; coin, @R800; stamp, @R550}}. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(art)}} drawing; sculpture; painting; engraving. {{forms(painting): painting &c. R556}}. {{forms(sculpture): sculpture &c. R557}}. {{forms(engraving): @R558, engraving, etching}}. {{&forms: graphic, P2.3.1.3.6.8}}. {{has_method}} photography, cinematography. {{forms(photography): photograph, P2.3.1.3.6.2}}. {{has_subtype(photography)}} {{formed_by(holograph)}} {{used_in(coherent light)}} holography. {{has_subtype(photography)}} {{used_in(ionizing radiation)}} radiography. {{has_subtype(radiography)}} autoradiography[Bioch], fluorography[Chem]. {{has_subtype(photograph)}} {{forms(radiography)}} radiograph; autoradiograph; fluorograph. {{has_subtype(radiograph): x-ray photo, @R556a}}. <--, sciagraphy[obs3]. --> {{has_concern(painting): preservation, R670}}. {{has_method(preservation[obj=painting])}} {{used_in(varnish, @R356a)}} varnishing. {{has_subtype(representation[of=story, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1]): drama &c. R599}}. {{has_subtype(representation[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} impersonation, personation, personification. {{has_subtype(impersonation): acting, @R599}}. {{has_conceptual_part(photography/painting): @R420, lighting, light, chiaroscuro}}. {{has_concern(painting): @R556, school, style, genre}}. {{has_subtype(style)}} the grand style, high art, portraiture. {{has_subtype(genre)}} abstractionism, abstract art; cubism; abstract expressionism; impressionism; expressionism; landscape; primitivism; realism; modernism; surrealism; pointilism. {{uses(painting): @P2.3.1.3.6.1, pallet, palette, easel, brush, ink, pencil}}. {{uses: paint, ink (coloring matter) R428}}. {{performed_at(painting/drawing)}} studio, atelier. {{has_subtype: copying &c. R21}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.3.6.4, scan, video image}}. {{has_subtype(representation[of=viewpoint]): view &c. (painting) R556}}. {{forms(sculpture)}} figure; figure head. {{has_subtype(visual representation, P2.3.1.3.6)}} {{forms(sculpture): @P2.3.1.3.6.5, figurine, aglet[obs3], manikin, lay-figure, model, mammet[obs3], marionette, fantoccini[obs3], waxwork, bust; statue, statuette}}. {{has_subtype(visual representation, P2.3.1.3.6): @P2.3.1.3.13.1.2, puppet, doll}}. {{has_subtype(representation[of=concept, R453]): @R590, ideograph, hieroglyphic, anaglyph [obs3], Chinese character, kanji[Jap]}}. {[of(land feature, @R342, @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)]} mapping. {[of(structure)]} {{uses(plan, R626)}} plan. {{studied_in(mapping)}} cartography; surveying. {{has_subtype(book)}} {{has_subtype(collection)}} {{member_of(map)}} atlas. outline, scheme. {[of(spectrum)]} spectrogram; heliogram[obs3]. {{forms}} {{has_subtype(illustration, M8.1.3.3.1.3.1)}} {{&topic_of(graphic, @P2.3.1.3.6.8)}} slide; overhead projection, overhead, transparency, foil. monogram. {{forms: @R556, drawing, sketch, drought, draft}}. V. represent, delineate, picture; depict, depicture[obs3]; portray. design; limn, sketch, pencil; scratch; shade; stipple; hatch; dash off; chalk out, square up; color, color in; wash, varnish; draw in, pencil in; paint in oils; stencil. take a likeness, catch a likeness &c. n.; hit off; figure, shadow forth, shadow out; adumbrate; body forth; describe &c. R594; trace, copy; mold. photograph, daguerreotype; snapshot. dress up; illustrate, symbolize. {{formed_by(picture, R556)}} paint; draw. {{formed_by(sculpture, R557)}} carve, sculpt; whittle. {{formed_by(engraving, R558)}} engrave. {{has_subtype(mimic, @R19)}} personate, personify, impersonate, assume a character, pose as. {{has_subtype(personate): @R599, act, play}}. hold the mirror up to nature. Adj. represent, representing &c. v.; representative; illustrative; represented &c. v.; imitative, figurative; iconic. like &c. R17; graphic &c. (descriptive) R594; cinquecento, quattrocento[Fr][obs3], trecento[obs3]. M8.1.3.2.1.3.1.1 MISREPRESENTATION (R555) #555. Misrepresentation. N. misrepresentation, distortion; falsification, misstatement. {{analogous_to(exaggeration, R549)}} exaggeration. {{has_subtype: @R856, caricature, burlesque, caricatura[obs1], parody, lampoon, take-off, travesty}}. {{&result_of}} daubing. bad likeness, daub, sign painting; scratch; anamorphosis[obs3]. V. misrepresent, distort, overdraw, exaggerate, caricature, daub; burlesque, parody, travesty. Adj. misrepresented, distorted, falsified. exaggerated. caricatured, parodied, burlesqued. <-- [[erase]] [Suppression of sign.] --> M8.1.3.2.1.3.R1 OBLITERATION #552. Obliteration. N. {{has_subtype(destruction[obj=indication, R550], R162)}} obliteration, extinction. erasure, effacement, rasure[obs3]. cancel, cancellation; circumduction[obs3]; deletion, blot. {{has_result}} tabula rasa[Lat]. {{has_result(erasure): palimpsest}}. {{&uses(erasure[of=writing])}} eraser; white out, white-out. {{has_consequence(obliteration): nonexistence, A2; invisibility, R447}}. V. obliterate. erase, efface, expunge, raze[obs2], rase[obs3]. {{has_method}} blot out, take out, rub out, scratch out, strike out, white out, wipe out, wash out, sponge out; wipe off, rub off; wipe away. deface, render illegible. {{has_subtype(deface)}} cancel. {{has_method(deface)}} black out, ink over; white out; type over, strike over. {{has_subtype(cancel)}} strike through, draw the pen through. apply the sponge. be obliterated, be erased, be expunged. be canceled; leave no trace; "leave not a rack behind". be effaced. Adj. {{has_consequence(obliterate)}} obliterated, expunged. {{has_subtype(erase)}} effaced, erased. {{has_subtype(deface)}} defaced. {{has_subtype(defaced)}} canceled. out of print; printless[obs3]; leaving no trace; intestate; unrecorded, unregistered, unwritten. {{has_consequence(erased): nonexistent, A2}}. {{has_consequence(defaced): illegible, @R519; invisible, @R447}}. Int. dele; "out with it!". Phr. delenda est Carthago [Lat][Cato]. <-- R551, record (the physical object), was moved to P2.3.1.3.14.1 RECORD [[recording]] M8.1.3.2.1.4 --> M8.1.3.2.1.4 RECORDING N. {{used_in(writing material, P2.3.1.3.1.2.4)}} {{formed_by(record, R551, P2.3.1.3.14.1)}} {{facilitated_by(remember[2], @R505)}} recording, making a permanent record; chronicling. registration; registry; enrollment, inrollment[obs3]; tabulation; entry, booking. {{uses(recording)}} {{requires(recording)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} recording medium. {{has_result(tabulation): table}}. {{has_subtype: writing, R590; journalism[1] @R532; publishing, R531}}. {{has_subtype: signature &c. (identification) R550}}. {{has_subtype(recording[obj=voice, R580])}} recording, voice recording; recording on tape. {[of(image, P2.3.1.3.6.1)]} optical recording, optical imaging. {{uses(optical imaging)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} optical recording medium. {{has_subtype(optical imaging): photographing, @R556a}}. {{has_subtype(optical imaging)}} {{used_in(video casette recorder, P2.3.1.3.13.2.5 + video tape, @R556b)}} recording on video, video tape recording. {{has_subtype(optical imaging)}} {{used_in(computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1 + video capture board, @P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R2 + digital recording medium, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.2)}} video capture, digital video capture. {{performed_by: recorder, R553, P2.3.2.3.6.5.62}}. V. record; put on record, place on record. chronicle, calendar, hand down to posterity; write, commit to writing, reduce to writing; put in writing, set down in writing, writing in black and white; make a return. {{conceptual_part_of: commemorate &c. (celebrate) R883; report &c. (inform) R527}}. {{has_subtype}} {{facilitated_by(remember[2], @R505)}} write down, put down, jot down, take down, note down, set down; note, minute, put on paper; take a note, make a note, make a note of, pen a memorandum, take a memorandum, make a memorandum. {[in_frame(conference)]} make a record of the meeting, take the minutes. {{has_subtype: mark &c. (indicate) R550}}. {{has_subtype(record[obj=assent, R762][mode=by writing]): sign, @R467}}. enter, book; post, post up, insert, make an entry of; mark off, tick off; register, enroll, inscroll[obs3]. {{has_method(preserve[obj=record, R551]): file &c. (store) R636}}. {{has_subtype(record)}} burn into memory; carve in stone. Adj. {{has_property(record, R551)}} {{has_consequence(recording)}} recorded. chronicled; committed to writing, in writing. {{has_consequence(recorded)}} {{has_subtype(stable, R150)}} on record. posted; entered, inserted, logged in. registered. Adv. by recording. by writing; by taping; by filming. with a recorder. for posterity. Phr. exegi monumentum aere perennium [Lat][obs3][Horace]; "read their history in a nation's eyes" [Gray]; " records that defy the tooth of time" [Young]. <-- "discourse" here is the general term for any linguistic communication. the headword is the proces or action --> M8.1.3.2.2 LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION N. {{used_in(language, R560)}} linguistic communication, communicating in language. {{has_result}} discourse. {{has_subtype(discourse): speech, R582; document[1], R590a}}. <-- Note that the relationaship of words and phrases to language may be considered as either a "part" or as "used_in". Here we adopt used-in to express the relationship. [[LANGUAGE]] --> <-- 560. Language 561. Letter 562. Word 563. Neology 564. Name 565. Misnomer 566. Phrase 567. Grammar 568. Solecism --> M8.1.3.2.2.1 LANGUAGE GENERALLY (R560 TO R568) #560. Language. N. language, natural language, human language, tongue, lingo[coll.]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(correct)}} standard dialect, literary dialect, standard language, literary language. {{alternate_to(standard dialect)}} vernacular, vulgar tongue. {{alternate_to(standard dialect)}} {{has_subtype: R563, dialect, patois}}. {[of(native country)]} {{has_property(person, P2.3.2.3)}} native language, mother tongue, native tongue. {{has_subtype(language[of=$person^native country]): $person^native language}}. {{alternative_to(native language)}} foreign language, second language. {{has_subtype(language[of=$person^foreign country[num=all]]): $person^foreign language}}. household words; King's English, Queen's English. confusion of tongues, Babel, pasigraphie[obs3]; pantomime, @M8.1.3.2.1; onomatopoeia; betacism[obs3], mimmation, myatism[obs3], nunnation[obs3]; pasigraphy[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} sign language. {{has_part(sign language)}} {{has_subtype(sign, R550)}} sign language sign, sign language symbol. {{topic_of(sign language sign)}} {{has_subtype(dictionary, @R593)}} sign language dictionary. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(simplified)}} pidgin. {{has_subtype}}{{&evolved_into(pidgin)}} creole. {{has_subtype(creole)}} {{origin_of(Haiti/Louisiana)}} Creole. {{has_subtype(pidgin)}} pidgin English, pigeon English. {{has_subtype(sign langugage)}} American sign language, Ameslan. {{uses: phraseology &c. R569; speech &c. R582}}. {{used_in}} linguistic communication. {{has_part(linguistic communication): @R566, phrase, sentence, paragraph}}. {{&uses(learning[obj=language])}} {{has_subtype(compendium)}} chrestomathy[obs3][a selection of passages used for learning a language]. {{similar_to}} formal language, artificial language. {{has_subtype(formal language)}} computer language; notation. {{has_subtype(notation)}} mathematical notation; chemical notation. {{studied_in}} linguistics. {{has_branch(linguistics): lexicology, @R562}}. {{has_branch(linguistics)}} philology, comparative philology, glossology[obs3], glottology[obs3], comparative grammar. {{has_branch(linguistics)}} {{studied_in(ancient language)}} paleography. {{has_subtype(linguist)}} glossologist, glossator, glossographer. {{performed_by(linguistics)}} linguist; word maven. {{&performed_by(linguistics): lexicographer, @R562}}. {{has_instance(word maven)}} William Safire[ca. 1990]. {{has_instance(linguist)}} George Miller[ca. 1990]. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(writing, R590)}} literature, letters, polite literature, belles lettres[Fr], literae humaniores[Lat], republic of letters. {{has_subtype(literature)}} {{has_subtype(fiction, @R515)}} {{property_of(fictional, @R515)}} fiction. {{has_subtype(literature): poetry, R597}}. {{has_subtype(literature): biography, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ancient, @R124)}} ancient language. {{has_subtype(ancient language)}} {{property_of(unused[by=nation, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1])}} dead language. {{&used_in(dead language)}} {{has_subtype(literature, @R560)}} classics. <-- a real classification of languages would be useful. Only some modern European languages are included here --> {{has_subtype}} European language. {{has_subtype(European language)}} Romance language; Germanic language; Slavic language. {{has_subtype(European language)}} English language; Russian language; French language; Italian language; German language; Dutch language; Spanish language; Greek language; Latin language; Portuguese language; Polish language; Ukraninian language; Serbo-Croatian language; Celtic language, Irish language; Swedish language; Norwegian language. <-- ; scholarship &c. (scholar) R492. ?? why? genius of language.?? --> V. speak the language, speak the lingo[coll.]. express by words, express in language, express linguistically. Adj. lingual, linguistic. dialectic. {{has_subtype(common)}} vernacular, current. {{has_property(language[num=1])}} monolingual. {{has_property(language[num=2])}} bilingual. {{performed_by(speak[obj=language[num=>1]])}} diglot, hexaglot[obs3], polyglot. {[referring_to(paleography)]} paleographic. {[referring_to(literature)]} literary. Phr. "syllables govern the world" [Selden]. <-- [[grammar]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.1.R1 GRAMMAR (R567) #567. Grammar. N. {{studied_in(language)}} {{has_conceptual_part(linguistics)}} grammar, accidence, syntax, praxis; us et norma loquendi[Lat]. {{has_property: syntactic patterning, @A2.6.1.2}}. phrase-structure grammar; reversible grammar; transformational grammar; tree-adjoining grammar; unification grammar; generalized phrase-structure grammar. {{has_conceptual_part(phrase structure grammar): phrase, R566}}. {{has_subtype(phrase, R566)}} {[in_frame(phrase structure grammar)]} noun phrase; verb phrase; prepositional phrase. {{used_in(grammar)}} {{has_subtype(analysis[ptnt=sentence, @R566])}} parsing. {{has_result(parsing): @R566, parse, parse tree, parse forest}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{used_in(puctuation mark)}} punctuation. {{has_subtype(book)}} {{uses(teaching[obj=grammar]): reader; Bank Street Reader; Lindley Murray[obs2] &c. (schoolbook) R542}}. {{used_in}} correct style, philology &c. (language) R560. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_property(word, R562)}} part of speech. {{has_subtype(part of speech)}} imperitive, jussive[obs2]. <-- a part of speech is a property of a word, but the same words are used to designate the words themselves, so we make no distinction here --> {{has_subtype(word, R562)}} {{has_subtype(part of speech)}} noun; verb; preposition; pronoun; adjective; adverb; conjunction; verb particle; determiner. {{has_subtype(determiner)}} article; demonstrative, demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative adjective; quantifier. {{has_subtype(determiner): possessive pronoun}}. {{has_subtype(pronoun): demonstrative, demonstrative pronoun}}. {{has_subtype(pronoun)}} {{has_subtype(person)}} personal pronoun. {{has_subtype(pronoun)}} possessive pronoun; interrogative pronoun, interrogative, interrogative adjective. <-- instances of particular words in these grammatical categories are grouped here for convenience --> {{has_instance(demonstrative pronoun)}} "this"; "that"; "these"[pl]; "those"[pl]; yon, yonder; this here [coll.]. {{has_instance(article)}} "the"; "a". {{has_instance(pronoun)}} "it"; "they". {{has_instance(demonstrative pronoun)}} herewith; therewith. {{has_instance(interrogative pronoun)}} who; which; what; whether; whose. {{has_instance(personal pronoun)}} I; self; I myself, myself; me; you, thee[fam], thou[fam]; yourself; thyself; he; she; him; her; himself; herself; itself; theirselves. {{has_instance(possessive pronoun)}} my; your, thy[fam]; his; her; its; mine; yours, thine[fam]; hers. {{has_instance(conjunction)}} "and", "in addition to", "as well as"; "but"; "or"; "either"; "neither"; "nor"; "instead of", "rather than", "in place of". {{has_conceptual_part}} {{&has_property(word, R562)}} case. {{has_subtype(case)}} nominative case; genetive case; dative case; accusative case. {{has_subtype(case)}} ablative case[Latin]; instrumental case[Russian]; prepositional case[Russian]. {{&has_representation}} Backus-Naur form, BNF. V. {{has_subtype(analyze[obj=syntax])}} parse, diagram. punctuate; divide into syllables, syllabicate[obs3]. Adj. {{has_subtype(correct)}} grammatical. {{has_subtype(incorrect)}} {{antonym_of(grammatical)}} ungrammatical. syntactical. M8.1.3.2.2.1.R2 SOLECISM (R568) #568. Solecism. N. {{antonym_of(grammar, R567)}} {{has_subtype(error)}} solecism, grammatical error, bad grammar, false grammar, faulty grammar, improper grammar. {{&conceptual_part_of: idiom, @R563}}. slip of the pen, slip of the tongue; lapsus linguae[Lat]; slipslop[obs3]; bull. V. misspeak, use bad grammar, use faulty grammar, make a grammatical error, solecize[obs3], commit a solecism. use street language. {{has_metaphor}} murder the King's English, murder the Queen's English, break Priscian's head. Adj. {{has_subtype(incorrect, @R495)}} ungrammatical, solecistic, solecistical[obs3], incongruous. improper. <-- This entry is for sentences and sentence fragments, i.e. any combination of words creating a meaning more than the sum of the individual words (which excludes simple word lists) [[sentence]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.1.R3 PHRASE (R566) #566. Phrase. N. {{has_part(linguistic communication, @R560)}} {{part_of(word, R562)}} phrase, expression. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(trite, @R517a/unoriginal, @R21)}} set phrase. {{has_subtype(set phrase): @R517a, cliche, truism, platitude, old saw, old bromide}}. {{has_subtype}} sentence. {{used_in: speech; writing; document}}. {{has_subtype: figure of speech, R521; idiom, R563}}. {{&part_of: sentence}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(sentence)}} sentence fragment. {{member_of(sentence)}} paragraph. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(sentence)}} clause. {{has_representation(sentence)}} {{has_subtype(abstract graph)}} {{has_result(parsing, @R567)}} parse. {{has_subtype(parse)}} {{has_subtype(tree-structured graph)}} {{property_of(unambiguous, @R518)}} parse tree. {{has_subtype(parse)}} {{has_subtype(acyclic graph)}} {{property_of(ambiguous, @R475)}} parse forest. {{has_part(sentence)}} subject; predicate; dependent clause. {{has_subtype(sentence): assertion, R535; question, M8.1.1.2; command, R741}}. <-- idiom here seems to mean any unusual phrase --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unusual, R83)}} idiom, turn of phrase, turn of expression, idiotism[obs3]. {{expression_of(idiom): style, R569}}. {{has_subtype: figure of speech &c. R521}}. {{part_of: paraphrase &c. (synonym) R522; periphrase &c. (circumlocution) R573; motto &c. (proverb) R496}}. {{concern_in: phraseology &c. R569}}. {{has_subtype(set phrase)}} {{property_of(routine/copied): boilerplate, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{has_instance(phrase)}} {{has_instance(palindrome, @R562)}} "madam, I'm Adam"; "Able was I ere I saw Elba"; "A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!"; "Now, Sir, a war is never even. Sir, a war is won."[from Ana, Nab a Banana, by Craig Hansen]; "bards drown in words drab". V. express, phrase, articulate, put into words, express by words, word, word it, give words to, give expression to, voice, arrange in words, clothe in words, couch in terms, find words to express. speak by the card; call, denominate, designate, dub. Adj. expressed, phrased, articulated, worded, put into words. idiomatic. Adv. in round terms, in set terms, in good set terms, set terms; in set phrases. in one's own idiom. <-- [[word]] Note that, as with number, the headword is a word in the abstract, and word[2] is the written word. --> M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4 WORD (R562) #562. Word. N. {{has_part(phrase, R566, M8.1.3.2.2.1.R3)}} {{has_subtype(sign, R550)}} {{has_subtype(series[of=letter, R561], R69)}} word[1], term. vocable. {{has_target}} {{has_subtype(meaning, R516)}} {{has_subtype(referent, @R9): @R550, referent, thing symbolized, thing signified}}. {{!has_part: letter[num=>0], R561}}. {{!has_part}} {{has_subtype(letter, R561)}} {{property_of(first, @R69)}} first letter. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(capitalized)}} capitalized word. {{has_part(capitalized word): first letter}}. &&{{property($first letter): capitalized, @R561}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical role, @R9)}} synonym, another word for the same thing, equivalent word, convertible term. {{has_meaning($word[1])}} {{has_subtype(referent, @R550)}} word meaning. &&{{has_meaning($word[1]^synonym)}} {{has_subtype(referent, @R550)}} synonym meaning. &&{{identical_to(word meaning): synonym meaning}}. {{has_part}} {{property_of(distinctive)}} root, etymon. {{has_subtype_x}} root form, dictionary form, base form; derivative. {{has_part(derivative): root + affix}}. {{has_part}} syllable. monosyllable; disyllable; polysyllable. {{affected_by(syllable)}} syllabication. {{has_subtype(affix)}} {{has_relative_loc(beginning[2], R66)}} prefix. {{has_subtype(affix)}} {{has_relative_loc(end, R67)}} suffix. {{has_property}} morphological form. {{studied_in(morphological change)}} morphology. {{has_part}} {{studies(morphology)}} morpheme, morphemes[pl], combining parts of words[pl]. {{used_in(prefix/suffix)}} {{changed_by(morphological form)}} inflection, morphological change, morphological variation. {{has_subtype(inflection[of=noun/adjective/pronoun])}} declension, declining. {{has_subtype(inflection[of=verb])}} conjugation, conjugating. {{has_property(verb)}} {{affects(conjugation)}} mode, mood; tense; moods and tenses. {{has_subtype(mood)}} indicative mood, indicative mode, indicative; subjunctive mood, subjunctive mode, subjunctive; imperative mood, imperative mode, imperative. {{has_subtype(verb)}} auxiliary, auxiliary verb. {{has_subtype(auxiliary verb)}} modal auxiliary. {{has_instance(modal auxiliary): can; must; ought, ought to; might; may; should}}. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(sequence[1][of=letters], @A4.2)}} spelling, orthography. {{has_subtype(spelling)}} phonetic spelling, phonography[obs3]. {{part_of: phrase &c. R566}}. {{has_subtype: name &c. R564}}. {{has_property: part of speech, @R567}}. {{has_representation}} {{has_subtype(series[of=letters, R561], R69)}} word[2], written word. {{has_representation}} {{used_in(voice, R580)}} {{has_part(speech, R582)}} {{property_of(pronunciation, @R582)}} word[3], spoken word. {{part_of(written word): writing, M8.1.3.2.2.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(written word)}} number[2], figure, cipher. {{has_subtype(number[2])}} integer, whole number; decimal, decimal number; exponential number, exponential, scientific notation; complex number. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(shortened, @R201)}} {{has_result(abbreviation, R201)}} abbreviation. {{has_subtype(abbreviation)}} acronym, "acron."[abbr.]. {{has_subtype(number)}} {{has_part(complex number)}} imaginary number. {[in_frame(mathematics)]} {{has_subtype(imaginary number)}} {{!!has_part(imaginary number)}} i, j. {{has_property(i): numerical value[val= square root of(-1)]}}. {{has_product(i + i)}} {{has_subtype(negative integer)}} "-1", "minus 1". {{part_of(decimal): decimal point, @R550}}. {{not_part_of(integer): decimal point, @R550}}. {{topic_of(word)}} {{has_subtype(definition, R522)}} definition, word definition. {{member_of(word definition)}} dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary[obs2]; glossary. {{member_of(word)}} thesaurus; gradus[Lat], delectus[Lat]. {{has_subtype(dictionary)}} {{property_of(printed)}} {{has_subtype(book): dictionary, @R593}}. {{has_subtype(thesaurus)}} synonym finder; semantic network. {{has_subtype(semantic network)}} {{location_of(this file)}} FACTOTUM SemNet. {{member_of}} {{property_of(ordered[by=alphabetical order], @R60)}} {{&has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): index, @R86}}. {{has_function(index): find[obj=word/topic, R454][in=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @R480a}}. {{has_subtype(index): concordance, @R86}}. etymology, derivation; glossology[obs3], terminology, orismology[obs3]; paleology &c. (philology) R560. {{studied_in}} lexicography. {{performed_by(lexicography): lexicographer, P2.3.2.3.6.4.6.1}}. {{has_instance(lexicographer)}} {{property_of(dead)}} Noah Webster. {{has_subtype(combination, R48)}}{{has_subtype(word)}} portmanteau, portmanteau word. {{has_subtype(word/phrase, M8.1.3.2.2.1.R3)}} {{property_of(palindromic)}} palindrome. {{created_by(palindrome)}} palindromist. {{has_subtype}} {{processed_into(word)}} {{has_subtype(permutation, @R148)}} {{isnota(palindrome)}} anagram. {{formed_by(anagram)}} anagramming, anagrammatizing, anagrammatization, anagrammatism[obs3], metagrammatism[obs3]. {{performed_by(anagrammatizing)}} anagrammatist. <-- , ideophone[obs3] was with "derivative" ?? --> V. {{has_subtype(create[obj=word])}} spell. {{has_subtype(spell[mode=incorrectly])}} misspell. {{has_subtype(rearrange, @R148)}} {{has_subtype(create[obj=anagram])}} anagrammatize. Adj. verbal, literal; titular, nominal. {{has_subtype(derived[mode=similarly])}} conjugate, paronymous[obs3]. derived, derivative. {{has_property(synonym)}} synonymous. morphological. {{has_subtype(morphological)}} conjugational; inflectional. monosyllabic; disyllabic; polysyllabic. {{has_property(anagram)}} anagrammatical, anagrammatic. <-- this "capitalized" is for initial capitals only --> {{has_property(capitalized word)}} capitalized. Adv. verbally &c. adj.; verbatim &c. (exactly) R494. Phr. " the artillery of words" [Swift]; "the pen is mightier than the sword". <-- [[idiom]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4.1 IDIOM #563. Idiom. N. {{has_subtype(word, R562/phrase)}} idiom, idiomatic expression, non-standard word. {{&part_of}} {{has_subtype(language, R560)}} dialect, patois, sublanguage, local language. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(dialect)}} {{has_subtype(word/phrase)}} regionalism, provincialism, localism. colloquialism, informal speech, informal language. substandard language, vernacular. jargon, lingo, slang, cant, argot. barbarism, abuse of language, abuse of terms, caconym[obs3]. {{has_subtype(jargon)}} technical term, technical jargon, technicality. neologism, neology, newfangled expression, nonce expression. {{has_subtype(neologism)}} back-formation, backformation. {{property_of(obsolete, @R124/unused, @R678)}} obsolete word, archaism, black letter, dead word, monkish Latin. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(error, R495)}} corruption, missaying[obs3], antiphrasis[obs3]. {{has_subtype(misuse[of=word])}} catachresis. {{has_conceptual_part(malapropism)}} {{has_subtype(word, R562)}} word used; word intended. {{has_subtype(catachresis)}} {{has_subtype(error, R495)}} {{has_subtype(misuse[of=$word used], R679)}} malapropism. &&{{not_equal_to($word used): word intended}}. {{has_subtype: word play, @R842}}. {{has_subtype: @R521, pun, play upon words, double-entendre}}. {{has_subtype: @R521, figure of speech, metaphor}}. <-- the general property of "accent", which is not necessarily a variant of the standard speech is at R582. This is a subtype --> {{&has_property(regionalism)}} {{has_subtype(accent[1], @R582)}} accent, non-standard accent. {{property_of(accent)}} accented speech. {{&performed_by(accented speech): immigrant, @R188; foreigner, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.3}}. {{&performed_by(accented speech)}} {{has_subtype(learner[of=second language])}} language learner. {{has_subtype(accent)}} brogue [Ireland, Scotland]; drawl[Southern U.S.]; strine [Australia]. {{has_subtype(accent)}} {{uses(cockney, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.35)}} cockney [London, East End]. {{has_subtype(regionalism)}} broken English; lingua franca; Anglicism; Briticism; Gallicism; Scotticism; Hibernicism; Americanism; Gypsy lingo, Romany; Volapuk; Chinook; Esperanto; Hindustani; kitchen Kaffir. {{&used_in: pidgin; creole}}. pig Latin, dog Latin, macaronics[obs3]; confusion of tongues, Babel; babu English[obs3], chi-chi. byword. {{property_of(vulgar, @R851)}} vulgar language, vulgarity, course language; obscene language, obscenity. {{property_of(vulgar, @R851 + abusive, @R895)}} billingsgate. {{has_subtype(jargon)}} peddler's French; flash tongue; Wall Street slang; "St. Gile's Greek", thieves' Latin. {{has_subtype($person, P2.3.2.3)}} "Mr. So-and-so"; wha d'ye call 'em, whatchacallim, what's his name. &&{{has_property($person): $name, R564}}. &&{{has_property($name): unknown[to=speaker, @R582], @R465b}}. {{has_subtype($thing, @R3a)}} whatchamacallit, whatsit, thingummy[obs3], thingumbob, je ne sais quoi[Fr], je ne sais quoi pas[Fr]. &&{{has_property($thing): $name, R564}}. &&{{has_property($name): unknown[to=speaker, @R582], @R465b}}. {{has_subtype: gibberish, @R517; slogan, @R722}}. {{has_subtype: pseudonym &c. (misnomer) R565}}. {{performed_by(coin[obj=word])}} neologist[obs3], coiner of words. <-- , paranomasia[obs3] pseudology[obs3] --> V. coin a word, coin a term, neologize. backform; Americanize, Anglicize. shorten, abbreviate. {{property_of(accent)}} speak with an accent. Adj. idiomatic. neologic[obs3], neological[obs3]. {{has_subtype(old, R124)}} archaic; obsolete. colloquial, informal; Anglice[obs3]. {{has_subtype(erroneous)}} catachrestic, catachrestical. obscene, vulgar. substandard, vernacular. <-- [[name]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4.2 NAME (R564) #564. Name. N. {{has_subtype(noun, @R567)}} {{has_subtype(sign, R550)}} name, appelation[obs3], appelative[obs3], designation, title[1], denomination, nomenclature[1]. {{result_of}} naming, nomenclature[2], calling, denominating, designating, nuncupation[obs1], nomination. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(system, @R692a)}} nomenclature[3], system of nomenclature. {{has_subtype(system of nomenclature[for=living things])}} Linnaean System, Linnean System, binomial system. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(synonym, @R562)}} alternate name, another name, second name. {{has_subtype(alternate name)}} {{has_subtype(substitute)}} {{has_subtype(synonym, @R562)}} alias, assumed name. {{has_subtype(substitute)}} {{has_subtype(alias)}} pseudonym, pseudonymy. {{has_subtype(alias/pseudonym)}} nickname, pet name, sobriquet, by-name; assumed name, assumed title; stage name, nom de theatre[Fr], nom de course[Fr], theater name; war name, nom de guerre[Fr]; pen name, nom de plume[Fr]. {{&has_part(name)}} {{has_subtype(alias)}} {{property_of(unofficial, @R737)}} epithet, cognomen, by-name, handle to one's name, style[obs2], cognomination[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cognomen)}} agnomen[Roman Antiquity]. term, expression. {{has_subtype(second name)}} {{property_of(obsolete, @R614)}} former name. {{has_subtype(former name[of=married person])}} maiden name. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} title[2], document title. {{has_subtype(document title)}} running title. {{has_subtype(title[2])}} heading, rubric, caption[1]. {{has_subtype(title[2][of=picture, R556/illustration, M8.1.3.2.1.2.1])}} caption[2]. {{has_subtype(name[of=person, P2.3.2.3/geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1/organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5])}} {[in_frame(European language)]} proper name. {{has_part(proper name): $first letter, @R562}}. &&{{+has_property($first letter): capitalized}}. {{has_subtype(proper name[of=person])}} personal name. {{has_subtype(personal name)}} family name, last name[U.S.A.]. {{has_subtype(personal name)}} given name. {{has_subtype(given name)}} first name[U.S.A.], praenomen[Lat][Roman Antiquity]; middle name. {{has_subtype(first name)}} {[of(Christian, @R987)]} Christian name. <-- what is the Spanish Matronymic called? --> {{has_subtype(middle name)}} patronymic, otchestvo [Russian]. description; empty title, empty name. {{uses(addressing, @R550)}} salutation, compellation[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(prototype[of=name], R22)}} eponym. {{has_subtype(eponym)}} {{has_subtype(name[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} namesake[1]. {{has_inverse(namesake[1])}} {{has_subtype(copy[of=name], R21)}} namesake[2]. byword. {{has_subtype(name)}} {{uses(commerce, R794)}} {{has_subtype(trade mark, @R550)}} trade name. {{has_subtype: technical term, @R563}}. {{has_subtype(nomenclature)}} baptism, Christening. {{has_subtype(nomenclature)}} orismology[obs3]; onomatopoeia; antonomasia[obs3]. V. name, call, term, denominate, designate, style, entitle, clepe[obs3], dub. {{result_of(Christian name)}} christen, baptize. characterize, specify, define, distinguish by the name of. {{similar_to: label &c. (mark) R550}}. {{has_result}} be called, be named; take the name of, bear the name of, go by the name of, be known by the name of, go under the name of, pass under the name of, rejoice in the name of. Adj. named, called, designated, denominated, termed, styled. hight[obs3], ycleped, known as; what one may well, call fairly, call properly, call fitly. {{has_subtype(styled[by=self]): @R565, self-styled}}. eponymic. titular, nominal, nuncupatory[obs3], nuncupative; cognominal[obs3], orismological[obs3]. Adv. namely, viz. also known as, AKA. Phr. "beggar'd all description" [Antony and Cleopatra]. M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4.2.1 MISNOMER (R565) #565. Misnomer. N. {{has_subtype(name, R564, M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4.2)}} {{has_subtype(error, R495)}} misnomer; lucus a non lucendo[Lat]. {{used_by}} {{property_of(fictional)}} "Mrs. Malaprop". {{used_by}} Hoosier[??]. {{has_subtype: neologism, R563}}. V. misname, miscall, misterm[obs3]. {{caused_by(misname)}} nickname. {{caused_by(misname)}} assume a name, assume an alias, take an alias. Adj. misnamed, miscalled. pseudonymous; soi-disant[Fr]; self styled, self-styled, self called, self christened; so-called; also known as, AKA[acron]. {{antonym_of(named)}} nameless, anonymous, unnamed, without a name, having no name, innominate, unacknowledged. {{&consequence_of(unnamed): unidentified, @R465b}}. Adv. in no sense; under an alias; under an assumed name, under a pen name. <-- [[letter]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.1.R5 CHARACTER (R561) #561. Character. N. {{has_part(word[2], @R562)}} {{has_subtype(symbol)}} character, letter, printable character, linguistic symbol. {{has_subtype}} {{has_symbol(spoken sound)}} phonetic character, phonetic letter. {{has_subtype}} {{alternate_to(phonetic letter)}} {{has_symbol(idea, R453): @R590, ideogram, ideograph, hieroglyph}}. {{member_of}} alphabet. {{member_of(phonetic character)}} {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} phonetic alphabet. {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} Roman alphabet, ABC's, "A.B.C.'s", abecedary[obs3]. {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} {{uses(Russian writing, @R590)}} Cyrillic alphabet, Russian alphabet. {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} {{uses(Japanese writing, @R590)}} kana, Japanese phonetic alphabet, Japanese alphabet. {{has_subtype(kana)}} katakana; hiragana. {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} {{uses(Greek writing, @R590)}} Greek alphabet. {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} {{uses(Hebrew writing, @R590)}} Hebrew alphabet. {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} {{uses(Arabic writing, @R590)}} Arabic alphabet. {{has_subtype(alphabet)}} {{uses(Hindi writing, @R590)}} Sanskrit alphabet. {{used_in: printing, R591; writing, R590}}. {{has_subtype(letter)}} small letter, minuscule, lower-case letter. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(capitalized)}} capital letter, capitals[pl], uppercase letter, majuscule, caps[abbr.]. {{has_subtype(capitals)}} small capitals, small caps. {{member_of}} digraph, digram; trigraph, trigram. alphanumeric character. {{has_subtype(alphanumeric character)}} alphabetical character, letter, letter of the alphabet; numeral. {{part_of(numeral): number[2], @R84}}. {{has_subtype(numeral)}} Arabic numeral, digit, cipher. {{has_instance(Arabic numeral)}} "1"; "2"; "3", "4"; "5"; "6"; "7"; "8"; "9"; "0". non-alphanumeric character, printing symbol. {{has_instance(non-alphanumeric character): keyboard symbol, @R550}}. {{has_subtype_x(alphabetical character)}} consonant; vowel. {{symbol_of}} {{has_subtype(speech sound)}} diphthong, triphthong[Gram]; mute, liquid, labial, dental, guttural. {{undefined_relation_to}} christcross-row. {{part_of: @R562, morpheme, syllable, affix, suffix}}. {{used_in: @R562, spelling, orthography, phonetic spelling}}. {{part_of}} cipher, monogram; doubleacrostic[obs3]. {{part_of: anagram, @R562}}. V. spell. Adj. literal. alphabetical, abecedarian; syllabic. small, minuscular[obs3]. {{has_property(capital letter)}} capitalized, capital, majuscular[obs3]. {{property_of(uncial writing, @R590): uncial, @R590}}. M8.1.3.2.2.2 LINGUISTIC STYLE N. {{has_subtype(property of communication)}} linguistic style. {{trait_of: author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1; speaker, @R586}}. M8.1.3.2.2.2.1 STYLE GENERALLY (R569) #569. Style. N. style, diction, phraseology, wording, mode of expression, choice of words. {{property_of}} {{hperforms(author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(communication, R527): @R590, authorship, composition}}. manner, strain; mode of speech. {{has_high_quality}} literary power, ready pen, pen of a ready writer. {{has_high_quality: @R586, eloquence, command of language}}. {{expression_of: personality, @M1}}. <-- ; la morgue litteraire[Fr] ?? --> V. {{has_subtype(express by words, @R566)}} write in one's own style; speak in a distinctive style. Adv. in one's own style, in one's own idiom. Phr. le style c'est de l'homme [Fr][Buffon]; "style is the dress of thoughts " [Chesterfield]. <-- the following are listed as "properties" of style, but can also be thought of as styles in themselves, sort of. "perspicuity" and "obscurity" are very similar to the "properties of a communication" at M8.1.1.R1. --> M8.1.3.2.2.2.2 QUALITIES OF STYLE R570 TO R579 N. {{has_property(linguistic style)}} quality of style, element of style. {{has_subtype: M8.1.1.R1.3, unintelligibility; M8.1.1.R1.4, ambiguity; M8.1.1.R1.6, clarity; M8.1.1.R1.7, obscurity; exaggeration, R549}}. <-- 570. Perspicuity 571. Obscurity 572. Conciseness 573. Diffuseness 574. Vigor 575. Feebleness 576. Plainness 577. Ornament 578. Elegance 579. Inelegance --> <-- perspicuity and clarity are difficult to distinguish. We follow MW10 in making perspicuity, easy to understand, a consequence of clarity. But clarity means pretty much the same thing. --> M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.1 PERSPICUITY (R570) #570. Perspicuity. N. {{causes(clarity, R525)}} {{has_high_level(intelligibility, R518)}} perspicuity, perspicuousness, easy understandability. explicitness, lucidity, lucidness. {{property_of}} plain speaking. {{has_subtype(exactness &c. R494)}} definiteness, definition. Adj. {{has_high_level(intelligible, R518)}} perspicuous, easily understandable, easily understood, lucidity. {{consequence_of: clarity, R525}}. {{has_conceptual_part: explicit &c. (manifest) R525; exact &c. R494}}. <-- we want to distinguish this "obscurity" from the one at R526, a property of communication generally. We will use this entry to refer specifically to linguistic communication that is difficult to understand due to lack of explicitness on the part of the speaker. (in contrast to, e.g. garbled transmissions, encoding, smeared documents, or deliberate obfuscation). But why did Roget have two such entries? --> M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.2 OBSCURITY (R571) #571. Obscurity. N. {{has_subtype(obscurity, R526)}} {{antonym_of(perspicuity, R570)}} obscurity, difficulty, density, darkness of meaning. involution; hard words. {{has_high_level: unintelligibility, @R519}}. {{&caused_by: ambiguity &c. R520; vagueness &c. R475; inexactness &c. R495; neologizing, @R563}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(phrase, R566)}} difficult passage, obscure phrase. Adj. obscure, difficult, dense; crabbed, involved, confused. M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.3 CONCISENESS (R572) #572. Conciseness. N. conciseness, brevity, terseness, briefness, " the soul of wit", laconism[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(shortening, @R201)}} ellipsis, elision[1], deletion; abridgment, truncation. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(compression, R195)}} condensation. epitome &c. R596; monostich[obs3]. {{property_of}} brunch word, portmanteau word. {{performed_by}} Tacitus. {{&caused_by}} {[in_frame(speech)]} contraction[1], contracting; syncope, elision[2]. {{property_of}} {{has_result(contraction[1])}} contraction[2]. {{&has_symbol(contraction[2]): apostrophe, @R550}}. V. be concise, be brief, be terse. {{&caused_by: condense &c. R195; abridge &c. R201; abstract &c. R596}}. {{&caused_by}} come to the point, stick to the essentials. Adj. concise, brief, short, terse, close. succinct, to the point, neat, compact, exact, summary, brief and to the point. pithy, trenchant, pointed, pregnant, pregnant with meaning. laconic, curt; compendious &c. (compendium) R596. elliptical; epigrammatic, quaint, crisp; sententious. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(shortened, R201)}} abridged, abbreviated, "abr,g,"[Fr]. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(compressed, @R201)}} condensed, compressed. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(condensed)}} summarized, distilled, outlined. Adv. concisely, tersely, briefly, summarily; in brief, in short, in a word, in a few words; for shortness sake. Conj. to come to the point, to make a long story short, to cut the matter short, to be brief; it comes to this, the long and the short of it is. Phr. "Let thy speech be short, comprehending much in few words." [Ecclisiasticus]; brevity is the soul of wit; brevis esse laboro obscurus fio [Lat][Horace]. M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.4 DIFFUSENESS (R573) #573. Diffuseness. N. diffuseness, wordiness, verbosity, verbosity, prolixity, profuseness, expansiveness, lengthiness, long-windedness, perissology[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(speech): loquacity, R584]}. {{&caused_by}} amplification, expanding, dilating, going into details. {{&caused_by}} digression[1], digressing, rambling, circumlocution[2], beating about the bush, roundabout phrases, ambages [obs3]. verbiage, cloud of words, river of words, flow of words, copia verborum[Lat]. looseness. {{forms}} {{part_of(phrase, R566)}} digression[2], circumlocution[2]. {{has_subtype(repetition, R104)}} tautology, redundancy, pleonasm, exuberance, periphrasis, periphrase[obs3], battology[obs3]; thrice-told tale; episode; expletive; penny-a-lining. {{has_subtype: grandiloquence, R577}}. <-- Polylogy[obs3]. --> V. be diffuse, be profuse, be verbose, be wordy, expand &c. adj.; run out on, descant, expatiate, enlarge, dilate, amplify, inflate; launch out, branch out; rant. maunder, prose; harp upon &c. (repeat) R104; dwell on, insist upon. digress, ramble, battre la campagne[Fr], beat about the bush, perorate, spin a long yarn, protract; spin out, swell out, draw out; battologize[obs3]. Adj. wordy, verbose, diffuse, long-winded, expansive, profuse, copious, exuberant, pleonastic, lengthy, largiloquent[obs1], longsome[obs3], longspun[obs3]. long drawn out; spun out, protracted, prolix, prosing, maundering; circumlocutory, periphrastic, ambagious[obs3], roundabout; digressive; discursive, excursive; loose; rambling episodic; flatulent, frothy. Adv. diffusely &c. adj.; at large, in extenso[Lat]; about it and about it. M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.4.1 GRANDILOQUENCE (R577) #577. Grandiloquence. N. {{has_subtype(ostentation, R882)}} {{has_low_level(elegance[of=speech, R586], R578)}} bombast, ornamentation, grandiloquence, magniloquence, floridness, richness, richness of speech, grandiosity, turgidity, sesquipedalianism, declamation, well-rounded periods, orotundity, flowers of speech, flowers of rhetoric, frills of style, euphuism[obs3], euphemism, sesquipedalism[obs3], sesquipedality[obs3], turgescence[obs3]; altiloquence[obs3], teratology[obs2]. {{used_in(aphorism, R496)}} sententiousness. {{uses}} inversion, antithesis; alliteration. {{uses: figurativeness &c. (metaphor) R521; paronomasia, @R563}}. {{uses}} flourish. big-sounding words, high-sounding words; macrology[obs3], sesquipedalia verba[Lat], Alexandrine; inflation, pretension; rant, bombast, fustian, prose run mad; fine writing; sesquipedality[obs3]; Minerva press. phrasemonger; euphuist[obs3], euphemist. V. ornament, overlay with ornament, overcharge; smell of the lamp. Adj. {{has_low_level(inelegant, R579)}} bombastic, grandiloquent, high-sounding, orotund, grandiose, florid, rich, flowery, rhetorical, declamatory, sesquipedalian, sonorous, inflated, big-sounding, high flown, ornate, ornamented, turgid, turgescent, magniloquent, euphuistic[obs3], euphemistic[obs2], swelling, tumid, high flowing, Johnsonian, mouthy; fustian; frothy, flashy, flaming, altiloquent[obs3], sesquipedal[obs3]. sententious. {{&consequence_of: beautified &c. R847}}. antithetical, alliterative. figurative &c. R521. {{&conceptual_part_of: @R882, pedantic, pompous, stilted}}. Adv. ore rutundo[Lat]. <-- A property of communication, and a quality of style! [[vigor]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.5 VIGOR (R574) #574. Vigor. N. vigor, power, force. {{has_subtype}} intellectual force, spirit, verve, fire, elan, zest, gusto. piquance, pithiness, pungency, poignance, pointedness, piquancy. boldness, raciness, freshness. vehemence, passion, fervor. glow, warmth. {[of(language)]} strong language; gravity, sententiousness; elevation, loftiness, sublimity. {[of(language)]} eloquence; command of words, command of language. point; antithesis. {{has_metaphor}} fire in the belly. Adj. vigorous, nervous, powerful, forcible, trenchant, incisive, impressive. spirited, lively, glowing, sparkling. sensational. racy, bold, fresh. pungent, piquant, poignant, full of point, pointed, pithy, antithetical; sententious, moralizing. vehement, impassioned, fervid. slashing; petulant. eloquent, lofty, elevated, sublime. <-- in thi sense, it's not really related to poetry? --> {{has_subtype(eloquent)}} poetic. Adv. in glowing terms, in good set terms, in no measured terms. with spirit, with verve, with fire, zestily, with elan, with zest; with gusto. vehemently, with passion, fervidly. eloquently. Phr. "thoughts that breath and words that burn" [Gray]. M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.6 FEEBLENESS (R575) #575. Feebleness. N. {{antonym_of(vigor, R574)}} feebleness, tameness, vapidity, blandness. Adj. feeble, bald, tame, meager, jejune, vapid. dull, bland, colorless, prosaic, dry, prosy, lukewarm, cold, frigid, languid, trashy, proposing. weak, enervated, wishy-washy, wimpy, washy. monotonous, unvaried. sketchy, slight, impoverished, poor. {{has_subtype(negligent, R460)}} careless, inexact, loose, slipshod, slovenly, lax, slipslop[obs3]. puerile, childish. flatulent, silly. {{conceptual_part_of: @R573, rambling, diffuse}}. M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.7 PLAINNESS (R576) #576. Plainness. N. {{antonym_of(grandiloquence, R577)}} plainness, naturalness, simplicity, severity, lack of ornamentation. {{property_of}} plain terms, plain English, everyday words, Saxon English, household words. V. "call a spade 'a spade'"; plunge in medias res; come to the point. Adj. plain, simple, severe, matter-of-fact, natural. prosaic, commonplace, unornamented, unadorned, unvarnished; homely, homespun; neat, chaste, pure, Saxon. dry, unvaried, monotonous &c. R575. Adv. in plain terms, in plain words, in plain English, in plain common parlance; point-blank. M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.8 ELEGANCE (R578) #578. Elegance. N. elegance, grace, polish, gracefulness, euphony, purity. ease, readiness; concinnity[obs3], numerosity[obs3]; Atticism[obs3], classicalism[obs3], classicism. well rounded periods, well turned periods, flowing periods; the right word in the right place; antithesis &c. R577. {{trait_of}} purist. V. point an antithesis, round a period. Adj. elegant, polished, artistic, well-styled, classical, Attic, correct, Ciceronian; chaste, pure, Saxon, academical[obs3]. graceful, easy, readable, fluent, flowing, tripping, unaffected, natural, unlabored[obs3]. well expressed, well put, felicitous, happy, neat, well put, neatly put, neatly expressed. mellifluous, euphonious, rhythmical, euphemism, euphemistic, numerose[obs1]. M8.1.3.2.2.2.2.9 INELEGANCE (R579) #579. Inelegance. N. inelegance, awkwardness, gracelessless, lack of polish, lack of grace, lack of style, stiffness. {{property_of}} barbarism; cacophony. {{property_of: R563, vulgarity, slang}}. {{property_of: solecism &c. R568; mannerism &c. (affectation) R855; euphuism[obs3]; fustian &c. R577}}. {{has_metaphor(cacophony)}} words that break the teeth, words that dislocate the jaw, marinism[obs3]. V. be inelegant &c. adj.. Adj. inelegant, awkward, graceless, unpolished, ungraceful, cramped. formal, dry, guinde[Fr]; forced, labored, ponderous. {{has_subtype(affected, @R855)}} affected, mannered, stiff, stilted, artificial, euphuistic[obs3]. {{has_subtype(affected): turgid &c. R577}}. harsh, barbarous, uncouth, grotesque, offensive to ears polite. {{has_subtype(discourteous)}} abrupt, rude, crude, halting, off-putting, uncourtly[obs3]. Phr. "unlettered Muse" [Gray]. <-- "vocal phenomenon" is a general term intended to include lack of speech (taciturnity, muteness) as well as speech. --> M8.1.3.2.2.3 VOCAL PHENOMENON (R580 TO R589) N. {{conceptual_part_of(sound, M6.1.2.6)}} vocal phenomenon. <-- 580. Voice 581. Aphony 582 Speech 583. Stammering 584. Loquacity 585. Taciturnity 586 Allocution 587. Response 588 Interlocution 589. Soliloquy --> <-- "voice" is any sound from the throat, generally. Speech, specifically, is at R582 [[voice]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.3.1 VOICE (R580) #580. Voice. N. {{emits(throat, @P2.3.2.2.3.2)}} {{constitutes(sound, R402)}} voice[1], vocalization, spoken sound, speech sound, vocality[obs3], prolation[obs3]. {{has_subtype: cry, R411; speech, R582}}. {{has_subtype(faculty[to=utter], P2.2.3.5.2)}} {{requires(voice[1])}} voice[2]. {{has_property}} intonation, tone of voice; enunciation, articulation. {{has_high_quality(voice[2])}} good voice, fine voice. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(loud, R404)}} powerful voice. {{has_subtype: musical voice &c. R413}}. articulate sound, distinctness of articulation, clearness of articulation; delivery. {{uses: lungs, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2}}. {{studied_in: phonology, @R402}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(harshness, R410)}} harsh voice, raspy voice, raucity[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(harshness, R410)}} acute note, high note. {{has_subtype}} high-pitched voice; low-pitched voice. {{has_property(high-pitched voice)}} {{has_subtype(pitch[val=>600 cps], @R402)}} high pitch. {{has_property(low-pitched voice)}} {{has_subtype(pitch[val=<400 cps], @R402)}} low pitch. {{has_subtype(high-pitched voice)}} {{property_of(high pitch)}} soprano; treble; tenor; alto. {{has_subtype(low-pitched voice): @R408, bass, basso, basso profundo, baritone, contralto}}. {{has_metaphor(alto)}} penny trumpet, voce di testa[It]. V. utter, vocalize, prolate[obs1], breathe, give utterance, give tongue. ejaculate, rap out; articulate, enunciate, pronounce, accentuate, aspirate, deliver, mouth; whisper in the ear. {{has_subtype: cry &c. (shout) R411; speak, R582}}. Adj. vocal, oral, phonetic. ejaculatory. articulate, distinct, stertorous. {{has_subtype: euphonious &c. (melodious) R413}}. Phr. "how sweetly sounds the voice of a good woman" [Massinger]; "the organ of the soul" [Longfellow]; "thy voice is a celestial melody" [Longfellow]. <-- Roget has mixed in speech in general with oration, which should be under allocution, below --> <-- speech here is human talking. Speech sounds generally are under "voice", at R580, above. According to the hierarchy, speaking is a type of communication. Therefore "speaking to oneself" is also a type of communication. It sounds odd, but there are experiments to show that sometimes people don't know what they will say until they say it! So this is probably strictly true. Speaking to oneself is another example of a relation where the two related objects can be identical. [[speech]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1 SPEECH (R582) #582. Speech. N. {{has_subtype(linguistic communication)}} {{used_in(tongue/vocal chords/lips)}} {{has_subtype(speech sound)}} speech, talking, talk, locution, parlance, speaking, oral communication, verbal intercourse, prolation[obs3]. {{performed_by}} speaker. word of mouth, parole, palaver, prattle; effusion. {{has_product}} utterance. {{has_property}} pronunciation, articulation. {{has_conceptual_part(talking)}} {{has_manifestation(pronunciation)}} pronouncing, articulating. {{&has_part(pronunciation)}} aspiration, rough breathing, spiritus asper[Lat.]. {{&has_part(pronunciation)}} {[in_frame(Greek language)]} soft breathing, spiritus lenis[Lat.]. {{has_subtype(pronunciation)}} accent[1], twang, intonation, tone; cadence; sonorousness. {{has_subtype(faint sound, @R405)}} {{purpose_of(confidentiality, @M8.1.2.2)}} whisper, whispering, passing word, word in the ear, subaudition[obs3]; murmuring. {{has_subtype(whisper)}} cue, byplay, aside. {{similar_to(whisper)}} {{property_of(loud, R404)}} stage whisper. {{has_part(pronunciation)}} accent[2], accentuation. {{has_conceptual_part(accent[2])}} {{has_subtype(stress, @R157/intensity, @R159)}} emphasis, stress. {{has_subtype(accent[1])}} {{property_of(foreigner, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.3)}} foreign accent. {{has_subtype(accent[1])}} broad accent, strong accent, pure accent, native accent. {{required_for(similarity[of=pronunciation], R17): homonym, @R520; pun, @R521}}. {{has_subtype(pronouncing)}} {{property_of(correct, @R494)}} correct pronunciation, orthoepy[obs3]. <-- cacoepy is probably the antonym of orthoepy, but it isn't in the 1913 Webster --> {{antonym_of(correct pronunciation)}} {{property_of(incorrect, @R495)}} bad pronunciation, incorrect pronuncitation, cacoepy[obs3], cacology[obs3]. {{&has_part(pronunciation)}} {{property_of(pleasant, @R829)}} {{similar_to(euphony, @R413b)}} euphony. {{has_subtype(illusion, @R545)}} ventriloquism, voice-throwing. {{performed_by(ventriloquism)}} ventriloquist. polyphonism[obs3], polyphonist[obs3]. <-- "speech that appears to procede from the stomach" --> {{has_subtype(ventriloquism)}} gastriloquy, gastriloquism[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(short, @R572 + emphatic, @R535)}} exclamation, interjection, ejaculation, ecphonesis[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(passionate, @R825 + emphatic, @R535)}} outburst, strain, vociferation. {{has_symbol(exclamation)}} {[in_frame(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): exclamation point, @R550]}. {{requires}} faculty of speech. <-- ; ideophone[obs3]; --> V. speak, talk. [transitive] say, utter, pronounce, articulate, announce, deliver, give utterance to. speak of; utter forth, pour forth; breathe, let fall, come out with; rap out, blurt out have on one's lips; have at the end of one's tongue, have at the tip of one's tongue. {{has_commencement(speak)}} speak up, speak out, outspeak[obs3]; break silence; open one's lips, open one's mouth; lift one's voice, raise one's voice; give the tongue, wag the tongue; put in a word or two. {{has_subtype: soliloquize &c. R589; tell &c. (inform) R527; speak to &c. R586}}. {{part_of: talk together &c. R588}}. be talkative; be eloquent; be outspoken; have a way with words, have a tongue in one's head, have the gift of the gab, have a facility for speaking. {{has_subtype(speak[mode=faintly])}} whisper; murmur. pass one's lips, escape one's lips; fall from the lips, fall from the mouth. {{has_subtype(speak)}} ventriloquize, throw the voice. Adj. speaking, talking. saying, uttering, pronouncing, articulating, announcing. spoken, uttered, articulated, pronounced. oral, lingual, phonetic, not written, unwritten, outspoken; eloquent, elocutionary; oratorical, rhetorical; declamatory; talkative &c. R584; Ciceronian, nuncupative, Tullian. {{conceptual_part_of(spoken): grandiloquent &c. R577}}. {[referring_to(ventriloquism)]} ventriloquial. Adv. orally, verbally, by speaking, by talking, by word of mouth, viva voce, from the lips of. Phr. quoth he, said he &c.; "action is eloquence" [Coriolanus]; "pour the full tide of eloquence along" [Pope]; "she speaks poignards and every word stabs" [Much Ado About Nothing]; "speech is but broken light upon the depth of the unspoken" [G. Eliot]; "to try thy eloquence now 'tis time " [Antony and Cleopatra]. talk is cheap, fine words butter no parsnips, solov'ya basnyami nye kormyat[Russ= the songs of nightingales won't feed you; fancy talk puts no bread on the table]. M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1.1 ORATION (R586) #586. Oration. N. {{has_subtype(speech, R582)}} oration, allocution, formal speech, speech, lecture, address, alloquy[obs1], oratory; speechifying. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(audience, @R527)}} audience. &&{{has_member(audience): listener[num=>1], @R418}}. {{&has_location: auditorium, @R542; school, R542; church}}. {{&has_location}} {{has_subtype(room)}} {{part_of(seat[1][num=>5], P2.3.1.3.20.1)}} {{&part_of(projection screen)}} {{&part_of(lectern, @R542)}} lecture hall, auditorium. {{has_subtype(lecture hall): @R542, classroom, seminar room, auditorium}}. {{has_subtype: @R542, class, seminar}}. {{has_subtype(auditorium)}} civic auditorium. apostrophe, interpellation, appeal, invocation, salutation; word in the ear. recitation, delivery, say, harangue, sermon, tirade, peroration; salutatory; screed; valedictory [U.S.]. soliloquy &c. R589. {{studied_in}} elocution; rhetoric. declamation. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(stirring, @R824)}} stemwinder. {[in_frame(conference, @P2.3.2.3.5)]} paper. {{&uses: eloquence, grandiloquence, multiloquence[obs3]}}. burst of eloquence; facundity[obs3]; flow of words, command of words, command of language; copia verborum[Lat]; power of speech, gift of the gab; usus loquendi[Lat]. {{performed_by}} speaker, lecturer, orator, oratrix[obs3], oratress[obs3]. {[in_frame($institution)]} {{has_subtype(lecturer)}} {{has_subtype(guest)}} {{not_has_worker($institution)}} guest lecturer. spokesman; prolocutor, interlocutor; mouthpiece. rhetorician; stump orator, platform orator; speechmaker, patterer[obs3], improvisatore[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(orater)}} Hermes; Demosthenes, Cicero. [Feigned dialogue] dialogism[obs3]. {{&uses: platform &c. R542}}. plank. V. {{has_large_quantity(speak, @R582)}} lecture, speak, talk, orate, give a lecture, give a speech, give a talk, give an oration, make a speech, give an address, deliver a speech. speechify, harangue, declaim, hold forth, stump, flourish, recite, lecture, give a lecture, sermonize, give a sermon, discourse, be on one's legs; have one's say, say one's say; spout, rant, rave, vent one's fury, vent one's rage; speak one's mind, go on the stump, take the stump [U. S.]. {{has_subtype: @R573, dilate, amplify, expatiate, speak at length}}. [transitive] speak to, address; accost, make up to, apostrophize, appeal to, invoke; ball, salute; call to, halloo. take aside, take by the button; talk to in private. {{has_beginning}} salutation. {{&has_ending}} peroration. Int. "ladies and gentlemen!". "soho!"[obs3]; "halloo!"; "hey!"; "hist!". <-- a response may be a refusal to answer as well as an answer, or even just an expression of surprise --> M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1.2 RESPONSE (R587) #587. Response. N. response. {{has_subtype}} {{used_for(speech, R582)}} oral response. {{has_subtype}} {{used_for(writing, R590)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} written response. {{has_subtype: answer, R462}}. {{has_subtype: expression of surprise, @R508}}. <-- [[talk]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1.3 CONVERSATION (R588) #588. Conversation. N. {{participant_in(person[num>1], P2.3.2.3)}} conversation, interlocution; collocution[obs3], colloquy, converse, confabulation, talk, discourse, verbal intercourse; oral communication, commerce. {{participant_in(person[num=2])}} dialogue, duologue. {{participant_in(person[num=3])}} trialogue. {{participant_in(person[num=2])}} {{property_of(private)}} tete-a-tete. {{property_of(casual, @R866)}} chat, chitchat, idle chatter, small talk, table talk, idle talk, town talk, causerie, teatable talk[obs3], village talk. {{property_of(casual, @R866)}} tattle, gossip, tittle-tattle; babble, babblement[obs3]; tripotage[obs3], cackle, prittle-prattle[obs3], cancan, on dit[Fr]; talk of the town, talk of the village. {{property_of(formal): conference}}. {{property_of(formal)}} interview, audience, reception, conversazione[It]. {{property_of(lengthy, @P1.1.1.4)}} gabfest, palaver, logomachy[obs3]. {{performed_by(gabfest): chatterer, @R584}}. hall of audience, durbar[obs3]. {{case_of(issue, @M3.1.1.R1)}} discussion. {{has_subtype(discussion)}} debate, war of words; conference, parley, powwow [U. S.]. {{has_subtype(discussion)}} {{has_subtype(preparation[for=negotiation, R770a])}} pourparler. {{has_subtype(discussion): negotiation, R770a}}. {{performed_by(gossip)}} gossip, tattler, Paul Pry. tabby. {{performed_by(convers[mode=well])}} conversationalist, conversationist[obs3], dialogist[obs3]. "the feast of reason and the flow of soul" [Pope]; mollia tempora fandi[Lat][obs3]. {{performed_by(discussion): congress &c. (council) R696}}. {{&perforemd_by: interlocutor &c. (spokesman) R582}}. V. converse, talk together, hold a conversation, carry on a conversation, have a conversation, engage in a conversation. {{has_mode(excessively): prate &c. (loquacity) R584}}. {{has_mode(casually, @R866)}} chat, palaver, confabulate, shoot the breeze[coll.]; gossip, tattle; bandy words. parley, powwow [U.S.]. join in a conversation, put in a word. {{has_mode(interestingly)}} shine in conversation. {{case_of(issue, @M3.1.1.R1)}} confer, discuss. discourse with, confer with, commune with, commerce with; hold converse, hold conference, hold intercourse; talk it over; be closeted with; talk with one in private, tete-a-tete. Adj. conversing, talking. {[referring_to(conversation)]} conversational, conversable[obs3]. chatting, confabulating. interlocutory; discursive, discoursive[obs3]; colloquial. {{has_property(chat): chatty &c. (sociable) R892}}. Phr. "with thee conversing I forget all time" [Paradise Lost]. M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1.4 SILILOQUY (R589) #589. Soliloquy. N. soliloquy, monologue, apostrophe; monology[obs3]. aside. V. soliloquize; say to oneself, talk to oneself; say aside, think aloud, apostrophize. mutter to oneself, say under one's breath. Adj. soliloquizing. Adv. aside. <-- [Imperfect Speech.] --> M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1.R1 INARTICULATENESS (R583) #583. Inarticulateness. N. {{&has_property(speech, R582)}} inarticulateness, imperfect speech. {{&caused_by}} speech impediment, impediment in one's speech. {{has_subtype(speech impediment)}} stammering, stuttering, traulism[obs1]; lisp. hesitating, faltering, hesitation, hemming and hawing. mumbling; nasal tone, nasal accent; twang; broken sentences, backing and filling, repairing[Linguistics]. broken voice, broken accents, cracked voice. {{&caused_by: @R581, absence of voice, loss of voice}}. {{has_subtype: harsh voice, @R580; unmusical voice &c. R414}}. falsetto, "childish treble mute". {{has_low_level: @R563, foreign accent, drawl, brogue}}. slip of the tongue, slip of the lip, lapsus linouae[Lat]. {{has_subtype(slip of the tongue)}} Freudian slip. <-- , tardiloquence[obs3] ; titubancy[obs3]--> V. be inarticulate, speak inarticulately, speak imperfectly, speak poorly, talk incoherently. stammer, stutter; hesitate, falter, hammer; balbutiate[obs1], balbucinate[obs1], haw, hum and haw, be unable to put two words together. be unable to speak, be stricken dumb. lisp, speak with a lisp, "thpeak with a lithp". mumble, mutter; maud[obs1], mauder[obs3]; mince, mine words; jabber, gibber; sputter, splutter; muffle, mump[obs3]; drawl, mouth; croak; speak thick, speak through the nose; snuffle, clip one's words; murder the language, murder the King's English, murder the Queen's English; mispronounce, missay[obs3]. mispronounce. {{has_subtype(mispronounce): speak with an accent}}. {{has_low_level: whisper, @R405}}. Adj. inarticulate. guttural; nasal; tremulous; affected. stammering, stuttering. hesitating, faltering, sputtering. Adv. sotto voce [Lat] &c. (faintly) R405. Interj. "uh", "um"; "you know", "y'know". Phr. "All I want for Chrithmath ith my two front teeth.". M8.1.3.2.2.3.1.1.R2 LOQUACITY (R584) #584. Loquacity. N. {{&has_property(speech, R582)}} loquacity, loquaciousness, logorrhea; talkativeness, garulousness, verboseness, verbosity, garrulity, multiloquence[obs3], much speaking. jaw; gabble; jabber, chatter; prate, prattle, cackle, clack; twaddle, twattle, rattle; caquet[obs3], caquetterie[Fr]; blabber, bavardage[obs3], bibble-babble[obs3], gibble-gabble[obs3]. fluency, flippancy, volubility, flowing, tongue; flow of words; flux de bouche[Fr], flux de mots[Fr]; copia verborum[Lat], cacoethes loquendi[Lat]; furor loquendi[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of: diffuseness, R573}}. {{conceptual_part_of: gift of the gab, @R582}}. {{has_low_level: small talk, @R588}}. {{performed_by: chatterer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.57}}. V. be loquacious, be talkative, be garrulous, be verbose. talk glibly, pour forth, patter; prate, palaver, prose, chatter, prattle, prattle on, clack, jabber, jaw; blather, blatter[obs3], blether[obs3]; rattle, rattle on; twaddle, twattle; babble, gabble; outtalk; talk oneself out of breath, talk oneself hoarse; be hoarse with talking. {{has_subtype(prattle)}} talk at random, talk nonsense. din in the ears &c. (repeat) R104. {{conceptual_part_of: @R573, expatiate, speak at length}}. {{has_low_level: engage in small talk, @R588; gossip, @R588}}. Adj. loquacious, talkative, garrulous, verbose, logorrheic, linguacious[obs1], multiloquous[obs3], largiloquent[obs1]. chattering, prating, blathering, prattling, babbling, twaddling, jabbering; open-mouthed. fluent, voluble, glib, flippant. {{conceptual_part_of: chatty &c. (sociable) R892; declamatory &c. R582; long winded, @R573}}. Adv. loquaciously, talkatively, garrulously, verbosely. trippingly on the tongue; glibly &c. adj.; off the reel. Phr. the tongue running fast, the tongue running loose, the tongue running on wheels; all talk and no cider; "foul whisperings are abroad" [Macbeth]; "what a spendthrift is he of his tongue!" [Tempest]. M8.1.3.2.2.3.2 TACITURNITY (R585) #585. Taciturnity. N. taciturnity, pauciloquy[obs3], costiveness[obs1], curtness; reserve, reticence &c. (concealment) M8.1.2.2. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{antonym_of(speaking)}} silence, muteness, not speaking, keeping silent, keeping one's own counsel, obmutescence[obs3]. {{&mcaused_by: inarticulateness, R583}}. {{trait_of}} man of few words. V. be silent, be mute, be mum, keep silence, keep mum, hold one's tongue, hold one's peace, hold one's jaw, not speak, not talk, keep one's counsel, keep one's own counsel; make no sign, not let a word escape one. {{has_high_level}} say nothing, not say a word, not utter a word. {{has_metaphor}} seal the lips, close the lips, button the lips, zipper the lips, put a padlock on the lips, put a padlock on the mouth; put a bridle on one's tongue; bite one's tongue, keep one's tongue between one's teeth. {{&has_purpose}} keep a secret, keep a confidence. {{has_meaning(keep a secret): preserve[obj=secret, R533], R670}}. {{&mcaused_by}} not have a word to say. {{&result_of}} [transitive] hush up, hush, lay the finger on the lips, place the finger on the lips. {{&caused_by: render mute, @R581}}. {{&caused_by}} stick in one's throat. {{has_low_level: @R405, speak low, speak softly, whisper}}. Adj. silent, mute, mum; silent as a post, silent as a stone, silent as the grave &c. (still) R403; dumb &c. R581; unconversable[obs3]. taciturn, sparing of words; close-tongued; costive[obs1], inconversable[obs1], curt; reserved; reticent &c. (concealing) M8.1.2.2. Int. {{&mcaused_by(silence)}} {{has_subtype(command, R741)}} "shush!"; "tush!"; "silence!", "mum!", "hush!", "chut!"[obs3]; "hist!"; "tut!"; "chup!"[obs3]; mum's the word; "keep your mouth shut!"[vulgar], "shut your trap!"[vulgar]. Phr. silence speaks volumes; cave quid dicis quando et cui[Lat]; volto sciolto i pensieri stretti[It]; "Cat got your tongue?". <-- Roget mixed in poor speech; we use this entry for inability to speak, eother physiologically, psychologically, or --> M8.1.3.2.2.3.3 MUTENESS (R581) #581. Muteness. N. {{&result_of(silence, @R585)}} {{has_subtype(absence[ptnt=voice], @R2)}} {{has_subtype(inability[to=speak, R582], R158)}} dumbness, muteness, inability to speak, no voice, aphonia[Med.], absence of voice, want of voice, dysphony[obs3], aphony[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(loss[ptnt=voice], R776)}} loss of voice, obmutescence[obs3]. {{&caused_by(loss of voice)}} {{has_subtype(disease, R655)}} {{affected_by(larynx)}} laryngitis. {{&caused_by(loss of voice)}} stage fright. {{property_of}} mute, dummy[coll.]. {{has_subtype(mute)}} {{property_of(deaf-mute, @R419)}} deaf-mute. drown the voice, put to silence, stop one's mouth, cut one short. stick in the throat. V. be mute. silence; render mute, render silent; muzzle, muffle, suppress, smother, gag, strike dumb, dumfounder. Adj. dumb, mute, aphonous[obs3]; deaf-mute, deaf and dumb; mum; tongue-tied; breathless, tongueless, voiceless, speechless, wordless; mute as a fish, mute as a stockfish[obs3], mute as a mackerel; silent &c. (taciturn) R585; muzzled; inarticulate, inaudible. croaking, raucous, hoarse, husky, dry, hollow, sepulchral, hoarse as a raven; rough. Adv. with bated breath, with the finger on the lips; sotto voce[Lat]; in a low tone, in a cracked voice, in a broken voice. Phr. vox faucibus haesit [Lat][Vergil]. M8.1.3.2.2.4 WRITTEN LANGUAGE (R590 TO R599) <-- 590 Writing 591. Printing 692; Correspondence 593. Book 594. Description 595. Dissertation 596. Compendium 597. Poetry 598. Prose 599. The Drama --> <-- Roget's R590, "writing", appears to refer to handwriting originally, but here we use it to represent any type of writing, i.e. setting words to a recorded form. The following entry, printing, will refer to the mechanical aspects of print publishing. Printed documents are here at R590. We do not yet distinguish between being an "author", i.e. responsible for composing the document, and actual "writing", the physical action of putting the words to paper. Both are contained here. This distinction is only important in some contexts, but needs to be done soon.??? [[WRITING]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.1 WRITING #590. Writing. N. {{has_subtype(linguistic communication)}} {{result_of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} writing[1]. {{has_subtype: printing, R591}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4)}} {{required_for(computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4/data entry device)}} data entry. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} handwriting. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(typewriter, @P2.3.1.3.14.2)}} typing, typewriting. {{forms: document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. chirography, stelography[obs3], cerography[obs3]; penmanship, craftmanship[obs3], penning; quill driving. {{has_subtype(handwriting)}} scribbling, scrawling. {{has_subtype(copying[ptnt=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @R21)}} copying, transcribing. <-- "manuscript" as used here does not have to be hand-written. Oddly, a purely hand-written "manuscript" does not appear in MW10. --> {{has_subtype(writing[2])}} {{&part_of(hand-written text)}} {{&part_of(typewritten text)}} {{&property_of(handwritten): manuscript, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(writing[2])}} {{&property_of(holographic): holograph, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. <-- this "text" means the actual part of a document that consists of the words themselves, as contrasted with illustrations or the margin.--> {{forms}} {{constitutes(written word[num=>0], @R562)}} text, writing[2]. {{has_subtype(text)}} {{forms(handwriting)}} hand-written text. {{has_subtype(text)}} {{forms(typewriting)}} typewritten text. {{has_subtype(text)}} {{forms(printing[1], R591)}} printed text. {{has_property(text)}} {{conceptual_part_of(shape[of=letter, R561], R240)}} orthography. {{has_representation(orthography)}} {[in_frame(printing, R591)]} {{member_of(letter, R561): font, @R591}}. {{has_subtype}} uncial writing; cuneiform character, arrowhead, Ogham, Runes; contraction; Brahmi[obs3], Devanagari, Nagari; script. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(representation)}} ideograph, ideogram, pictograph. {{has_subtype(ideograph)}} hieroglyphic, hierpglyph; glyph; anaglyph [obs3]. {{has_subtype(ideograph)}} Chinese character, character, kanji[Jap]. {{has_subtype(glyph)}} {{has_subtype(carving[on=rock])}} petroglyph. {{has_subtype(orthography)}} {{property_of(cryptic)}} shorthand; stenography, brachygraphy[obs3], tachygraphy[obs3]; cryptography, secret writing, writing in cipher; phonography[obs3], pasigraphy[obs3], Polygraphy[obs3], logography[obs3]. {{has_subtype(handwriting)}} calligraphy; good hand, running hand, flowing hand, cursive hand, legible hand, bold hand. {{has_subtype(handwriting)}} {{property_of(obscure, R526)}} bad handwriting, poor handwriting; bad hand, cramped hand, crabbed hand, illegible hand, cacography[obs3], griffonage[obs3], barbouillage[obs3]; scrawl, scribble, scratching, chicken tracks[coll.], pattes de mouche[Fr], ill-formed letters, pothooks and hangers[obs2]. {{studied_in(handwriting)}} graphology. {{uses: writing materials, R635c}}. {{has_result: inscription &c. (record) R551}}. {{has_subtype}} {{location_of(surface, R220): superscription, @R550}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} composition, authorship. {{&uses(authorship)}} {{has_subtype(speech)}} dictation. {{has_subtype(printing)}} the press &c. (publication) R531. {{uses(Russian language)}} {{used_in(Cyrillic aphabet)}} Russian writing. {{has_subtype}}{{uses(Japanese language)}} Japanese writing. {{has_part(Japanese writing): @R561, hiragana, katakana}}. {{has_subtype}}{{uses(Greek language)}} Greek writing. {{has_subtype}}{{uses(Hebrew language)}} Hebrew writing. {{has_subtype}}{{uses(Arabic language)}} Arabic writing. {{has_subtype}}{{uses(Hindi language)}} Hindi writing. <-- cacoethes scribendi[Lat]; graphoidea[obs3], graphomania[obs3]; phrenoia[obs3]. --> V. write, pen. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(hand)}} handwrite, write by hand. {{has_subtype(handwrite)}} {{used_in(capital letters, @R561)}} print. {{has_subtype(handwrite)}} {{property_of(obscure, R526)}} scribble, scrawl, scrabble, scratch. engross; write out, write out fair; interline; stain paper. {{method_for: write down &c. (record) R551; sign &c. (attest) R467}}. <-- this paragraph is for the mental action of composition, as opposed to the physical --> {{requires}} {{follows}} {{has_subtype(compose, @R527)}} compose, author, draw up, draft, formulate, indite. {{has_method(author)}} {{has_subtype(speak, R582)}} dictate. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(copy[obj=manuscript, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @R19)}} transcribe. inscribe, throw on paper, dash off; manifold. take up the pen, take pen in hand; shed ink, spill ink, dip one's pen in ink. {[with_object(application[2])]} fill in. <-- ; enface[obs3]?? Def? --> Adj. {{has_consequence(write)}} written, in writing, in black and white. {{has_subtype(written)}} handwritten; printed; transcribed. {{has_subtype(handwritten[mode=completely])}} holographic, completely handwritten. {{has_subtype(handwritten)}} {{has_consequence(scribble)}} scribbled, scrawled. {{requires(written)}} composed, authored, formulated, drawn up. writing. printing; scribbling, scrawling; penning; copying, transcribing. {{has_property(text)}} textual. {{has_property(orthography)}} orthographic. under one's hand. uncial, Runic, cuneiform, hieroglyphical[obs3]. Adv. in writing. {{property_of(handwrite)}} by hand, in handwriting. currente calamo[Sp]; pen in hand. textually; orthographically. Phr. audacter et sincere[Lat]; le style est l'homme meme [Fr]; "nature's noblest gift - my gray goose quill" [Byron]; scribendi recte sapere et principium et fons [Lat][Horace]; "that mighty instrument of little men" [Byron]; "the pen became a clarion" [Longfellow]; "the pen is mightier than the sword". <-- the lines have been blurred, but we still maintain the distinction between "writing" and "printing", and a computer printer comes under writing. --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.1.1 COMPUTER PRINTING N. {{has_subtype(writing, R590)}} {{has_action(printer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.5)}} computer printing, printing, printing out. {{forms}} printout, output. {{has_subtype(printout): listing, @R86}}. {{has_subtype(printout)}} fan-fold printout; cut-sheet printout. {{&forms: manuscript, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. V. print, print out. Adj. printed out. <-- printing here refers to the act of printing & its associated concepts; the physical product is under writing, R590, above, and at document. This is for press printing -- the "printing" of a computer-driven printer is above. --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.2 PRINTING (R591) #591. Printing. N. {{has_subtype(human process, @R680)}} printing[1]. {{!&forms: document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3; picture, R556}}. {{!!function_of}} {{has_subtype(machine, @R633)}} press, printing press. <-- one can print on material other than paper --> {{!+forms}} printed paper. {{has_process}} composition. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(engraving, R558)}} lithography; offset lithography. block printing, type printing. {{has_subtype: @R558, plate printing}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} press run, print run. {{has_product(press run)}} printing[2]. {{has_subtype(printing press)}} {{has_subtype(powered machine)}} {{property_of(rapid, @R274)}} rotary press, letterpress. {{has_part(rotary press)}} {{shape_of(cylinder, @R249)}} plate cylinder. {{has_action(plate cylinder): rotation, R312}}. {{location_of(plate cylinder): type}}. {{uses}} {{has_representation(character, R561)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} type; stereotype, electrotype, aprotype[obs3]. {{studied_in(type)}} typography. {{has_property(type)}} font, fount, typeface; black letter. {{has_subtype(type)}} {{property_of(mixed, @R81/spilled, @R297)}} pi, pie. {{has_member(font): @R561, letters, numerals, symbols}}. {{has_subtype(font)}} brevier[obs3], bourgeois. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(writing paper)}} {{constitutes(paper)}} paper, bill, sheet, sheet of paper, broadsheet[obs3]. {{has_property(sheet of paper)}} {{has_subtype(thickness, @P1.2.4.2.3)}} weight, weight of paper. {{has_units(weight of paper)}} pound. {{has_subtype(weight)}} "20-pound"; "16-pound"; "24-pound". {{member_of(sheet of paper)}} quire, ream. {{has_instance(font)}} pica; courier; Helvetica. {{&has_property(font)}} {{has_property(uppercase letter, @R561)}} upper case. {{&has_property(font)}} {{has_property(lower-case letter, @R561)}} lower case. {{&has_property(font)}} italics; boldface. justification, linotype, live matter, logotype. catchword. {{uses(composing)}} composing-frame; composing rule, composing stick; composing stand. make-up, matrix, matter, monotype[obs3]; press work; reglet[obs3], roman. {{has_location(composing)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} composing room. {{has_location(printing press)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} press room. {{has_subtype(printing[obj=book])}} book printing. {{uses(book printing)}} {{has_subtype(title, @R454)}} {{location_of(top[of=$page, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3]): @R454, running head, running title}}. &&{{isnota($page): title page}}. scale, serif, shank, sheet work, shoulder, signature, slug, underlay. {{has_property(font)}} size, font size. {{has_measure(font size)}} point, points, point system, point size. {{has_instance(point size)}} "4-1/2 point"; "5 point"; "5-1/2 point"; "6 point"; "8 point"; "10 point"; "12 point"; "14 point". {{job_of}} printer. {{assisted_by(printer)}} compositor, typesetter; printer's devil; copyholder; layout man. {{&job_of: publisher, @R531}}. {{precedes}} {{product_of(book, R593)}} {{has_subtype(manufacturing process)}} {{has_subtype(joining[ptnt=printed paper[num=>1]], R43)}} {{formed_by(binding, @R593)}} binding. {{performed_by(binding)}} {{has_subtype(workshop, @R691)}} binder, bindery. V. {{has_subtype(mark, @R550)}} print. {{method_for: publish &c. R531}}. engrave, stereotype. {{has_process(print)}} compose; put to press, go to press; pass through the press, see through the press; bring out; rush into print; makeup; mortise; offset; overrun, rout. {{has_result}} appear in print. distribute. {{precedes}} {{product_of(book, R593)}} {{has_subtype(join[ptnt=printed paper[num=>1]], R43)}} bind. Adj. printed, imprinted, impressed. engraved, stereotyped. in print, in type. typographical &c. n.. solid in galleys. <-- This entry includes both the conceptual document and the physical document. Perhaps they should be separated? [[document]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3 DOCUMENT #590a. Document. N. {{has_subtype(record, R551)}} {{used_in(language)}} {{has_result(publication, R531)}} {{forms(writing, R590)}} {{has_subtype(communication, M8.1)}} document[1], writing, text, literae scriptae[Lat]. {{has_case: audience, @R527}}. {{&product_of: printing, R591; handwriting, @R590; typing, @R590; copying, R19; data entry}}. {{has_part: word, R562; phrase, R566; sentence, @R566; paragraph, @R566}}. {{has_part: chapter, @R593}}. {{used_for: reading, @R539}}. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(orthography)}} {{produces(hand)}} handwriting, hand, fist. <-- a "manuscript" may be handwritten or typewritten (or these days, written on a computer's printer), but is not "printed" by a printing press --> {{has_subtype}} {{not_property_of(printed)}} manuscript, MS. {{has_subtype(manuscript)}} holograph. {{has_subtype}} {{acontains(computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1/data storage device/data storage medium)}} electronic document. {{has_subtype(electronic document)}} file, computer file. {{has_subtype(computer file)}} data file; executable file. {{exhibits(executable file)}} {{has_process(computer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1)}} execution. note, short document. {{has_subtype(note)}} {{has_subtype(reminder, @M6.1.1)}} memo, meorandum. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(copy, @R551)}} carbon copy. these presents. notation. stroke of the pen, dash of the pen; coupe de plume. {{has_part}} line, line of text. {{&has_part}} {{has_part(article, @R595)}} headline. pen and ink. {{has_subtype(handwriting)}} autograph. monograph. signature, sign manual. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(printed, R591)}} printing, text, printed document; copy, impression, pull, proof, revise; author's proof, galley proof, press proof; press revise. {{has_subtype: book, R593}}. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(politics, R737b)}} political tract. <-- "document location" is a location in the sense of how to obtain it, which means to know its title, publisher, etc, so as to be able to get hold of it. All of this is to define a bibioographic reference.--> {{has_location($document)}} document location. &&{{has_property($document)}} {{has_manifestation(document location)}} {{requires(find[obj=$document])}} {{has_subtype(name): @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R4.2, title, document title}}. {{has_part(document)}} {{has_subtype(sheet of paper)}} page, leaf. {{has_subtype(page)}} {{has_location(title, @R454)}} {{has_part(book/pamphlet/magazine)}} title page. {{has_part(page)}} {{constitutes(text, @R590)}} column[num=>0]. {{has_part(document)}} {{has_subtype(surroundings, R227)}} context. {{has_part(page)}} {{has_subtype(margin, R231)}} {{not_location_of(text, @R590)}} margin. {{&has_part(printing)}} running header; footnote; reference; glossary. {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint, new edition; photo offset. {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} copy, duplicate; transcript, rescript; rough copy, fair copy. {{&has_part(document)}} {{has_subtype(ornament, R846)}} {{has_subtype(picture, P2.3.1.3.6.1): illustration, illumination; vignette, initial letter, cul de lampe[Fr], tailpiece}}. {{&has_part(document)}} {{has_subtype(copy)}} {{has_subtype(parroting, @M5.5.9)}} boilerplate. {{has_part(document)}} {{property_of(important)}} main text. {{has_part(document)}} {{has_subtype(sequel[to=main text], A4.2.2.R1)}} appendix, postscript; epilogue; codicil; colophon. {{has_subtype(document)}} {{has_subtype(sequel, A4.2.2.R1)}} continuation, sequel; installment; part two; return of; son of. {{has_part(document)}} {{has_subtype(beginning, R66)}} title page; head, heading, caption. {{has_subtype(circular)}} {{property_of(folded, @R258)}} leaflet. {{has_subtype(circular)}} {{property_of(large): broadside, @R531}}. {{has_subtype(printed publication)}} {{purpose_of(mass distribution)}} {{property_of(free, @R815)}} circular. V. {{result_of(document[1])}} {{has_subtype(record, R551)}} document[2]. Adj. {{has_consequence(document[2])}} documented. documentary. {{has_property(executable file)}} executable. Adv. {{has_location(margin)}} in the margin. <-- [person who writes] writer to HROLE --> <-- besides letters and postcards, what? --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.1 CORRESPONDENCE (R592) #592. Correspondence. N. correspondence. {{patient_of}} {{used_in(post, @R534)}} {{has_method(communication, M8.1)}} {{has_subtype(transmission[ptnt=correspondence])}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} correspondence[2]. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(communicator, @R527/communicatee, @R527)}} correspondent. {{has_subtype(correspondence)}} letter, epistle, note, billet, missive. {{+&contained_in(letter)}} {{constitutes(paper): envelope, @R191}}. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(romantic love)}} love letter, favor, billet-doux. chit, chitty[obs3]. {{has_subtype(card, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} postcard, post card, letter card, postal card, card, postal[obs2]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(card, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} greeting card. {{&has_part(greeting card): picture, R556}}. <-- "the sentiment in a greeting card is usually written by someone other than the correspondent" --> &&{{+has_part(greeting card)}} {{constitutes($text)}} sentiment. &&{{performed_by(write[obj=sentiment], R590)}} {{has_subtype(author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} sentiment writer. &&{{+not_identical_to(sentiment writer): correspondent}}. {{&!not_contained_in(postcard): envelope, @R191}}. {{has_subtype(post card)}} {{!part_of(picture)}} picture post card. rescript, rescription[obs3]. V. correspond with; keep up a correspondence. {{has_conceptual_part}} write to, send a letter to; receive correspondence, get a letter, get mail. Adj. epistolary. Phr. furor scribendi[Lat]. <-- Book, periodical should be separated [[book]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.2 BOOK (R593) #593. Book. N. {{property_of(bound, @R591)}} book; writing, work, volume, tome, opuscule[obs3]; tract, tractate[obs3]; livret[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: contents, @R454}}. {{property_of(small, R32)}} booklet. brochure; libretto; pamphlet, enchiridion[obs3], circular, publication; chap book. children's book. {{has_case(children's book)}} {{has_subtype(audience, @R527): children, @R129}}. reference book. {{uses(school, R542)}} school book. {{has_subtype(reference book)}} handbook; codex, manual. {{has_subtype(manual)}} {{part_of(instruction, R697)}} instruction manual. album, portfolio. {{has_subtype(reference book)}} {{property_of(comprehensive)}} encyclopedia, cyclopedia. {{has_subtype(reference book)}} dictionary, lexicon; thesaurus; who's who. {{has_subtype(school book)}} horn book, text book; primer, abecedary[obs3], rudiments, manual, vade mecum. {{has_subtype(school book)}} {{topic_of(grammar)}} grammar, grammar book. {{has_subtype(grammar book)}} Lindley Murray, Cocker. {{has_part}} {{rel_loc_of(surface, R220)}} binding. {{has_part(binding)}} endpapers; frontispiece; cover. {{has_subtype(cover)}} {{property_of(hard, R323/stiff, @R323)}} hard cover. {{has_subtype(cover)}} {{property_of(soft, R324/pliable, @R324)}} {{constitutes(paper, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} soft cover. <-- these "parts" are more conceptual than physical. --> {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_part(contents, @R454)}} {{constitutes(text, @R590)}} section; head. {{has_subtype(section)}} chapter. {{has_subtype(section): article, @R595}}. {{has_part(chapter/article): @R566, paragraph, passage, clause}}. folio, quarto, octavo; duodecimo[obs3], sextodecimo[obs3], octodecimo[obs3]. {{has_part: page[num=>4], @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3}}. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(page, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} fly leaf. encompilation[obs3]. {{&has_location: library, bibliotheca[obs3]}}. {{created_by: @R531, press, publisher}}. <-- this "treatise" is the physical book; at R595 it is the conceptual item. --> {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(dissertation, R595)}} definitive work, treatise, comprehensive treatise. {{member_of($book[num=>2])}} printing, imprint, impression. &&{{product_of(printing)}} {{has_subtype(physical process)}} {{has_function(press)}} {{conceptual_part_of(printing): @R592, $press run}}. &&{{property_of($book[num=all]): identical}}. &&{{has_property($press run): uninterrupted, @R143}}. {{has_subtype(printing)}} first printing; second printing; third printing; fourth printing. {{has_subtype(printing)}} version, edition, revision. {{has_subtype(printing)}} {{has_subtype(version)}} reprint. {{created_by: author, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1}}. {{sold_by: bookseller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.1.2}}. {{studied_in: knowledge of books, bibliography}}. {{has_topic: book learning, @R490}}. Phr. "my desire is ... that mine adversary had written a book."[Job, 31:35]; "there is no Past so long as Books shall live" [Bulwer Lytton]; years know more than books; a book that is shut is but a block; "among the giant fossils of my past" [E. B. Browning]; craignez tout d'un auteur en courroux[Fr]; "for authors nobler palms remain" [Pope]; "I lived to write and wrote to live" [Rogers]; "look in thy heart and write" [Sidney]; "the public mind is the creation of the Master-Writers" [Disraeli]; "volumes that I prize above my dukedom" [Tempest]. <-- Move this to M8.1.1.5.7, under "communication"?. Roget includes references to "representation" (visual) -- analogy? [[description]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3 DESCRIPTION (R594) #594. Description. N. description, account, statement, report. narration, recital. state of facts, summary of facts. {{has_subtype(description)}} {{topic_of(behavior[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{&mcaused_by(disrepute, R874): expose, @R529}}. {{has_subtype: brief &c. (abstract) R596; return &c. (record) R551; catalogue raisonne[Fr] &c. (list) R86}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(document)}} {{topic_of(geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1): guidebook &c. (information) R527b}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(sketchy)}} sketch. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(sketchy): @R522, outline, summary}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(detailed)}} {{property_of(lengthy, @R573)}} {{metaphor_for(depiction, R556)}} delineation, depiction, specification, particulars. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(detailed)}} monograph; minute account, detailed particular account, circumstantial account, graphic account; rehearsal, relation. {{has_subtype: @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1, history, chronicle, annals, memoir, biography, legend, story, tale}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(fictional, @R515)}} {{has_subtype(artisitc writing, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6)}} work of fiction. {{has_subtype(work of fiction)}} novel, romance. {{has_subtype(work of fiction)}} fairy tale; nursery tale; fable, parable, apologue[obs3]. {{has_subtype(audience[of=nursery tale]): preadolescent, @R129}}. {{has_subtype(novel)}} {{property_of(inexpensive, @R815)}} dime novel, penny dreadful, shilling shocker. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(fact, @R527b)}} {{property_of(specific, @R79)}} detail. {{has_subtype(detail)}} {{property_of(esoteric, @R79)}} technical detail, technicality. <-- , Minerva press? --> V. {{part_of(assert, R535)}} describe. tell. {{has_subtype(describe[mode=in detail])}} depict, characterize, particularize. {{&uses(describe): @R554, draw a picture, picture}}. {{has_metaphor(depict): @R554, picture, portray}}. {{has_subtype(describe[mode=in detail])}} detail; enter into particulars, enter into details, descend to particulars, descend to details. {{has_subtype(detail)}} {{used_in(list, R86)}} itemize. Adj. descriptive, suggestive. {{has_low_level}} {{has_subtype(sketchy, @R53)}} sketchy, general, vague. {{has_high_level}}{{has_subtype(lengthy, @R573)}} {{has_consequence(detail)}} detailed, particular, graphic, well-drawn. {{has_consequence(describe)}} described. {{has_consequence(depict)}} characterized, depicted. {{has_subtype(detailed)}} itemized. Phr. furor scribendi[Lat]. <-- [[story]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1 STORY N. {{has_subtype(record, R551)}} {{has_subtype(disclosure, R529)}} story, tale, narrative, account, narration. <-- a story describes a "series of events". How many in a series? --> {{has_topic: action[num=>1], R680; behavior, R692; human event[num=>1]}}. memoir, memorials; saga; tradition, legend, historiette[obs3]. {{topic_of(action[of=$person, P2.3.2.3], R680)}} {{has_subtype(record, R551)}} personal narrative, journal, life, adventures, fortunes, experiences, confessions. &&{{hperforms($person): write[obj=journal], @R590}}. {{has_subtype(personal narrative): diary, @R551}}. anecdote, ana[obs3], trait. {{has_subtype: annals &c. (chronicle) R551}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(chronological, @R114)}} history, historiography[obs3], chronography[obs3]. {{has_topic(history): behavior[of=human group], R692; important event, @R680}}. {{has_subtype(history[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} biography, autobiography. {{has_subtype(story)}} {{topic_of(dead person)}} obituary, necrology. {{performed_by}} narrator, relator, teller, raconteur. {{has_subtype(narrator)}} {{has_subtype(author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{performed_by(write[obj=history], R590): historian, @R553}}. {{has_subtype(narrator)}} {{has_subtype(author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{performed_by(write[obj=biography], R590)}} biographer. {{has_subtype(narrator)}} {{has_subtype(author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{performed_by(write[obj=fable], R590)}} fable writer, fabulist[obs3]. {{has_subtype(narrator)}} {{has_subtype(author, P2.3.2.3.6.5.2.1)}} {{performed_by(write[obj=novel], R590)}} novelist. {{hcreates(annalist)}} chronicle, annals, legend; Congressional Records; Hansard's Debates. {{&mcaused_by}} {{property_of(mythical)}} historic Muse, Clio. V. {{has_subtype(disclose, R529)}} narrate, relate, recite, recount. sum up, run over, go over, recapitulate, rehearse, fight one's battles over again. {{conceptual_part_of: @R590, author, write}}. unfold a tale; give an account of, render an account of; report, make a report, draw up a statement. Adj. narrative, epic. historic; traditional, traditionary; legendary; storied. {[referring_to(anecdote)]} anecdotal, anecdotic[obs3]. Phr. "History will be kind to me for I intend to write it." [Winston Churchill]; "happy is the country which has no history"[proverb, DQP]. <-- ?? most of the entries under "list" are physical objects, so it is placed here as a subtype of "document". Roget had this near "numeration", but it's more of a mental object. Note that we define a table as a list of lists. A one-row or one-column table would have lists (in one direction) of one member each. [[list]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.2 LIST (R86) #86. List. N. {{has_subtype(writing)}} {{has_subtype(group, A2.6.1)}} {{property_of(formatted)}} list, catalog, catalogue, inventory. {{has_member}} entry, list entry, entry on the list. {{part_of: register &c. (record) R551}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(two-dimensional)}} tabulation, table. {{has_member(table)}} {{has_subtype(entry)}} {{has_subtype(list)}} row; column. {{has_property(table)}} {{has_subtype(number, R84)}} number of rows; number of columns. {{has_orientation(row): left to right}}. {{has_orientation(column): top to bottom}}. {{has_subtype(table)}} {[in_frame(mathematics)]} matrix; determinant. {{has_subtype(matrix)}} square matrix. {{has_property(square matrix): $number of rows; $number of columns}}. &&{{identical_to($number of rows): $number of columns}}. account; bill, bill of costs; terrier; tally, listing, itemization; atlas; book, ledger; catalogue raisonne[Fr]; tableau; invoice, bill of lading; prospectus; bill of fare, menu, carte[Fr]. {{&has_topic: statistics; returns}}. {{has_subtype(list[of=people, P2.3.2.3]): census, @R85}}. {{uses: number}}. {{has_subtype(list[of=topics, R454])}}{{&has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} contents, table of contents, outline; synopsis. {{has_member(table of contents)}} section head, section heading. {{has_subtype(section heading[of=book])}} chapter heading. <-- [list of topics in a protracted activity (frame)] --> {{has_subtype(list[of=scheduled events]): @R626, program, syllabus, agenda, schedule, calendar, docket}}. {{has_subtype}} {{forms(computer printer, P2.3.1.3.15.4.1.R1.5)}} {{has_subtype(printout, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.1.1)}} listing. {{helped_by(remember[1], @R505)}} checklist. {{part_of}} chart. word list. {{has_subtype}} {{member_of(word, @R562)}} {{property_of(ordered[by=alphabetical order], @R60)}} index. {{has_subtype(index)}} inverted file; concordance. {{has_subtype: database, @M3.1.1.2}}. {{has_subtype(list[of=word, R562])}} vocabulary. {{has_subtype}} {[of(words): @R593, dictionary, lexicon; glossary; thesaurus]}. {{epart_of(index)}} {{has_member(card, @P2.3.1.3.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(collection[2][of=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3], @R72)}} file, card index, card file. {{has_subtype(card file)}} Rolodex(R) card file, Rolodex(R)[informal and improper use of registered trade mark]. {{part_of(index[of=address, @R550])}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} address book. Red book, Blue book, Domesday book; cadastre[Fr]. {{epart_of(index)}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} directory. almanac, gazetter[obs3]; army list, clergy list, civil service list, navy list; Almanach de Gotha[obs3], cadaster; Lloyd's register, nautical almanac. {{epart_of(index)}} who's who; Guiness's Book of World Records. {{has_subtype}} {{member_of(personal name, @R564)}} name list, list of names. {{has_subtype(name list)}} {{epart_of(index)}} roll; check roll, checker roll, bead roll; muster roll, muster book; roster, panel, jury list; cartulary, diptych. {{has_subtype(name list)}} distribution list. {{has_member(distribution list)}} {{has_subtype(entry)}} {{has_subtype(personal name[of=intended recipient[of=distribution[2], @R270]])}} recipient name. {{has_subtype(distribution list)}} cc list. V. list, itemize. sort, collate; enumerate, tabulate, tally; catalog. inventory. Adj. {{has_subtype(organized, @R58)}} listed, cadastral[obs3]. catalogued; tallied, tabulated, enumerated. {{has_subtype(ordered, @R60)}} sorted, collated. Adv. in rows; in columns; in a table. <-- "dissertation" is broadly construed here as any writing with a serious purpose. A sermon or lecture is included, with a cancellation of the document type. --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.4 DISSERTATION (R595) #595. Dissertation. N. {{property_of(scholarly, @R539)}} {{hcreates(scholar)}} {{has_subtype(exposition, @R522)}} dissertation, treatise, learned writing, scholarly writing, thesis, theme. discourse, memoir, disquisition. essay; commentary, review, critique, criticism. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} monograph, tract, tractate[obs3], tractation[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{!:not_has_subtype(document, R590a): lecture, @R586; sermon, @R537}}. homily, pandect[obs3]; excursus. {{has_part(book, R593/periodical, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.7)}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} article. {{has_subtype(article)}} leader, leading article; running commentary. {{has_subtype(article)}} {{hcreates(editor)}} {{&has_part(periodical, @R539)}} editorial. {{created_by(essay)}} essayist. {{created_by(commentary)}} commentator, critic, reviewer. {{created_by(pamphlet)}} pamphleteer. {{has_subtype(dissertation)}} {{requires(doctoral degree)}} doctoral dissertation, doctoral thesis. {{has_subtype(dissertation)}} {{requires(master's degree)}} master's dissertation, master's thesis. {{requires: investigation &c. (inquiry) R461; study &c. (consideration) R451}}. {{has_conceptual_part: discussion &c. (reasoning) R476}}. V. expound upon a subject, dissert upon a subject[obs3], descant upon a subject. write upon a subject, touch upon a subject; treat a subject, treat a subject thoroughly, treat of a subject, take up a subject, ventilate a subject, discuss a subject, deal with a subject, go into a subject, go into a subject at length, canvass a subject, handle a subject, do justice to a subject. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(speak, @R586)}} hold forth, discourse, delve into. Adj. discursive, discoursive[obs3]; disquisitionary[obs3]; expository. <-- a "compendium" is a lot like a list, here --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.5 COMPENDIUM (R596) #596. Compendium. N. {{has_subtype(collection[2], @R72)}} compend, compendium. compilation, collectanea[obs3], analecta[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(music/artistic writing)}} anthology. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(abridged, @R572)}} abstract, abridgment, summary, digest, outline, synopsis, precis, epitome, multum in parvo[Lat], analysis, pandect[obs3], sum and substance, brief, apercu, draft, minute, note; excerpt; conspectus, syllabus, prospectus. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(outline): @R86, contents, table of contents}}. heads. album; scrap book. note book, memorandum book, commonplace book. extracts, excerpta, cuttings; fugitive pieces, fugitive writing; spicilegium[Lat]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} {{uses(teaching, R537)}} textbook. {{has_subtype: handbook, @R593}}. {{has_subtype(textbook[for=law])}} case book. recapitulation, resume, review. abbreviation, abbreviature[obs3]; contraction; shortening &c. R201; compression &c. R195. <-- , flowers = best part, precis?--> V. {{has_subtype(assemble, @R72)}} [transitive] compile. {{has_subtype(abbreviate, R201)}} {{has_subtype(condense, R195)}} abridge, abstract, epitomize, summarize; make an abstract, prepare an abstract, draw an abstract, compile an abstract. recapitulate, review, skim, run over, sum up. Adj. compiled. compendious, synoptic, analectic[obs3]. {{has_property(abstract): @R572, abridged, summarized}}. {{has_property(abstract)}} {{has_subtype(abridged, @R572)}} abstracted. <-- ; variorum[obs3] --> Adv. in short, in epitome, in substance, in few words. Phr. it lies in a nutshell. <-- most words under "artisitc writing" are both actions and the written product. From "document" we inherit only the document --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6 ARTISTIC WRITING N. {{has_subtype(work of art, @M3.1.2.3.2.2)}} artistic writing. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(writing[1], R590)}} creative writing. Adj. {{has_property(artisitc writing): creative, @R515; artistic, @M3.1.2.3.2.2}}. <-- the headword "poetry" is the document. "poetry[2]" is vaguely an action ... "the act or art". The poem itself is a result. [[poem]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6.1 POETRY (R597) #597. Poetry. N. poem, verse[2], poetry[2][collective]. {{has_execution}} reading, poetry reading. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(composing)}} poetry[2], poetics, poesy, verse. {{has_subtype(poetry[2])}} versification, rhyming, making verses; prosody, orthometry[obs3]. {{has_subtype(poetry[2])}} dramatic poetry, lyric poetry; disjecta membra poetae. {{has_subtype(poem)}} epic, epic poem; monody; elegy; ode; idyl, lyric, eclogue; dithyramb; sonnet; roundelay, rondeau[Fr], rondo; madrigal, canzonet[obs3]. {{has_subtype(poem)}} pastoral, bucolic. {{has_subtype(ode)}} lyric ode; Greek ode. {{has_subtype(lyric ode)}} epode[1]. {{has_part(Greek ode)}} strophe; antistrophe; epode[2]. {{member_of(poem)}} {{has_subtype(compendium, R596): anthology, @R596}}. <-- Longfellow referred to his poetry as song e.g. "The Song of Hiawatha". Likewise, "Song of Solomon". Thus not necessarily a musical song --> song, ballad, lay. {{part_of(song): @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1, song, love song, drinking song, war song, sea song, lullaby}}. {{part_of(song): opera, @R599}}. nursery rhymes. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(low quality, @R812a)}} doggerel, Hudibrastic verse[obs3], prose run mad; macaronics[obs3], macaronic verse[obs3], leonine verse; runes. {{has_part}} canto; stanza; distich; verse[3]. {{has_part}} line, line of verse. {{has_part}} {{part_of(line of verse[num=2])}} couplet. {{has_part}} {{part_of(line of verse[num=3])}} triplet. {{has_part}} {{part_of(line of verse[num=4])}} quatrain. {{has_subtype(verse[3])}} {{property_of(short, @R572)}} posy. {{has_conceptual_part}} rhyme, rhyming. {{has_conceptual_part}} assonance; numbers, strain; Alexandrine; anacrusis[obs3], antispast[obs3], ictus. {{has_property}} meter, rhythm, measure. {{has_subtype(line)}} {{part_of(metrical foot[num=6])}} hexameter. {{has_subtype(line)}} {{part_of(metrical foot[num=5])}} pentameter. {{has_part(meter)}} foot, metrical foot. {{has_subtype(foot)}} iamb; dactyl; spondee; trochee; anapest. {{has_subtype}} {{not_part_of(rhyme)}} blank verse. {{has_part(metrical foot)}} {{has_subtype(accentuation, @R582)}} accent, poetic accent. {{has_subtype(meter)}} iambic pentameter; iambic hexameter; dactylic hexameter. {{property_of(rhyming[2])}} rhyming word, crambo[obs3]. {{used_in(rhyming word)}} {{has_subtype(game)}} crambo. {{property_of(dactylic hexameter)}} {{has_subtype(couplet)}} elegiac couplet. {{part_of(elegiac couplet)}} elegiacs, elegiac verse, elegaic meter; elegaic poetry. {{performed_by(create[obj=poem], R161)}} poet, poet laureate; laureate; bard, lyrist[obs3], scald, skald[obs3], troubadour, trouvere[Fr]; minstrel; minnesinger, meistersinger[Ger]; improvisatore[obs3]; versifier, sonneteer; rhymer, rhymist[obs3], rhymester; ballad monger, runer[obs3]; poetaster; genus irritabile vatum [Latin]. {{has_metaphor}} Muse, Calliope, tuneful Nine, Parnassus, Helicon[obs3], Pierides, Pierian spring. <-- {{has_subtype(poem)}} epopee[obs3], epopoea; cento[obs3]; amoebaeum[obs2]; ghazal[obs3], palinode, anacreontic[obs3]. ?? --> V. {{formed_by(poem)}} write poetry, poetize, versify, sing, make verses, rhyme, scan. Adj. poetic, poetical. lyric, lyrical, tuneful; epic; dithyrambic &c. n.; metrical; a catalectin[obs3]. elegiac; iambic; trochaic; dactylic; anapestic[obs3]. amoebaeic, Melibean, skaldic[obs3]; Ionic, Sapphic, Alcaic[obs3], Pindaric. Phr. "a poem round and perfect as a star" [Alex. Smith]; Dichtung und Wahrheit [Ger]; furor poeticus[Lat]; "his virtues formed the magic of his song" [Hayley]; "I do but sing because I must" [Tennyson]; "I learnt life from the poets" [de Stael]; licentia vatum[Lat]; mutum est pictura poema[Lat]; "O for a muse of fire!" [Henry V]; "sweet food of sweetly uttered knowledge" [Sidney]; "the true poem is the poet's mind" [Emerson]; Volk der Dichter und Denker[Ger]; "wisdom married to immortal verse" [Wordsworth]. M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6.2 PROSE (R598) #598. Prose. N. {{contrast_to(poetry)}} prose. prosaicism[obs3], prosaism[obs3]. {{performed_by(write[obj=prose])}} {{has_subtype(writer)}} prose writer, prosaist[obs3], proser[obs3]. V. prose. write prose, write in prose. Adj. prosal[obs3], prosy, prosaic; unpoetic, unpoetical[obs3]. rhymeless[obs3], unrhymed, in prose, not in verse. <-- This entry ingherits "document". The performance is related by has_execution. For the purpose of recording a drama, we consider video tape and video disk as media equivalent to movie film [[drama]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6.3 DRAMA (R599) #599. The Drama. N. {{hperforms(actor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1)}} {{has_subtype(show, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2)}} {{has_subtype(story, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1)}} {{temporal_part_of(act[num=>0])}} drama, play, stage play, piece. five-act play; tragedy; comedy. {{has_metaphor}} the stage, the theater, the play; stage and screen. {{has_conceptual_part(drama)}} {{has_subtype(impersonation, R554)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(actor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1)}} acting. {{uses(acting): gesture &c. M8.1.3.2.1}}. {{studied_in(acting/drama)}} theatricals, dramaturgy, histrionic art, histrionics, buskin, sock, cothurnus[obs3]. {{has_execution}} {{&!used_in(speech, R582)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(cast, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1)}} {{process_in(acting)}} {{has_subtype(show, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2)}} performance, presentation, live performance, spectacle, mise en scene[Fr], stagery[obs3], jeu de theatre[Fr]. {{has_subtype(performance)}} {{temporal_loc_of(morning, R125/afternoon, R125b)}} matinee, "matin,e". {{has_subtype(drama)}} {{has_subtype(series[of=photographs, R556a], @R69)}} {{used_for(photographic film, @R556a)}} {{alternative_to(still photograph, @R556a)}} {{has_representation(motion, R264)}} film, movie, movies, motion picture, movie film, moving picture, movie show, ficker[coll.], flickers[pl], flick [coll.]. {{has_subtype(recording[of=movie, @R599]): @P2.3.1.3.6.3, movie, film}}. {{has_execution(movie)}} recorded performance, showing, viewing. {{studied_in(motion picture)}} the film, cinema, cinematography. {{job_of(cinematography): @R559, cinematographer, director}}. {{has_metaphor}} Melpomene and Thalia, Thespis. {{has_subtype}}{{part_of(music, R415)}} opera; operetta, light opera; musical, musical play; musical film; rock video. <-- "text" MW10 sense 5a --> {{has_part(opera/operetta/musical/musical film/light music/song)}} {{part_of(word[2], R562)}} {{has_subtype(text, @R590)}} text. {{topic_of(text)}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} libretto. {{has_subtype(musical play)}} musical comedy. vaudeville; interlude; farce, divertissement; extravaganza; burlesque, opera bouffe[Fr]; masque, drame, comedie drame[Fr]; melodrama, sensation drama; tragicomedy, farcical-comedy; monodrama, monologue[obs3]; dialogue, duologue; trilogy; proverbs. <--, comedietta[obs3], lever de rideau[Fr], , afterpiece[obs3], exode[obs3], melodrame[obs3]; comidie larmoyante[Fr], burletta[obs3], harlequinade[obs3] --> {{has_subtype(performance)}} {{!:not_used_in(speech)}} {{used_in(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} {{hperforms(mime, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1)}} pantomime, mime show. {{has_subtype(play)}} {{topic_of(religion, R983)}} mystery, miracle play. {{has_subtype(movie)}} western; spy film; love story; adventure film, adventure; documentary; nature film; shoot-em-up. {{has_subtype(movie)}} {{has_subtype(pornography)}} pornographic film, smoker[coll], skin flick[coll], X-rated film. {{has_subtype(musical film)}} {{has_subtype(western)}} {{propcess_in(singing, @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1)}} horse opera[coll]. {{has_temporal_part}} act. {{has_subtype(play)}} {{part_of(act[num=1])}} one-act play. {{has_subtype(act)}} induction, introduction, prologue; epilogue. {{has_temporal_part(act)}} scene, tableau. {{has_subtype(acting)}} stage business, gag, buffoonery. {{has_subtype(performance)}} {{has_subtype(sequel, A4.2.2.R1)}} episode, next episode. {{has_subtype(comedy)}} light comedy, genteel comedy, low comedy. {{&performed_at(performance)}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} theater, house; playhouse; opera house; music hall. {{&performed_at(performance)}} {{has_subtype(structure, R329)}} tamphitheater, circus, hippodrome, theater in the round. puppet show, fantoccini[obs3]; marionettes, Punch and Judy. {{has_part(theater)}} auditory, auditorium, front of the house, stalls, boxes, pit, gallery, parquet; greenroom, coulisses[Fr]. {{has_part(stage)}} flat; scenery; back drop, drop scene; wing, screen, side scene; transformation scene, curtain, act drop; proscenium. {{has_part(theater)}} stage, the boards; trap, mezzanine floor; flies; floats, footlights; offstage; orchestra. {{uses(performance)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} theatrical properties[pl], prop, props[pl]. {{has_subtype(prop)}} {{has_subtype(clothing, R225)}} theatrical costume, costume. {{&uses(performance)}} {{&has_method(ostentation, R882)}} {{has_subtype(illusion, @R545)}} stage effect, special effect, stage trick, coup de theatre, mise en scene[Fr], tour de force. {{has_subtype(performance[of=movie, R556b]): filming, @R556b}}. {{has_location(filming[of=movie], @R556b)}} movie studio; on location. {{has_part(movie studio)}} sound stage; back lot. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_part}} part, role, character, theatrical role, persona, personae[pl]. {{has_subtype(character)}} {{property_of(fictional, @R515)}} fictional character. <-- repertoire is the set of dramas performed by one troupe (MW10 sense 1a) --> {{xmember_of}} {{hperforms(troupe[num=1], @P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1)}} repertoire. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1, cast, dramatis personae[Lat]}}. {{has_subtype(group)}} {{has_xmember(cast): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1, actor, thespian, player}}. {{assisted_by(performance)}} director; property man, costumier, prop man; machinist; prompter, call boy; manager; stage manager, acting manager. {{assisted_by(performance)}} {{has_subtype(entrepreneur, @R676)}} producer, impresario. {{assisted_by(performance)}} {{function_of(supply[obj=money, R800])}} {{has_subtype(investor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.67)}} backer, angel[fig]. {{created_by}} dramatic author, dramatic writer; play writer, playwright; dramatist, mimographer[obs3]. V. {{has_subtype(execute[obj=performance], @R680)}} perform, put on, enact, put on the stage. {{has_part(execute)}} {{has_subtype(personate, @R554)}} {{hperforms(actor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.72.1)}} act, play. play a part, act a part, go through a part, perform a part; rehearse, spout, gag, rant; "strut and fret one's hour upon a stage"; tread the boards, tread the stage; come out. play the lead, star, star it. Adj. dramatic. theatric, theatrical, scenic[obs2], stagy; histrionic; comic; tragic; buskined[obs3]; farcical; tragicomic; melodramatic; operatic. {{has_consequence(perform)}} acted, staged, acted out, performed. Adv. on the stage, on the boards; on film; before the floats, before an audience; behind the scenes. Phr. fere totus mundus exercet histrionem [Lat][Petronius Arbiter]; "suit the action to the word, the word to the action" [Hamlet]; "the play's the thing" [Hamlet]; "to wake the soul by tender strokes of art" [Pope]. <-- [[periodical]] --> M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.7 PERIODICAL N. {{has_subtype(printed publication, @R531)}} {{property_of(published[mode=periodically])}} periodical, serial. {{has_subtype(institution, M9.5.1)}} {{created_by}} {{function_of(publish[obj=news, R532], @R531)}} {{function_of(report[obj=news, R532])}} [collective] the press, the Press, public press, the print media. {{has_property: periodicity, R138}}. {{has_member}} issue, number, livraison[Fr]. newspaper. {{has_subtype(newspaper)}} daily. publication. magazine, journal, gazette. ephemeris; annual. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(frequency)}} frequency of publication. {{property_of(frequency of publication[val=weekly])}} weekly. {{property_of(frequency of publication[val=monthly])}} monthly. {{property_of(frequency of publication[val=quarterly])}} quarterly. {{property_of(frequency of publication[val=bimonthly])}} bimonthly. {{property_of(frequency of publication[val=every two weeks])}} biweekly. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(article)}} serial, serial story. {{has_part(serial)}} part, episode. {{has_part: advertising, @R794}}. {{has_part}} {{alternative_to(advertising, @R794)}} {{has_subtype(article, @R595)}} article, editorial content. M8.1.R1 RESULT OF COMMUNICATION N. result of communication. {{has_subtype: understanding, R490}}. <-- The action of "Construal, interpretation, understanding" results in a state of understanding which is at R490 Some words are in common with "explanation, interpretation" at R522. That is a type of communication. [[construal]] --> M8.1.R1.1 CONSTRUAL N. {{result_of(understanding, R490)}} {{antonym_of(misunderstanding, M8.1.R1.2)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} construal, interpretation, understanding. <-- what sorts of things do we "interpret"? --> {{has_patient: text, @R590; action, R680; phenomenon, P2.6.1}}. {{has_purpose: discover[obj=meaning, R516]}}. reading; plain interpretation, simple interpretation, strict interpretation, literal interpretation. {{has_result}} solution, answer. {{&uses: inference &c. (deduction) R480}}. {{&uses: @R467, evidence, clue}}. <-- what type is a "key" to interpretation?? anything? usually, the key is to know something else related. Here, a "key" is only a "clue" which is required for understanding. --> {{&requires}} {{has_subtype(clue, @R467)}} key, key to understanding, key to interpretation. {{&member_of}} multiple interpretations. {{!property_of(multiple interpretations): ambiguity, R520}}. {{has_subtype(key)}} {{property_of(secret, R533)}} secret key. {{has_method}} semiology, semeiology[obs3], semiotics; symptomatology[Med]; metoposcopy[obs3]; paleography &c. (philology) R560. {{has_method(interpretation[obj=character, M4.2.2.1/temperament, @M4.2.2.1])}} {{used_in(external appearance[of=person])}} physiognomy. {[of(dream, @M1)]} dream interpretation. {{studied_in(dream interpretation)}} oneirology, oneirocriticism[obs3], oneirocritics. {{performed_by(oneirocriticism): oneirocritic}}. {{has_method(interpretation[of=character/intellect, R450])}} {{used_in(bump[on=skull, @R1002], @R250)}} phrenology. V. interpret, construe, understand, put a construction on; grasp, follow, get, catch; fathom, figure out. find out the meaning of, discover the meaning of. spell out, make out; decipher, unravel, disentangle; find the key of, enucleate, resolve, solve; read between the lines; read. take, take in. see with half an eye, see daylight, see one's way; enter into the ideas of. collect; master. recognize, discern, perceive, see, get, get a sight-of, experience, conceive; take, savvy [U.S.]. account for; find the cause, tell the cause of. take in a particular sense, understand in a particular sense, receive in a particular sense, accept in a particular sense; understand by, be given to understand. M8.1.R1.2 MISINTERPRETATION (R523) #523. Misinterpretation. N. {{antonym_of(understanding, M8.1.R1.1)}} {{has_subtype(interpretation, R522)}} misinterpretation, misapprehension, misunderstanding, misacceptation[obs1], misconstruction, misapplication; cross-reading, cross-purposes. {{mcauses: be in error, @R495}}. {{&has_manifestation: @R563, malapropism, catachresis}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(interpretation[of=text, @R590])}} {{contrast_to(exegesis)}} eisegesis, finding only what what is looking for, reading an interpretation into trext. V. misinterpret, misapprehend, misunderstand, misconceive, misspell, mistranslate, misconstrue, misapply; mistake &c. R495. be at cross purposes, play at cross purposes. Adj. misinterpreted &c. v.; untranslated, untranslatable. Phr. "I know you think you understood what I said, but I suspect that you do not realize that what I said is not what I meant.". M8.2 GROUP ACTIONS N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>1], P2.3.2.3)}} group action. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(agent, R690)}} party, participant. <-- (ANTAGONISM, COMPETITION, COOPERATION, R704 TO R728) [[ANTAGONISM]] --> M8.2.1 ACTION AFFECTING ACTION N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(person, P2.3.2.3)}} action affecting action. {{affects: action[of=other, M1.2]}}. <-- Though similar to stubbornness, this entry is for actions rather than traits. --> M8.2.1.1 UNRULINESS N. {{has_subtype(difficulty[2])}} unruliness, orneriness, obstreperousness. {{has_high_level}} intransigence. {{&mcaused_by: obstinacy, R606}}. V. {{&mcauses(be obstinate)}} be difficult. obstruct. create difficulties, raise obstacles, put obstacles in the way, create problems. Adj. ornery, unruly, obstreperous. {{&mcaused_by: obstinate, R606}}. {{has_high_level(ornery)}} intransigent. difficult to deal with, hard to deal with; ill-conditioned, crabbed, crabby; not to be handled with kid gloves, not made with rose water. <-- many of these words have both action and result meanings. Not yet distinguished --> M8.2.1.2 AID #707. Aid. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{helped_by(action, R680)}} aid, assistance, help, succor, aiding, helping, assisting, aidance[obs3], opitulation[obs1]. {{conceptual_part_of: cooperation, R709}}. <-- is there a difference between supporting and helping? The image of "supporting" is more static --> support, supporting, lift. {{has_subtype}} {{helped_by(progress, R282)}} advance, advancing, furthering, furtherance. promotion, promoting, advocacy. backing. {{has_subtype(backing)}} patronage, championship, countenance, favor, interest. {{has_subtype(backing)}} {{has_subtype(giving[obj=money, R800], R784)}} financial support, financing, subvention, subsidy. <-- "nutrition" is a requirement of life, not an aid --> {{has_metaphor: @P2.6.4.1.1.2.3, nourishment, alimentation, nutrition}}. {{has_metaphor: @R670, sustentation, support}}. {{has_metaphor: support, R215}}. {{has_metaphor}} manna in the wilderness. ministry, ministration; subministration[obs3]; accommodation. {{temporal_location_of(time of need)}} relief, rescue, assistance in time of need, help at a dead lift. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(supernatural being, M9.6.1)}} supernatural aid. {{has_metaphor(supernatural aid)}} deus ex machina[Lat: the god in the machine]. {{&caused_by(assistance)}} {{has_subtype(cry, R411)}} cry for help. {{purpose_of: @R636, supplies, reinforcements, succors, contingents, recruits}}. {{performed_by: assistant, R711}}. {{purpose_of: means &c. R632}}. V. {{has_subtype(act, R680)}}{{helped_by(act, R680)}} {{has_subtype(benefit, @R648)}} [t+i] aid, assist, help, succor, give aid, give assistance, lend assistance, lend help, bring aid, furnish aid, afford aid, supply aid, supply assistance, furnish help, furnish assistance. {{conceptual_part_of: cooperate, R709}}. [transitive] give aid to, give assistance to, minister to, give help to, lend one's aid. {{has_commencement}} come to the aid of, come to the assistance of, come to the help of; contribute, subscribe to; give a helping hand, stretch a hand, lend a helping hand, lend a hand, bear a helping hand, hold out a hand, hold out a helping hand; give one a life, give one a cast, give one a turn. {{has_subtype}} {{temporal_location_of(time of need)}} relieve, rescue. second, abet, give moral support to. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(continuing, @R680)}} support, sustain, uphold, prop, hold up, bolster, stand by; back, back up, pay the piper. set up, set agoing[obs3], set on one's legs; bear through, pull through; give new life to, be the making of; reinforce, reenforce, recruit. {{has_method(reinforce): recruit, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{helped_by(progress, R282)}} further, forward, advance, set forward, put forward, push forward. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(accelerate, @R35)}} expedite, speed, quicken, hasten, foment; feed the flame, fan the flame. give a lift, give a shove, give an impulse to; promote. {{has_metaphor: @P2.6.4.1.1.2.3, cradle, nourish, nurture, nurse, dry nurse, suckle, put out to nurse, foster, cherish}}. {{has_metaphor: @R371, fertilize, cultivate}}. {{has_subtype(aid[obj=plant growth]): force, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.3}}. serve; do service to, tender to, pander to; administer to, subminister to[obs3], minister to; tend, attend, wait on; smooth the bed of death. {{has_high_intensity(aid): @R459, take care of, look after}}. {{has_low_intensity}} oblige, accommodate, consult the wishes of; humor, cheer, encourage. work for, make interest for, stick up for, take up the cudgels for; take up the cause of, espouse the cause of, adopt the cause of; advocate, beat up for recruits, press into the service; squire, keep in countenance, countenance; lend oneself to, lend one's countenance to; smile upon, shine upon. favor, befriend; patronize. {{has_metaphor(come to the aid of)}} enlist under the banners of. {{has_metaphor(come to the aid of)}} take by the hand, take in tow, take in hand; help a lame dog over a stile, lend wings to. {{has_subtype}} {{!:not_has_subtype(act, R680)}} {{has_function(instrument, R631): @R644, be of use, serve[2]}}. conduce &c. (tend) R176. <-- ; entertain ? obs for maintain --> Adj. {{has_property(assistance)}} helpful, auxiliary, adjuvant, aiding, assisting, aiding and abetting. subservient, ministrant, ancillary, accessory, subsidiary. at one's beck, at one's beck and call; friendly, amicable, favorable, propitious, well-disposed; neighborly; obliging &c. (benevolent) R906. {{has_subtype: cooperative, @R709}}. Adv. with the aid of, by the aid of, with the assistance of, with the help of; on behalf of, in behalf of; in aid of, in the service of, in the name of, in favor of, in furtherance of; on account of; for the sake of, on the part of; non obstante[Lat]. Int. {{has_instance(cry for help)}} "help!"; "save us!"; "Help! Police!"; "Stop! Thief!". "to the rescue!". Phr. alterum alterius auxilio eget [Lat][Sallust]; "God befriend us as our cause is just" [Henry IV]; at your service. <-- the headword is an action [[prevent]] --> M8.2.1.3 PREVENTION #706. Prevention. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} prevention, preclusion. {{prevents: action, R680}}. {{has_method}} obstruction, obstructing, impeding. {{causes(obstructing)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7): @M7.3.4.R4.1, obstruction, stoppage}}. {{has_subtype(prevention[of=continuation, R143])}} {{caused_by(cessation, M7.3.4.3.R1)}} interruption, interception, interclusion[obs1]. {[with_obj(harm, R659a)]} prophylaxis. {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(partial)}} hindrance, interference, inhibition, impeding, hindering, impedition[obs1]; retardment[obs3]; embarrassment, oppilation[obs2]; coarctation[obs3], stricture, restriction. {{causes(hindering)}} {{antonym_of(acceleration, @R35)}} retardation, slowing down. {{has_method: restraint &c. R751; prohibition &c. R761; blockade &c. (closure) R261}}. {{has_method}} interposition, obtrusion. {{has_method(inhibition)}} {{property_of(psychological, @R450)}} {{has_subtype(communication, R527): @R616, discouragement, dissuasion, discountenance}}. {{has_method(inhibition)}} {{property_of(psychological, @R450)}} {{has_subtype(communication, R527): objection, @R932a}}. {{caused_by}} drawback; stumbling-block, stumbling-stone; lion in the path, snag; snags and sawyers. {{caused_by: difficulty &c. R704; impossibility, R471; head wind &c. (opposition) R708; trammel, tether &c. (means of restraint) R752; obstacle, @M7.3.4.R4.1}}. {{legal_effect_of}} estoppel[Law]. {{caused_by}} ill wind; hold back, counterpoise. {{performed_by}} hinderer. {{has_subtype(hinderer[of=revelry, @R840])}} damper, wet blanket, marplot, killjoy, party pooper[coll.]; party crasher, interloper. {{performed_by(prevention[of=harm[2], @R659a]): guardian, P2.3.2.3.6.5.66}}. trail of a red herring. {{&caused_by: opponent &c. R710}}. V. prevent, preclude, debar, foreclose, forefend, turn aside, draw off, nip in the bud, check, let. {{causes}} be prevented, be stopped, be barred, be checked. keep off, stave off, ward off; obviate; avert, antevert[obs1]. {{has_subtype(prevent[obj=motion, R64/action, R170]): obstruct, @M7.3.4.R4.1}}. put on the brake &c. n.; scotch the wheel, lock the wheel, put a spoke in the wheel; put a stop to &c. R142; traverse, contravene; interrupt, intercept; oppose &c. R708; hedge in, hedge round; cut off; inerclude[obs1]. {{has_low_level}} {{property_of(partial)}} hinder, impede, inhibit, embarrass, restrict, filibuster [U.S.], impedite[obs3]. {{has_result(inhibit)}} retard, slacken. counteract, countercheck[obs3]. {{has_subtype(inhibit)}} {{used_in(command, R741): prohibit, R761}}. interpose, interfere, intermeddle &c. R682. cramp, hamper; clog, clog the wheels; cumber; encumber, incumber; handicap; choke; saddle with, load with; overload, lay; lumber, trammel, tie one's hands; hustle, corner, drive into a corner. {{&causes(prevent): @R830, put to inconvenience; incommode, discommode; discompose}}. thwart, frustrate, disconcert, balk, foil; faze, feaze[obs3], feeze [obs3][U.S.]; baffle, snub, override, circumvent; spoil, mar, clip the wings of; cripple &c. (injure) R659; put an extinguisher on; damp; dishearten &c. (dissuade) R616; discountenance, throw cold water on, spoil sport; lay a wet blanket, throw a wet blanket on; cut the ground from under one, take the wind out of one's sails, undermine; be in the way of, stand in the way of; act as a drag; hang like a millstone round one's neck. {{has_method(prevent[obj=functioning, M7.3.4.2]): @R645, render useless, disable}}. {{caused_by: defeat &c. R731}}. {{has_subtype(be prevented)}} run foul of, fall foul of; cross the path of, break in upon. {{has_method}} estop[Law]. {{has_method: shackle &c. (restrain) R751}}. Adj. {{has_property(prevention)}} preventative, hindering, precluding, obstructing, impeding, obstructive, obstruent[obs3]; impeditive[obs3], impedient[obs3]; intercipient[obs1]; impedimentary. {{has_subtype(preventing[obj=harm]): prophylactic, @R662}}. in the way of, unfavorable; onerous, burdensome; cumbrous, cumbersome; obtrusive. {{has_consequence(prevention)}} prevented, precluded. {{has_low_level(prevented)}} hindered, obstructed, impeded, inhibited, restricted. {{&consequence_of(prevented)}} windbound[obs3], waterlogged, heavy laden; hard pressed. <-- "hindered" by lack of help (such as inadequate research funding) --> {{has_low_level(inhibited)}} unassisted, unaided, unsuccored, unhelped, unsupported; single-handed, alone. deserted &c. R624. Phr. occurrent nubes[Lat]. M8.2.2 INTERACTION WITHIN A GROUP N. {{has_subtype(interaction, P2.6)}} interaction within a group. {{affects: human group}}. <-- 708. Opposition 709. Cooperation Note: 710. Opponent and 711. Auxiliary to person 712. Party to HGROUP 713. Discord 714. Concord 715. Defiance 716. Attack 717. Defense 718. Retaliation 719. Resistance 720. Competition 721. Peace 722. Warfare 723. Pacification 724. Mediation 725. Submission NOte: R726 Combatant to P2.3.2.3.6.5.44 (person who does x) 727. Arms 728. Arena --> M8.2.2.1 MENTAL INTERACTIONS WITHIN A GROUP N. mental interaction within a group. {{affects: mind[num=>1], M1}}. <-- Roget had "opposition" here distinct from "competition", at R720. But the two are too closely interconnected for such separation. We class the process "competition, competing" as a subtype of "opposition" here and leave R720 for "contest", classed as an event. "Opposition" as a state or condition is in the physical category at R237, but not explicitly in the mental realm. --> M8.2.2.1.1 OPPOSITION #708. Opposition. N. {{has_subtype(antagonism[between=agents, R690], R179)}} {{&mcauses(disagreement, R489)}} opposition, antagonism, contravention, opposing, oppugnancy[obs3], oppugnation[obs3]; impugnation[obs2]. contrariety. {{mcauses}} clashing, conflict, collision. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(incompatibility, @R24)}} incompatibility, irreconcilability. contention, strife, struggling. {{has_high_level}} belligerency, agonism[obs1], concours[Fr]. counterplot. {{has_metaphor}} cross fire, undercurrent, head wind. {{mcauses: resistance &c. R719; restraint &c. R751; hindrance &c. R706}}. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=aid, R707], @R187)}} absence of aid. {{has_method: restraint, R751}}. <-- opposition is an attitude and an action, so signal both --> {{trait_of: opponent, R710, P2.3.2.3.6.5.42 }}. {{performed_by: opponent, R710, P2.3.2.3.6.5.42 }}. {{has_subtype(antagonism[between=men+women])}} battle of the sexes. V. oppose, counteract, run counter to. antagonize, oppugn, fly in the face of, go dead against, kick against, fall afoul of, run afoul of; set against, pit against; face, confront, cope with; make a stand against, make a dead set against; set oneself against, set one's face against. disfavor, turn one's back upon. protest against, vote against, raise one's voice against. contradict, contravene; belie. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(situation, R183a)}} be in opposition, be opposed. {{conceptual_part_of: @M8.2.2.1.1.1, contend, compete}}. be at cross purposes, play at cross purposes. work against, counter, undermine, overthwart[obs3], counterwork[obs3], countermine; go against, grapple with, run against, beat against, militate against; come in conflict with. {{&has_result(work against): thwart, @R706}}. stem, breast, encounter. stem the tide, breast the tide, stem the current, stem the flood; buffet the waves; beat up against, make head against. {{mcauses: withstand &c. (resist) R719; restrain, R751; hinder &c. R706}}. {{mcauses}} set at naught, slap in the face, slam the door in one's face, turn away. {{has_subtype: compete, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(contrary, R14)}} {{&has_consequence(disagreeing, @R489)}} opposing, opposed, in opposition, adverse, antagonistic, at variance. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(incompatible, @R24)}} incompatible, inharmonious, irreconcilable. unfavorable, unfriendly; hostile, inimical, cross, unpropitious. in hostile array, front to front, at crossed swords, with crossed bayonets, at daggers drawn; at issue, at war with; up in arms. {{&has_consequence(opposing): resistant &c. R719}}. Adv. at cross purposes. against the grain, against the current, against the stream, against the wind, against the tide; with a headwind; with the wind ahead, with the wind in one's teeth. in spite, in despite, in defiance; in the way, in the teeth of, in the face of; across; athwart, overthwart[obs3]; where the shoe pinches; in spite of one's teeth. Prep. against, versus, counter to, in conflict with. Conj. on the other hand, however, per contra[Lat], quand meme[Fr]; even so. Phr. nitor in adversum[Lat]. <-- this "competition" is the action, the "contest" is at R720 [[competition]] [[fight]] --> M8.2.2.1.1.1 COMPETITION N. competition, rivalry, competing, corrivalry[obs3], corrivalship[obs3]. {{has_result(competition): contest, R720}}. {{has_subtype(competition): @M8.2.2.2.2.2, sports competition, sport, sporting, athletics, athletic sports}}. race, emulation, two of a trade. {{facilitated_by}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=compete], R822)}} competitiveness. {{has_subtype(competitiveness)}} {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=quarrel, @R713/fight], R822): contentiousness, @R901}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(personal violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>1], P2.3.2.3)}} {{&caused_by(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} fighting, fight, battling. {{has_subtype(fighting)}} {{used_in(sword, P2.3.1.3.23.2)}} sword fighting. {{has_subtype(sword fighting): swordplay}}. {{has_subtype(battling)}} {{hperforms(military): warfare, R722}}. {{has_subtype(fight)}} {{conceptual_part_of(strike[obj=person][with=fist, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], @R276): @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3, boxing, fisticuffs}}. {{has_subtype(fighting): @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3, wrestling}}. V. {{has_subtype(oppose, R708)}} {{has_subtype(participate[in=contest], @M8)}} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} compete, contend, contest, vie, strive, struggle, scramble, spar, square, square off. joust, tilt. {[perform(fencing, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} fence. rival, emulate, compete with, cope with, race with; outvie[obs3]; run a race; contend for, compete for, vie for, stipulate for, stickle for; insist upon, make a point of. {{caused_by(personal violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} {{has_subtype: fight &c. (war) R722}}. {[act_causing(race, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1/racing, @R621)]} race. spoil one's trade. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(perform[obj=personal violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2], R680)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>1], P2.3.2.3)}} {{&caused_by(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} fight, battle. {{has_subtype(fight)}} {{conceptual_part_of(strike[obj=person][with=fist, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], @R276)}} exchange blows, box, exchange fisticuffs, engage in fisticuffs. {{has_subtype(fight)}} wrestle, rassle[coll.]; skirmish, pickeer[obs3]. tussle, fib[obs2]. {{has_low_intensity(fight)}} {{has_low_level(perform[obj=personal violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2])}} jostle, elbow, justle[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @R713, quarrel, squabble, wrangle}}. contend with, vie with, fight with, spar with, joust with, contest with, wrestle with, grapple with, engage with, close with, buckle with, have a brush with, have a run-in with; tilt with; encounter, fall foul of, pitch into, clapperclaw[obs3], run a tilt at. struggle with, strive with, struggle against, reluct[obs2]. {{has_commencement(contest)}} join issue, come to blows, go to loggerheads, set to, come to the scratch, exchange shots, measure swords, meet hand to hand; take up the cudgels, take up the glove, take up the gauntlet; enter the lists; couch one's lance; give satisfaction. take up arms, appeal to arms &c. (warfare) R722. lay about one; break the peace. do battle with, contend with, vie with; do battle against. Adj. competitive, emulous. M8.2.2.1.1.1.1 MENTAL COMPETITION N. {{has_subtype(competition, M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{!:not_required_for(physical exertion, R686)}} {{!required_for(mental exertion, R686a)}} mental competition. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(sport, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)}} mental sport. {{has_subtype(mental sport)}} {{has_subtype(game, @R840): @R840, board game, chess; checkers; parchesi; reversi; backgammon}}. {{has_subtype: debate, @R476}}. <-- This "disagreement" is explicitly expressed, as a verbal clash of opinion (W10 sense 2b), an action; the "disagreement" at R489 is merely a difference of opinion. [[discord]] [[riot]] --> M8.2.2.1.2 DISCORD #713. Discord. N. {{&mcauses(disagreement, R489)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} discord, dissension, dissidence, dissonance, disagreement, disaccord[obs3]. wrangling, squabbling, wrangling, jangling, bickering, words, high words, tracasserie[obs3], barney[obs3], demele; nagging; jangle, brabble[obs3], cross questions and crooked answers, snip-snap; family jars. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} quarrel, dispute, feud, tiff, spat, squabble, altercation, snarl, towrow[obs3]. {{manifestation_of}} {{has_subtype(disagreement[among=human group], R489)}} division, split, rupture, disruption, division in the camp, house divided against itself, disunion, breach, dissension in the ranks, brouillerie[Fr]. {{causes(split)}} {{has_subtype(contest, R720)}} internecine feud, faction, fighting within the ranks, outbreak, open rupture. {{has_metaphor(open rupture)}} declaration of war. {{has_participant(split): faction, R712}}. <-- these words are taken metaphorically here, as they are often used that way --> {{&causes(open rupture)}} {{metaphor_for(revolution, @R742)}} revolution, mutiny, rebellion. <-- point to the real thing as a subtype --> {{has_subtype(rebellion): @R742, revolution, miutiny, rebellion}}. {{causes(split): @R737b, factionalism, partisanship}}. {{&causes(split): @R720, strife, contention}}. {{has_subtype(split[between=political parties])}} {[in_frame(politics, R737b)]} split along party lines. {{has_manifestation(split along party lines)}} {{has_subtype(vote, @R737b)}} party-line vote. {{&causes: @M9.6.2.4, schism, heterodoxy}}. {{&mcaused_by: misunderstanding, @R523}}. variance. {{&mcauses: polemics, @R476}}. {{&mcauses: litigation, R969}}. {{&causes(dissension[between=countries]): warfare &c. R722}}. jar, clash, shock; jarring, jostling &c. v.; screw loose. {{property_of(disorder, R59)}} {{high_level_of(commotion, M4.2.2.3.1)}} {{has_high_quantity(fight, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>2], P2.3.2.3)}} {{property_of(noisy, @R404)}} affray, brawl, broil, brouhaha, donnybrook, fracas, fray, free-for-all, imbroglio, howling, hubbub, melee, row, ruction, rumpus, uproar, racket, spill and pelt, rhubarb [baseball], rumble, scramble, rough and tumble, embroilment, embranglement[obs3], breach of the peace, piece of work, scrimmage, shindig, shindy[obs3], breeze, squall, to-do, trouble, pother, bear garden, battle royal, pudder[obs3], stour[obs3], rixation[obs1], confusion worse confounded, most admired disorder, concordia discors[Lat], all hell broke loose, diable a' quatre[Fr], affrayment[obs1], callithump [obs3][U. S.]; pretty piece of work[ironic], pretty piece of business[ironic]. {{has_property(brawl)}} {{has_subtype(noisiness, @R404)}} boisterousness. {{has_metaphor(brawl): whirlwind &c. R349}}. {{has_metaphor(brawl)}} Babel, Saturnalia, Donnybrook Fair, Bedlam, Kilkenny cats, dogfight, all the fat in the fire, Devil to pay, pretty kettle of fish[ironic]. {{has_high_intensity(brawl)}} {{hperforms(person[num=>2])}} riot. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(topic, R454)}} subject of dispute, question at issue, matter at issue, point of contention, ground of quarrel, battle ground, disputed point, bone of contention, bone to pick, apple of discord, casus belli[Lat], vexed question, vexata quaestio[Lat], brand of discord. {{&has_temporal_location}} time of troubles, troublous times[obs3]; cat-and-dog life. {{has_subtype(tendency[to=quarrel], R820)}} contentiousness, quarrelsomeness, factiousness. {{&mcauses: enmity &c. R889; hate &c. R898}}. {{performed_by: disputant &c. R710}}. {{has_metaphor(disputants, R710)}} strange bedfellows[pl]. V. {{&mcauses(disagree, R489)}} be discordant, quarrel, dispute, disagree, come amiss, clash, jar, jostle, conflict, pull different ways, have no measures with. {{has_conceptual_part: @R536, controvert, deny}}. misunderstand one another; live like cat and dog; differ; have a bone to pick, have a crow to pluck with. be contentious, be quarrelsome. fall out. squabble, wrangle, jangle, brangle[obs3], bicker, nag; have words with, have a quarrel with, have a dispute with; fall foul of. split; break with, break squares with, part company with; declare war, try conclusions; join issue, put in issue; pick a quarrel, fasten a quarrel on; sow dissension, stir up dissension &c. n.; embroil, entangle, disunite, widen the breach; set at odds, set together by the ears; set against, pit against. {{&causes(split): contend, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. {{&mcauses: litigate, R969}}. get into hot water, fish in troubled waters; brawl, have it out; kick up a row, kick up a dust; turn the house out of window. {{has_metaphor(prohibit[obj=discord], @R761)}} read the riot act. Adj. {{&has_consequence(dissenting, @R489)}} discordant, disagreeing, quarreling, conflicting. jostling; out of tune, ajar, on bad terms; unreconciled, unpacified. {{has_subtype(inclined[to=disagree], @R820)}} quarrelsome, unpacific[obs3]; gladiatorial, controversial, polemic, disputatious; factious; pettifogging. {{has_high_intensity(quarrelsome): contentious &c. R720}}. {[in_frame(law, R963)]} litigious, litigant. at odds, at loggerheads, at daggers drawn, at variance, at issue, at cross purposes, at sixes and sevens, at feud, at high words; up in arms, together by the ears, in hot water, embroiled. torn, disunited. Phr. "the natives are restless"; quot homines tot sententiae [Lat][Terence]; no love lost between them, non nostrum tantas componere lites [Lat][Vergil]; Mars gravior sub pace latet [Lat][Claudius]; into the fray. <-- note that the "agreement" at R488 is an agreement of opinon . Concord Here at R714 is specifically a group effect caused by agreement among most members of a group. There is a lot of "agreement" in this, but with othre words more specifically related to groups. --> M8.2.2.1.3 CONCORD #714. Concord. N. {{has_subtype(consensus, @R488)}} concord, accord, harmony, symphony, general agreement, consonance. response; union, unison, unity; bonds of harmony. {{mcauses}} {{conceptual_part_of(amity, R888)}} congeniality. {{mcauses: peace &c. R721}}. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(understanding, R490)}} understanding, mutual understanding, good understanding. {{&mcaused_by: @R897, sympathy, empathy}}. {{&mcaused_by: @R723, reconciliation, conciliation}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.5.5.1, league, concert, alliance, happy family[fig], association}}. <-- this is the action--> {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(reconciliation, @R723)}} rapprochement; reunion; alliance, entente cordiale[Fr]. {{mcauses: cooperation, R709}}. {{&assisted_by}} peacemaker; intercessor, mediator. <-- ; homologue --> V. {{conceptual_part_of(agree, R488)}} be concordant, be in concord, be in accord, be in harmony, be in agreement, be parallel, be in parallel. accord, harmonize with. go hand in hand. <-- "concurrence" may not be agreement, it can be like having mutual enemies --> {{&caused_by: concur, @R178; be pacified, @R723}}. {{&mcaused_by}} understand one another. {{mcauses: pull together &c. (cooperate) R709}}. put up one's horses together, sing in chorus. fraternize. {{&has_commencement}} side with, sympathize with, go with, chime in with, fall in with; come round; empathize with, enter into the ideas of, enter into the feelings of; reciprocate. hurler avec les loups[Fr]; go with the stream, swim with the stream. keep in good humor, render accordant, put in tune. come to an understanding, meet halfway; keep the peace, remain at peace. Adj. concordant, congenial, agreeing, harmonizing, in accord, in harmony, in agreement, as one, harmonious, united, cemented, of one mind. {{has_concequence: banded together}}. allied; conciliatory; at one with, in concert with. {{conceptual_part_of(friendly, R888)}} fraternal, congenial. at peace, in still water. {{has_consequence: tranquil &c. (pacific) R721}}. Adv. with one voice, as one; hand in hand; on one's side. Phr. commune periculum concordiam parit[Lat][obs3]. M8.2.2.1.4 DEFIANCE #715. Defiance. N. defiance, defying, daring, challenging. {{&has_topic: promise[to=resist, R719]; threat &c. R909}}. {{&has_lexpression}} dare. {{&has_lexpression}} {{has_subtype(proposal[to=contend, M8.2.2.1.1.1], R763)}} challenge, cartel[obs2]. war cry, war whoop. {{has_metaphor}} chest-beating, chest-thumping; saber rattling; rocket rattling. {{expression_of: courage, R861}}. {{&mcauses: disobedience, R742}}. V. defy. {{has_lexpression}} dare, beard, use big words. {{has_topic: threaten &c. R909}}. bid defiance to; set at defiance, set at naught; hurl defiance at. {{expression_of: be brave, R861}}. {{has_metaphor}} dance the war dance, beat the war drums; snap the fingers at, laugh to scorn. {{&mcauses: disobey &c. R742}}. {{has_expression}} bluster, show fight, show a bold front, look big. show one's teeth, stand akimbo, beat one's chest; double the fist, shake the fist. challenge, call out. {{has_metaphor(challenge)}} throw down the gauntlet, fling down the gauntlet, fling down the gage, fling down the glove, throw down the glove; knock the chip off one's shoulder. {{performed_by(challenge)}} challenger. Adj. defiant, defying &c. v.;"with arms akimbo". {{has_consequence(defy)}} defied. Adv. defiantly; under one's very nose. Prep. in defiance of, in the teeth of. Int. {{has_lexpression(dare)}} "do your worst!"; "come if you dare!"; "come on!"; "marry come up!"; "hoity toity"[obs2]. Phr. noli me tangere[Lat]; nemo me impune lacessit[Lat]; don't tread on me; don't you dare; don't even think of it; "Go ahead, make my day!" [Dirty Harry]. <-- the following section was originally under Volition, at M7.1.2.1.3, external influences on volition, (persuasion dissuasion, compulsion) --> <-- note that these concepts are primarily applied to human actions, but also can be applied to abstract combinations of causes, as under concurrence, R178 --> M8.2.2.2 PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS WITHIN A GROUP N. {{has_subtype(group action, M8.2)}} {{&exhibits(human group)}} physical interaction within a group. <-- "concurrence here is W10 sense 2a. [[cooperation]] --> M8.2.2.2.1 COOPERATION #709. Cooperation. N. {{&has_result(uniting[obj=action, R680], R43)}} {{has_subtype(cooperativity[of=agents, R690], R78)}} {{has_subtype(combination[of=actions, R680], R48)}} {{hperforms(human group)}} cooperation, concert, collaboration, concurrence, concurrency, coadjuvancy[obs3], coadjutancy[obs3], coagency[obs3], coefficiency[obs3]. complicity; conspiracy[1], collusion. {{has_purpose}} {{has_subtype(concurrence[of=goal, R615], R78)}} common cause. {{has_conceptual_part: participation, @M8}}. {{has_property: @R178, additivity, synergy}}. {{has_result}} team effort, joint effort. <-- W10 does not restrict consortium members to organizations, but that's how it's usually used, and otherwise is a redundant word --> {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(group[of=organizations, P2.3.2.3.5.5], R72)}} consortium. {{performed_by: @R778, joint stock company, copartnership[obs3], cartel, coalition, fusion}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.5.5.1, association, alliance}}. <-- conspiracy in second sense of "group" --> {{performed_by(conspiracy[1])}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} conspiracy[2]. logrolling, back-scratching, freemasonry[obs2]. esprit de corps, party spirit; clanship[obs3], partisanship. {[in_subject(biology)]} symbiosis; parasitism. {{performed_by: R711, collaborator, auxiliary}}. {{has_participant: party, @M8.2}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.5.5.1, association, alliance, league}}. {{requires: consent &c. (assent) R488; unanimity &c. (agree) R488; concord &c. R714}}. a long pull a strong pull and a pull all together. V. cooperate, collaborate, act in concert, concur, make common cause, coact[obs3]. {{required_for: help to &c. (aid) R707}}. conduce &c. R178. {{has_commencement}} join forces, band together, draw together. combine one's efforts, unite one's efforts, pool one's resources, keep together, pull together, fraternize, hang together, club together, hand together, hold together, league together, be banded together, stand shoulder to shoulder, put shoulder to shoulder, cling to one another, conspire, concert, consort, lay one's heads together, confederate, be in league with, collude, understand one another, play into the hands of, hunt in couples. synergize. side with, take side with, go along with, go hand in hand with, join hands with, make common cause with, strike in with, unite with, join with, mix oneself up with, take part with, cast in one's lot with; join partnership, enter into partnership with, consort with; rally round, follow the lead of; come to, pass over to, come into the views of; be in the same boat, row in the same boat; sail in the same boat; sail on the same tack. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(participate, M8)}} chip in, lend oneself to, have a hand in, have a finger in the pie; bear a hand, lend a hand; pull an oar, run in a race. {{has_subtype(participate): second &c. (aid) R707}}. {{has_subtype(participate)}} {{has_subtype(assist, R707)}} take the part of, play the game of; espouse a cause, espouse a quarrel. Adj. cooperating, cooperative &c. n.; in league &c. (party) R712; coadjuvant[obs3], coadjutant[obs3]; cooperative; additive, collective, concerted; participative; collaborative, coacting, coactive. in cooperation, in league, in collaboration, in concert. in collusion, in cahoots[coll.]. in alliance with, banded together, of one mind, at one with. conspiratorial, collusive. dyed in the wool. favorable to, helpful to, propitious to, amicable to; unopposed &c. R708. Adv. as one; shoulder to shoulder; synergistically; cooperatively, collaboratively. in common cause, in consort, in association. with one consent. Phr. due teste valgono piu che una sola [It]; "We must hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately." [Benjamin Franklin]. <-- opponent, R710, Auxiliary, R711, belong under person, and Party, R712 under human groups [hgroup] P2.3.2.3.5 HUMAN GROUPS --> M8.2.2.2.1.1 PEACE #721. Peace. N. {{has_subtype(situation, R183a)}} {{has_result(pacification, R723)}} {{has_subtype(tranquility, R265)}} peace, tranquility, calm. {{result_of: @R723, truce, peace treaty}}. {{has_metaphor(peace treaty)}} peace pipe, pipe of peace, calumet of peace. {{&result_of: pacification, R723, M8.2.2.2.1.2}}. {{has_conceptual_part: friendship, R888}}. {{mcaused_by: harmony &c. (concord) R714}}. {{has_temporal_location}} {{has_subtype(time, R106)}} time of peace; quiet life. {{&caused_by: neutrality, @R681}}. {{has_symbol}} olive branch; dove of peace, white dove. {{desired_by}} pacifist; peacekeeper. {{desired_by: peacemaker, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.75}}. {{has_metaphor(pacifist)}} dove. {{helped_by}} {{has_subtype(pacification)}} peacekeeping, peace-keeping. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(antagonism, R708)}} {{conceptual_part_of(threat[of=war, R722], R909)}} cold war. {{has_subtype(peace)}} pax Romana[Lat]; Pax Americana[Lat]. V. be at peace; keep the peace &c. (concord) R714. {{result_of: make peace &c. R723}}. Adj. pacific, peaceable, peaceful. calm, tranquil, untroubled, halcyon; bloodless; neutral. {{has_trait(pacifist)}} pacifistic, dovish. {{has_subtype(preserve[obj=peace])}} keep the peace, maintain harmony, maintain friendly relations. Phr. the storm blown over; the lion lies down with the lamb; "all quiet on the Potomac"; paritur pax bello [Lat][Nepos]; "peace hath her victories no less renowned than war" [Milton]; "they make a desert and they call it peace". M8.2.2.2.1.2 PACIFICATION #723. Pacification. N. {{conceptual_part_of(forgiveness, @R918)}} pacification, conciliation; reconciliation, reconcilement; shaking of hands, accommodation, arrangement, adjustment; terms, compromise. amnesty, deed of release. {{has_result: peace, M8.2.2.2.1.1}}. peace offering; olive branch; calumet of peace, preliminaries of peace. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(compact, R769)}} truce, armistice, suspension of arms, suspension of hostilities, stand-down, modus vivendi[Lat], breathing time. {{has_subtype(truce[between=military commanders])}} convention. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(treaty, R769)}} peace treaty. {{has_symbol(truce)}} {{has_subtype(flag, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(color[val=white, R430], R428)}} flag of truce, white flag, parlementaire[Fr], cartel[obs2]. {{result_of(truce/peace treaty): @R770a, parley, negotiation}}. {{has_method: diplomatic negotiation, @R770a}}. {{uses(negotiation, R770a): compromise &c. R774}}. {{has_subtype}}{{property_of(false)}} hollow truce, pax in bello[Lat]. {{&mcaused_by}} {{&has_result(battle, @R722): @R730, drawn battle}}. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(gift, @R784)}} peace offering. V. pacify, tranquilize. reconcile, propitiate, placate, conciliate, meet halfway, hold out the olive branch, heal the breach, make peace, restore harmony, bring to terms. {{has_low_level: @R174, allay, calm, compose}}. {{has_subtype(reconcile[obj=quarrel, @R713])}} make up, make up a quarrel; make it up, make matters up; shake hands. {{has_metaphor(make up)}} mend one's fences [U.S.]. settle matters, arrange matters, accommodate matters, accommodate differences; set straight; come to an understanding, come to terms; bridge over, hush up. {[in_frame(warfare)]} raise a siege, lift a siege. {{has_metaphor}} put up the sword, sheathe the sword; bury the hatchet, lay down one's arms, turn swords into plowshares; smoke the peace pipe, smoke the calumet of peace, close the temple of Janus. {{has_result}} be pacified, be tranquilized; be reconciled, be propitiated, be conciliated; come round. <-- ; tantas componere lites[Lat] --> Adj. {[referring_to(pacification)]} conciliatory, pacifying, conciliating. composing. {{has_consequence(pacify)}} pacified, tranquillized; reconciled, propitiated, conciliated. Phr. a cold peace is better than a hot war; requiescat in pace[Lat]. M8.2.2.2.1.3 MEDIATION #724. Mediation. N. {{has_method(pacification, R723)}} mediation, arbitration, mediatorship[obs3], mediatization[obs3], good offices. {{has_method}} intervention, interposition, interference, intermeddling, intercession. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.75, mediator, arbitrator, intercessor, peacemaker, negotiator, go-between, moderator, propitiator, umpire}}. V. mediate, arbitrate, mediatize[obs3]. {{has_method}} intercede, interpose, interfere, intervene; step in, negotiate; meet halfway; magnas componere lites[Lat]. {{&conceptual_part_of: @R764, bargain}}. {{&has_result: deal, @R794}}. Adj. mediatory. <-- [[contest]] --> M8.2.2.2.2 CONTEST #720. Contest. N. {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{has_result(competition, M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} contest, competition, struggle, match, contestation[obs3]. {{has_subtype: game, @R840}}. {{has_execution(sporting contest, @M8.2.2.2.2.2)}} game. {{has_subtype: @M8.2.2.2.2.2, sporting contest}}. {{has_conceptual_part(contest): attack, R716}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(intellect, R450)}} mental contest, battle of wits, intellectual competition. {{has_subtype(mental contest): @R476, controversy, debate, war of words, polemics, disputation, paper war}}. {{has_subtype: litigation, R969}}. sparring &c. v.. {{has_subtype: @R713, fracas, quarrel, scramble, melee, scrimmage, fray, affray}}. {{has_low_intensity(affray, @R713)}} tussle, scuffle. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(fight, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} free fight, stand up fight, hand to hand, running fight. show, concours d'elegance[Fr]. {{has_subtype(show)}} cat show; dog show; flower show. {{member_of(contest)}} tournament, tourney. {{has_subtype(tournament)}} round robin, round-robin. {{has_subtype: @R722, combat, conflict, skirmish, rencounter[obs3], encounter, collision, affair, brush, fight, battle, battle royal, action, engagement, pitched battle}}. {{has_subtype(tournament)}} tilt, joust, tilting [medieval times], tournay[obs3], list. {{result_of(killing, R361)}} death struggle, struggle for life or death, life or death struggle, Armageddon[obs3]. hard knocks, sharp contest, tug of war. {{hperforms(navy, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(battle, @R722)}} naval engagement, sea fight, naumachia[obs3]. {{has_subtype(fight, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{hperforms(combatant[num=2], R726a)}} single combat, monomachy[obs3]. {{has_subtype(single combat)}} duel, affair of honor, duello[It]; passage d'armes[Fr], passage of arms, satisfaction, hostile meeting, digladiation[obs3]. triangular duel. {{has_trait(combatant)}} pugnacity; combativeness &c. adj.. {{has_concern: bone of contention &c. R713}}. {{performed_by: disputant, R726, P2.3.2.3.6.5.44; competitor, @R710}}. {[in_frame(occupation, M7.3.5.4.1.4)]} professional competition, professional rivalry; job competition. {{affects(professional competition): reputation}}. {{&has_result: @M7.4.2, @R730, draw, tie}}. {{&has_result: @M7.4.1.1, success, victory, win}}. {{&has_result: @M7.4.1.2, @R732, defeat, loss}}. <-- ; velitation[obs1]; colluctation[obs1], luctation[obs3]; brabble[obs3], brigue[obs1], stramash[obs3], bushfighting[obs3]. --> {{has_participant}} contestant. {{has_subtype(contestant)}} {[in_frame(team sport)]} {{has_subtype(team, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.24)}} {{has_subtype(opponent, R710)}} opposing team. {{has_subtype(contestant)}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{has_subtype(other, M1.2): opponent, R710}}. Adj. competitive, rivaling. self-assertive. together by the ears, at loggerheads at war at issue. rival, competing, contending, contesting, sparring; quarrelsome &c. R901; pugnacious, combative, bellicose, unpeaceful[obs3], palestric[obs3], palestrical[obs3]; pugilistic, gladiatorial. {{has_high_intensity: warlike &c. R722}}. {{has_high_intensity(competitive)}} belligerent, contentious, truculent. Phr. a verbis ad verbera[Lat]; a word and a blow; "a very pretty quarrel as it stands" [Sheridan]; commune periculum concordiam parit[Lat]; lis litem generat[Lat]. <-- [[war]] --> M8.2.2.2.2.1 WAR #722. Warfare. N. {{used_in(weapon, P2.3.1.3.22)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} war[1], warfare, combat, conflict, fighting, battling, hostilities, clash of arms. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} war[2]. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(armed force, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} warring party[num=>1]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(state, R183a)}} state of war. service, campaigning, combat action, active service, tented field. {{has_conceptual_part}} deeds of arms, feats of arms. {{has_metaphor}} arms, the sword; Mars, Bellona, grim visaged war, horrida bella[Lat]. {{has_metaphor: bloodshed, @R361}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} battle, military action, action, fight, encounter, engagement, military engagement, rencounter[obs3]. {{has_subtype(battle)}} {{used_in(small arm)}} {{property_of(intense, @P2.6.1.1.1.R1)}} firefight. {{has_subtype(battle)}} {{hperforms(combatant[num=2])}} {{not_used_in(firearm)}} hand-to-hand combat, close combat. {{has_subtype(hand-to-hand combat): sword fighting}}. {{has_result(sword fighting)}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} sword fight. {{has_subtype(hand-to-hand combat)}} {{used_in(bayonet)}} bayonet attack. {{mcaused_by}} appeal to arms, appeal to the sword; ordeal of battle; wager of battle; ultima ratio regum[Lat], arbitrament of the sword. {{&has_conceptual_part}} battle array; state of siege. {{folows}} {{has_subtype(preparation[for=war], R673)}} mobilization. {{has_location: @R728, battlefield, theater of operations}}. {{has_metaphor(battlefield)}} warpath. {{studied_in}} art of war, military studies; tactics; strategy; generalship; soldiership; logistics; military evolutions, ballistics, gunnery; chivalry. {{has_subtype(military action)}} {{has_subtype(search, R622)}} reconnaisance; intelligence gathering. {{has_subtype(military action)}} skirmish; rencontre[obs3], collision, affair, brush, fight, battle royal; pitched battle. {{has_subtype(military action)}} campaign, crusade, expedition, operations. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(preparation)}} {{has_subtype(education)}} military training. {{uses(military training)}} {{has_subtype(rehearsal, @R673)}} war games, kriegspiel[Ger], Kriegsspiel[Ger]. {{&has_conceptual_part}} encampment, encamping, camping, castrametation[obs3]. {{&has_part(firefight)}} crossfire, fire cross. {{&uses}} {{&caused_by(encouragement, R616a)}} {{has_subtype(musical instrument): @R417, trumpet, clarion, bugle; bagpipe, tom-tom}}. {{&uses}} {{&caused_by(encouragement, R616a)}} {{has_subtype(music, R415)}} {{uses(drum, @R417)}} beat of drum, rappel. {{&uses}} {{&caused_by(encouragement, R616a)}} {{has_subtype(music, R415)}} {{uses(bagpipe, @R417)}} highland air, pibroch[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} {{has_subtype(pipe, @R351)}} calumet of war. {{&uses}} {{&caused_by(encouragement)}} {{has_subtype(speech)}} slogan; war-cry, war-whoop; battle cry. word of command. {{&uses: password, @R462}}. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(password, @R462)}} watchword, passage d'armes[Fr]. war to the death, war to the knife; guerre a mort[Fr], guerre a outrance[Fr][obs3]; open warfare. {{has_subtype(war[between=factions[of=country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1], @R713])}} internecine war, civil war. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(nuclear weapon, @P2.3.1.3.23.10)}} nuclear war, nuclear warfare, atomic war, atomic warfare. {{has_subtype(nuclear warfare)}} {{used_in(thermonuclear weapon, @P2.3.1.3.23.10)}} thermonuclear war. {{performed_by: combatant, R726a; warrior, P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1}}. {{has_result: victory, @R731; defeat, @R732; stalemate, @R730; truce, @R723}}. {{has_instance(war[2])}} The Second World War[1939-1945]; The First World War[1914-1918], the Great War, the War to End all Wars; the Thirty Years' War; the Franco-Prussian War; the Napoleonic Wars; "the War of 1812"; the Civil War[American History, 1860-1865]; The American Revolutionary War[American History, 1776-1781], the War for Independence; the Boer War; the Crusades; the Punic Wars; the Trojan War; Caesar's Gallic Campaign; the War of the Roses[England]; the French and Indian War. V. {{has_subtype(contend, M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} wage war, fight, combat, battle, do battle, give battle, engage in battle. battle with. come to close quarters. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(prepare, R673)}} prepare for war. {{has_conceptual_part(prepare for war)}} arm, arm oneself; raise troops, mobilize troops, raise an army. {{has_metaphor(arm)}} take up the cudgels. {{has_commencement}} take the field; join battle, go to war, go to battle; flesh one's sword; set to, fall to, engage. {{&has_commencement(state of war)}} declare war. {{has_metaphor}} measure swords with, draw the trigger, cross swords; come to blows, break a lance with; take up arms, fly to arms, appeal to arms; rise up in arms, raise up in arms. {{has_metaphor}} fly to the sword; draw the sword, unsheathe the sword; dig up the hatchet, dig up the tomahawk; "let slip the dogs of war" [Julius Caesar]; cry havoc; kindle the torch of war, light the torch of war; raise one's banner, raise the fire cross; hoist the black flag; throw away the scabbard, fling away the scabbard. {{&has_method(raise an army): @R744, conscript, draft}}. {{&has_method(raise an army)}} {{has_subtype(recruit, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} recruit, recruit troops. {{has_subtype(join[obj=military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1], @R712)}} enroll, enlist. {[in_frame(piracy[2], @R791)]} {{has_commencement(fight[agnt=pirate])}} raise the jolly roger, run up the jolly roger. see action, serve; see service, be on service, be on active service; campaign; wield the sword, shoulder a musket, smell powder, be under fire; spill blood, imbrue the hands in blood; be on the warpath. carry on war, carry on hostilities; keep the field; fight the good fight; fight it out, fight like devils, fight one's way, fight hand to hand; sell one's life dearly; pay the ferryman's fee. Adj. {{has_subtype(contending, M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} battling, fighting, waging war, engaging in combat. {{has_metaphor(fighting)}} on the warpath. {{property_of(combatant)}} armed, armed to the teeth, armed cap-a-pie; sword in hand; in arms, under arms, up in arms; at war with; bristling with arms; in battle array, in open arms, in the field; embattled; battled. {{property_of(combatant)}} belligerent, combative, armigerous[obs3], bellicose, martial, warlike, unpacific[obs3], unpeaceful[obs3]; military, militant, soldier-like, soldierly. chivalrous; strategical; internecine. Adv. at war, in combat, in action, flagrante bello[Lat], in the thick of the fray, in the cannon's mouth. by force of arms, at the sword's point, at the point of the bayonet. under fire. Int. "vae victis!"[Lat], "to arms!"; "to your tents O Israel!". Phr. the battle rages; a la guerre comme a la guerre[Fr]; bis peccare in bello non licet[Lat][obs3]; jus gladii[Lat]; "my voice is still for war" [Addison]; "'tis well that war is so terrible, otherwise we might grow fond of it" [Robert E. Lee]; "my sentence is for open war" [Milton]; "pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war" [Othello]; "the cannons have their bowels full of wrath" [King John]; "the cannons . . . spit forth their iron indignation" [King John]; "the fire-eyed maid of smoky war" [Henry IV]; silent leges inter arma [Lat][Cicero]; si vis pacem para bellum[Lat]; "We have met the enemy, and they are ours" [Oliver Hazard Perry, announcing his victory at the battle of Lake Erie, 1813]. <-- [[attack]] --> M8.2.2.2.2.1.R1 ATTACK #716. Attack. N. {{has_subtype(violence, M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} {{caused_by(harm, R659a)}} {{&caused_by(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1/injury, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(contest, @R720)}} {{has_conceptual_part(war, R722)}} attack. {{has_beginning(assault)}} onset, onslaught, charge. aggression, offense, attacking, offensive; irruption. {[in_frame(war)]} {{has_execution(offense)}} {{has_subtype(event)}} offensive. sally, sortie, breakout, outbreak; estrapade[obs3], ruade[obs3]; coupe de main. raid, foray. {{has_subtype}} {{temporal_location_of(night, R126a)}} night raid, camisado, camisade[obs3]. run at, run against. {{patient_of(country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1)}} incursion, inroad, invasion. {{performed_by}} attacker. {{has_subtype(attacker)}} aggressor; invader. {{has_subtype(raid)}} {{patient_of(vessel, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)}} boarding. {{&has_method}} bombardment. {{uses(bombardment): @P2.3.1.3.23.9, bomb, shell}}. {{&has_method}} siege, investment, obsession[obs2]. {{patient_of(fortification, @R717)}} storm, storming. {{&has_method(storming/siege)}} scaling, escalade[obs3]. {[in_frame(swordplay)]} cut, thrust, lunge, pass, passado[obs3], carte and tierce[Fr][obs3], home thrust; coupe de bec[Fr]. kick, punch &c. (impulse) R276. {{has_subtype(throwing[through=window, @P2.3.1.3.10.2], @R284)}} defenestration. battue[obs3], razzia[obs3], Jacquerie, dragonnade[obs3]; eboulement[Fr]. base of operations, point of attack; echelon. {{causes: devastation &c. R162}}. V. {{&caused_by(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1/injury, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} attack, assault, assail. invade; set upon, fall upon; charge, impugn, break a lance with, enter the lists. {{has_commencement}} assume the offensive, take the offensive; be the aggressor, become the aggressor; strike the first blow, draw first blood, throw the first stone at; lift a hand against, draw the sword against; take up the cudgels; advance against, march against; march upon, harry; come on, show fight. strike at, poke at, thrust at; aim a blow at, deal a blow at; give one a blow, fetch one a blow, fetch one a kick, give one a kick; have a cut at, have a shot at, take a cut at, take a shot at, have a fling at, have a shy at; be down upon, pounce upon; fall foul of, pitch into, launch out against; bait, slap on the face; make a thrust at, make a pass at, make a set at, make a dead set at; bear down upon. close with, come to close quarters. bring to bay. ride full tilt against; attack tooth and nail, go at hammer and tongs. let fly at, dash at, run a tilt at, rush at, tilt at, run at, fly at, hawk at, have at, let out at; make a dash, make a rush at; strike home; drive one hard; press one hard; be hard upon, run down, strike at the root of. {{has_subtype: @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1, shoot, stab, knife, cut, slash, bayonet, run through, pierce, impale, spear}}. cut up, cut and thrust. lay about one, run amuck. {{requires(shoot)}} {{has_subtype(prepare, @R673)}} [transitive] aim at, target, draw a bead on [U.S.]. spring a mine. {{has_subtype(throw[obj=stone[2], @P2.3.1.1.4.1], @R284)}} [transitive] throw a stone at, throw stones at, stone, lapidate[obs3], pelt, rock; hurl at, hurl against, hurl at the head of. besiege, lay siege to, invest, beleaguer, beset[U.S.]. {{&has_method(besiege)}} open the trenches; plant a battery; sap, mine; storm, scale the walls. {{has_subtype(besiege[ptnt=ship, R273])}} board. butt; kick, strike &c. (impulse) R276; whip &c. @M9.3.3.2.2.2. {{has_subtype(throw[through=window, @P2.3.1.3.10.2], @R284)}} [transitive] defenestrate. [attack verbally] assail[2], impugn; malign (detract) R934. bomb, rocket, blast. Adj. attacking, aggressive, offensive, obsidional[obs3]. assaulting, assailing; invading. up in arms. dead set at. Adv. on the offensive. Int. "up and at them!". Phr. "the din of arms, the yell of savage rage, the shriek of agony, the groan of death" [Southey]; "their fatal hands no second stroke intend" [Paradise Lost]; "thirst for glory quells the love of life" [Addison]. <-- defense here is a defense against antagonists. The more general defense against adverse circumstances is at "safety", R664 [[defense]] --> M8.2.2.2.2.1.R2 DEFENSE #717. Defense. N. {{has_conceptual_part(war)}} {{function_of(safety[of=person], R664)}} {{has_subtype(preservation, R670)}} {{has_subtype(resistance[to=attack, R716], R719)}} {{alternative_to(attack)}} defense, protection, defending, propugnation[obs1]. {{has_subtype(defending[obj=country])}} {{hperforms(national armed forces)}} national defense. passive defense. {{alternative_to(passive defense)}} active defense. guard, ward. guarding, shielding. {{function_of(passive defense)}} {{has_subtype(barrier, M7.3.4.R4.1)}} shield. {{function_of}} {{&constitutes(metal)}} armor[1]. {{!part_of(armor[1]): armored vehicle}}. {{purpose_of(guard[of=ship, R273])}} {{has_subtype(ship[num=>0], R273)}} convoy. area defense; site defense. self-defense, self-preservation. {{function_of}} balistraria[obs3]; bunker, screen &c. (shelter) R666. {{&uses: camouflage &c. (concealment) R530}}. {{function_of}} {{has_subtype(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)}} fortification. {{has_subtype(fortification)}} {{has_subtype(barrier, @R752)}} trench, foxhole; bulwark, fosse[obs3], moat, ditch, entrenchment, intrenchment[obs3]; kila[obs3]; dike, dyke; parapet, sunk fence, embankment, mound, mole, bank, sandbag, revetment; earth work, field-work; dead wall, contravallation[obs3]; palisade, haha, stockade, stoccado[obs3], lager[obs3], sangar[obs3]; barricade; boom; portcullis, chevaux de frise[Fr]; abatis, abattis[obs3], abbatis[obs3]; vallum[obs3], circumvallation[obs3]; escarp[obs3], counter-scarp; glacis, casemate[obs3]; vallation[obs3], vanfos[obs3]. {{has_part(fort/castle)}} battlement, rampart, scarp. {{has_part(stockade/fort): @R752, fence, wall, paling}}. loophole, machicolation[obs3]. {{has_part(fortification)}} {{has_subtype(exit[2], @R295)}} sally port. {{has_subtype(fortification)}} {{has_subtype(barrier, @R752)}} breastwork, banquette, curtain, mantlet[obs3], bastion, redan[obs3], ravelin[obs3]; vauntmure[obs3]; advance work, horn work, outwork; barbican, barbacan[obs3]; fort-elage[Fr], fort-alice; lines. {{has_subtype(fortification)}} {{has_subtype(refuge, R666)}} fort, fortress, stronghold, fastness, redoubt, hold, propugnacle[obs3]. {{has_subtype(stronghold)}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} castle. {{has_subtype(stronghold)}} {{location_of(high place, @R342)}} citadel, acropolis. {{has_subtype(fortification)}} tower of strength; blockhouse, barracoon[obs3], pah[obs3], sconce, peelhouse[obs3], rath[obs3]. {{has_subtype(fortification)}} {{property_of(circular)}} {{constitutes(masonry, @P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} martello tower. {{&has_part(fort)}} wooden walls. {{has_part(castle)}} keep, donjon, dungeon. {{has_subtype(armor)}} {{has_subtype(clothing, R225)}} personal armor. {{has_subtype(personal armor)}} bulletproof vest, armored vest; suit of armor; buffer; fender, apron, mask; chain mail, mail. {{has_subtype(personal armor): helmet, M8.2.2.2.2.1.R2.1}}. {{has_part(suit of armor)}} [medieval] gauntlet; carapace; buckler; cuirass, breastplate; backplate; face guard, scutum[obs3]; habergeon[obs3]; brigandine[obs3], lorication[obs3]. munition, muniment[obs3]. {{constitutes(chain mail)}} {{has_subtype(tunic, @P2.3.1.3.5.1)}} hauberk [medieval], coat of mail [medieval]. {{has_subtype(breastplate)}} aegis. {{has_subtype(armor)}} {{has_subtype(headwear, P2.3.1.3.5.2): helmet, M8.2.2.2.2.1.R2.1}}. bearskin; panoply; truncheon &c. (weapon) R727. garrison, picket, piquet; defender, protector; guardian &c. (safety) R664; bodyguard, champion; knight-errant, Paladin; propugner[obs3]. {{has_subtype(shield)}} {{has_subtype(window,@P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} bulletproof window. {{has_subtype(structure)}} hardened site. V. {{purpose_of(keep safe, @R664)}} defend, protect, guard, shield, forfend, fend. screen, shroud. fend round &c. (circumscribe) R229; fence, entrench, intrench[obs3]; guard against; take care of &c. (vigilance) R459; bear harmless; fend off, keep off, ward off, beat off, beat back; hinder &c. R706. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(man, @R673)}} garrison, engarrison[obs3]. {{has_subtype(protect)}} cover, screen, shelter, shroud, flank, ward. {{has_subtype(protect)}} escort, convoy. {{purpose_of: preserve &c. R670}}. {{&has_result(defend)}} {{has_subtype(succeed, R731)}} {{has_subtype(repel, @R719)}} parry, repel, propugn[obs3], put to flight. {{&has_result(defend)}} {{has_subtype(succeed, R731)}} {{has_subtype(resist, @R719)}} hold at bay, keep at bay, keep arm's length, maintain one's ground, stand one's ground; stand by; hold one's own. stand on the defensive, act on the defensive, give a warm reception to [ironical]; show fight; bear the brunt, stand the brunt; fall back upon, hold, stand in the gap. Adj. {[referring_to(defense)]} {{has_subtype(protective, @R644)}} defensive. defending, protecting, guarding, shielding. {{has_consequence(shield)}} shielded. {{has_consequence(armor)}} {{has_subtype(shielded)}} armored. armed, armed at all points, armed cap-a-pie, armed to the teeth; panoplied[obs3]; loopholed, castellated, machicolated[obs3], casemated[obs3]; defended &c. v.; proof against. {{has_subtype(armored)}} iron-plated, ironclad; hardened. {{has_subtype(armored)}} bulletproof, ballproof[obs2]. Adv. defensively; on the defense, on the defensive; in defense; at bay, pro aris et focis[obs3][Lat]. Int. "no surrender!". Phr. defense not defiance; Dieu defend le droit [Fr]; fidei defensor [Lat: defender of the faith]. M8.2.2.2.2.1.R2.1 HELMET N. {{has_subtype(armor, @R717)}} {{has_subtype(headwear, P2.3.1.3.5.2)}} helmet, head armor. helm, salade[obs3], heaume[obs3], morion[obs3], murrion[obs3], armet[obs3], cabaset[obs3], casquetel[obs3], siege cap, casque, head piece pickelhaube, vambrace[obs3], shako &c. (dress) R225. {{&has_part(helmet)}} vizor[medieval]. M8.2.2.2.2.1.R2.2 RESISTANCE #719. Resistance. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(counteraction, @R17)}} {{&mcauses(reluctance, R603)}} resistance, opposition, stand, front, renitency, resisting, opposing, kicking, oppugnation[obs3], oppugnancy[obs3], renitence[obs3], reluctation[obs3], recalcitration[obs3]. {{mcaused_by: opposition &c. R708; attack, R716}}. {{has_subtype(resistance[to=attack, R716]): defense, R717}}. {{has_subtype(resistance[to=negotiating demand]): strike, @M8.1.1.5.6.1.R6}}. {{has_method(resistance[to=government policy]): political demonstration, @R489}}. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(success, R731)}} repulse, rebuff. {{performed_by}} resister. {{&has_expression: @R742, disobedience, revolt, rebellion}}. {{&has_expression: revolution, @R737a}}. {{has_subtype}} levee en masse[Fr], Jacquerie[Hist., French Revolution]. V. {{has_subtype(oppose, R708)}} resist, oppose, reluct, reluctate[obs3], repugn[obs3]; not submit, not surrender, not give in. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(succeed[at=resistance], R731)}} withstand; stand up against, strive against, bear up under, bear up against, be proof against, make head against; stand, stand firm, stand one's ground, stand the brunt of, stand out; hold one's grounds, hold one's own, hold out, hold firm. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(succeed[at=resistance], R731)}} repel, repulse, rebuff, drive off, drive away, keep at bay. {{has_high_level(repel)}} {{has_subtype(disperse, @R73)}} scatter. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(deal with, @R692)}} face, confront, grapple with. make a stand, take one's stand; present a front. {{has_high_intensity(make a stand): show a bold front, @R861}}. {{has_metaphor(withstand)}} breast the wave, breast the current; stem the tide, stem the torrent. kick, kick against, kick against the pricks, recalcitrate[obs3]; fly in the face of; strike, out against, turn out. {{&mcauses: draw up a round robin &c. (remonstrate) R932}}. {{&mcauses: @M9.3.3.2.2.2.3, riot, make a riot}}. {{&mcauses: lift the hand against &c. (attack) R716}}. {{&mcauses: rise up in arms &c. (war) R722}}. {{has_expression: @R742, revolt, disobey}}. prendre le mors aux dents [French: take the bit between the teeth]; sell one's life dearly, die hard, pay the ferryman's fee. Adj. {{&has_consequence(reluctant, R603)}} resisting &c. v.; resistive, resistant; recalcitrant, renitent; up in arms. {{has_consequence: disobedient, R742}}. repulsive, repellant. proof against. {{has_property(resister)}} stubborn, unconquered. {{has_high_level(resisting): unyielding &c. (obstinate) R606}}. {{&has_result(resisting): unconquerable, @R159; indomitable &c. (persevering) R604a}}. Adv. {{&has_consequence(reluctantly, R603)}} with resistance. under protest. Int. "hands off!"; "keep off!". <-- This section is for a sports competition as an event, so many concepts of sports are found at Sport, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3, as a subtype of "recreation", at R840. Non-competitive sports are also under "sport" at M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3. [[sportcomp]] --> M8.2.2.2.2.2 SPORT COMPETITION N. {{has_subtype(competition, M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{has_execution(competitive sport)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} sports competition, game, sports[collective], sporting contest, sport competition. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(professional athlete, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.5)}} professional sport. V. {{has_subtype(compete, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} play. Adj. sporting. M8.2.2.2.2.2.1 ATHLETICS N. {{required_for(physical exertion, R686)}} athletics, athletic sports competition. {{studied_in(yacht race): @R267, yachting, aquatics[obs2]}}. {{has_execution(racing)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} race, run. {{has_subtype(racing[by=horse[num=>1]])}} racing[2], horse racing, the track, the racetrack, the turf, the horses, the ponies[coll], the horse races. {{has_execution(horse racing)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} horse race. {{has_subtype(horse race)}} derby. {{has_temporal_location(derby)}} Derby day. {{has_subtype(race[by=person, P2.3.2.3][mode=on foot])}} foot race. {{has_subtype(race[by=boat[num=>1], P2.3.1.3.16.2.3])}} boat race, yacht race, regatta, torpids[obs3]. {{has_subtype(race[by=automobile])}} auto race; stock car race. demolition derby. field day; sham fight. {{has_subtype(foot race)}} {{property_of(length[val=26 miles])}} marathon. {{has_subtype(foot race)}} {{property_of(length[val=1 mile])}} mile, mile race. {{has_subtype(foot race)}} {{property_of(length[val=1000 meters])}} "1000 meter race". {{has_subtype(auto race)}} "Indy 500", "Indianapolis 500"; Grand Prix. {{has_subtype(horse race)}} flats; trotters; derby; heat; steeple chase; handicap. {{has_subtype(yacht race)}} America's cup race. <-- kooshti[obs3] --> {{has_execution(boxing)}} boxing match, fight, spar, mill[obs2], set-to. {{has_conceptual_part(boxing match)}} round, bout, event. {{has_execution(prize fighting)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{has_subtype(boxing match)}} prize fight. {{has_subtype(game)}} {{has_subtype(athletic sport)}} {{used_in(ball)}} ball game. {{has_subtype(ball game)}} football game; baseball game; soccer game, soccer match; basketball game; cricket game; lacrosse game; rugby game; beach ball game; volleyball game; golf game, round of golf, golf match. {{has_subtype(round of golf)}} nine, nine holes; eighteen, eighteen holes. {{has_subtype(golf match)}} {{has_subtype(tournament)}} Masters; National Open. {{has_conceptual_part(game)}} {{has_subtype(goal)}} {{has_subtype(partial success, @M7.4.1.1)}} score. {{has_conceptual_part(score)}} point. {{has_subtype(score)}} {[in_frame(baseball)]} run; run batted in, RBI. {{has_subtype(run)}} earned run; unearned run. {[in_frame(baseball)]} {{has_subtype(progress)}} {{&caused_by(run)}} hit. {{&caused_by(unearned run)}} error. {{has_subtype(hit)}} single; double, two-bagger; triple, three-bagger; home run, homer. {{has_subtype(home run)}} grand slam. {{has_subtype(double)}} ground rule double. {{has_subtype(score)}} stroke; lucky hit, fortunate hit, good hit, good stroke; direct hit, bull's eye; goal; point; touchdown; bold stroke, master stroke; ten strike [U.S.]; coup de maitre[Fr]; checkmate; hole-in-one. {{location_of(surf, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.5)}} surfing. {{uses(surfing)}} {{has_subtype(board, @P2.3.1.2.4.7)}} surfboard. Adj. athletic. M8.2.2.2.2.R1 SUBMISSION (R725) #725. Submission. N. {{has_high_quantity(obedience[to=person], R743)}} {{antonym_of(resistance)}} submission, yielding, nonresistance, submitting. {{&mcaused_by: submissiveness, @R743}}. {[in_frame(contest, R729)]} surrender, cession, capitulation, resignation, surrendering, capitulating, giving up, ceding, backdown. {{has_expression}} {{has_expression(respect, R928)}} {{has_subtype(body movement, @R264)}} obeisance, homage, kneeling, genuflection, genuflexion[obs3]; courtesy, curtsy; kowtow, prostration. {{performed_by}} sumbitter. V. {{has_high_quantity(obey[obj=person], R743)}} submit, succumb, yield, bend, resign, defer to. {{&has_consequence(defeat[of=$combatant, R726a], @R732)}} {{hperforms($combatant, R726a)}} surrender, capitulate, surrender at discretion, cede, come to terms; give way, give round, give in, give up; cave in; bend, bend to one's yoke, bend before the storm; reel back; bend down, knuckle down, knuckle to, knuckle under; knock under. {{has_method(submit)}} {{antonym_of(contend, M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(inaction, R681)}} not fight, not contend, not show up. {{has_consequence(not fight)}} {{has_subtype(lose, @R732)}} lose by default, suffer judgment by default. {{&has_consequence(defeat[of=$combatant, R726a])}} {{hperforms($combatant, R726a)}} {{has_subtype(retreat, @R283)}} {{has_subtype(leave[loc=battlefield], R293)}} retreat, beat a retreat, withdraw from the field of battle. {{has_subtype(retreat[mode=quickly])}} beat a hasty retreat, be routed, suffer a rout, withdraw in haste, retreat in disorder. {{has_symbol(surrender)}} {[in_frame(war)]} lay down one's arms, deliver up one's arms; lower colors, haul down colors, strike one's flag, strike colors; raise the white flag. {{has_symbol(submit)}} craven, crouch before, cower before, cower in front of, throw oneself at the feet of. {{has_metaphor(submit)}} eat dirt, eat the leek, eat humble pie; bite the dust, lick the dust; be at one's feet, fall at one's feet; lick the boots of; swallow the leek, swallow the pill; kiss the rod; turn the other cheek; avaler les couleuvres[Fr], gulp down. {{has_symbol(submit)}} kneel to, bow to, pay homage to, cringe to, truckle to; bend the neck, bend the knee; kneel, fall on one's knees, bow submission, courtesy, curtsy, kowtow. {{has_conceptual_part(submit): draw in one's horns &c. (humility) R879}}. {{has_low_intensity(submit)}} {{has_subtype(tolerate, @M4.2.1.1.3.1)}} pocket the affront; make the best of, make a virtue of necessity; grin and abide, grin and bear it, shrug the shoulders, resign oneself. {{has_subtype(submit[mode=unresistingly]): submit with a good grace, @M4.2.1.1.3.1}}. Adj. submitting, yielding. surrendering, capitulating, ceding. {{has_trait(submitter)}} submissive, resigned, crouching; downtrodden; down on one's marrow bones; on one's bended knee. {{&has_trait(submitter)}} unresistant, unresisting, nonresisting. {{&has_consequence(unresisting)}} undefended. {{has_metaphor(unresisting): @R324, pliant, soft}}. untenable, indefensible. {{&has_consequence(unresisting): humble &c. R879}}. Adv. {{has_property(unresisting)}} unresistingly, without resistance. Phr. have it your own way; it can't be helped; amen &c. R762; da locum melioribus[Lat]; tempori parendum[Lat]. <-- Combatant R726, to person who does ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.44 --> <-- "arena" is sometimes used abstractly as a conceptual field of competition, which could also be a competition of ideas. We classify "arena" as a place, the usual interpretation of these words. The abstract cocept will be considered as a metaphor. Most of the semantic relations of "arena" imply that the contest is in progress, and should be considered valid ony in that sense. Thus ans arena is the place where a contest is occurring. We also use the words to mean a place where a sporting contest may occur, or usually occurs. A "battlefield" may be a place where a battle occurred in the past. Perhaps a battlefield should be distinguished as a separate entry. --> M8.2.2.2.2.R2 ARENA (R728) #728. Arena. N. {{has_location(contest, R720/show, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2)}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} arena, field, scene of action, theater of action. {{metaphor_for(arena/field of competition)}} {{performed_at(competition)}} field of competition. walk, course; hustings. {[in_frame(sports)]} {{has_subtype(piece of property, @R780)}} {{part_of(line of demarcation)}} {{&!property_of(level, @R213)}} {{not_has_part(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)}} field[2], playing field, playing ground. {{has_subtype(goal, R67)}} goal. {{has_subtype(line of demarcation)}} {[in_frame(baseball, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} {{has_subtype(straight line)}} foul line. {{has_subtype(line of demarcation)}} {[in_frame(football, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} {{has_subtype(straight line)}} {{location_of(football field)}} goal line; "50-yard line"; "40-yard line"; "30-yard line"; "20-yard line"; "10-yard line"; "out-of-bounds line". {{has_subtype(boundary line[between=opposing teams])}} {[in_frame(football, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} {{has_subtype(straight line)}} {{location_of(football field)}} scrimmage line, line of scrimmage. {{&part_of(playing field)}} {{has_subtype(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)}} stadium. {{&part_of(playing field)}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} arena[2]. {{has_subtype(stadium)}} amphitheater; Coliseum, Colosseum; Flavian amphitheater, hippodrome, circus; bear garden; gymnasium, palestra, lists; tiltyard[obs3], tilting ground; Campus Martins, Champ de Allars[obs3]; campus [U.S.]. {{has_location(hores race)}} race track, race course, corso[Sp], turf. {[of(cock fight)]} cockpit. {[of(boxing, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1)]} boxing ring, ring, canvas. {{has_subtype: platform, @R215}}. {{has_location(war, R722)}} theater of war, seat of war. {{has_part(theater of war)}} {{has_location(battle, @R722)}} battlefield, battleground, battle-field, battle-ground, field of battle, field of slaughter. {{has_instance(battlefield)}} Waterloo; Borodino; Gettysburg. camp; the enemy's camp. {[in_frame(sports)]} football field; football stadium; baseball field; basketball court, court; hockey rink, rink, the ice[coll]; soccer field; squash court; tennis court. {{has_part(soccer field/basketball court/hockey rink)}} {{has_subtype(goal)}} net. {{has_part(football field)}} {{location_of(goal line)}} {{has_subtype(goal)}} goal post. {{has_part(baseball field)}} {{has_subtype(demarcation)}} {{has_symbol(limit[of=baseball field])}} fence, outfield fence. {{has_part(baseball field)}} {{has_subtype(partition[of=baseball field], @R221a)}} infield; outfield. {{has_part(baseball field)}} batter's box; base; dugout; pitching mound. {{has_part(outfield)}} left field; right field; center field. {{has_subtype_x(base)}} first base; second base; third base; home, home plate. {{has_subtype(playing field)}} {{property_of(fair, @R939)}} level playing field. {[of(drama): stage, boards &c. (playhouse) R599]}. <-- Aceldama[obs3], [=the potter's field bought with Judas's 30 pieces of silver. WHy here? an old metaphor? ; trusting place &c. (place of meeting) R74?? --> <-- A sympathetic affection is a feeling about someone else, or, less often about an animal (people do love their pets). Sympathetic affections toward non-sentient things can be considered as a metaphorical use. [[LOVE]] --> M8.3 SYMPATHETIC AFFECTION (R888 - R921) N. {{has_subtype(feeling, R821)}} sympathetic affection. {{has_topic: someone else, M1.2; pet animal}}. <-- affections, feelings generally are divided into longer-term feelings, and shorter-term (mostly emotions) (located at M3), and sympathetic affections, here at M8.3. In the sense of R821 emotions are a strong type of feelings. Of the feelings, only the sympathetic affections are properly classified with the mind-mind interactions. Note that kindness can be shown toward animals, so we again must consider for this classification that animals have "minds" --> <-- Here we also find Moral, and religious affections --> M8.3.1 SOCIAL SYMPATHETIC AFFECTION (R888 TO R905, R928 TO R938) N. social sympathetic affection. M8.3.1.1 SOCIAL SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS GENERALLY (R888 TO R905) N. social sympathetic affections generally. <-- [[FRIENDSHIP]] 888. Friendship 889. Enmity Note: 890. Friend 891. Enemy moved to P2.3.2.3.6.4.28 FRIEND (R890) AND P2.3.2.3.6.4.29 ENEMY (R891) 892. Sociality 893. Seclusion 894. Courtesy 895. Discourtesy 896. Congratulation 897. Love 898. Hate 899. Favorite (900. Resentment to M8.3.4.3) 901. Irascibility 901a. Sullenness 902. Endearment 903. Marriage 904. Celibacy 905. Divorce The problem with friendship is that in some cases it is not symmetrical. We define the relations from the perspective of the person who feels friendship with another. --> M8.3.1.1.1 FRIENDSHIP #888. Friendship. N. {{has_subtype(affection, @R897)}} {{has_property(friend, R890, P2.3.2.3.6.4.28)}} friendship, amity, friendliness. amicability, amicableness, brotherhood, fraternity, sodality, confraternity. {{has_high_intensity}} firm friendship, strong friendship, staunch friendship, intimate friendship, familiar friendship, bosom friendship, cordial friendship, tried friendship, devoted friendship, lasting friendship, fast friendship, sincere friendship, warm friendship, ardent friendship, true friendship. {{has_subtype(strong friendship)}} best friendship. {{exhibits($person): best friendship[with=$person^best friend]}}. {{has_low_intensity}} cordiality, fraternization, entente cordiale[Fr], good understanding, rapprochement, welcomeness. {{mcauses: @R914, sympathy, fellow-feeling, response}}. {{&mcauses}} favoritism. {{!mcauses(true friendship[with=$person]): good will[to=$person], @R906}}. {{has_low_intensity}} acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, intercourse, fellowship, knowledge of; introduction. {{has_subtype(cordiality)}} {{hperforms(human group): harmony &c. (concord) R714; peace &c. R721}}. V. be friendly, be amicable, be on friendly terms. be brotherly, be fraternal; be neighborly, be sympathetic, be harmonious, be hearty, be cordial, be warm-hearted, be on good terms. sympathize with; have a leaning to; make much of. {{mcauses: @R906, bear good will, wish well}}. {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} be friends; be companions, be buddies. {{mcauses: keep company with &c.(sociality) R892}}. {{has_low_intensity}} know, be acquainted with, be familiar with, have an acquaintance with; have the ear of, hold communication with, have dealings with. {{has_high_intesity(know)}} know well, be well acquainted with. {{mcauses: befriend &c. (aid) R707}}. introduce to. {{has_high_intensity: love &c. R897}}. {{has_commencement(be friendly)}} become friendly, become friends, make friends with; get into favor, gain the friendship of; set one's horses together; have the latchstring out [U. S.]; hold out the right hand of friendship, extend the right hand of friendship, hold out the right hand of fellowship. {{has_commencement(be acquainted)}} become acquainted, get acquainted, make acquaintance with, get to know, develop familiarity with, gain familiarity with, pick acquaintance with, scrape acquaintance with[obs2]; break the lee, break the ice, be introduced to. {{&has_manifestation(become friendly)}} shake hands with, fraternize, embrace; receive with open arms, throw oneself into the arms of; meet halfway, take in good part. Adj. friendly, amicable, amical[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(friendly)}} intimate, thick, hand and glove, hail fellow well met, free and easy; welcome. {{has_low_intensity}} neighborly, brotherly, fraternal, unhostile[obs3]. sympathetic. warm, cordial, warm-hearted, hearty, well-affected. friends with, on friendly terms, on cordial terms, on amicable terms, harmonious; in one's good graces, in one's good books. {{has_high_intensity(on friendly terms)}} on intimate terms. well with, at home with, hand in hand with; on good terms, on familiar terms, on good footing. {{has_low_intensity(on friendly terms)}} acquainted, familiar, on speaking terms, on visiting terms. {{has_high_intensity(acquainted)}} well acquainted. Adv. as friends. amicably, fraternally, cordially. warmly, cordially, heartily. with open arms; sans ceremonie[Fr]; arm in arm. Phr. amicitia semper prodest [Lat][Seneca]; " a mystic bond of brotherhood makes all men one " [Carlyle]; " friendship is love without either flowers or veil " [Hare]; trulgus amicitias utilitate probat [Lat][Ovid]. <-- In this classification, animals can also be the object of love. [[love]] --> M8.3.1.1.1.1 LOVE #897. Love. N. {{has_high_intensity(friendship)}} {{has_subtype(passion, @R821)}} love, affection, tenderness, fondness. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3/animal[2], @R366)}} loved one. {{has_subtype(loved one): favorite &c. R899}}. {{has_low_intensity}} liking; inclination &c. (desire) R865; regard, dilection[obs1], fancy. {{has_conceptual_part: admiration, @R931}}. enchantment, infatuation, fervor, enthusiasm. brotherly love, attachment, heart, Platonic love. {{has_low_intensity(love, R897): sympathy, M8.3.1.1.1.1.1}}. {{has_manifestation(love[of=mankind]): benevolence &c. R906}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(romantic)}} romantic love, amour, eros[Grk]. {{conceptual_part_of(romantic love)}} romance. {{&mcauses(romantic love): sexual relations, @R374a; free love, @R961}}. {{has_high_intensity(romantic love)}} passion, rapture, adoration, devotion, idolization, transport of love, yearning, tender passion, flame, idolizing, idolatry. {{has_metaphor(romantic love)}} Cupid, Venus. {{has_symbol(romantic love)}} myrtle; true lover's knot; love token. {{mcauses(romantic love): @R902, amorous behavior, gallantry}}. {{has_subtype(amorous behavior)}} {{has_subtype(relationship, @R692)}} love affair, love story, love tale, love suit, the old story, plighted love. {{has_subtype(love story)}} unrequited love. {{has_part(love affair): courtship &c. R902}}. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(parent, P2.3.2.3.6.2.3)}} maternal love, storge[Grk], parental love. {{hperforms(young person, R129)}} {{has_subtype(romantic love)}} young love, puppy love. attractiveness; popularity. {{performed_by(romantic love): P2.3.2.3.6.5.74.1, lover, suitor, beau}}. <-- amourette[obs3]; --> V. {{has_expression(love)}} [transitive] love, have a love for, have affection for, entertain a love for, care for, harbor a love for, cherish a love for, regard, bear love to. set one's affections on; make much of. {{has_expression(romantic love)}} be in love with. {{has_high_intensity(be in love with)}} be head over heels in love with. {{has_high_intensity(love)}} [transitive] adore, idolize, revere, love to distraction, aimer eperdument[Fr]; dote on, dote upon. burn. {{has_high_intensity(be in love with)}} burn with love for. {{&mcauses(be in love with): @R903, wed, be wedded to}}. {{has_low_intensity(love)}} like, fancy, have a liking for, have an affection for, affect, have a fondness for. {{has_low_intensity: be partial to, sympathize with}}. {{mcauses}} feast one's eyes on, look upon with pleasure. hold dear, prize; hug, cling to, cherish, pet. [transitive]{{has_low_intensity(be in love with)}} be fond of. {{&caused_by: admire, @R931}}. [transitive]{{has_high_intensity(be in love with)}} be head over heels in love with, be madly in love with. look sweet upon. {{has_commencement(love)}} fall in love, become enamored; fall in love with, lose one's heart to, take a fancy to. {{has_commencement(liking)}} take a liking to, take to, cotton to; take an interest in. {{mcauses: desire &c. R865}}. {{&mcaused_by(love)}} excite love; win the heart, gain the heart, win the affections, gain the affections, secure the love, engage the affections; take the fancy of, have a place in the heart, wind round the heart; attract, attach, endear, charm, fascinate, captivate, bewitch, seduce, enamor, enrapture, turn the head. {{&mcaused_by(affection)}} get into favor; ingratiate oneself, insinuate oneself, worm oneself; propitiate, curry favor with, pay one's court to, faire l'aimable[Fr], set one's cap at, flirt. {{trait_of(loved)}} darling, loved one. Adj. loving, affectionate. fond of; taken with, struck with; smitten, bitten; attached to, wedded to; enamored; charmed &c. v.; in love. love-sick; over head and ears in love, head over heels in love. tender, sweet upon. {{has_property(romantic love)}} romantic, amorous, amatory. fond, uxorious, ardent, passionate, rapturous, devoted, motherly. erotic. {{has_property(loved one)}} {{mcaused_by(love)}} lovable, adorable; lovely, sweet; attractive, seductive, winning; charming, engaging, interesting, enchanting, captivating, fascinating, bewitching; amiable, like an angel. {{mcauses(love)}} {{has_property(loved one)}} loved; liked; adored, idolized, revered; beloved, well beloved, dearly beloved; dear, precious, darling, pet, little; favorite, popular. congenial. {{has_property(loved one)}} after one's mind, after one's taste, after one's fancy, after one's own heart, to one's mind, to one's taste, to one's fancy, to one's own heart. in one's good graces &c. (friendly) R888; dear as the apple of one's eye, nearest to one's heart. Phr. amantes amentes [Lat][Terence]; credula res amor est [Lat][Ovid]; militat omnis amasius [Lat][Ovid]; love conquers all, omnia vincit amor [Lat][Vergil]; si vis amari ama [obs3][Lat][Seneca]; " the sweetest joy, the wildest woe " [Bailey]. <-- [[sympathy]] --> M8.3.1.1.1.1.1 SYMPATHY N. {{has_low_intensity(love, R897)}} sympathy, fellow-feeling, warmth, good feeling. {{affected_by(sympathy): feeling[of=other, M1.2], R821}}. {{&mcauses(sympathy[for=$other, M1.2] + pleasure[of=$other], R827)}} {{has_subtype(pleasure, R827)}} sympathetic pleasure. {{&mcauses(sympathy[for=$other, M1.2] + suffering[of=$other], R828)}} {{has_subtype(suffering, R828): pity, R914}}. {{!mcauses(sympathy[for=$other, M1.2])}} {{has_subtype(desire[for=good[for=$other], R618], R865)}} kind wishes, good wishes. {{has_high_intensity(kind wishes)}} best wishes. {{has_high_quantity(kind wishes): benevolence, R906}}. {{has_metaphor}} a heart as big as all outdoors. V. {{has_low_intensity(love, R897)}} be partial to, sympathize with, empathize with, feel for. be interested in, feel interested in, take an interest in, feel an interest in, view with an eye of favor, regard with an eye of favor, take in good part. {{&mcauses: fraternize &c. (be friendly) R888}}. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(desire[obj=good[for=$other], R618], R865)}} wish well. {{has_subtype(wish well)}} wish Godspeed. Adj. {{has_low_intensity(loving, R897)}} sympathetic, warm, empathetic. M8.3.1.1.1.R1 CONGRATULATION #896. Congratulation. N. {{has_subtype(salute, @R894)}} {{has_lexpression(sympathetic pleasure[for=$other, M1.2])}} {{mcaused_by($happy event, @R680)}} congratulation, felicitation, gratulation[obs3]. &&{{affected_by($other): $happy event}}. {{contrast_to: condolence &c. R915}}. V. congratulate, felicitate, gratulate[obs3], tender one's congratulations, offer one's congratulations. give one joy, wish one joy. wish many happy returns of the day; wish a merry Christmas and a happy new year. praise, laud (commendation) R931. congratulate oneself &c. (rejoice) R838. Adj. congratulatory, gratulatory[obs3]. Phr. " I wish you all the joy that you can wish " [Merchant of Venice]; best wishes. M8.3.1.1.2 ENMITY #889. Enmity. N. {{has_property(enemy, R891, P2.3.2.3.6.4.29)}} enmity, hostility, unfriendliness. {{mcauses: discord &c. R713; bitterness, rancor; malevolence &c. R907}}. alienation, estrangement. {{&mcaused_by: dislike &c. R867; hate &c. R898; jealousy, @R920; resentment, R900}}. V. be unfriendly, be hostile, be inimical. keep at arm's length, hold at arm's length; be at loggerheads; bear malice &c. R907; fall out; harden the heart, alienate, estrange. {{&mcaused_by: take umbrage &c. R900}}. <-- [not friendly, but not hostile see indifference R866]. --> Adj. inimical, unfriendly, hostile. at enmity, at variance, at daggers drawn, at open war with; up in arms against; in bad odor with. on bad terms, not on speaking terms; cool; cold, cold hearted. estranged, alienated, disaffected, irreconcilable. <-- R890, Friend, and R891, Enemy are moved to character , P2.3.2.3.6.4.28 FRIEND (R890) P2.3.2.3.6.4.29 ENEMY (R891) The headword "sociability" is a feeling, but most of the other words in this section deal with actions prompted by that feeling--> M8.3.1.1.3 SOCIALITY #892. Sociality. N. {{hperforms(human group)}} sociality, sociability, sociableness, socialization. {{has_conceptual_part: courtesy, R894; pleasantry, @R840}}. conviviality, good fellowship, good company; cheer, joviality, jollity, savoir vivre[Fr]. cordiality, hospitability, hospitality, heartiness. {{has_expression}} social intercourse; consociation[obs3]; intercourse, intercommunity[obs3]; consortship[obs3], companionship, comradeship; clubbism[obs3]; esprit de corps. festivity, festive board, merrymaking. {{has_manifestation}} {[when(meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5)]} greeting, salute, salutation. welcome, welcomeness; hearty welcome, hearty reception, warm reception; familiarity. {{has_participant}} good fellow, jolly fellow, bon enfant[Fr], bawcock[obs3]. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} {{member_of(acquaintance, R890)}} society, social circle, circle of acquaintance, coterie, company. {{has_part(social circle)}} {{has_subtype(kin, R11)}} family circle[collective]. {{performed_at}} {{has_subtype(meeting[2], @P2.3.2.3.5)}} social gathering, social event. {{has_subtype(social gathering)}} function, sociable[2] [U.S.]. {{conceptual_part_of(sociable[2])}} {{has_subtype(purpose, R615)}} {{has_subtype(topic, R454)}} theme. {{has_subtype(social event)}} reunion, social reunion; barbecue [U. S.], bee; corn-husking [U. S.], corn-shucking [U. S.]; house raising, barn raising; husking, husking-bee [U. S.]; infare[obs3]; pancake breakfast; sewing bee. {{has_subtype(reunion)}} class reunion. {{has_subtype(function)}} {{purpose_of(raise funds)}} fund-raiser. {{has_subtype(social event)}} {{has_subtype(entertainment, @R840)}} {{has_subtype(meeting[2], @P2.3.2.3.5)}} party. {{has_participant(party): @R890, guest, host}}. {{uses(social event)}} {{has_subtype(invitation, @R765)}} invitation, invitation to a social gathering. {{has_subtype(invitation[to=wedding, @R903])}} wedding invitation. {{has_subtype(party)}} evening party, soiree, "soir,e"; morning party, matinee, "matin,e"; afternoon party; bridge party; garden party; surprise party; smoker, smoker-party; stag party; hen party; tea-party, tea-fight; bash[coll.]. {{has_subtype(party)}} dinner party, dinner. reception, levee, at home, conversazione[It]. kettle, kettle drum; partie carree[Fr], dish of tea, ridotto[obs3], rout[obs2]; housewarming. ball; festival, tamasha[obs2]. {{has_subtype(party)}} {{temporal_loc_of(anniversary, @R138)}} [parties for specific occasions] birthday party; Christmas party; New Year's Eve party, bonenkai[Japan]; Thanksgiving Day Dinner. {{has_subtype(party)}} {{temporal_loc_of(wedding day)}} wedding reception. {{part_of(conversation, R588)}} {{has_subtype(interview, @R588)}} {{has_result(meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} visit, meeting, call; morning call. {{part_of(conversation, R588)}} {{has_result(meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} visiting; round of visits. {{part_of(conversation, R588)}} {{has_subtype(agreement[to=meet], R769)}} appointment, engagement. {{has_topic(appointment): meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(meeting[with=lover, P2.3.2.3.6.5.74.1/close friend, R890])}} date, assignation, tryst. {{has_subtype(date)}} {{property_of(important, R642)}} heavy date. {{performed_at(tryst)}} trysting place. {{&performed_at: @P1.2.3.2.4.1, club, meetinghouse, clubhouse, tavern, coffee house}}. {{&performed_at: restaurant; catering establishment; hall}}. {{has_symbol}} {{has_subtype(cup, @R191)}} {{property_of(large)}} loving cup[obs2]. V. be sociable, socialize, be companionable, be social. know, be acquainted, be familiar. associate with, sort with, keep company with, consort, walk hand in hand with; eat off the same trencher, club together, bear one company, join; make advances, fraternize, embrace. {{has_commencement(associate with/fraternize): make acquaintance with, @R888}}. be at home with, feel at home with, make oneself at home with; make free with; crack a bottle with; receive hospitality, live at free quarters; find the latchstring out [U.S.]. visit, pay a visit, present oneself, pay one's respects, wait upon; call at, call upon; drop in, look in; look one up, beat up one's quarters. interchange visits. {{&has_activity(visit)}} {{has_subtype(give[obj=calling card])}} leave a card. interchange cards. {{hperforms(host, @R890)}} entertain, host, throw. {{requires(entertain)}} {{hperforms(host, @R890)}} {{has_subtype(invite[obj=attendance[of=person, P2.3.2.3][at=social gathering], @R186], @R765)}} invite, invite over. {{has_method(invite)}} {{used_in(mail, @P2.3.1.3.14.3.1)}} {{has_subtype(send[obj=invitation], @R270)}} send out invitations, send invitations. {{has_subtype(host)}} be at home, see one's friends, hang out, keep open house, do the honors; receive, receive with open arms; welcome; give a warm reception &c. n.; to kill the fatted calf. {{has_subtype(host[obj=party])}} host a party, give a party, throw a party. Adj. sociable, companionable, convivial, clubbable. chatty, conversational, conversable[obs3], cosy, cosey[obs3]. festive, festal; jovial, jolly. hospitable. {{has_consequence}} {{has_property(guest, @R890)}} welcome, welcome as the roses in May; "f^ted", entertained. familiar, acquainted, free and easy, hale fellow well met, on visiting terms. social, neighborly; international; gregarious. Adv. within the family, in the family circle, en famille[Fr]; "sans faØon", "sans c,r,monie"[Fr]; arm in arm. Phr. " a crowd is not company " [Bacon]; " be bright and jovial among your guests tonight " [Macbeth]; " his worth is warrant for his welcome " [Two Gentlemen]; " let's be red with mirth " [Winter's Tale]; " welcome the coming, speed the parting guest " [Pope]; " the feast of reason and the flow of soul " [Pope]. <-- the headword here is the action. Seclusion and M8.3.1.1.8, Exclusion were in a single Roget entry, and were separated. --> M8.3.1.1.4 SECLUSION #893. Seclusion. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(abandonment[of=circle of acquaintance], @R624)}} {{has_subtype(solitariness, @R87)}} seclusion, retirement, recess; estrangement from the world, voluntary exile. delitescence[obs3]; rustication, rus in urbe[Lat]. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(feeling, R821)}} loneliness. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(state, R183a)}} isolation, seclusion[2], solitude, privacy, reclusion. {{&performed_at}} cell, hermitage; sanctum sanctorum[Lat]. {{&performed_at: convent &c. R1000}}. {{has_trait(hermit)}} reclusiveness, uncociability, antisocial attitude, inhospitability, inhospitality[obs3], inhospitableness &c. adj.; dissociability[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity}} aloofness. {{has_low_intensity}} domesticity, staying at home, snugness[obs2]. {{has_metaphor(stay-at-home)}} Darby and Joan. {{performed_by(domesticity)}} stay-at-home. {{performed_by}} recluse, hermit, solitary individual. {{has_subtype(hermit)}} {{has_subtype(pious person, @R997)}} eremite, cenobite; anchoret[obs3], anchorite. {{has_subtype(hermit)}} closet cynic; outcast, Pariah, castaway, pilgarlic[obs3]; wastrel, wilding[obs3], ruralist[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(recluse)}} Simon Stylites[obs3]; Timon of Athens[obs3], Santon[obs3], disciple of Zimmermann, Diogenes, solitaire. {{has_metaphor(recluse)}} troglodyte. V. {{has_subtype(abandon[obj=society, @R892], R624)}} be reclusive, keep to oneself, live like a hermit, keep aloof, stand, hold oneself aloof, keep in the background, stand in the background, be secluded, live secluded, seclude oneself. retire, retire from the world. keep snug; shut oneself up; deny oneself, creep into a corner, rusticate, aller planter ses choux[Fr]. take the veil; sport one's oak. Adj. {{has_result(seclusion)}} secluded, recluse, sequestered, retired, delitescent[obs3], private, bye; out of the world, out of the way. {{has_low_intensity}} domestic, stay-at-home, snug[obs2]. {{has_trait(recluse)}} reclusive, unsociable, unsocial, antisocial, dissocial[obs3]; inhospitable, cynical, inconversable[obs1], unclubbable, sauvage[Fr]. {{has_metaphor(reclusive)}} troglodytic. {{has_consequence(secluded)}} solitary, isolated, single; lonely, lonesome. estranged. Phr. " the world forgetting; by the world forgot " [Pope]. M8.3.1.1.5 COURTESY #894. Courtesy. N. {{conceptual_part_of(respect, R928)}} courtesy, politeness, civility, civilization[obs2]. good manners, good behavior, good breeding, manners. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(virtue[1], M4.2.2.1.1)}} gentility, polish, urbanity, suavity, comity, breeding, presence; amenity, good humor, amiability, affability, complaisance, amability[obs3]; pink of politeness, pink of courtesy; gallantry. <--, prevenance = going before. Why here? --> {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(virtue[1], M4.2.2.1.1)}} good temper, easy temper, complacency, soft tongue, mansuetude. {{conceptual_part_of: condescension &c. (humility) R879}}. {{conceptual_part_of: decorum, @R850}}. {{&has_expression}} {{&has_lexpression(kind wishes/respect, R928)}} salute. {{has_subtype(salute)}} {{has_subtype(greeting, @R892)}} {{has_subtype(body motion[of=hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3])}} military salute. {{has_subtype(salute)}} {{used_in(firearm)}} salvo. {{has_subtype(salvo)}} {{used_in(cannon)}} salvo of artillery. {{has_subtype(salvo)}} "21-gun salute". {{has_subtype(salute)}} {{used_in(trumpet, @R417)}} {{has_subtype(music, R415)}} feu de joie[Fr], flourish of trumpets, fanfare. {{&has_lexpression}} compliment, compliments[pl], regards[pl]. {{has_subtype(compliments)}} compliments of the season. {{&has_lexpression}} fair words, soft words, sweet words; honeyed phrases, ceremonial. {{has_expression}} {{co-occurs_with(meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} greeting, salutation, reception, recognition. {{has_lexpression}} {{mcaused_by(acquaintance, @R888)}} {{co-occurs_with(meeting, @P2.3.2.3.5)}} presentation, introduction, accueil[obs3]. {{has_lexpression}} respects, devoir, regards, remembrances; kind regards, kind remembrances; love, best love. empty encomium, flattering remark, hollow commendation. <-- one can greet someone without particular warmth. "Welcome" conveys more friendliness, on average. --> {{has_subtype(greeting)}} {{property_of(warm, @R888)}} welcome, abord[obs1]. {{&has_lexpression}} {{has_subtype(body movement, @R264)}} bow, courtesy, curtsy, salaam. {{has_excess: obsequiousness, @R886}}. {{&has_expression(obeisance, @R928)}} {{&has_expression(obsequiousness, @R886)}} scrape, kowtow, kowtowing, bowing and scraping, kotow[obs3]. shaking hands, grip of the hand; embrace, hug, squeeze, accolade, pledge; kiss, buss. capping, loving cup, vin d'honneur[Fr]. {{has_expression}} {[in_frame(religion, R983): @R990, kneeling, genuflection]}. mark of recognition, nod; "nods and becks and wreathed smiles" [Milton]. {{has_lexpression: valediction, @R293; condolence, @R915}}. <-- ; love token &c. (endearment) R902 --> V. be courteous, be polite, be civil, show courtesy, be well-mannered, show good manners, show good breeding, exhibit courtesy, display courtesy. mind one's P's and Q's, behave oneself. be all things to all men, conciliate, speak one fair, take in good part; make the amiable, do the amiable; look as if butter would not melt in one's mouth; mend one's manners. greet, hail, receive, usher, do the honors; bid Godspeed; speed the parting guest; cheer, serenade. {{has_subtype(greet[mode=warmly, @R888])}} welcome, bid welcome, welcome with open arms. {{has_expression(welcome)}} {{has_subtype(move[obj=hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3], R264)}} shake hands, hold out the hand, press the hand, squeeze the hand, press the flesh; salute, touch the hat. {{has_expression(welcome)}} {{has_subtype(move[obj=head, @R1002])}} kiss; kiss the hand, kiss hands; drink to, pledge, hob and nob[obs3]; move to, nod to; smile upon. {{&has_expression(greet)}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=hat, @P2.3.1.3.5.2], @R38)}} take off the hat, uncover the head, uncover, doff the cap, uncap[obs2]. {{has_lexpression}} compliment, give regards, express regards. make way for; bow; make one's bow, make a leg; scrape, curtsy, courtesy; bob a curtsy, bob a courtesy; kneel; bow the knee, bend the knee. {{has_expression(welcome)}} {[in_frame(military)]} present arms. {{&has_expression: @R892, visit, wait upon, present oneself, pay one's respects, pay a visit}}. {{has_excess(be coureous): dance attendance on &c. (servility) R886}}. pay attentions to. {{has_high_intensity(be courteous): do homage to, @R928}}. {{has_expression(welcome): embrace &c. (endearment) R902}}. {{has_expression(courtesy)}} {[in_frame(religion, R983): @R990, prostrate oneself, kneel, bend the knee, fall down on one's knees]}. give one's duty to, send one's duty to &c. n.. {{caused_by}} render polite; polish, civilize, humanize. Adj. courteous, polite, civil, mannerly, well-behaved, well-mannered, good-mannered. urbane, well-bred, well-brought up, polished, civilized, cultivated, refined, gentlemanlike, gentlemanly, gallant, on one's good behavior. fine spoken, fair spoken, soft-spoken; honey-mouthed, honey-tongued; oily, bland; obliging, conciliatory, complaisant, complacent. {{has_excess: obsequious &c. R886}}. ingratiating, winning; gentle, mild; good-humored, cordial, gracious, affable, familiar; neighborly. {[in_frame(disagreement, R489)]} {{has_subtype(artful &c. R702)}} diplomatic, tactful, politic. <-- &c. (taste) R850 &c. (fashion) R852; --> Adv. courteously, politely, civilly, with a good grace, with good manners. obligingly, complaisantly. ingratiatingly. diplomatically, tactfully, with tact. with open arms, with outstretched arms; a bras ouverts[Fr]; suaviter in modo[Fr], in good humor. Int. {{has_lexpression(greeting)}} "Hello", "Hi!"[informal], "Howdy!"[Western U.S.], "How do you do?", "hail!", "welcome!", "well met!", "ave!"[archaic]; "all hail!"; good day, "good morrow!"; "Godspeed!"; "pax vobiscum![Lat]"; "may your shadow never be less!". Phr. "Give my regards."; Tien de plus estimable que la ceremonie[Fr]; " the very pink of courtesy " [Romeo and Juliet]. M8.3.1.1.6 DISCOURTESY #895. Discourtesy. N. {{antonym_of(courtesy)}} {{&has_manifestation(disrespect, R929/aloofness, @R866)}} discourtesy, impoliteness, ill manners, bad manners, rudeness, brusqueness, ungainly manners, insuavity[obs3], uncourteousness[obs3]. boorishness, rusticity, inurbanity[obs3]; illiberality, incivility displacency[obs3]. ill breeding. {{has_high_intensity}} impudence, pertness, petulence, procacity[obs3]; barbarism, barbarity, repulsiveness; misbehavior, brutality, blackguardism[obs3], conduct unbecoming a gentleman, grossierete, brusquerie[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity: vulgarity &c. R851}}. churlishness; spinosity[obs3], perversity; moroseness &c. (sullenness) R901a. sternness &c. adj.; austerity; moodishness[obs3], captiousness &c. R901; cynicism; tartness &c. adj.; acrimony, acerbity, virulence, asperity. scowl, black looks, frown; short answer, rebuff; hard words, contumely; unparliamentary language, personality. {{performed_by: boor, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.36}}. {{has_metaphor(boor, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.36)}} bear, bruin, brute, blackguard, beast; unlicked cub[obs3]; frump, crosspatch[obs3]; crooked stick; grizzly. {{performed_by: saucebox, @R887}}. V. be rude, be discourteous, be impolite. insult &c. R929; treat with discourtesy; take a name in vain; make bold with, make free with; take a liberty; stare out of countenance, ogle, point at, put to the blush. cut; turn one's back upon, turn on one's heel; give the cold shoulder; keep at a distance, keep at arm's length; look cool upon, look coldly upon, look black upon; show the door to, send away with a flea in the ear. {{&mcaused_by: lose one's temper &c. (resentment) R900; sulk &c. R901a}}. frown, scowl, glower, pout; snap, snarl, growl. render rude; brutalize, brutify[obs3]. Adj. discourteous, impolite, unmannerly, unmannered, ill-mannered, ill-behaved, unpolite[obs3], uncourteous[obs3]; uncourtly[obs3]; unpolished, uncivilized, ungenteel; ungentleman-like, ungentlemanly; unladylike; blackguard; vulgar &c. R851; dedecorous[obs3]; foul-mouthed foul-spoken; abusive. {{&consequence_of}} ill-bred, ill-conditioned; unbred. uncivil, ungracious, unceremonious; obtrusive, pert, forward, saucy, precocious. unaccommodating, unneighborly, ungallant, uncomplaisant[obs3], inaffable[obs3]; ungentle, ungainly; rough, rugged, bluff, blunt, gruff; stern, harsh, austere; cavalier. untactful, impolitic, undiplomatic; artless &c. R703. {{has_low_intensity: @R866, uncaring, cool}}. {{has_high_intensity}} impudent, rude, impertinent, saucy; churlish, boorish, bearish; brutal, brusque; repulsive. {{has_high_intensity}} sour, crabbed, sharp, short, trenchant, sarcastic, biting, doggish, caustic, virulent, bitter, acrimonious, venomous, taint, contumelious; snarling; surly, surly as a bear; perverse. {{&consequence_of: grim, sullen &c. R901a; peevish &c. (irascible) R901}}. Adv. discourteously, impolitely. ungraciously, unceremoniously. rudely, impudently; churlishly, boorishly; brusqely. sarcastically, bitingly; bitterly, venomously, acrimoniously. obtrusively. with discourtesy &c. n.; with a bad grace. M8.3.1.1.7 Dummy. N. dummy. M8.3.1.1.8 EXCLUSION #893a. Exclusion. N. {{has_subtype(exclusion[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3], R55)}} exclusion. {{has_subtype(exclusion[from=region, R181])}} banishment, exile. ostracism, proscription. {{has_patient(banishment)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} exile[2]. {{has_subtype(exclusion[from=church, M9.6.5]): excommunication, @R998}}. {[of(human group)]} cut, elimination. {{has_high_quantity(exclusion[from=district, R181])}} depopulation, desolation. {{&forms(depopulation[of=town, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4])}} {{forms(abandonment[of=town, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4], R624)}} {{has_subtype(town, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4)}} ghost town. {{&has_result(depopulation): wilderness &c. (unproductive) R169}}. {{has_subtype(wilderness, @R169)}} howling wilderness. {{&has_result(depopulation[of=borough, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4])}} {{has_subtype(borough, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4)}} {{property_of(underpopulated)}} rotten borough. {{has_metaphor(rotten borough)}} Old Sarum. {{has_subtype(depopulation[of=race, @R11/nation, @R11/nation, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1])}} {{has_high_quantity(murder, @R361)}} genocide. {{has_subtype(depopulation)}} ethnic cleansing. {{has_subtype(exclusion[from=private club])}} blackballing. {{has_subtype: imprisonment, @R751}}. {{has_instance(exclusion[from=district])}} Pale of settlement[Russian Hist.]. {{has_instance(genocide[of=Jews][by=Nazi Germany])}} Holocaust, the Holocaust[1934-1945], Shoa[Heb.]. {{&performed_at(ethnic cleansing)}} Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia[1992-1995]. <-- cut direct; dead cut? cut, cut dead??--> V. {[act_causing(exclusion)]} exclude, repel. banish, exile, expatriate, outlaw, maroon, cut off from, send to Coventry, keep at arm's length, draw a cordon round. be excluded, be eliminated. {{has_subtype(be excluded)}} {[in_frame(sports)]} miss the cut. {{has_subtype(exclude[from=church, M9.6.5])}} proscribe, excommunicate. {{has_low_level}} ostracize. {[with_object(human group)]} cut, eliminate. refuse to associate with, refuse to acknowledge; look cool upon, turn one's back upon, shut the door upon. blackball. cut off communication with, refuse to speak to. {{has_high_quantity(exclusion)}} depopulate; dispeople[obs3], unpeople[obs3]. {{has_subtype(depopulate)}} {{has_high_quantity(murder, @R361)}} commit genocide, practise genocide. Adj. {{has_consequence(exclude)}} excluded. banished, exiled, expatriated. <-- "depopulate" is to reduce population, not necessarily to completely eliminate it. --> {{has_consequence(depopulate)}} depopulated. {{&has_consequence(depopulated)}} underpopulated. {{has_consequence(underpopulated): @R737b, overrepresented}}. {{has_extreme(depopulated)}} {{has_subtype(lacking[obj=people], @R187)}} uninhabited, abandoned, deserted, tenantless, forlorn, desolate, untenanted, unpeopled. {{&has_consequence(uninhabited)}} uninhabitable; unfrequented. {{&has_property(exile)}} friendless, homeless, kithless[obs3]. {{has_property(exile)}} deserted in one's utmost need, unfriended[obs3], lorn[obs3]. {{has_property(exile)}} unvisited, unintroduced[obs3], uninvited, unwelcome; under a cloud, left to shift for oneself, derelict, outcast. {[referring_to(genocide)]} genocidal. Phr. noli me tangere[Lat]. " among them but not of them " [Byron]; " and homeless near a thousand homes I stood " [Wordsworth]; far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife [Gray]; " makes a solitude and calls it peace " [Byron]; magna civitas magna solitudo [Lat]; " never less alone than when alone " [Rogers]; " O sacred solitude! divine retreat! " [Young]. <-- [[hate]] --> M8.3.1.1.9 HATE #898. Hate. N. {{has_high_intensity(dislike, R867)}} hate, hatred, loathing, detestation, abomination[1], abhorrence, antipathy. {{has_patient}} hated thing, object of hatred, object of execration. {{has_subtype(hated thing)}} abomination[2], aversion, "b^te noire". {{has_high_level}} horror, mortal antipathy, rooted antipathy, mortal horror, rooted horror. {{mcauses}} {{analogous_to(revulsion, R277)}} revulsion, recoil. {{has_low_intensity: @R867, disaffection, disfavor, unpopularity}}. {{has_case: source of annoyance &c. R830}}. vials of hate. {[of_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} alienation, estrangement, coolness. {[of_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} umbrage, pique, grudge; dudgeon, spleen bitterness, bitterness of feeling; ill blood, bad blood; acrimony. {[of_object(people, P2.3.2.3): misanthropy, R911]}. {{mcauses(hatred[ptnt=preson, P2.3.2.3]): enmity &c. R889; animosity &c. R900}}. {[of_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&mcauses: malice &c. R907; implacability &c. (revenge) R919}}. {[of_object(demon)]} demonophobia[obs3]. {[of_object(marriage)]} misogamy. {[of_object(reasoning)]} misology. {[of_object(woman)]} gynephobia, misogyny. {[of_object(black person)]} negrophobia[obs3]. {[of_object(foreigner, P2.3.2.3.6.4.3)]} xenophobia. {{conceptual_part_of}} odium. {{has_high_quantity(hatred[ptnt=$person, P2.3.2.3])}} unpopularity[ptnt=$person]. {{performed_by(hate[ptnt=$person, P2.3.2.3]): enemy[of=$person], R891}}. {{has_metaphor(hated thing)}} bitter pill. {{&caused_by: evil-doing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. V. {{has_high_intensity(dislike, R867)}} hate, detest, abominate, abhor, loathe, execrate. {{&mcauses}} recoil at, shudder at; shrink from, view with horror, hold in abomination, revolt against. {{&mcauses(hate[ptnt=$person, P2.3.2.3]): discourtesy[toward=$person], R895}}. {{&mcauses}} owe a grudge, bear spleen, bear a grudge, bear malice. {{has_commencement}} conceive an aversion to, take a dislike to. {{&mcauses(bear malice): malevolence, R907}}. {{&mcaused_by}} excite hatred, provoke hatred; estrange, alienate, repel. {{&mcaused_by}} be hateful, be abhorrent, be detestable; stink in the nostrils. {{has_high_intensity(be abhorrent): horrify &c. R830}}. {{&mcaused_by}} set against, sow dissension, set by the ears, envenom, incense, irritate, rile; roil. Adj. hating &c. v.. averse from &c. (disliking) R867; set against. bitter &c. (acrimonious) R895; implacable &c. (revengeful) R919. {{has_consequence(hate)}} {{has_high_intensity(disliked, R867)}} hated, unloved, unbeloved, unlamented, undeplored, unmourned[obs3], uncared for, unendeared[obs3], un-valued. {{has_property(hated thing)}} hateful, abhorrent, abominable, detestable, execrable; cursed, accursed, confounded; damned, damnable, infernal, hateful as a toad. {{&has_property(hated thing)}} repulsive, offensive, obnoxious, odious; shocking. {{&has_property(hated thing): @R830, disgusting, disagreeable}}. {{&mcauses(dislike)}} {{&has_trait(person, P2.3.2.3)}} invidious, spiteful. {{&mcauses(spiteful): malicious &c. R907}}. {{&consequence_of(hating)}} insulting, irritating, provoking. {{&mcauses(hating)}} [Mutual hate] at daggers drawn; at loggerheads. {{&mcauses(hating): not on speaking terms, @R889}}. misanthropic. Phr. no love lost between. M8.3.1.1.10 DUMMY N. dummy. M8.3.1.1.11 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- RESENTMENT R900 Moved to M8.3.4 retrospective sympatheteic affections M8.3.4.3 RESENTMENT (R900) Irascibility is a susceptibility to anger. THe actions of being angry is at M8.3.4.3. Relatiobn to: R901, M8.3.1.1.12.2, sullenness? --> <-- this could be at M3.3.2.1.1, feelings (passive personal affections), except that it mainly affects response to other people. IT is a subtype of M4.2.1.1, susceptibility , under "affective propensity" --> M8.3.1.1.12 ILL HUMOR N. {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=emotion, @R821], R822)}} {{antonym_of(good humor, R836)}} ill humor, moodiness, bad humor, bad mood, temperament, bad temperament. {{has_subtype: dejection, R837}}. {{facilitates: discourtesy, R895}}. {[of(woman)]} {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(illness, P2.6.4.1.2.1)}} pre-menstrual syndrome, PMS. V. be in a bad mood, be in a bad humor. Adj. moody, in a bad mood, ill-humored, ill-affected, ill-disposed, moodish[obs3], ill-tempered. in an ill temper, in an ill humor, in a bad humor, out of humor. {{has_subtype(unpredictable, @R519)}} temperamental. {{facilitates: discourteous, R895}}. M8.3.1.1.12.1 IRASCIBILITY #901. Irascibility. N. {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=anger, M8.3.4.3], R822)}} {{has_subtype(excitability, R825)}} irascibility, irritability, irascibleness, temper, irritableness, crossness, testiness, crabbiness, petulance, grouchiness, tartness, acerbity, querulousness, captiousness, cantankerousness, procacity, protervity. {{facilitates: @R900, resentment, anger, huff}}. asperity, harshness. ill temper, bad temper, hot temper, fiery temper, crooked temper, irritable temper, excitable temper, volatile temper, uncontrollable temper, irascible temper; genus irritabile[Lat], hot blood. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(competitiveness, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=quarrel, @R713], R822)}} quarrelsomeness, contentiousness, disputatiousness. {{has_high_level(contentiousness)}} {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=fight, @M8.2.2.1.1.1], R822): @R720, pugnaciousness, bellicosity, pugnacity}}. {{&mcauses: discourtesy, R895}}. {{&mcauses}} a word and a blow. {{trait_of}} irritable person, grouch, crab. {{has_metaphor(irritable person)}} shrew, vixen, virago, termagant, dragon, scold, Xantippe; porcupine, bear; spitfire; Sir Fretful Plagiary; brabbler[obs3], Tartar. {{has_metaphor(irritable person): fire eater, @R887; fury, @R173}}. V. be irascible, be testy, be touchy, be bad-tempered, be ill-tempered, be irritable, be volatile, be cross, be in a bad temper, be grouchy, be in a bad mood, feel grouchy, feel irritable, have a temper. have a devil in one. {{facilitates: @R900, get angry, fire up, be angry}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(susceptible[to=anger, M8.3.4.3], R822)}} {{has_subtype(excitable, R825)}} {{has_subtype(in a bad mood)}} irascible, testy, touchy, ill-tempered, irritable, crabby, cross, surly, crabbed, hot-tempered, bad-tempered, volatile, fiery, techy[obs3], tetchy. fretful, fidgety; on the fret; huffy, pettish, petulant. waspish, snappish, querulous, fractious, peevish, bilious, "acariŸtre", captious, peppery, choleric, shrewish, hasty, overhasty, quick, hot; like touchwood, like tinder; " sudden and quick in quarrel " [As You Like It]. {{has_high_intensity(ill-tempered): ill-natured, @R907}}. {{has_high_intensity: thin-skinned, @R822}}. {{has_subtype(competitive, @M8.2.2.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(susceptible[to=quarrel, @R713], R822)}} quarrelsome, contentious, disputatious. {{has_high_intensity(quarrelsome): pugnacious &c. (bellicose) R720}}. cantankerous, exceptious[obs3]. {{facilitates: discourteous, R895}}. {{facilitates: @R900, resentful, resentive[obs3], angry}}. cross as crabs, cross as two sticks, cross as a cat, cross as a dog, cross as the tongs. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(in a state, @R7b)}} in a bad temper, in a shocking temper, in an ill temper, in an evil temper, in a shocking humor, out of temper. {{&has_consequence(quarrelsome): vindictive &c. R919}}. {{&has_property(irascibility): temporary}}. Int. {{&has_lexpression(irascibility)}} "pish!". Phr. a vieux comptes nouvelles disputes[Fr]; quamvis tegatur proditur vultu furor [Lat][Seneca]; vino tortus et ira [Lat][Horace]. <-- Roget had many words from irascibility, above, also in this section. We distinguish irascibility, above, as a moodiness which tends toward anger or angry words, from sullenness, here, which is a moodiness which tends toward silence and withdrawal. --> M8.3.1.1.12.2 SULLENNESS #901a. Sullenness. N. {{has_subtype(susceptibility[to=dejection, R837/taciturnity, R585/resentment, R900], R822)}} sullenness, sulkiness, moodiness, gloominess, morosity[obs3], spleen[obs2]. {{has_high_intensity: @R837, dejection}}. {{&mcauses: @R606, perversity, obstinacy}}. torvity[obs1], spinosity[obs3]; crabbedness &c. adj.. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} sulks, dumps, doldrums, fit of the sulks, bouderie[Fr], mumps[obs3]. {{has_expression}} {{has_subtype(facial expression)}} black looks, scowl, crabbed look. {{&mcauses: huff, @R900}}. {{facilitates: resentment, R900}}. {{facilitates: discourtesy, R895}}. V. be sullen, be sulky, sulk. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(make a face, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} frown, scowl, pout, lower, glower, have a hangdog look, have a crabbed look, glout[obs3], gloam[obs3]. Adj. {{has_subtype(in a bad temper)}} sullen, sulky, gloomy, grumpy, glum, grim, grum[obs3], morose, frumpish, in the sulks, in the dumps, out of sorts, scowling, glowering, growling, grouchy, grouty[obs3]. knaggy[obs3], torvous[obs3], crusty, crabbed; sour, sour as a crab. moody; splenetic, cankered, spleenish[obs3], spleenly[obs3]. cantankerous, intractable, cussed [U. S.], deaf to reason, unaccommodating, rusty, froward, cross, crossgrained[obs3]; perverse, wayward, restive, exceptious[obs3], sinistrous[obs3], humorsome[obs3], restiff[obs3]. {{&has_consequence: dogged &c. (stubborn) R606}}. M8.3.1.1.13 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [Expression of affection or love.] --> M8.3.1.1.14 ENDEARMENT #902. Endearment. N. {{mcauses(love, R897)}} {{has_expression(love, R897)}} {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} endearment. {{has_subtype}} {{mcauses(romantic love, @R897)}} {{property_of(amorous, @R897)}} amorous behavior. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(touching, @R379)}} caress; blandishment, blandiment[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(touching, @R379)}} {{used_in(arm[num=2])}} embracing, hugging, clasping, holding in one's arms. {{has_result(embracing)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} embrace, hug. {{has_subtype(amorous behavior)}} epanchement, fondling, billing and cooing, dalliance, making out, necking, petting, sporting, sparking, hanky-panky; caressing. {{has_subtype(greeting, @R892)}} kiss, buss, smack, osculation, deosculation[obs1]. {{has_low_quality(kiss)}} perfunctory kiss; peck on the cheek. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gesture, @M8.1.3.2.1)}} amorous glances[pl]. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} courtship, courting, wooing, suit, addresses, the soft impeachment, lovemaking, making love, pitching woo. {{&has_part(courtship)}} {{has_subtype(singing[to=beloved, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.74], @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1)}} serenading. {{has_metaphor(wooing)}} caterwauling. {{has_subtype}} {{not_property_of(serious, M3.3.2.1.1.9)}} {{property_of(playful, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3)}} flirting, flirtation, gallantry. {{has_subtype(flirting)}} {{hperforms(woman)}} coquetry. {{performed_by(coquetry)}} {{has_subtype(woman)}} coquet. true lover's knot, plighted love; love tale. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(gift)}} love token. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(letter, @R592)}} love letter, billet-doux, valentine. {{has_subtype(valentine)}} {{has_subtype(greeting card)}} Valentine's day card. {{conceptual_part_of(amorous behavior): honeymoon, @R903}}. {{has_low_quality: salute, @R894}}. <-- ; Strephon and Chloe[obs3]. --> V. {{mcauses(love, R897)}} {{has_expression(love, R897)}} caress, fondle, pet, cherish, dandle. pat, pat on the head, pat on the cheek; chuck under the chin, smile upon, coax, wheedle, cosset, coddle, cocker, cockle, make much of. {{has_excess}} kill with kindness. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(touch, @R379)}} {{used_in(arm[num=2])}} embrace, hug, clasp, hold in one's arms. {{has_subtype(embrace)}} cuddle, nestle, nuzzle, fold in one's arms, strain in one's arms, press to the bosom, fold to the heart. kiss, buss, smack, blow a kiss. bill and coo, spoon, toy, dally, flirt, coquet; gallivant, galavant; philander; make love; pay one's court to, pay one's addresses to, pay one's attentions to; serenade; court, woo, pitch woo; set one's cap at; be sweet upon, look sweet upon; ogle, cast sheep's eyes upon; faire les yeux doux[Fr]. fall in love with, win the affections &c. (love) R897; die for. propose, propose marriage; make an offer, have an offer; pop the question; plight one's troth, plight one's faith. Adj. endearing, caressing, cherishing, " sighing like a furnace " [Shakespeare]. embracing, hugging. {{consequence_of}} {{has_subtype(in love, @R897)}} love-sick, spoony. {{has_consequence(caress)}} caressed, fondled, petted, cherished. {{has_consequence(cuddle)}} cuddled, nestled, nuzzled. {{has_consequence(embrace)}} embraced, hugged, held in one's arms. Phr. " faint heart neer won fair lady"; "kisses honeyed by oblivion " [G. Eliot]. <-- Note that marriage is a state, and a husband or wife are a participant. Each is a *member* of a married couple (see married couple, [[marriage]] --> M8.3.1.1.15 MARRIAGE (R903) #903. Marriage. N. marriage, matrimony, wedlock, union, intermarriage, miscegenation, the bonds of marriage, match, vinculum matrimonii[Lat], nuptial tie, married state, bed. {{has_participant: married person[num=2], P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. {{is_a}} {{has_subtype(state, @R7b)}} marital status. {{alternative_to(marriage)}} {{has_subtype(marital status): singleness, R904}}. unlawful marriage, left-handed marriage, morganatic marriage. {{has_subtype}} unhappy marriage, bad marriage, troubled marriage, ill-assorted marriage, mesalliance; happy marriage. <-- an unhappy marriage is a marriage in which at least one of the participants is unhappy because of the marriage --> {{has_participant($unhappy marriage): $married person[num=1/2]}}. &&{{has_property($married person): $unhappiness, R828}}. &&{{caused_by($unhappiness): $unhappy marriage}}. <-- in a happy marriage, both are happy --> {{!!has_participant($happy marriage): $married person[num=2]}}. &&{{has_property($married person[num=2]): $happiness, @R827}}. &&{{caused_by($happiness): $happy marriage}}. {{has_metaphor(happy marriage)}} match made in heaven. {{&mcauses(romantic love, @R897)}} marriage of love, marriage for love, love match. {{alternate_to(marriage of love)}} arranged marriage. {{has_subtype(arranged marriage)}} marriage of convenience, mariage de convenance[Fr]. {{similar_to(marriage)}} {{property_of(informal)}} cohabitation; common-law marriage. {{has_result(common-law marriage)}} {{has_subtype(status)}} {[of(woman)]} coverture. {{mcaused_by: engagement, betrothment &c. (promise) R768}}. {{has_beginning}} {{has_subtype(ceremony, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} wedding, wedding ceremony, nuptials, marriage ceremony, bridal, espousal, spousals; leading to the altar, walking down the aisle; torch of Hymen, temple of Hymen; hymeneal altar. {{has_temporal_loc(wedding)}} {{has_subtype(day, @R113a)}} wedding day. {{has_part(wedding)}} nuptial benediction, epithalamium[obs3]; sealing. {{&mcauses(wedding)}} {{precedes(wedding)}} {{has_subtype(vacation, @R685)}} {{hperforms(bride, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.80 + groom, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.80)}} honeymoon. {{analogous_to(honeymoon)}} {{has_subtype(vacation, @R685)}} {{hperforms(husband, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81 + wife, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81)}} second honeymoon. {{has_participant(wedding): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.80, bride, groom, officiator, wedding party}}. {{&has_ending: R905, M8.3.1.1.17, divorce; annulment}}. {{&has_ending}} {{causes(death[subj=spouse]): widowing, M8.3.1.1.17.2}}. {{has_subtype(marital status[of=woman])}} {{property_of(married)}} matronage, matronhood[obs3]. {{has_participant(marriage)}} {{trait_of(married): married person, P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. {{has_participant(marriage): married couple, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81}}. <-- neogamist[obs3], Benedict[obs2]. spiritual wife. (??)--> <-- ??? the following para needs a more complicated linkage structure. a marriage broker finds a *potential* mate for a *client* --> {{job_of(find[obj=spouse, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81][for=client[2], @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49], @R480a)}} marriage broker; matrimonial agency, matrimonial agent, matrimonial bureau, matchmaker; schatchen[Ger]. {{has_subtype(marriage)}} {{!participant_in(wife[num=1])}} monogamy. {{performed_by(monogamy)}} monogamist. {{has_subtype(marriage)}} {{!participant_in(wife[num=2])}} bigamy, digamy[obs3], deuterogamy[obs3]. {{has_subtype(marriage)}} {{!participant_in(wife[num=3])}} trigamy[obs3]. {{has_subtype(marriage)}} {{!participant_in(wife[num=>1])}} polygamy. {{has_subtype(marriage)}} {{!participant_in(husband[num=>1])}} polyandry, polyandrism[obs3]. {{!performed_by(polygamy)}} polygamist. {{&performed_by(polygamy)}} Turk, bluebeard[obs3]. {{&performed_by(polygamy): mormon, @R983a}}. {{&performed_by(polygamy): @R984a, muslim, Mohammaden}}. {{purpose_of(get married): elopement, @R671}}. levirate[obs3]; spiritual wifery[obs3], spiritual wifeism[obs3]. V. [intransitive] {{result_of(marriage)}} {{has_commencement(marriage)}} marry, wed, get married, get hitched[U.S. slang], walk down the aisle, join, handfast[obs3]; pair off, couple; tie the nuptial knot, go off. [transitive] {{result_of(marriage)}} {{has_commencement(marriage)}} marry[2], wed[2], espouse, lead to the hymeneal altar[obs2], "take 'for better for worse'"; give one's hand to, bestow one's hand upon. {{causes(wed/wed[2])}} be married, be wedded, be spliced[obs2]; be wedded to. {{has_subtype(marry)}} {{hperforms(man)}} wive, take to oneself a wife. {{has_part(wedding)}} {{&hperforms(father of the bride)}} give away, give away in marriage. seal. ally, affiance; betroth &c. (promise) R768; publish the banns, bid the banns; be asked in church. {{purpose_of(get married): elope, @R293}}. Adj. {{has_result(wedding)}} {{has_property(married person, P2.3.2.3.6.5.81)}} {[referring_to(married state)]} married, wed, hitched[slang], united in lawful wedlock. one, one bone and one flesh. {{requires(marriage)}} {{has_property(bride)}} marriageable, nubile. {{has_property(engagement)}} engaged, betrothed, affianced. {[referring_to(marriage)]} matrimonial, marital, conjugal, connubial, wedded; nuptial, hymeneal, spousal, bridal. Phr. " a world-without-end bargain " [Love's Labor's Lost]; "marriages are made in Heaven " [Tennyson]; " render me worthy of this noble wife " [Julius Caesar]; si qua voles apte nubere nube pari [Lat][Ovid]; "He [Brigham Young, polygamist] is dreadfully married. He's the most married man I ever saw in my life." [Charles Farrar Brown, 1886]. M8.3.1.1.16 SINGLENESS #904. Singleness. N. {{has_contrast(marriage)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} singleness, unmarried state, single blessedness, bachelorhood, single state, bachelorship[obs3]. {{has_subtype(absence[of=sexual intercourse])}} celibacy. {{&mcaused_by}} misogyny, misogamy[obs3]. {{has_extreme}} virginity, pucelage[obs3]. {{has_subtype(virginity[of=woman, R374])}} maidenhood. {{trait_of(virginity)}} virgin. {{has_subtype(virgin)}} {{property_of(female)}} {{trait_of(maidenhood)}} maiden. {{has_subtype(body part)}}{{has_part(maiden)}} {{location_of(vagina, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.2)}} maidenhead, hymen. {{trait_of}} [male] unmarried man, bachelor, Coelebs, agamist[obs3], old bachelor; monk. {{trait_of(misogyny)}} misogamist[obs3], misogynist. {{trait_of}} [female] unmarried woman, maid, bachelor lady, feme sole[Fr], bachelor girl, girl-bachelor; nun. {{has_subtype(unmarried woman)}} {{property_of(never married)}} old maid, spinster. {{has_subtype(bachelor)}} {{property_of(never married)}} never married person. V. live single, live alone. {{!not_hperforms_p(old maid/never married person): get married; be married}}. Adj. {{has_property(bachelor/maiden/unmarried woman/old maid)}} {[referring_to(single state)]} single, unmarried. never married, unwed, unwedded[obs3]. wifeless, spouseless[obs3]. Adv. singly, in an unmarried state, without a spouse, spouselessly[obs3]. M8.3.1.1.17 END OF MARRIAGE N. {{has_ending(marriage, R903, M8.3.1.1.15)}} end of marriage. {{has_subtype: divorce, M8.3.1.1.17.1; widowing, M8.3.1.1.17.2; annulment, M8.3.1.1.17.3}}. {{similar_to: separation, M8.3.1.1.17.R1}}. V. terminate marriage, end the marriage. {{&!has_result}} {{has_subtype(dwell[mode=separately, @R680], @R188a)}} live separate, live apart. Adj. {{has_result: @R904, unmarried, single}}. <-- [[divorce]] --> M8.3.1.1.17.1 DIVORCE #905. Divorce. N. {{property_of(legal + permanent)}} divorce, divorcement, separatio a mensa et thoro[Lat], separatio a vinculo matrimonii [Lat]. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(marital status)}} divorced state. {{!!property_of(divorced)}} {{!!has_subtype(woman, R374, P2.3.2.3.3)}} divorcee. V. {{has_result(divorce)}} be divorced. separate, divorce, disespouse[obs3], put away[obs2]. {{has_metaphor}} wear the horns. Adj. {{has_consequence(divorce)}} {[referring_to(divorced state)]} divorced. {{has_legal_effect(divorce): unmarried, @R904}}. M8.3.1.1.17.2 WIDOWING N. {{causes(death[ptnt=spouse, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81], R360)}} widowing. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(marital status)}} widowhood, viduity[obs3]. {{has_symbol(widowhood)}} {{has_symbol(mourning)}} {{has_subtype(clothing)}} weeds, widow's weeds. {{!!property_of(widowed)}} {{!!has_subtype(woman)}} widow. {{has_subtype(widow)}} relict[0bs2]; dowager; grass widow, grass widower; merry widow. {{!!property_of(widowed)}} {{!!has_subtype(man)}} widower. {{!!past_property_of($widow): married[at_time=past][to=$husband]}}. &&{{!!has_property($widow): unmarried[at_time=present]}}. &&{{!!has_property($husband): dead + most recent, @R122}}. Adj. {{has_result(widowing)}} {{has_subtype(@R904, @M8.3.1.1.16, single/unmarried)}} widowed. M8.3.1.1.17.3 ANNULMENT N. {{property_of(permanent)}} annulment. Adj. {{has_result(anulment)}} annulled. {{has_legal_effect(annulment)}} never married, unmarried. M8.3.1.1.17.R1 SEPARATION N. {{similar_to(divorce)}} {{property_of(temporary)}} {{!:not_result_of(unmarried)}} separation. judicial separation, separate maintenance. trial separation, breakup. {{&has_cause: adultery}}. <-- For this entry, we should amplify the meaning of "value of person". Just what is involved in a judgment about a person? Moral rectitude? Competence? perhaps both. [[SENTIMENTS]] --> M8.3.1.2 JUDGMENTAL EMOTIONS REGARDING PEOPLE R928 TO R938 N. {{conceptual_part_of(judgment[of=person, P2.3.2.3/action, R680/behavior, R692])}} {{conceptual_part_of(emotion, @R821)}} {{has_subtype(belief, R484)}} judgmental emotion regarding people. {{has_topic: value[of=person, P2.3.2.3], R812a; action, R680; behavior, R692}}. <-- relocated from "moral sentiments" M9.3.2 --> <-- 928. Respect 929. Disrespect 930. Contempt 931. Approbation 932. Disapprobation To communication: 933. Flattery 934. Detraction NOte: R35. Flatterer and R936. Detractor to person Flatterer; P2.3.2.3.6.5.20 Detractor 937. Vindication 938. Accusation --> <-- the base concept, approval, when applied to persons, is not taken here as a high approval; that is listed as esteem; admiration is higher still --> M8.3.1.2.1 APPROBATION (R931) #931. Approbation. N. approbation, approval, consideration, attention, approvement[obs3], sanction, nod of approbation, estimation, good opinion. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3/action, R680/conduct, R692)}} thing approved, object of approval. {{performed_by}} approver. {{&mcauses}} advocacy. {[with_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_high_level: @R928, esteem, high regard}}. appreciation, regard, account, popularity, kudos[Grk]. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(attribution[of=responsibility, @R680], R155)}} credit. {{mcauses(approbation[of=book, R593])}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} best seller. {{has_manifestation: praise, R931a}}. {{has_manifestation(admiration): high praise, @R931a}}. V. approve; approbate[obs3][1], think good of, think much of, think well of. {{has_high_level: @R928, think highly of, esteem, value, prize, set great store by, set great store on, admire, honor, hold in esteem, look up to}}. do justice to, appreciate; be in favor of, wish Godspeed; hail, hail with satisfaction. {{&mcauses: like &c. R897}}. {{&mcauses}} {{hperforms(approver)}} stand up for, stick up for; uphold, hold up, countenance, sanction; clap on the back, pat on the back; keep in countenance, indorse; give credit, recommend; mark with a white mark, mark with a stone. {{caused_by}} {{has_action(thing approved)}} redound to the honor, redound to the praise, redound to the credit of; do credit to; deserve praise, deserve credit, merit approval, merit praise; recommend itself; pass muster. Adj. approving, in favor of. lost in admiration. {{has_property(thing approved)}} praiseworthy, commendable, of estimation; deserving of praise, worthy of praise, meritorious, estimable, creditable, plausible, unimpeachable. {{has_high_level(praiseworthy)}} beyond all praise. {{has_property(thing approved): good &c. R648}}. Adv. {{has_subtype(well &c. R618)}} creditably, meritoriously, with credit, to admiration; with three times three. <-- [[respect]] --> M8.3.1.2.1.1 RESPECT (R928) #928. Respect. N. {{has_high_intensity(approbation, R931)}} {{has_subtype(thinking, R451)}} respect, deference, honor, esteem, estimation, high regard. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} object of respect, respected one. {{performed_by}} respecter. {{has_topic: value[of=person, P2.3.2.3][val=good, @R812a], R812a}}. {{conceptual_part_of(esteem): love &c. R897}}. {{has_high_intensity}} high esteem, admiration, golden opinions. {{has_high_intensity}} {[in_frame(religion, R983)]} reverence, veneration. <-- good repute is a collective approval --> {{part_of(esteem): good repute &c. R873}}. {{has_expression: @R894, courtesy, salaam, kowtow, bow, presenting arms, salute}}. {{has_high_intensity(respect[toward=master, @R745])}} homage, fealty, obeisance. {{has_expression(reverence): @R894, genuflection, kneeling, prostration}}. {{&has_expression: obsequiousness &c. R886}}. respects, regards, duty, devoirs, egards. {{&has_expression(reverence[to=God, @R976/saint, @R977]): devotion &c. (piety) R987}}. V. respect, regard, honor, esteem, hold in esteem, bear respect for, think much of, think highly of, entertain respect for. {{has_high_intensity}} {[in_frame(religion, R983)]} revere, reverence; hold in reverence, venerate, hallow. {{has_high_intensity}} admire, look up to, defer to, have a high opinion of, hold a high opinion of, value, prize, set great store by, set great store on. {{has_expression}} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} pay attention to, pay respect to, pay reverence to; do honor to, render honor to; do the honors, hail; show courtesy &c. R894; salute, present arms; do homage to, pay homage to; pay tribute to. {{has_expression}} kneel to, bow to, bend the knee to; fall down before, prostrate oneself, kiss the hem of one's garment. {{has_expression(revere[obj=God]): worship &c. R990; pray, @R990}}. {{mcauses: approve of, R931}}. {{has_expression}} keep one's distance, make room, observe due decorum, stand upon ceremony. {{hperforms(object of respect)}} {{caused_by(respect)}} command respect, inspire respect; awe, inspire awe, impose, overawe, dazzle. Adj. {{has_property(respecter)}} respecting, esteeming, honoring, respectful, deferential, decorous, reverential, obsequious, ceremonious, bareheaded, cap in hand, on one's knees; prostrate &c. (servile) R886. {{has_property(object of respect)}} respected, esteemed, honored, honorable. {{has_high_level(esteemed)}} in high esteem, highly esteemed, in high estimation. {{has_subtype(respected)}} time-honored, venerable, emeritus. Adv. with esteem, with all respect, with all due respect, with due respect, with the highest respect; with submission. saving your grace, saving your presence; salva sit reverentia[Lat]; pace tanti nominis[Lat]. in deference to. Int. {{has_lexpression(esteem)}} "hail!"; "all hail!"; "esto perpetua[Lat]!"; "may your shadow never be less!". Phr. "and pluck up drowned honor by the locks" [Henry IV]; "his honor rooted in dishonor stood" [Tennyson]; "honor pricks me on" [Henry IV]. M8.3.1.2.2 DISRESPECT (R929) #929. Disrespect. N. {{antonym_of(esteem)}} disrespect, disesteem, irreverence, disestimation[obs3], vilipendency[obs1]. {{performed_by}} disrespecter. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(person)}} disrespected person. {{&mcauses: disparagement &c. (dispraise) R932; detraction, R934; discourtesy &c. R895}}. {{&mcauses}} {{&has_expression}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} irreverence[2], disrespect[2]. {{&mcauses}} slight, neglect, indignity, spretae injuria formae [Lat][Vergil]; practical joking. {{has_high_intensity: contempt, R930}}. {{&mcauses: superciliousness, @R930}}. {{&mcauses}} {{&has_lexpression}} {{property_of(disrespectful/insulting/affronting/contemptuous, @R930}} insult, vilification, contumely, affront, offense, dishonor; derision, scoffing, jeer, scoff, jeering. {{&has_expression}} {{has_subtype(vocalization)}} sibilance, hissing, sibilation; irrision[obs3]. {{&has_expression}} outrage, scurrility. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(metaphor, R521)}} sarcasm, mockery. {{&mcauses: ridicule, R856, M3.3.2.1.2.1.7}}. {{&has_expression}} {{has_subtype(vocalization)}} hiss, hoot, boo. {{&has_lexpression}} jibe, flouting, gleek[obs1], taunt, sneer, quip, wipe. slap in the face, fling in the face. {{has_subtype(taunt)}} fling one's words back at one. V. disrespect, hold in disrespect, misprize, disregard, slight, trifle with, set at naught, pass by, push aside, overlook, turn one's back upon, laugh in one's sleeve. {{&has_expression}} be disrespectful, be irreverent, be disparaging, dis[coll.], be discourteous, treat with disrespect, treat with irreverence; set down, put down, browbeat. {{&has_high_intensity: despise, R930}}. {{&has_expression}} dishonor, desecrate. {{&has_lexpression}} [intransitive] be insulting. {{&has_lexpression}} [transitive] insult, affront, offend, give offense to, outrage, vilipend[obs3], vilify, call names. {{&has_lexpression}} {{has_subtype(disparage, @R932)}} speak slightingly of, throw dirt, fling dirt, fling mud at, throw mud at, drag through the mud, point at, indulge in personalities; make mouths, make faces; bite the thumb; take by the beard; pluck by the beard. {{&mcauses}} toss in a blanket, tar and feather. have in derision; hold in derision. {{&has_expression}} deride, barrack, laugh at, snigger, ridicule, gibe, jeer, hiss, hoot, taunt, twit, niggle[obs3], gleek[obs2], gird, fleer[obs3]; roast, turn into ridicule; burlesque &c. R856; laugh to scorn &c. (contempt) R930; smoke; fool; make game of, make a fool of, make an April fool of[obs3]; play a practical joke; lead one a dance, run the rig upon, have a fling at, scout; mob. {{&has_expression}} {{has_subtype(vocalize)}} hiss, hoot, boo, gibe, flout, jeer, scoff, taunt, sneer, quip, fling, wipe, slap in the face. Adj. {{has_property(disrespecter)}} disrespectful, aweless, irreverent. {{&has_consequence}} insulting, affronting, vilifying; rude, derisive, sarcastic; scurrile, scurrilous. {{&has_consequence: @R934, critical, disparaging}}. {{has_high_level: @R930, contemptuous, patronizing, contumelious, supercilious, scornful}}. {{has_property(disrespected person)}} disrespected, dissed[coll.], insulted, regarded with derision, unrespected[obs3], unworshiped[obs3], unenvied[obs3], unsaluted[obs3], unregarded[obs3], disregarded. Adv. disrespectfully, irreverently, slightingly. M8.3.1.2.2.1 CONTEMPT (R930) #930. Contempt. N. {{has_high_level(disrespect, M8.3.1.2.2)}} contempt, disdain, scorn, sovereign contempt, contemptuousness, scornfulness, despisal[obs3], despiciency[obs3]; despisement[obs3]. {{has_lexpression}} contumely. {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} contemptible person. {{performed_by}} contemner. {{hperforms(contemptible person): evil-doing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. {{hperforms(contemptible person)}} {{has_subtype(evil-doing, M9.3.3.2.2)}} contemptible behavior. <-- contempt is a belief about a person, namely that the person has little value --> {{has_topic: $assertion[about=$contemptible person]}}. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{has_property($contemptible person): value[val=low]; unimportance, R643}}. {{has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} slight, sneer, spurn, by-word, despect[obs3]. {{&has_expression}} scornful eye; smile of contempt. {{&has_expression: @R929, vilification, derision}}. {{conceptual_part_of: insolence, R885}}. [State of being despised] despisedness[obs3]. V. {{has_high_level(hold in disrespect, R929)}} despise, hold in contempt, contemn, scorn, disdain, feel contempt for, view with a scornful eye. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(pass by, @R460)}} {{has_subtype(consider)}} disregard, slight, pay no attention to, pay little attention to, not mind. {{has_low_intensity}} look down upon, hold cheap, hold in disrespect, think little of, think nothing of, think small beer of; make light of; esteem slightly, esteem of small or no account; take no account of, care nothing for; set no store by; not care a straw, sneeze at; set at naught, laugh in one's sleeve, laugh up one's sleeve, snap one;s fingers at, shrug one's shoulders, turn up one's nose at, pooh-pooh, "damn with faint praise" [Pope]; whistle at, sneer at; curl up one's lip, toss the head, traiter de haut enbas[Fr]. {{has_subtype(think little of[mode=incorrecty]): underestimate, R483}}. {{&has_expression}} point the finger of scorn, hold up to scorn, laugh to scorn; scout, hoot, flout, hiss, scoff at. {{&has_expression}} turn one's back upon, turn a cold shoulder upon; tread upon, trample upon, trample under foot; spurn, kick; send away with a flea in the ear. <-- fling to the winds &c. (repudiate) R610 --> Adj. {{property_of(contemner)}} contemptuous, disdainful, scornful. {{&has_consequence}} withering, contumelious, supercilious, cynical, haughty, bumptious, cavalier; derisive. <-- no distinction here between the properties of the person held in contempt and of the behavior causing the contempt --> {{has_property(contemptible person)}} {{has_property(contemptible behavior)}} {{has_high_level(disreputable, @R874)}} contemptible, despicable; pitiable, sorry, scurvy, downtrodden, unenvied[obs3]; despised, scorned, disdained, held in contempt. {{has_property(contemptible person)}} {{has_property(contemptible behavior): pitiful, @R643; unrespectable (unworthy) R874}}. {{has_high_level(contemptible)}} beneath contempt. Adv. contemptuously, disdainfully, scornfully. Int. a fig for &c. (unimportant) R643; "bah!"; "never mind!"; "away with!"; "hang it!"; "fiddlededee!"[obs2]. Phr. "a dismal universal hiss, the sound of public scorn" [Paradise Lost]; "I had rather be a dog and bay the moon than such a Roman" [Julius Caesar]. M8.3.1.2.3 DUMMY N. dummy. <-- [note 1][Obsolete in England except in legal writings, but surviving in the United States chiefly in a technical sense for license. C.O.S.M.]. [[disapprove]] --> <-- "disapprobation in Roget included both the sentiment and the communications expressing that sentinment. We divide out the communication (criticism, censure) and put it into the communication section --> M8.3.1.2.4 DISAPPROBATION (R932) #932. Disapprobation. N. disapprobation, disapproval, negative judgment. {{performed_by}} disapprover. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3/action, R680/conduct, R692)}} thing disapproved. {{has_subtype(thing disapproved)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} person disapproved. {[of(person)]} disesteem, disvaluation[obs3], displacency[obs3], improbation[obs3]. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(attribution[of=responsibility, @R680], R155)}} blame. <-- is it possible to disapprove of something without disliking it? --> {{has_conceptual_part: dislike, R867}}. {{&mcauses: odium, @R874}}. {{mcauses: disrespect, R929; contempt, R930}}. {{has_lexpression: censure, R932a; detraction, R934}}. {{&caused_by: evildoing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. V. disapprove, judge negatively. <-- is it possible to disapprove of something without disliking it? --> {{has_conceptual_part: dislike, R867}}. {{has_expression}} frown upon, look grave; bend the brows, knit the brows; shake the head at, shrug the shoulders; look askance, look black upon; look with an evil eye; make a wry face, make a wry mouth at; set one's face against. {{has_high_intensity: turn up the nose &c. (contempt) R930}}. <-- disliking something may be either a cause or a result of disapproval! But disliking is a simple emotional reaction, whereas disapproval includes a judgment. --> {{&mcaused_by(disapprove[ptnt=$person, P2.3.2.3]): dislike[ptnt=action[of=$person], R680], R867}}. {{&mcauses(disapprove[ptnt=action, R680]): dislike[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3/action, R680], R867}}. {{&mcauses: R839, lament, complaint}}. {{has_lexpression}} object to, take exception to. {{mcauses}} be scandalized at, think ill of; view with disfavor, view with dark eyes, view with jaundiced eyes; nil admirari[Lat], disvalue[obs3]; improbate[obs3]. {{has_subtype(think ill of): disrespect, R929}}. {{hperforms(person disapproved)}} incur blame, excite disapprobation, scandalize, shock, revolt; get a bad name, forfeit one's good opinion, be under a cloud, come under the ferule, bring a hornet's nest about one's ears. {{hperforms(person disapproved)}} take blame, stand corrected; have to answer for. Adj. {{has_property(disapprover)}} disapproving. {{has_high_intensity(disapproving)}} scandalized, shocked. {{has_property(thing disapproved)}} disapproved, in bad odor, blown upon, unapproved; unblest[obs3]. {{has_subtype(disapproved)}} chid; at a discount, exploded. {{has_property(person disapproved)}} weighed in the balance and found wanting. {{caused_by}} {{has_property(thing disapproved)}} blameworthy, reprehensible, to blame, worthy of blame, answerable; uncommendable, exceptionable, not to be thought of. {{&has_consequence(blameworthy): guilt, R947}}. {{consequence_of(blameworthy): bad &c. R649; vicious &c. R945}}. {{has_consequence(blameworthy)}} unlamented, unbewailed[obs3], unpitied[obs3]. Phr. "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death yur right to say it." [attributed to Voltaire]. <-- R935 flatterer and R936 detractor to person who ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.? FLATTERER P2.3.2.3.6.5.20 DETRACTOR --> <-- vindication and advocacy together?? --> M8.3.1.2.5 VINDICATION (R937) #937. Vindication. N. {{has_subtype(judgment, R480)}} vindication, justification, warrant, exoneration, exculpation. {{!result_of: @R938, accusation}}. {{has_case: defendant &c. R938}}. {{has_topic: innocence, R946}}. {{has_subtype}} {[&has_result(criminal trial): acquittal &c. R970]}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(deception, R545)}} whitewashing, gloss, varnish. {{has_low_quality}} extenuation, mitigation, palliation, palliative, softening. {{&caused_by(extenuation)}} excuse, extenuating circumstances, apology, salvo, salve; allowance, allowance to be made. <-- ; locus paenitentiae[Lat]?? --> {{&uses(extenuation): recrimination &c. R938}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(answer[to=accusation, @R938], @R462)}} reply, defense. {{has_subtype(reply): plea &c. R617}}. {{performed_by(assert[obj=excuse], R535)}} {{has_subtype(advocate, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1)}} apologist, vindicator, justifier. V. {{result_of(vindication)}} vindicate, exculpate, clear, disculpate[obs3]; set right, exonerate, clear the skirts of. prove one's case, be justified by the event, prove the truth of, make good. {{has_subtype: acquit &c. R970}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(deceive)}} whitewash, varnish. {{has_low_quality}} {{result_of(extenuation)}} excuse[2], extenuate, palliate, soften, apologize. {{has_subtype(extenuate)}} gloss over, gloze, gloze over, put a gloss on, put a good face upon, slur, slur over, mince; bolster up, help a lame dog over a stile. {{has_subtype(excuse[2])}} {[with_subject(excuse)]} justify, warrant, be an excuse for, be a justification for, be a good reason for; lend a color, furnish a handle. {{has_result}} clear one's name, preserve one's honor. {{has_subtype(excuse[2])}} {{hperforms(advocate, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1)}} advocate, defend, plead one's cause; stand up for, stick up for, speak up for; contend for, speak for; bear out, keep in countenance, support. {{has_subtype(excuse[2])}} {{hperforms(accused[1], @R938)}} say in defense; plead ignorance; confess and avoid, propugn[obs3], put in a good word for. {{has_subtype(excuse[2])}} {{property_of(deceptive, @R545)}} {{&hperforms(accused[1], @R938): pretend, R617}}. {{has_subtype(excuse[2])}} take the will for the deed, make allowance for, give credit for, do justice to; give one his due, give the Devil his due. Adj. vindicated, exculpated. {{has_low_quality}} excused, allowed for, glossed over. {{has_property(vindication)}} vindicating, exculpating, exculpatory; apologetic. {{&has_property(offense, @R947)}} {{consequence_of(excused)}} {{requires(excused)}} excusable, defensible, pardonable, venial, veniable[obs3], justifiable. Phr. "honi sot qui mal y pense"[Fr]; "good wine needs no bush". M8.3.1.3 JUDGMENTAL EMOTIONS REGARDING ONESELF R878 TO R881 [[PRIDE]] N. judgmental emotion regarding oneself, feeling about oneself. <-- 878. Pride 879. Humility 880. Vanity 881. Modesty --> <-- pride and self-respect have a large overlap, but here pride will be considered as excessive self-respect. Therefore R878 is split into R878a, sel-respect --> M8.3.1.3.1 SELF-RESPECT (R878A) #878a. Self-respect. N. {{has_subtype(respect[obj=self])}} confidence, assurance, self-assurance, self-confidence, self-respect, mens sibi conscia recti [Lat][Vergil]. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} dignity, dignified bearing, reserve. Adj. self-confident. {{&has_consequence}} dignified, stately. Adv. with head erect. <-- several words for haughtiness suggest both the attitude (here) and the behavior, which is at R885 --> M8.3.1.3.1.1 PRIDE (R878) #878. Pride. N. {{has_high_level(self-respect, R878a)}} pride. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_patient(pride oneself on)}} source of pride. {{has_subtype(source of pride): accomplishment[2], @M7.4; positive chracter trait; wealth, R803; ancestry, @R166}}. {{has_excess(pride)}} haughtiness, high notions, hauteur, vainglory. {{&mcauses(haughtiness): R885, insolence, arrogance}}. {{has_excess(pride): vanity, R880}}. {{&has_symbol(vainglory): crest, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1}}. {{trait_of}} proud man, highflier[obs3]; fine gentleman, fine lady. {{&trait_of(vainglory): nouveau riche}}. V. be proud. {{has_excess}} be haughty, be lofty, be swollen, be puffed up, be vainglorious, be proud as a peacock, be bloated with pride. hold one's head high, put a good face on, look one in the face, stalk abroad, perk oneself up, think no small beer of oneself, not think small beer of oneself. {{has_excess}} presume, swagger, strut; rear one's head, lift up one's head, hold up one's head; look big, take the wall, " bear like the Turk no rival near the throne " [Pope], carry with a high hand; get on one's high horse, ride the high horse, mount on one's high horse; set one's back up, bridle, toss the head, plume oneself, hug oneself. {{&mcauses(be haught): give oneself airs &c. (assume) R885; boast &c. R884}}. pride oneself on, glory in, take a pride in, pique oneself on, stand upon, be proud of. {{has_metaphor(pride oneself on)}} not hide one's light under a bushel, not put one's talent in a napkin. {{has_excess: be vain, @R880}}. Adj. proud. {{has_excess}} haughty, lofty, high, mighty, swollen, puffed up, flushed, blown, high and mighty, self-important, consequential, vainglorious, proud as a peacock, proud as Lucifer, bloated with pride. {{has_excess}} stiff, stiff-necked; starch; perked, stuck-up, stuck up. purse-proud, fine. {{has_excess}} proud-crested; lordly, baronial; lofty-minded; high-souled, high-minded, high-mettled[obs3], high-handed, high-plumed, high-flown, high-toned. {{&has_consequence(haughty): @R930, supercilious, disdainful, contemptuous}}. {{&has_consequence(haughty): @R885, insolent, arrogant, magisterial, imperious, overweening, bumptious}}. {{similar_to: unblushing &c. R880}}. {{&has_consequence: in buckram, strait-laced; prim, M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. {{&has_consequence}} {{has_subtype(conducting oneself, @R692)}} on one's dignity, on one's high horses, on one's tight ropes, on one's high ropes; on stilts; en grand seigneur [Fr]. Phr. odi profanum vulgus et arceo [Lat][Horace]. " a duke's revenues on her back" [Henry VI]; " disdains the shadow which he treads on at noon" [Coriolanis]; "pride in their port, defiance in their eye" [Goldsmith]; "He was like a cock that thought the sun had risen to hear him crow."[Adam Bede by George Eliot]. <-- [[vanity]] M8.3.1.3.1.3 Vanity is an excessive pride in one's appearance (or achievements, according to the dictionary). The problem is that ordinary grooming (put here by Roget) can then be classified as vanity; so we give grooming a "low intensity" mark --> M8.3.1.3.1.1.1 VANITY (R880) #880. Vanity. N. {{has_excess(pride, R878)}} vanity, conceit, conceitedness, self-conceit, self-complacency, self-sufficiency, self-esteem, self-love, self-approbation, self-admiration, amour propre[Fr], egotism, high opinion of oneself. {{&mcauses: @R884, boasting, self-praise, self-glorification, self-laudation, self-gratulation[obs3], self-applause}}. {{has_conceptual_part: selfishness &c. R943}}. {{&mcauses: affectation, M7.3.5.1.2}}. {{has_low_intensity}} personal display. {{has_subtype(personal display)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} grooming, personal grooming, personal hygeine. {{&performed_by(grooming)}} barber; hair stylist. {{works_at(barber)}} {{has_subtype(retail business)}} barber shop. {{works_at(hair stylist)}} {{has_subtype(retail business)}} hair salon, beauty shop. {{has_part(grooming)}} {{affected_by(shape[of=hair, @R1002], R240)}} hair style, coiffure, coif. {{has_subtype(grooming)}} {{affected_by(color[of=head hair, @R1002], R428)}} dyeing, hair dyeing; tinting; bleaching. {{has_part(personal hygeine): personal cleanliness, R652}}. {{has_subtype(hair style)}} haircut; hairdo, do[coll.]; moustache; beard. {{has_subtype(grooming)}} {{has_method(removal[obj=visible hair], R38)}} {{has_subtype(depilation, @R226)}} {{has_subtype(cutting[obj=hair, @R1002]): @P2.8.1, shaving}}. {{has_result(shaving, @P2.8.1)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} shave. {{has_subtype(hairdo)}} permanent wave, permanent; pony tail; pig tails; queue; corn rows; curls; dreadlocks; afro; pickaninny. {{has_subtype(hair cut)}} bowl cut; duck's ass, DA; tonsure; crew cut; bald cut, baldie. {{has_subtype(moustache)}} Fu Man Chu; Hitler. {{has_subtype(beard)}} goatee. {{has_manifestation: ostentation &c. R882}}. <-- [ref: assurance &c. R885]. --> vox et praeterea nihil[Lat]; cheval de bataille[Fr]. {{trait_of: boaster, braggart, P2.3.2.3.6.5.35; coxcomb &c. R854; Sir Oracle &c. R887}}. V. {{has_excess(be proud, R878)}} be vain, be conceited, be self-satisfied, be vainglorous, flatter oneself, lay the flattering unction to one's soul. be vain of. have too high an opinion of oneself, have an overweening opinion of oneself, have too high an opinion of one's talents; blind oneself as to one's own merit; not think small beer of oneself, not think vin ordinaire of oneself[Fr]. {{&mcauses}} put oneself forward; fish for compliments. {{&mcauses: give oneself airs &c. (assume) R885}}. {{&has_lexpression: boast &c. R884}}. {{has_commencement}} become vain, get conceited, get vain. {{&mcaused_by(become vain)}} render vain, inspire with vanity &c. n.; inflate, puff up, turn up, turn one's head. {{&mcaused_by: do a noteworthy deed}}. Adj. {{has_excess(proud, R878)}} vain, conceited, overweening, vainglorious, inflated, high-flown, puffed up, overblown, flushed, vain as a peacock, proud as a peacock. self-satisfied, self-confident, self-sufficient, self-flattering, self-admiring, self-applauding, self-glorious, self-opinionated. entente &c. (wrong-headed) R481. egotistic, egotistical. {{&mcauses: arrogant &c. R885; ostentatious &c. R882; boastful, R884}}. {{&mcauses: @R895, pert, forward}}. {{&mcauses: pretentious, @R855}}. priggish, wise in one's own conceit, pragmatical[obs3], overwise[obs3]. unabashed, unblushing; unconstrained, unceremonious; free and easy. Adv. vainly, conceitedly. egotistically. Phr. " how we apples swim! " [Swift]; " prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk" [Cymbeline]. <-- R885a was detached from R885 (insolence) to distinguish between the attitude of superiority and its behavioral manifestation; but many words have both meanings, the attitude and the action [excessive self-confidence][Undue assumption of superiority.] [[brash]] --> M8.3.1.3.1.2 PRESUMPTION (R885A) #885a. Presumption. N. {{has_high_level(self-confidence, @R878a)}} {{has_conceptual_part(assertiveness, @R606)}} assumption, presumption. brashness, nerviness, impertinence, shamelessness, hardihood, front, face, brass. {{has_high_level}} impudence, audacity. {{has_extreme}} assumption of infallibility. {{has_expression(impudence): insolence, R885}}. {{trait_of: blusterer, R887}}. {{trait_of}} saucebox. {{trait_of: braggart, P2.3.2.3.6.5.35}}. Adj. presumptuous, assuming. brazen, nervy, impertinent. {{has_high_level}} {{expression_of(insolent, R885)}} impudent, audacious, shameless, saucy, sassy, aweless, unabashed, unblushlng[obs3]. M8.3.1.3.2 HUMILITY (R879) #879. Humility. N. {{antonym_of(pride, R878)}} humility, humbleness, modesty. {{&mcauses}} {{antonym_of(assertiveness, @R606)}} meekness, retiring disposition, unobtrusiveness. {{has_high_intensity}} abjectness, lowness, self-contempt, abasement, self-abasement, lowliness, spiritlessness, lowlihood[obs3]. {{&mcauses: resignation, @M4.2.1.1.3.1}}. {{has_high_intensity(meekness): submissiveness, @R743}}. {{&mcauses: submission &c. R725}}. {{mcauses: affability &c. (courtesy) R894}}. condescension. {{has_high_intensity}} sense of shame, sense of disgrace, verecundity[obs1]. {{has_lexpression(sense of shame)}} blush. {{&mcauses(sense of shame): suffusion, @R821}}. {{&mcaused_by: @R475, confusion, uncertainty}}. {{&mcaused_by: ignorance, R491; unskillfulness, R699}}. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(event)}} humiliation, mortification; let down, set down. {{has_subtype(meekness): modesty &c. R881}}. V. be humble, feel humble. {{&mcauses}} humble oneself, demean oneself, stoop, carry coals; deign, vouchsafe, condescend. {{conceptual_part_of(stoop)}} {{has_subtype(stratagem, @R702)}} stoop to conquer. {{&mcauses: submit &c. R725}}. {{&mcauses: submit with a good grace &c. (brook) R826}}. {{&mcauses}} lower one's tone, lower one's note; sing small, draw in one's horns, sober down; hide one's face, hide one's diminished head; not dare to show one's face, take shame to oneself, not have a word to say for oneself, yield the palm. {{has_high_intensity}} feel shame, be conscious of shame, feel disgrace, be conscious of disgrace, feel small. {{has_metaphor(feel shame)}} drink the cup of humiliation to the dregs. {{has_expression(feel shame/be embarrassed, @R830)}} blush, blush for, redden, flush, get flushed, color up, blush up to the eves, change color. {{has_expression(feel shame)}} hang one's head, look foolish. {{&caused_by(feel shame)}} [transitive] humble, shame, render humble, let down, set down, take down, tread down, frown down, ashame[obs3], put to the blush[obs2]. {{has_high_intensity(shame)}} humiliate, mortify, disgrace, crush. {{&caused_by(feel shame)}} [transitive] snub, abash, abase, make one sing small, strike dumb; teach one his distance; put down, take down a peg, take down a peg lower; throw into the shade, cast into the shade &c. R874; stare out of countenance, put out of countenance; confuse; send away with a flea in one's ear. {{&caused_by(feel shame)}} be humiliated, be humbled, get a setdown[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity(humble oneself): @R881, be retiring, be unassuming, be meek, be unpretentious, be unobtrusive, be unostentatious}}. Adj. humble, modest, humble minded, sober-minded, unoffended[obs3]. {{&mcauses}} {{antonym_of(assertive): @R881, meek, unpretentious, unobtrusive, unassuming, unostentatious, unaspiring, unboastful[obs3], unpretending[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype(unostentatious)}} self-deprecatory. {{&mcauses: submissive &c. R725; servile &c. R886}}. {{has_high_intensity}} abject, lowly, spiritless, self-denigrating. {{has_subtype(meek): modest, @R881}}. {{&mcauses}} condescending, agreeable. {{&mcauses: affable &c. (courteous) R891}}. {{has_high_intensity}} abashed, ashamed, dashed. humbled, bowed down; out of countenance; down in the mouth; down on one's knees, down on one's marrowbones, down on one's uppers; humbled in the dust, browbeaten; chapfallen[obs3], crestfallen; dumfoundered[obs3]. {{&mcauses: resigned, @M4.2.1.1.3.1}}. flabbergasted. {{&mcaused_by: shorn of one's glory &c. (disrepute) R874}}. Adv. with downcast eyes, with bated breath, with bended knee; on all fours, on one's feet. under correction, with due deference. Phr. " Blessed are the meek, for they shall iherit the earth."; I am your obedient servant, I am your very humble servant; my service to you; da locum melioribus [Lat][Terence]; parvum parva decent [Lat][Horace]. <-- parts of R881, modesty are broken out into a separate category --> M8.3.1.3.3 SELF-DOUBT (R879A) #879a. Self-doubt. N. {{antonym_of(self-respect R878a)}} self-doubt; self-knowledge. {{mcauses}} timidity, shyness, bashfulness, diffidence. {{has_low_intensity(diffidence): modesty, R881}}. Adj. retiring, diffident; timid, shy, bashful. <-- this "modesty" includes both social propriety (MW10 sense 2: "propriety in dress, speech, or conduct"), and retiring disposition, (related to "humility", above). --> M8.3.1.3.4 MODESTY (R881) #881. Modesty. N. {{has_subtype(meekness, @R879)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=conceit, @R880], @R2)}} modesty[1]. {{mcauses}} reserve, restraint, demureness, constraint[obs2], verecundity[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} modesty[2], social propriety, decency. {{mcauses(modesty[2])}} modesty in dress, modest dress. mauvaise honte[Fr]. {{&has_expression(modesty[2])}} blush, blushing. {{&mcaused_by: self-doubt, R879a}}. {{has_high_intensity: diffidence}}. V. be modest. {{&mcauses}} {{has_low_intensity(humble oneself, @R879)}} be retiring, be unassuming, be meek, be unpretentious, be unobtrusive, be unostentatious, retire, reserve oneself; hide one's face. {{has_subtype(be unostentatious)}} conceal one's own talents, hide one's own talents, not boast of one's accomplishments; be self-deprecatory. {{has_metaphor(conceal one's own talents)}} hide one's light under a bushel, bury one's talent in a napkin. give way to. {{&mcauses}} keep private, keep in the background, keep one's distance; pursue the noiseless tenor of one's way, " do good by stealth and blush to find it fame " [Pope], cast a sheep's eye. Adj. {{has_expression(modesty[1])}} modest, diffident, reserved, demure, restrained, constrained[obs2], verecund[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{&mcauses(humble, R879)}} {{antonym_of(assertive)}} meek, unpretentious, unobtrusive, unassuming, unostentatious, unaspiring, unboastful[obs3], unpretending[obs3]. shy, nervous, skittish, sheepish. {{has_subtype(modest[mode=affectedly, @R855])}} coy. {{has_high_intensity}} bashful, shamefaced, blushing, overmodest. {{has_high_intensity}} timid, timorous. poor in spirit. {{&mcaused_by: out of countenance &c. (humbled) R879}}. Adv. humbly &c. adj.; quietly, privately; without ceremony, without beat of drum; "sans faØon". Phr. " not stepping o'er the bounds of modesty " [Romeo and Juliet]; " thy modesty's a candle to thy merit " [Fielding]; " blushing honors " [Henry VIII]. <-- [[CELEBRATION]] --> M8.3.1.4 EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION (R882 TO R886) N. {{has_expression(emotion, @R821)}} expression of emotion. <-- {{manifestation_of: emotion}} ?? class this as a human action? 882. Ostentation 883. Celebration 884. Boasting 885. Insolence 886. Servility NOte: R887. Blusterer to P2.3.2.3.6.5.34 "formality" is a lesser grade of pomposity -- this needs more careful distinction. --> M8.3.1.4.1 OSTENTATION (R882) #882. Ostentation. N. {{has_expression(vanity, R880)}} ostentation, display, show, flourish, showing off, fuss. {{has_high_level}} dash, splash, splurge, glitter, glitz, strut. {{&method_for: @R544, pretense, pretensions}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(ceremony, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} pomp, pageant, pageantry, spectacle, exhibition, exposition. {[of(oration, R586)]} pomposity. {{&has_property(pomp): solemnity, @R873}}. {{has_subtype(pageant)}} turn out, set out; grand function; "f‚te", gala, field day, insubstantial pageant. {{&has_part(pageant)}} {{has_subtype(array[of=people, P2.3.2.3], @R60)}} {{has_subtype(walking[ptnt=human group], @R266)}} parade[1], procession, review, march past, promenade, etalage[Fr]. magnificence, splendor; coup d'oeil[Fr]; grand doings. {{has_subtype(display[mode=ostentatiously])}} flaunting, parading. demonstration, flying colors; tomfoolery. {[of(clothing, R225): @R225, finery, dressy clothing; court dress, full dress, evening dress, ball dress, fancy dress; tailoring, millinery, man millinery, frippery, foppery, equipage]}. chic. {{has_low_level: @M7.3.5.1.2.1, form, formality, etiquette, puncto[Lat], punctilio, punctiliousness, starched stateliness, stateliness}}. mummery, solemn mockery, mouth honor. {{&uses(ostentation): flourish of trumpets, @R883}}. {{trait_of}} attitudinarian[obs3]. {{trait_of: fop &c. R854}}. {[of(knowledge)]} pedantry, pompousness, pomposity. {{&has_method(ostentation, R882): @R599, stage effect, stage trick, special effect, coup de theatre, claptrap, tour de force}}. V. {{has_subtype(display[obj=virtue[of=self, M1.1], @R648], @R525)}} be ostentatious, be showy, be pretentious, come forward, put oneself forward, star it. play the ham, ham it up. {{has_purpose}} {{&causes}} {{mcaused_by(pay attention, @R457)}} attract attention. cut a figure, make a dash, make a splash, make a splurge, cut a dash, cut a splash, cut a splurge; figure, figure away; make a show, make a display; glitter. show off, put on a show, show off one's paces. [intransitive] parade[1], march past. display, exhibit, put forward, hold up; trot out, hand out; sport, brandish, blazon forth; dangle, dangle before the eyes. {{has_subtype(display[mode=ostentatiously])}} [transitive] flaunt, parade[2]. {{has_method(be ostentatious)}} {{has_subtype(display, @R525)}} [transitive] emblazon, set off, mount, have framed and glazed, proner[Fr], prink[obs3]. {{has_method: cry up &c. (praise) R931; advertise, @R531}}. put a good face upon, put a smiling face upon; clean the outside of the platter &c. (disguise) R544. {{has_subtype(be pretentious)}} stand on ceremony. Adj. ostentatious, showy, dashing, pretentious. garish, gairish[obs3]; gaudy, glitzy, glittering; flaunting, flashing, flaming; gay &c. (ornate) R847; janty[obs3], jaunty. {[of(oration, R586)]} pompous, high-sounding; turgid &c. (big-sounding) R577. {[of(dwelling, P1.2.3.2.4.1)]} grand, palatial. splendid, magnificent, sumptuous. theatrical, dramatic, spectacular; ceremonial, ritual. {{has_simile(gaudy)}} gaudy as a peacock, gaudy as a butterfly, gaudy as a tulip. dressed up, all dressed up, dressed to the nines, decked out, all decked out, in Sunday best, in best bib and tucker, endimanche[Fr.], chic, en granite tenue[Fr]. {{conceptual_part_of(dressed up): stylish, @R852}}. {{has_subtype(dressed up)}} {{&has_property(woman)}} dolled up, all dolled up, dressed to kill. {{has_low_level: formal}}. Adv. ostentatiously, pretentiously, with show. with flourish of trumpet, with beat of drum, with flying colors. with great show. pompously, in state. ad captandum vulgus[Lat.]. Phr. honores mutant mores[Lat]. <-- celebration -- an event that marks an event. In this entry, a celebration may be a juilation (a joyous celbration) or a solemnization, (a formalization) --> M8.3.1.4.2 CELEBRATION (R883) #883. Celebration. N. {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} celebration. {{has_patient: event, R151}}. {{&co-occurs_with: anniversary, @R138}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(formalization, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} solemnization. {{has_subtype}} {{has_expression(joy, @R827)}} jubilation. {{purpose_of(solemnization): ceremony, @M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. ovation, paean, triumph. {{&causes(jubilation)}} {{&co-occurs_with(jubilation): @R840, holiday, fiesta}}. {{&causes(jubilation)}} {{&co-occurs_with(jubilation): fete &c. R882}}. {{has_subtype(jubilation)}} {{co-occurs_with(anniversary, @R138)}} jubilee, commemoration, anniversary celebration. {{&co-occurs_with(commemoration)}} {{has_subtype(anniversary, @R138)}} china anniversary, china jubilee; diamond anniversary, diamond jubilee; golden anniversary, golden jubilee; silver anniversary, silver jubilee; tin anniversary, tin jubilee. {{&co-occurs_with(commemoration[of=wedding, @R903])}} {{has_subtype(anniversary, @R138)}} wedding anniversary. {{has_subtype(wedding anniversary)}} china wedding aniversary, diamond wedding anniversary, golden wedding anniversary, silver wedding anniversary, tin wedding anniversary. {{&has_part: salute; salvo, salvo of artillery; feu de joie[Fr], flourish of trumpets, fanfare}}. {{&uses(jubilation)}} colors flying. {{&uses(jubilation)}} {{part_of(light source, R423)}} illumination. {{has_subtype(illumination): fireworks, @P2.3.1.3.18.1; bonfire}}. {{has_subtype(illumination)}} {{part_of(light source)}} {{has_subtype(show, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2)}} light show. {{part_of(light show)}} {{part_of(music, R415)}} {{has_subtype(show, M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.2)}} sound and light show. {{has_subtype(solemnization[of=enter into office])}} inauguration, installation, presentation, induction. {{has_subtype(inauguration[of=monarch, @R745])}} coronation, accession, enthronement. Lord Mayor's show; harvest-home; Te Deum &c. (thanksgiving) R990; Forefathers' Day [U. S.]. {{&has_symbol(celebration): trophy &c. R733; triumphal arch}}. V. celebrate, mark, keep, signalize. {{has_subtype: rejoice &c. R838}}. solemnize, hallow, do honor to, mark with a red letter. commemorate, memorialize. {{&has_part}} {{part_of(drink, P2.8.3.2)}} drink to, toast, pledge, hob and nob[obs3]. {{has_subtype(solemnize[obj=enter into office])}} inaugurate, install, chair, swear in, invest, induct. {{has_patient(inaugurate): office holder, @R737}}. kill the fatted calf, hold jubilee, roast an ox. Adj. celebrating, marking, keeping. commemorative, celebrated, immortal. commemorating, memorializing. Adv. in honor of, in commemoration of. Int. {{&has_lexpression(celebration)}} "hail!"; "all hail!"; io paean, "io triumphe!"[obs3]; " see the conquering hero comes!". <-- [[boast]] --> M8.3.1.4.3 BOASTING (R884) #884. Boasting. N. {{has_lexpression(vanity, R880)}} {{similar_to(ostentation, R882)}} {{has_subtype(communicating, R527)}} boasting, bragging, self-aggrandizement, self-flattery, gasconade, self-praise, self-glorification, self-laudation, self-applause, self-congratualtion, self-gratulation[obs3]. {{has_topic: notable deed[of=self, M1.1]; virtue[of=self, M1.1], M4.2.2.1.1}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(communication[2], @R527)}} boast, vaunt, brag, braggardism[obs3], crake[obs1]. {{&has_property: exaggerated, @R549}}. {{property_of(false)}} pretense, pretensions; puff, puffery; bravado, bunkum, buncombe; hot air, bluff, gas[coll], rodomontade, bombast, fine talking, tall talk, magniloquence, venditation[obs1], vaporing, teratology[obs1], blague[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{topic_of(superiority[of=human group], @R648)}} Chauvinism. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(display[of=skill, R698], @R525)}} {{property_of(conspicuous, @R446)}} showing off, hot dogging, strutting, heroics, spread-eagleism [obs3][U. S.]. {{&has_part(showing off)}} {{has_subtype(surplus[of=action, R680], @R641)}} {{property_of(unnecessary, @R641)}} flourish, showiness. {{performed_by(showing off)}} show-off, hot dog. vox et praeterea nihil[Lat]; much cry and little wool, brutum fulmen[Lat]. exultation; gloriation[obs1], glorification; flourish of trumpets. {{&mcaused_by: triumph &c. R883; notable deed[of=self, M1.1]}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.35, braggart, boaster}}. <-- , fanfaronade[obs3]; jactitation[obs3], jactancy[obs3]; ; --> V. boast, make a boast of, brag. vaunt, puff, crack, trumpet, swagger, vapor, blague[obs3], blow, crake[obs1]. {{has_subtype(boast[about=hand, @R840])}} {[in_frame(poker, @R840)]} four-flush, bluff. {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} {{has_subtype(display[of=skill, R698][mode=conspicuously], @R525)}} [intransitive] show off, hot dog, flourish, strut, strut one's stuff. {{has_subtype(act, M7.3.4)}} {{has_subtype(display[obj=possession, @R777][mode=conspicuously, @R525], @R525)}} [transitive]show off[2]. talk big, se faire valoir[Fr], faire claquer son fouet[obs3][Fr], take merit to oneself, make a merit of, sing Io triumphe[obs3], holloa before one is out of the wood[obs3]. Adj. {{&has_consequence(conceited, R880)}} boastful, boasting, bragging, magniloquent, swaggering, flaming, Thrasonic, stilted, gasconading, braggart, soi-disant[Fr]; highfalutin, highfaluting[obs3]; spread-eagle [U. S.*]. elate, elated; jubilant, triumphant, exultant; in high feather; flushed, flushed with victory; cock-a-hoop; on stilts. vaunted &c. v.. Adv. boastfully, magniloquently. vauntingly. Phr. " let the galled jade wince " [Hamlet]; facta non verba[Lat]. <-- [Expression of feelings of superiority.] The feelings are at R885a --> M8.3.1.4.4 INSOLENCE (R885) #885. Insolence. N. {{has_expression(impudence, R885a)}} {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} {{conceptual_part_of(contempt, R930/insult, @R929)}} insolence, haughtiness, imperiousness, arrogance, overbearance[obs3]. domineering, bullying. bluster, bounce, swagger, swaggering, blustering, giving oneself airs. arbitrariness, high-handedness, overbearing behavior, intolerance. {{has_low_intensity}} impertinence, airs, sauciness &c. adj.; flippancy, dicacity[obs1], petulance, procacity[obs3]. beggar on horseback; usurpation. effrontery, hardened front, face of brass. {{has_high_intensity: tyranny &c. R739}}. <-- boasting is caused by vanity. Is it also due sometmes to insolence? --> {{&mcauses: R884, boasting}}. {{performed_by: blusterer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.34}}. <-- terrorism. ?!--> V. {{conceptual_part_of(be insulting)}} be insolent, be haughty, be arrogant, be imperious, be high-handed, be supercilious, be overbearing, be domineering, be overweening, be contumelious. bluster, swagger, swell, give oneself airs, vapor, snap one's fingers, kick up a dust; roister. presume, arrogate, assume, make bold, feel free, make free, take a liberty, take liberties, arrogate to onself, give an inch and take an ell, give an inch and take a mile. domineer, bully, browbeat, intimidate, push around, dictate, hector, lord it over; traiter de haut en bas[Fr], regarder de haut en bas[Fr]; exact; snub, huff, beard, fly in the face of; put to the blush; bear down, beat down. patronize, be patronizing. trample down, tread down, trample under foot; dragoon, ride roughshod over. outstare, outface, outlook, outbrazen[obs3], outbrave[obs3]; stare out of countenance; brazen out; lay down the law; assume a lofty bearing; talk big, look big; put on big looks, act the grand seigneur[Fr]; mount the high horse, ride the high horse; toss the head, carry, with a high hand. {{has_metaphor(be patronizing)}} teach one's grandmother to suck eggs. tempt Providence, want snuffing. {{&mcauses: swear, @R908}}. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(contemptuous, R930/insulting, @R929)}} insolent, haughty, arrogant, imperious, magisterial, dictatorial, arbitrary; high-handed, high and mighty; contumelious, supercilious, overbearing, intolerant, domineering, overweening, high-flown. flippant, pert, fresh [U. S.], cavalier, saucy, forward, impertinent, malapert. assuming, precocious, would-be, bumptious. brazen, boldfaced, barefaced, brazen-faced; dead to shame, lost to shame. patronizing. free and easy, devil-may-care, rollicking; jaunty, janty[obs3]; roistering, blustering, hectoring, swaggering, vaporing; thrasonic, fire eating, "full of sound and fury " [Macbeth]. Adv. insolently, high-handedly, with a high hand, arbitrarily, magisterially, dictatorially, imperiously; ex cathedra[Lat]. haughtily, arrogantly, superciliously, overbearingly. Phr. one's bark being worse than his bite; " beggars mounted run their horse to death " [Henry VI]; "quid times?"; Caesarem vehis [Lat][Plutarch]; wagahai wa [Jap: I (expressing superiority)]. M8.3.1.4.5 SERVILITY (R886) #886. Servility. N. {{has_expression(abjectness, @R879)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} servility, subserviency, abasement, self-abasement. prostration, prosternation[obs1]. {{has_subtype: sycophancy &c. (flattery) R933}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_excess(flattery, R933)}} {{property_of(degrading, @R940)}} fawning, groveling, sycophancy, obsequiousness, slavishness, sucking up, flunkeyism, boot-licking, ass-kissing[vulg.], toadeating[obs3], tuft-hunting[obs3], timeserving[obs3]. {{&caused_by: slavery &c. (subjection) R749}}. {{&performed_by: servant, R746; flatterer &c. R935}}. {{performed_by: slave, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.12.1}}. {{performed_by}} sycophant, parasite, courtier, toady, toad-eater, tool, flunky, flunkey, yes-man, lickspittle, hanger on, timeserver, fortune hunter, snob, smell-feast, doughface [U. S], sponger, sucker, boot-licker, ass-kisser[vulg.], suckup[vulg.], tagtail[obs3], truckler, toad, tufthunter[obs3]; doer of dirty work, heeler [U. S.], homme de cour[Fr]; ame damnee[Fr]; beat, dead beat. {{has_metaphor(sycophant)}} lapdog, spaniel, reptile, Graeculus esuriens[Lat], cavaliere servente[It], led captain, carpet knight, Vicar of Bray, Sir-Pertinax, Max Sycophant, pickthank[obs3]. {{has_subtype: genuflection &c. (worship) R990}}. V. abase oneself. cringe, bow, stoop, kneel, bend the knee; fall on one's knees, prostrate oneself. sneak, crawl, crouch, cower, sponge, truckle to, grovel, fawn, lick the feet of, kiss the hem of one's garment, kiss one's ass[vulg.], suck up. pay court to; feed on, fatten on, dance attendance on, pin oneself upon, hang on the sleeve of, avaler les couleuvres[Fr], keep time to, fetch and carry, do the dirty work of. go with the stream, worship the rising sun, hold with the hare and run with the hounds. {{has_subtype: worship &c. R990}}. Adj. servile, obsequious. soapy, oily, pliant, cringing, abased, dough-faced, fawning, slavish, groveling, sniveling, mealy-mouthed; beggarly, sycophantic, parasitical; prostrate, down on ones marrow-bones; base, mean, sneaking; crouching &c. v.. supple, supple as a glove. Adv. obsequiously, servilely. hat in hand, cap in hand. <-- R887 Blusterer to person who ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.34 --> <-- in this section(M8.3.2), under mind-mind interactions, the mental attitudes and the actions these attitudes cause, which were contained in the same Roget entry, are distinguished by breaking such entries into two parts. For example, in R907 we describe both the mental phenomena causing malevolent actions, and in R907a the malevolent actions themselves. They are distinguished as cause and effect (mcause=mental cause) --> <-- for "diffuse sympathetic affections" we treat feelings toward other people generally, rather than specific individuals. --> M8.3.2 DIFFUSIVE SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS N. {{&has_conceptual_part(motive, R615)}} diffusive sympathetic affection. {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(other people, @M1.2): mankind, R372}}. <-- ...R906 to r913 906. Benevolence 907. Malevolence 908. Malediction 909. Threat 910. Philanthrophy 911. Misanthropy Note: R912. Benefactor 913. Evil doer to person who P2.3.2.3.6.5.21.1 Benefactor; P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.1 Evil Doer Sympathy for an individual is at M8.3.1.1.1.1.1; this entry is for more generalized sympathy toward others generally. [[benevolence]] --> M8.3.2.1 BENEVOLENCE (R906) #906. Benevolence. N. {{has_high_quantity(kind wishes, @M8.3.1.1.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(desire[for=good[for=other, M1.2], R618], R865)}} benevolence, good will. {{has_expression: generosity, R816}}. {{has_subtype: unselfishness &c. R942}}. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3/beast, @R366)}} beneficiary. kindness, kindliness, graciousness, goodliness, kind-heartedness, loving-kindness, benignity, brotherly love, charity, charitableness, humanity, humanness; goodness of heart, good nature, warmth of heart; bonhomie, warm-heartedness, tender-heartedness, large-heartedness, amiability, milk of human kindness, tenderness. {{conceptual_part_of: friendship &c. R888}}. {{mcaused_by: fellow-feeling, sympathy; love[for=mankind, R372], R897}}. Christian charity; God's love, God's grace. {{has_low_intensity}} toleration, consideration. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(intention[to=do good], R620)}} good intention, good intentions[collective]. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{caused_by(good, R618)}} act of kindness, act of benevolence, favor, good turn, good works, beneficence, "the luxury of doing good " [Goldsmith]; good offices, kind offices; good treatment, kind treatment. {{has_subtype(act of benevolence): generosity, R816}}. {{has_subtype(act of benevolence): philanthropy &c. R910}}. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(action, R680): @R784, boon, gift}}. {{mcauses: mercy &c. (pity) R914}}. {{trait_of}} good Samaritan, sympathizer, bon enfant[Fr]. {{trait_of: benefactor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.21.1}}. V. be benevolent, be kind, be obliging, be accommodating, be indulgent, be gracious, have one's heart in the right place, bear good will. enter into the feelings of others, do as you would be done by, meet halfway. {{mcauses(be benevolent)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} do good, do a good turn. {{!causes(do good): good[for=other, M1.2], R618}}. treat well; give comfort, smooth the bed of death; render a service, be of use. {{&mcauses: benefit &c. (goodness) R648}}. {{&mcauses: aid &c. R707}}. Adj. {[referring_to(benevolence)]} benevolent, kind, kindly; amiable; obliging, accommodating, indulgent, gracious, complacent, good-humored. warm-hearted, kind-hearted, tender-hearted, large-hearted, broad-hearted; merciful &c. R914; beneficent, humane, benignant. {{has_property(act of kindness)}} well-meaning, well-meant, well-intentioned. {{consequence_of(giving, @R784)}} charitable, eleemosynary; bounteous, bountiful. {{has_low_intensity}} good-natured, well-natured; spleenless[obs3]; sympathizing, sympathetic. {{has_low_intensity: complaisant &c. (courteous) R894}}. fatherly; motherly; brotherly, fraternal; sisterly, sororal[obs3]; paternal; maternal. {{conceptual_part_of: friendly &c. R888}}. Adv. with a good intention, with the best intentions. Int. {{has_lexpression(benevolence)}} "Godspeed!"; "much good may it do!". Phr. " act a charity sometimes " [Lamb]; " a tender heart, a will inflexible " [Longfellow]; de mortuis nil nisi bonum [Lat: say only good things about the dead, don't speak ill of the dead]; " kind words are more than coronets " [Tennyson]; quando amigo pide no hay manana[Sp]; " the social smile, the sympathetic tear " [Gray]; do unto others as you would have others do unto you. M8.3.2.1.1 HUMANITARIANISM (R910) #910. Humanitarianism. N. humanitarianism, humanity, philanthropy, universal benevolence. cosmopolitanism, utilitarianism. {{studied_in}} social science, sociology. {{&has_manifestation: generosity, R816}}. {{has_concern}} {{has_subtype(human condition[of=everyone])}} common weal, general welfare, the greatest happiness of the greatest number. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(political philosophy)}} {{believes(socialist)}} socialism. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(political philosophy)}} {{believes(communist)}} communism, Fourierism[obs2], phalansterianism[obs3], Saint Simonianism[obs3]. patriotism, civism[obs3], nationality, love of country, amor patriae[Lat]. public spirit. chivalry, knight errantry[obs3]. {{trait_of}} philanthropist; eudaemonist, eudemonist, utilitarian, Benthamite, cosmopolite, citizen of the world, amicus humani generis[Lat]; knight errant. {{has_subtype}} {{believes(eudemonist)}} eudemonism, eudaemonism, deliciae humani generis[Lat]. {{trait_of: @R778, socialist, communist}}. {{trait_of(patriotism)}} patriot. Adj. {{has_subtype(benevolent, R906)}} humanitarian, humane, philanthropic, utilitarian, cosmopolitan, public-spirited. patriotic; chivalric. {{has_expression: generous, R816}}. eudemonistic, eudemonic, eudaemonistic, eudemonistical. Adv. philanthropically, in a pubic spirit, public-spiritedly, pro bono publico[Lat], pro aris et focis [Lat][obs3][Cicero]; humanely. Phr. better suffer ill than do ill; humani nihil a me alienum puto [Lat][Terence]; omne solum forti patria [Lat][Ovid]; un bien fait n'est jamais perdu[Fr]. <-- the actions of giving money or time to others are at M9.3.3.1.1, generosity, liberality --> M8.3.2.1.2 ALTRUISM (R942) #942. Altruism. N. {{has_subtype(benevolence, R906)}} altruism, unselfishness, magnanimity, liberalism. elevation, loftiness of purpose, exaltation, disinterestedness, sublimity, nobility of spirit, nobility of purpose; chivalry, chivalrous spirit. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(responsibility[of=noble person], @R926)}} noblesse oblige. {{has_high_intensity}} heroism. {{requires: @M7.1.1.3, self-denial, self-abnegation, self-sacrifice, self-control}}. labor of love. {{has_expression: generosity, R816}}. {{trait_of}} altruist, liberal. V. be altruistic, be unselfish. have a lofty purpose, be disinterested, have a noble spirit, have a noble purpose. do as one would be done by, do unto others as we would men should do unto us. {{requires}} make a sacrifice, lay one's head on the block; put oneself in the place of others. Adj. altruistic, unselfish, disinterested; self-denying, self-sacrificing, self-devoted. magnanimous, liberal. great-hearted, large-hearted; chivalrous, heroic, sublime. Phr. non vobis solum[Lat]. <-- in R907 we describe both the mental phenomena causing malevolent actions, and in R907a the malevolent actions themselves. They are distinguished as cause and effect (mcause=mental cause). Here the "malevolence" is a trait, which may be transient rather than ingrained. --> M8.3.2.2 MALEVOLENCE (R907) #907. Malevolence. N. {{antonym_of(benevolence, R906)}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2)}} malevolence, malice, cruelty, cruelness, malice prepense[obs3], ill nature, ill will, maliciousness, malignity, ill blood, bad blood. {{mcauses: cruelty, R907a}}. {{has_high_intensity}} brutality, savagery, ferocity, barbarity, barbarousness, inhumanity, bloodthirstiness, ferociousness, ferity[obs3], immanity[obs1]. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(intention, R620)}} bad intent, bad intention, evil intention. spitefulness, animus, spite, despite. <-- an act of spite may harm the person performing it --> {{&has_expression(spite/contempt, R930/defiance, R715)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} despite, act of spite. {{performed_by(despite): $person, P2.3.2.3}}. &&{{&causes(despite): harm[to=$person + other, M1.2], R659a}}. {{&mcaused_by: resentment &c. R900; enmity &c. R889; hate &c. R898}}. gall, venom, rancor, rancorousness, rankling, virulence, mordacity[obs3]. hardness of heart, heart of stone, obduracy. {{has_metaphor}} evil eye, cloven foot. {{has_low_intensity}} unkindness, uncharitableness, ungraciousness, unfriendliness, lack of compassion, diskindness[obs3], incompassionateness. <-- incompassionateness &c. R914a --> {{trait_of(spitefulness)}} gadfly. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(dog, @R366)}} mad dog. {{mcauses}} {{property_of(repetition)}} harassment, persecution. {{&has_expression: threat, R909; curse, R908}}. V. be malevolent, be malicious, be cruel, be malign. bear spleen, harbor spleen, bear a grudge, harbor a grudge, bear malice; betray the cloven foot, show the cloven foot. Adj. {{has_property(cruelty, @R907a)}} malevolent, malicious, cruel, malign, malignant, unbenevolent, unbenign, ill-disposed, ill-intentioned, ill-natured, ill-conditioned, ill-contrived, evil-minded, evil-disposed, black-browed[obs3]. rancorous, mordacious, caustic, bitter, envenomed, acrimonious, virulent; maleficent, venomous, grinding, galling. despiteful, spiteful. harsh, disobliging; inofficious[obs3]; invidious. {{has_low_intensity: discourteous, R895}}. {{has_low_intensity: @R901a, surly, sullen}}. {{has_low_intensity: @R901, ill-tempered, irascible}}. cold, cold-blooded, cold-hearted. {{has_subtype}} {{has_high_intensity(unfeeling, @M3.3.2.1.3.7)}} pitiless, black-hearted, hard-hearted, flint-hearted, marble-hearted, stony-hearted; hard of heart, unnatural. {{has_high_intensity(cruel)}} brutal, brutish; savage, savage as a bear, savage as a tiger, ferocious; inhuman; barbarous, barbaric; bloodthirsty &c. (murderous) R361; atrocious; bloodyminded[obs3], ferine[obs3]. semibarbaric, fell, untamed, tameless, truculent, incendiary. {{has_high_intensity(cruel): ruthless &c. (unmerciful) R914a}}. {{&part_of(cruel): relentless &c. (revengeful) R919}}. fiendish, fiendlike[obs3]; demoniacal; diabolic, diabolical; devilish, infernal, hellish, Satanic; Tartaran. {{has_low_intensity}} unamiable, uncharitable; unkind, unfriendly, ungracious. Adv. malevolently, cruelly, maliciously, malignantly, with bad intent, with evil intent, with malice, with malice aforethought. Phr. cruel as death; " hard unkindness' alter'd eye " [Gray]; homo homini lupus [Lat][Plautus]; mala mens[Lat], malus animus [Lat][Terence]. "rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind" [Hamlet]; "sharp-tooth'd unkindness " [Lear]. M8.3.2.2.2 MISANTHROPY (R911) #911. Misanthropy. N. misanthropy, incivism. {{correlated_with: selfishness, R943}}. {{&mcauses: moroseness &c. R901a}}. {{trait_of(misanthropy, R911)}} misanthrope, misanthropist, egotist, man hater. {{has_subtype(misanthrope): @R606a, homophobe, xenophobe}}. {{has_subtype(misanthrope)}} woman hater, misogynist. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(belief, R484)}} cynicism. {{has_topic(cynicism): $assertion}}. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{has_property(motive[of=person[num=all], P2.3.2.3], R615): selfish, R943}}. {{trait_of(cynicism)}} cynic. {{has_instance(cynic)}} Timon, Diogenes. Adj. misanthropic, antisocial, unpatriotic[obs2]. {{correlated_with: egotistical &c.(selfish) R943}}. {{&has_consequence: morose &c. R901a}}. <-- R912 benefactor and R913 evil doer to person who .. wrongdoer, R949--> <-- N. {{similar_to: personal affections, M8.3}} sympathetic affection. --> M8.3.3 SPECIAL SYMPATHETIC AFFECTIONS (R914 TO R915) N. special sympathetic affections. {{performed_by}} sympathizer, person sympathizing. {{is_a(sympathizer): @R890, wellwisher, advocate, friend, partisan, patron}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3/beast, @R366)}} {{not_identical_to(sympathizer)}} sympathizee. {{caused_by: learning about[obj=$event, R151], R539}}. &&{{&!hurts_p($event): sympathizee}}. &&{{&has_temporal_location($event): future, R121; present, R118}}. &&{{&has_property($event): potential, @R470}}. <-- 914. Pity 914a. Pitilessness 915. Condolence --> M8.3.3.1 PITY (R914) #914. Pity. N. pity, compassion, commiseration, bowels of compassion. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(sympathizee)}} pitied person. {{has_low_intensity}} sympathy, fellow-feeling, response. tenderness, yearning, forbearance, humanity, mercy, clemency; charity, ruth, long-suffering. <-- the "harmful event" of leniency is only potential --> {{&mcauses: leniency &c. (lenity) R740}}. melting mood; argumentum ad misericordiam[Lat], quarter, grace, locus paenitentiae[Lat]. V. pity; have pity, show pity, take pity, have compassion, show compassion, commiserate, feel for, be sorry for, compassionate[obs2]. {{has_low_intensity}} sympathize, enter into the feelings of. {{&mcauses}} weep, melt, thaw. <-- ; yearn for --> {{&mcauses: condole &c. R915}}. wipe the tears, parcere subjectis[Lat], "give a coup de grŸce", put out of one's misery. {{&mcauses: @R740, forbear, relent, relax, give quarter}}. {{&mcaused_by}} raise pity , excite pity. {{&mcaused_by}} touch, soften; melt, melt the heart; propitiate, disarm. Adj. pitying, showing pity, compassionate, sympathetic, touched, full of pity, pitiful[obs2]. merciful; humane; tender, tender hearted, tender as a chicken; soft, soft hearted, unhardened[obs3]; lenient &c. R740; forbearing, exorable[obs3]. <-- weak.? One who pities is weak??--> {{has_high_intensity: humanitarian &c. (philanthropic) R910}}. Int. "for pity's sake!"; "mercy!"; "have mercy!"; "cry you mercy!"; "God help you!"; "poor thing!"; "poor dear!"; "poor fellow!"; "woe betide!"; " quis talia fando temperet a lachrymiss! " [Lat][Vergil]. Phr. one's heart bleeding for; haud ignara mali miseris succurrere disco [Lat][Vergil]; " a fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind "[Garrick]; onor di bocca assai giova e poco costa[It]. M8.3.3.1.R1 CONDOLENCE (R915) #915. Condolence. N. {{has_lexpression(sympathy, @R914/pity, R914)}} condolence; sympathy, consolation. {{&co-occurs_with: lamentation &c. R839}}. V. {{has_lexpression(sympathize, @R914)}} condole, condole with, console, sympathize, express pity, testify pity; afford consolation, supply consolation. lament with, grieve with; express sympathy for; feel grief in common with, feel sorrow in common with; share one's sorrow. M8.3.3.2 PITILESSNESS (R914A) #914a. Pitilessness. N. {{contrast_to(pity, R914)}} pitilessness, mercilessness, ruthlessness, inclemency. {{&consequence_of: severity &c. R739}}. {{conceptual_part_of: brutality, @R907; cruelty, R907a}}. V. be pitiless, have no mercy, show no mercy, shut the gates of mercy; give no quarter. Adj. pitiless, merciless, ruthless, bowelless; unpitying, unmerciful, inclement. grim-faced, grim-visaged; incompassionate[obs3], uncompassionate; inexorable. {{&consequence_of: harsh &c. R739}}. {{similar_to: remorseless, @R919}}. M8.3.4 RETROSPECTIVE SYMPATHETIC AFFECTION (R916 TO R921) N. {{has_subtype(emotion, @R821)}} retrospective sympathetic affection. {{performed_by: $person, P2.3.2.3}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{not_identical_to($person)}} target of emotion. {{caused_by: $event, R151}}. &&{{!has_temporal_location($event): past}}. <-- 916. Gratitude 917. Ingratitude 900. Anger 918. Forgiveness 919. Revenge 920. Jealousy 921. Envy [[gratitude]] --> M8.3.4.1 GRATITUDE (R916) #916. Gratitude. N. gratitude, thankfulness, appreciation, feeling of obligation, sense of obligation. {{performed_by}}{{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} grateful person. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(benefactor, R912)}} {{not_identical_to(grateful person)}} {{has_subtype(target of emotion, @M8.3.4)}} target of gratitude. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype($event, R151): act of kindness, @R906}}. acknowledgment, recognition, thanks-giving, thanksgiving, giving thanks; thankful good will. {{has_lexpression}} {{hperforms(grateful person)}} thanks, praise, benediction; paean. {{has_subtype(thanks[to=God, R976])}} {[in_frame(worship, R990)]} Te Deum[Lat], thank offering. {{has_subtype(thanks[to=God, R976])}} {{co-occurs_with(meal)}} grace, grace before meat, grace before meals; grace after meat, grace after meals. <-- for thanks to God we need to cancel the "person" character of benefactor. --> {{has_case(Te Deum/grace before meals/grace after meals)}} {{has_subtype(benefactor, R912)}} {{!:not_has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3): God, R976}}. {{has_subtype(thanks)}} requital, response, recognition, grace. V. be grateful, be thankful, feel gratitude. {{has_lexpression}} thank, express thanks, express gratitude; give thanks, render thanks, return thanks, offer thanks, tender thanks; acknowledge, requite. {{&mcauses}} feel under an obligation; savoir gre[Fr]. {{has_metaphor(be grateful)}} not look a gift horse in the mouth. be under an obligation, lie under an obligation. {{has_high_intensity(be grateful)}} be very grateful, never forget, overflow with gratitude, thank one's stars, thank one's lucky stars, bless one's stars. {{&has_expression(be very gratefu)}} fall on one's knees. Adj. {{has_property(grateful person)}} grateful, thankful, obliged, beholden, indebted to, under obligation. Int. {{has_lexpression(gratitude)}} "thanks!", "many thanks!"; "gramercy!"[obs3]; "much obliged!"; "thank you!", "thank you very much!", "thanks a lot!", thanks a heap, thanks loads [coll.]; "thank Heaven!", "Heaven be praised!", "Gott sei Dank!"[Ger]. Phr. "I have drunk from wells I did not dig, I have been warmed by fires I did not build.". M8.3.4.2. INGRATITUDE (R917) #917. Ingratitude. N. {{antonym_of(gratitude, R916)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=gratitude, R916])}} ingratitude, thanklessness, oblivion of benefits, unthankfulness[obs3]. " benefits forgot ". {{causes}} thankless task, thankless office. {{trait_of}} ingrate, ungrateful person. {{!not_hperforms(ingrate): thanks, @R916}}. V. be ungrateful, be thankless. forget benefits; look a gift horse in the mouth. Adj. {{has_property(ingrate)}} ungrateful, unmindful, unthankful; thankless, ingrate, wanting in gratitude, insensible of benefits. forgotten; unacknowledged, unthanked[obs3], unrequited, unrewarded; ill-requited. Int. "thank you for nothing!"; "thanks for nothing!"; " et tu Brute! " [Julius Caesar]. Phr. "ingratitude! thou marble-hearted fiend " [Lear]; bite the hand that feeds one. <-- [[ANGER]] --> M8.3.4.3 ANGER (R900) #900. Anger. N. {{has_subtype(reaction, @R680)}} anger, indignation, animosity. {{has_low_intensity}} {{property_of(persistent, @R141)}} resentment. {{has_low_intensity}} displeasure, dudgeon. {{has_low_intensity: @R828, annoyance, irritation}}. {{caused_by}} cause of anger. {{is_a(cause of anger): action, R680; situation, @R7b}}. pique, umbrage, huff, miff, soreness, rankling, acerbity, virulence, bitterness, acrimony, asperity, spleen, gall; heart-burning, heart-swelling. {{facilitated_by: ill humor, bad humor, ill temper, bad temper; irascibility &c. R901}}. {{&mcauses: hate, R898; revenge &c. R919}}. warmth, excitement. {{has_subtype}} anger at oneself. {{has_case(anger at oneself)}} {{has_subtype(cause of anger): action[by=self, M1.1], R680}}. {{has_high_intensity}} exasperation, bitter resentment, wrathful indignation. {{has_high_intensity}} rage, fury, strong anger, intense anger, furor, furore[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(rage)}} towering rage. {{has_high_intensity}} {{property_of(vengeful)}} wrath. {{has_high_level}} ire, bile, choler, dander, fume, pucker, ferment, ebullition, towering passion, acharnement[Fr], angry mood, taking, pet, tiff, passion. {{mcauses(rage)}} burst, explosion, paroxysm, storm, desperation; violence &c. M9.3.3.2.2.2; fire and fury; vials of wrath; gnashing of teeth, hot blood, high words. {{&mcauses}} fit, tantrum, tantrums[pl]. {{&mcauses: scowl &c. R895; sulks &c. R901a}}. {{has_subtype(cause of anger)}} affront, provocation, offense; grudge, crow to pluck, bone to pick, sore subject, casus belli[Lat]; ill turn, outrage. {{has_subtype(cause of anger): @R929, indignity, insult}}. {{trait_of}} {{property_of(mythical)}} Furies, Eumenides. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(blow, @R276)}} buffet, slap in the face, box on the ear, rap on the knuckles. V. be angry. {{has_low_intensity}} {{property_of(persistent, @R141)}} be resentful, nurse a grudge, carry a grudge. {{has_low_intensity}} {{property_of(persistent, @R141)}} [transitive] resent. {{has_low_intensity: @R830, be annoyed, be irritated}}. {{has_commencement}} {[with_object(cause of anger)]} [transitive] take amiss, take ill, take to heart, take offense at, take umbrage at, take huff; take exception to; take in ill part, take in bad part, take in dudgeon; ne pas entendre raillerie[Fr]; breathe revenge, cut up rough. {{has_subtype(be angry)}} chafe, mantle, fume; boil, boil over; boil with indignation, boil with rage. {{has_commencement}} get angry, become angry, fly into a rage, hit the roof, fall into a rage, get into a rage, fly into a passion, go ballistic [coll., 1990], get steamed up, fly off the handle, blow one's top, get riled up, get all riled up, get upset; kindle, fly out, take fire; bridle up, bristle up, froth up, fire up, flare up; open the vials of one's wrath, pour out the vials of one's wrath. {{has_expression(be angry)}} pout, knit the brow, frown, scowl, lower, snarl, growl, gnarl, gnash, snap; redden, color; look black, look black as thunder, look daggers; bite one's thumb; show one's teeth, grind one's teeth; champ the bit, champ at the bit. {{&has_expression}} rage, storm, foam, vent one's rage, vent one's spleen; lose one's temper, stand on one's hind legs, stamp the foot, stamp with rage, quiver with rage, swell with rage, foam with rage; burst with anger; raise Cain. have a fling at; bear malice &c. (revenge) R919. {{caused_by(become angry)}} {{has_subtype(excite, R824)}} [transitive] anger, rile, make one mad, gall, cause anger, raise anger; affront, offend; give offense, give umbrage; provoke, try one's temper, aggravate; irritate, discompose, chafe, fret, ruffle, nettle, huff, pique; stir the blood, stir up bile; add fuel to the flame, fan into a flame, widen the breach, exasperate. {{caused_by(become angry)}} {{has_subtype(excite, R824)}} put out of countenance, put out of humor; put one's monkey up, put one's back up; raise one's gorge, raise one's dander, raise one's choler; work up into a passion; make one's blood boil, make the ears tingle, put out of joint [coll.]; throw into a ferment; fool to the top of one's bent; set by the ears. {{&caused_by(become angry)}} {{has_subtype(excite, R824)}} [transitive] hurt the feelings, sting, hurt one's feelings. {{has_high_intensity(hurt the feelings)}} wound, cut to the heart, cut to the quick, sting to the quick, embitter. {{has_subtype(hurt the feelings): insult, @R929}}. {{has_high_intensity(cause anger)}} inflame, enrage, incense, infuriate, envenom, kindle wrath in, madden, drive one mad, lash into fury, lash into madness. {{&caused_by(become angry)}} stick in one's gizzard; hit on the raw, rub on the raw, sting on the raw, strike on the raw. {{&caused_by(become angry): rankle &c. R919}}. {{has_subtype(anger)}} {{caused_by(retaliation, R718)}} bring a hornet's nest about one's ears. Adj. angry, mad, irate, wrath, angered. pissed off[vulg.], pissed[vulg.]; teed off[coll.], ticked off[coll.], ticked[coll.]; warm, burning; hot under the collar, steamed, boiling, boiling over, steamed up. {{has_high_intensity(angry)}} wroth, ireful, wrathful; bitter, virulent; in a huff, in a stew, in a fume, in a pucker, in a passion. {{has_high_intensity(angry)}} fuming, raging, livid, splenetic, in a rage, foaming, rabid, convulsed with rage, foaming at the mouth, choleric, in a choler, rageful. {{has_high_intensity(angry)}} furious, infuriated, fierce, wild, mad with rage, fiery, savage, infuriate, flushed with anger, flushed with rage, in a rage, in a fury, in a taking, in a way, up in arms, in high dudgeon, all worked up, on one's high ropes. {{has_low_intensity(angry)}} resentful, offended, riled, galled &c. v.; waxy, acharne; wrought, worked up; indignant, hurt, sore; set against. {{&has_consequence: violent, @R173}}. {{&mcauses: cross &c. (irascible) R901; sulky &c. R901a; acrimonious &c. (discourteous) R895}}. {{&mcauses(resentful): relentless &c. R919}}. Adv. angrily, irately. {{has_high_intensity}} wrathfully, full of wrath, furiously, in a fit of fury. in a fit of anger, in the height of passion, in the heat of passion, in the heat of the moment. Int. "tantaene animis coelestibus irae!" [Lat][Vergil]; "marry come up!"; "zounds!"; "'sdeath!". Phr. one's blood being up, one's back being up, one's monkey being up; fervens difficili bile jecur[Lat]; the gorge rising, eyes flashing fire; the blood rising, the blood boiling; haeret lateri lethalis arundo [Lat][Vergil]; " beware the fury of a patient man " [Dryden]; furor arma ministrat [Lat][Vergil]; ira furor brevis est [Lat][Horace]; quem Jupiter vult perdere dementat prius[Lat]; "What, drunk with choler? " [Henry IV]. M8.3.4.4 FORGIVENESS (R918) #918. Forgiveness. N. forgiveness, pardon, condonation, grace, absolution. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(cancellation[of=penalty, R974/punishment, R972], R756)}} remission. amnesty, oblivion; indulgence, forbearance; reprieve. {{has_topic: cause of anger, @R900; evildoing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. {{&mcaused_by}} conciliation, reconcilement, propitiation, appeasement. {{&mcaused_by: reconciliation &c. (pacification) R723}}. excuse, exoneration, quittance, release, indemnity; bill of indemnity, act of indemnity, covenant of indemnity, deed of indemnity. {{&mcauses: exculpation &c. (acquittal) R970}}. longanimity[obs3], placability; amantium irae[Lat]; locus paenitentiae[Lat]. V. forgive, forgive and forget, pardon, think no more of, let bygones be bygones, shake hands; forget an injury. excuse, condone, pass over, overlook; bear with; allow for, make allowances for; let one down easily, not be too hard upon, pocket the affront. {{similar_to(codone): wink at &c. (neglect) R460}}. let off, remit, absolve, give absolution, reprieve. {{&mcauses: acquit &c. R970}}. {{&mcaused_by}} beg pardon, ask pardon, implore pardon &c. n.; conciliate, propitiate, placate; make up a quarrel &c. (pacify) R723; let the wound heal. Adj. forgiving, placable, conciliatory. {{has_consequence(forgive)}} forgiven, pardoned, unresented[obs3], unavenged, unrevenged[obs3]. {{has_consequence(excuse)}} excused, condoned, overlooked. Adv. cry you mercy. Phr. veniam petimusque damusque vicissim [Lat][Horace]; more in sorrow than in anger; comprendre tout c'est tout pardonner[Fr]; " the offender never pardons" [Herbert]. M8.3.4.5 REVENGE (R919) #919. Revenge. N. {{&mcauses(anger, R900)}} {{method_for(retaliation, R718)}} revenge, vengeance, retribution, getting even, getting back; avengement[obs3], avengeance[obs1], sweet revenge, revengement[obs3]. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(feud, @R713)}} vendetta, death feud, blood for blood retaliation. day of reckoning. rancor, vindictiveness, implacability; malevolence &c. R907; ruthlessness &c. R914a. {{performed_by}} avenger, vindicator. {{has_metaphor(avenger)}} Nemesis; Eumenides. V. {{method_for(retaliate)}} revenge, avenge, vindicate, take one's revenge, get revenge, have one's revenge, wreak one's vengeance, wreak one's anger; breathe revenge, breathe vengeance. [transitive] get even with, get back at, take revenge on. {{mcaused_by}} have accounts to settle, have a crow to pluck, have a bone to pick, have a rod in pickle. {{mcaused_by(have accounts to settle)}} harbor revenge, nurse one's grievances, keep the wound green, nurture revenge, harbor vindictive feeling, bear malice. rankle, rankle in the breast. Adj. {{has_trait(avenger)}} revengeful, vengeful, vindictive, rancorous, rigorous, avenging. unforgiving, unrelenting; inexorable, stony-hearted, implacable; relentless, remorseless. {{has_conceptual_part: @R914a, ruthless, pitiless}}. aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus[Lat]; rankling; immitigable. Phr. manet ciratrix[Lat], manet alid mente repostum[Lat][obs3]; dies irae dies illa[Lat]; " in high vengeance there is noble scorn " [G. Eliot]; inhumanum verbum est ultio [Lat][Seneca]; malevolus animus abditos dentes habet [Lat][Syrus]; " now infidel I have thee on the hip " [Merchant of Venice]. <-- two types of jealousy here: (1) caused by good fortune of one seen as a competitior (MW10 "jealous" 2); and (2) a tendency to suspect one's lover of unfaithfulness (MW10 "jealous" 1b) --> M8.3.4.6 JEALOUSY (R920) #920. Jealousy. N. jealousy[1], jealousness, envious suspicion. {{is_a: intolerance[of=rival, @R710]; hostility[to=rival, @R710], R889}}. {{similar_to}} {{has_subtype(tendency[to=suspect[obj=lover, P2.3.2.3.6.5.74.1^unfaithfulness, @R960], @R514], R820)}} jealousy[2]. {{&mcaused_by(jealousy[1]): good fortune[of=rival]; success[of=rival]}}. yellows. {{has_case(jealousy[1])}} {{has_subtype(target of emotion, M8.3.4): rival, @R710}}. <-- a lover's jealousy has two targets -- the lover *and* his/her imagined alternate lover ---> {{has_case(jealousy[2])}} {{has_subtype(target of emotion, M8.3.4): lover, P2.3.2.3.6.5.74.1}}. {{has_case(jealousy[2])}} {{has_subtype(target of emotion, M8.3.4)}} {{has_subtype(rival, @R710)}} {{property_of(presumed, @R514)}} presumed rival, imagined rival, supposed rival. {{has_high_intensity}} intense jealousy, heartburning. {{has_metaphor}} jaundiced eye, " green-eyed monster " [Othello]; Juno. V. be jealous. view with jealousy, view with a jealous eye, view with a jaundiced eye. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(rage, @R900)}} jealous rage. Adj. jealous. jealous as a barbary pigeon[obs3]; jaundiced, yellow-eyed, envious, horn-mad. M8.3.4.7 ENVY (R921) #921. Envy. N. {{has_subtype(dissatisfaction, @R820)}} envy, enviousness, covetousness; jalousie de milier[Fr]. {{has_case(jealousy[1])}} {{has_subtype(target of emotion, M8.3.4): other, M1.2}}. <-- actually caused by noticing advantage of other. This is shorthand, with one step (notice) removed. --> {{caused_by: $advantage[of=other, M1.2], R618; $possession[of=other, M1.2], R780}}. &&{{mcauses: desire[for=$advantage/$possession], R865}}. {{&mcaused_by: rivalry, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. {{&mcauses: @R907, ill-will, spite}}. V. envy, covet. view with envy, view with a jaundiced eye. {{has_high_intensity}} be green with envy, burst with envy. Adj. envious, invidious, covetous; alieni appetens[Lat]. Phr. " base envy withers at another's joy " [Thomson]; caeca invidia est [Lat][Livy]; multa petentibus desunt multa [Lat][Horace]; summa petit livor [Lat][Ovid]. <-- 737. Authority 738. Laxity 739. Severity 740. Lenity 741. Command 742. Disobedience 743. Obedience 744. Compulsion 747. Scepter 748. Freedom 749. Subjection 750. Liberation 751. Restraint 752. Prison 755. Commission 756. Abrogation 757. Resignation People to sections P2.3.2.3.6.5.6, P2.3.2.3.6.5 745. Master 746. Servant 753. Keeper 754. Prisoner 758. Consignee Deputy [[authority]] --> M9 MIND-MIND GROUP INTERACTION N. {{part_of(mind-mind interaction, M8)}} mind-mind group interaction. M9.1 INTERSOCIAL VOLITIONAL PHENOMENON N. {{has_subtype(mind-mind group interaction)}} {{affected_by(volition, R600)}} intersocial volitional phenomenon. <-- this "authority" is broad, meaning mostly the right to do something, though most words refer to governmental authority. The best term for the relation between a person who wields authority and the authority itself is not clear. By default, we use the relation {{has_property(person in authority): authority}}. Is "authority" a "right" or a "privelege"? If it is a "right", and if a "right" is in fact something morally due to somone, then moral dueness may be derived from brute power as well as a more "ethical" snese of dureness. At R924 we make no distinction between "right" and "privelege", and "what is due" is a subtype of "right, privelege", so this does not lead to a contradiciton. But another view may be appropriate.??? --> M9.1.1 AUTHORITY (R737) #737. Authority. N. {{has_subtype(right, R924)}} {{has_subtype(trait)}} {{has_subtype(power[to=command, R741/permit, R760], R157)}} authority[1], power. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(power[to=create[obj=law, R963], R161/apply[obj=law, R963], @R677/interpret[obj=law, R963], R522], R157)}} jurisdiction. {{possessed_by}} authority[2], official, person in authority, person in charge, authorities[pl]. {{has_location(authority[2])}} headquarters, seat of authority. {{consequence_of}} {{has_job(authority[2]): @M7.3.5.4.1, office}}. {{job_of(office)}} office holder, office bearer, person in office. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(person)}} {{affects}} person under authority. {{has_subtype(authority[2]): ruler, R745; director, R694}}. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(direction &c. R693)}} {{property_of(official/authoritative)}} exercise of authority. {{has_result(exercise of authority)}} {{has_subtype(human event, R680)}} authoritative act, official act, authoritative action, official action. <-- a law is a very abstract sort of object --> {{forms(official act)}} {{has_subtype(communication, R527): law, R963; rule, @R963; instruction, @R697; prohibition, @R761}}. <-- the "authority" of a law, rule, or document is almost metaphorical, a derivative of the author's authority --> {{required_for}} {{has_property(official act/official document/compact, R769)}} validity, applicability, authority[3]. {{applies_to(official act)}} sphere of authority, reach, sway. {{&hcreates(exercise of authority)}} {{property_of(official/authoritative)}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} official document, authoritative document. {{has_subtype(authoritative document): legal document; governmental document}}. {{has_low_level(authority[1])}} {{has_subtype(influence, R175)}} influence. {{has_subtype(influence)}} patronage, preponderance, credit, prestige, prerogative. {{has_subtype(office): elective office, @R737b}}. {{has_subtype(office): supervisory position, R693}}. {{has_subtype: direction &c. R693}}. {{has_subtype(authority[2]): government &c. R737a}}. divine right, dynastic rights, authoritativeness; absoluteness, absolutism; despotism; jus nocendi[Lat]; jus divinum[Lat]. {{&uses: command, R741}}. {{&has_method: compulsion, R744}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(right[to=respect, R928], R924)}} {{has_result(knowledge, R490)}} intellectual authority, authority[2], mastery, mastership, masterdom[obs3]. {{has_subtype(authority[2])}} {{trait_of(intellectual authority)}} authority[3], master. {{has_subtype(master)}} {[in_frame(lawsuit)]} special master. dictation, control. {{has_symbol: rod of empire &c. (scepter) R747}}. {{has_subtype(authority[1])}} {{property_of(derivative, @R6): commission &c. R755; deputy &c. R759; permission &c. R760}}. {{has_metaphor(sphere of authority)}} hold, grasp, grip; fangs, clutches, talons. {{result_of}} {{has_beginning}} acquisition of authority, accession. {{has_method(acquisition of authority): politics &c. R737a}}. {{has_beginning: installation, @R883}}. <-- ; iron sway &c. (severity) R739 --> V. be in authority, exercise jurisdiction, exercise authority, wield authority, exert authority, have authority, hold authority, possess authority. {{has_method(exercise authority): authorize &c. (permit) R760; warrant &c. (right) R924; dictate &c. (order) R741}}. be in office, fill an office, be at the head of, be head of, head, hold office, hold a post, occupy a post, be master of. rule, be in command, have the upper hand, have the whip, get the whip; gain a hold upon, preponderate, dominate, rule the roost; boss [U.S.]; override, overrule, overawe; hold one's own, wear the breeches; have the ball at one's feet, have it all one's own way, have the game in one's own hand, get the upper hand. [transitive] {[with_object(person under authority)]} lord it over, hold in hand, keep under, make a puppet of, lead by the nose, turn round one's little finger, bend to one's will, have on the hip, have under one's thumb. be master of the situation; take the lead, set the agenda, play first fiddle, set the fashion; give the law to; carry with a high hand; lay down the law. {{has_subtype(rule): rule with a rod of iron &c. (severity) R739}}. Adj. {{has_trait(person in authority)}} in authority, at the head, dominant, paramount, supreme, predominant, preponderant, in the ascendant. {{has_low_level(in authority)}} influential. arbitrary; stringent. {{&has_consequence(official): compulsory &c. R744}}. {{has_property(official act/official document)}} official, authoritative. {{has_property(official act/official document)}} {{has_subtype(powerful, @R157)}} valid, applicable, good, in effect, effective. {{has_trait(person under authority)}} under authority, under command. at one's command; in one's power, in one's grasp; under control. Adv. in the name of, by the authority of, de par le Roi[Fr], in virtue of; under the auspices of, in the hands of. at one's pleasure; by a dash if the pen, by a stroke of the pen; ex mero motu[Lat]; ex cathedra[Lat: from the chair]. Phr. "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely." [Lord Acton, 1887]; the gray mare the better horse; "every inch a king" [Lear]; "ride in the whirlwind and direct the storm" [Addison]. <-- in 4e sections R741 to R748 deal with government and politics. Lots of words and concepts are new since 1911! Here we make a start with one heading. Yet to do: take political subdivisions from territory R181 and R780, put them all here. [[government]] --> M9.1.1.1 GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY #737a. Governmental authority. N. {{has_subtype(authority, R737)}} {{method_for(compulsion, R744)}} governmental authority, sovereign authority, governmental power, sovereign power. {{hperforms}} rule, sovereignty, supremacy, suzerainty, sway, dominion, command, domination. <-- sense [1] is MW10 sense 5 and sense [2] is MW10 sense 6, without distinguishing subsenses --> {{property_of(governmental authority)}} {{has_subtype(authority[2], @R737)}} {{created_by(law, R963)}} {{ruled_by(geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(organization)}} {{has_subtype(ruler, R745)}} government[1], legal authority. {{applies_to}} {{affects}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} the governed[pl]. <-- governing is performed by the abstract "government" as well as the humans who make up the government. --> {{required_for}} {{used_in}} {{hperforms(government[1]/government[2])}} {{has_subtype(exercise of authority)}} governing, ruling. {{has_subtype(governing)}} {[in_frame(monarchy)]} {{hperforms(@R745, sovereign)}} reigning. {{&performed_by(governing)}} {[in_frame(monarchy): @R745, sovereign, monarch]}. {{&performed_by(governing)}} {{&member_of(monarch, @R745)}} {{has_subtype(line[of=rulers, R745], @P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1)}} dynasty. {{has_result(governing)}} {{has_subtype(official act)}} governmental act, government action. <-- this entry distinguishes the people who do the governing from the state itself --> {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} {{has_subtype(authorities, R737)}} government[2]. {{hperforms(government[2])}} {{has_conceptual_part(governing)}} {{has_subtype(service, M7.3.5.4.1.3)}} government service, government services[collective]. {{has_subtype(government[2])}} {{performed_by(governing[ptnt=town, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4])}} town government. {{has_subtype(town government)}} {{performed_by(governing[ptnt=city, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4])}} city government. {{has_subtype(government service): national defense; policing, @R965; operating[obj=public school/court, R966/public park], @R680; legislating, @R963}}. {{has_location(government[2])}} seat of government. {{has_part(government[2]): judicature &c. R965; cabinet &c. (council) R696}}. {{has_member(government[2])}} public official, public office holder. {{has_job(public official)}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} public office. {{has_subtype(public official)}} {{has_subtype(politician, @R737b)}} {{property_of(elected)}} elected official. {{has_job(elected official)}} {{has_subtype(office, @R737)}} elected office. {{has_property(elected official)}} {{has_subtype(authority, R737)}} elective authority. {{changed_by(government[2])}} change of government, turnover in government. {{has_case(change of government)}} {{has_subtype(government[2])}} {{has_subtype(state before change)}} old government. {{has_case(change of government)}} {{has_subtype(government[2])}} {{has_subtype(state after change)}} new government. {{caused_by(change of government)}} {[in_frame(democracy): election, @R737b]}. {{caused_by(change of government)}} {[in_frame(monarchy)]} {{has_subtype(succession, R281)}} succession, kingly succession. {{&caused_by(change of government)}} {{conceptual_part_of(force, @R744)}} overthrow of the government. {{has_subtype(overthrow of the government)}} {{purpose_of(change of government)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(revolution, R146)}} {{has_high_quantity(rebellion, @R742)}} revolution. {{performed_by(revolution)}} {{has_subtype(human group, P2.3.2.3.5)}} revolutionary group. {{has_member(revolutionary group)}} revolutionary, rebel, insurgent, revolutionist, insurrectionist. {{has_subtype(revolutionary)}} freedom fighter. {{has_subtype(revolution)}} {{precedes(revolution)}} counter revolution. {{causes(counter revolution): restoration[2][obj=old government], @M7.3.5.4.1.5}}. {{has_subtype(overthrow of the government)}} coup, putsch, coup d'etat[Fr]. {{has_subtype(coup)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} military coup. {{purpose_of(change of goverment)}} {{property_of(illegal, R964)}} subversion. kinghood[obs3], kingship; royalty, regality; aristarchy[obs3], aristocracy. lordship, headship[obs3]; chiefdom[obs3]; seigniory, seigniority[obs3]. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(system, @R692a)}} governmental system, system of government, governing system. {{has_subtype(governmental system)}} {{used_in(representation, @R737b/election, @R737b)}} democracy; republic. {{has_subtype(democracy)}} {{part_of(parliament, @R696)}} parliamentary democracy. {{has_participant(democracy/republic): the governed}}. {{has_subtype(governmental system)}} {{used_in(coercion, R744): dictatorship, M9.1.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(coup)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1): military coup, @M9.1.1.1.1}}. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(organization)}} governmental organization, governmental division, division of government. {{has_subtype(property, R780)}} {{owns(government)}} government property. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{property_of(governmental)}} {{property_of(official, @R737)}} legal document. {{hperforms(government)}} {{has_subtype(acquisition[ptnt=means of production], R775)}} {{desires(socialist)}} socialization. {{has_extreme(socialization)}} {{desires(communist)}} communization. {{hperforms(government)}} {{has_subtype(policy, @R692)}} government policy. V. {{has_subtype(exercise authority, @R737)}} govern, rule. sway, command, control, administer; lead, preside over. {[in_frame(monarchy)]} reign, be sovereign, possess the throne, be seated on the throne, occupy the throne, wear the crown, sway the scepter, wield the scepter. {{has_commencement}} assume the reins of government, take control, take the reins, take the reins into one's hand, assume authority, take command, assume command. {{has_subtype(assume the reins of government)}} {[in_frame(monarchy)]} ascend the throne, mount the throne, accede to the throne, succeed to the throne. {{has_method(take control)}} contend for authority, vie for control. {{conceptual_part_of(contend for authority): politics &c. R737a}}. {{hperforms(the governed)}} be governed by, be in the power of, be a subject of, be a citizen of. {{&hperforms(government)}} {{has_subtype(acquire[ptnt=means of production], R775)}} {[act_causing(socialization)]} socialize. {{has_extreme(socialize)}} {[act_causing(communization)]} communize. Adj. governmental. ruling, governing. {{has_subtype}} {[referring_to(sovereign, @R745)]} regal, sovereign, regnant; royal, royalist; monarchical, kingly; imperial, imperiatorial[obs3]; princely; feudal; aristocratic, autocratic; oligarchic; dynastic. {[referring_to(republic)]} republican. gubernatorial; imperious. {{has_property(government[1]/government[2])}} {{has_property(governmental act)}} authoritative, executive, administrative, clothed with authority, official. {{&has_property(government[1]/government[2])}} hegemonic, hegemonical[obs3]. {{&has_property(governmental act)}} imperative, peremptory, overruling, absolute, ex officio; departmental. {{has_property(governmental act): authorized &c. (due) R924}}. {{has_subtype(governmental)}} {{has_property(government property)}} government[3], public. {{has_subtype(government)}} national, federal; his majesty's[Great Britain], her majesty's[Great Britain]. {{has_subtype(government[3])}} state; county; municipal, city; borough; provincial, province; township. <-- [cf. nations, subdivisions of nations, smaller subdivisions]. --> Phr. "a dog's obeyed in office" [Lear]; cada uno tiene su alguazil[obs3][Sp]; le Roi le veut[Fr]; regibus esse manus en nescio longas[obs3][Lat]; regnant populi[Lat]; "the demigod Authority " [Measure for Measure]; "the right divine of kings to govern wrong" [Pope]; "uneasy lies the head that wears a crown" [Henry IV]; "The king is dead. Long live the king!". M9.1.1.1.1 DICTATORSHIP N. {{has_subtype(rule, @R737a)}} {{property_of(unlawful)}} {{has_subtype(tyranny, @R739)}} {{has_subtype(system of government)}} dictatorship, despotism, one-man rule, arbitrary rule, unlawful rule, absolutism, autocracy. {{facilitates}} oppression, reign of terror. {{has_subtype(reign of terror): inquisition[historical]}}. {{performed_by(despotism): @R745, dictator, despot, tyrsant, autocrat}}. {{posseses(dictator)}} {{has_high_level(authority[1], R737)}} absolute power, arbitrary power. {{has_subtype(dictatorship)}} {{has_result(military coup)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} military dictatorship, military rule. {{result_of(military rule)}} {{has_subtype(coup, @M9.1.1.1)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} military coup. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(compulsion, R744)}} {{conceptual_part_of(violence against persons)}} brute force. {{has_subtype(unlawful rule): military rule}}. {{result_of(military rule): @R737a, coup d'etat[Fr], military coup, coup}}. {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} {{has_part(military rule)}} martial law. le droit du plus fort[Fr]; argumentum baculinum[obs3][Lat]. V. {{hperforms(dictator)}} {{has_subtype(govern, @R737)}} dictate, rule with an iron hand. Adj. {{has_property(dictatorship)}} {{has_excess(strict)}} dictatorial, authoritarian, despotic, despotical[obs3]. summary, irresponsible; unanswerable, unaccountable. M9.1.1.1.R1 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT N. {{has_subtype(government[1], @R737a)}} national government, state, realm. {{has_purpose}} national government[2], governing the nation. {{performed_by(governing the nation)}} {{has_subtype(government[2], @R737a)}} national government[3]. {{has_location}} {{has_subtype(seat of government): capital, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4}}. {{has_part}} state government[U.S terminology]. {{performed_by(govern[obj=state])}} {{has_subtype(government[2], @R737a)}} state government[2]. reign, regime. monarchy; oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, demagogy; commonwealth; dominion; heteronomy; republic, republicanism; socialism; collectivism; mob law, mobocracy[obs3], ochlocracy[obs3]; vox populi, imperium in imperio[Lat]; bureaucracy; beadledom[obs3], bumbledom[obs3]; stratocracy; military power, military government, junta; feodality[obs3], feudal system, feudalism. thearchy[obs3], theocracy, dinarchy[obs3]; duarchy[obs3], triarchy, heterarchy[obs3]; duumvirate; triumvirate; autocracy, autonomy; limited monarchy; constitutional government, constitutional monarchy; home rule; representative government; monocracy[obs3], pantisocracy[obs3]. gynarchy[obs3], gynocracy[obs3], gynaeocracy[obs3]; petticoat government. dictatorship; directorship; protectorate, protectorship; caliphate, pashalic[obs3]; prefecture; seneschalship. {{has_part}} legislature; judiciary; administration. {{hperforms(legislature): create[obj=law, R963], R161}}. {{hperforms(judiciary): administer[obj=law]}}. {{has_part(judiciary): court, R966}}. {{has_part(national government)}} department; bureau; agency. [Government agencies and institutions] office of the president; office of the prime minister, cabinet; council &c. R696. {{has_subtype(legislature)}} unicameral legislature; bicameral legislature. {{has_part(bicameral legislature)}} house, chamber. {{has_subtype(house)}} {{origin_of(United States)}} senate, upper chamber; house of representatives, lower chamber. {{has_subtype(house)}} parliament. {{has_subtype(bicameral legislature)}} {{has_subtype(parliament)}} {{origin_of(Great Britain)}} British parliament, Houses of Parliament. {{has_part(British parliament)}} {{has_subtype(house)}} House of Lords; House of Commons. {{has_subtype(department)}} {{location_of(United States)}} state department, department of state; interior department, department of the interior; labor department, department of labor; department of health and human services, HHS[acron]; department of defense, DOD[acron]; department of education; department of agriculture; department of justice; department of commerce; department of the treasury. {{has_instance(bureau)}} {{location_of(United States)}} Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI; Central Intelligence Agency, CIA; National Institutes of Health, NIH; Federal Aviation Administration, FAA. {{has_instance(bureau): Postal Service, Post Office}}. {{&has_member(national government[3])}} president; vice president; cabinet member; prime minister; minister; senator; representatative; president pro tem[Lat]; speaker of the house; department head; section head, section chief; treasurer, secretary of the treasury; director of the FBI. {{&has_member(national government[3])}} {{has_subtype(judge, P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1)}} federal judge. {{&has_member(national government[3])}} {{has_subtype(justice, P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1)}} justice of the supreme court; chief justice. {{has_member(state government[2])}} governor; state cabinet member. {{has_member(state government[2])}} {{has_subtype(legislator)}} state legislator. {{has_subtype(state legislator)}} state senator; assemblyman[male], assemblywoman[female]. <-- [Insignia of authority.] M9.1.8 --> M9.1.1.R1 INSIGNIA (R747) #747. Insignia. N. {{has_symbol(authority)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} insignia[sing. & pl.], symbol of authority, insigne. {{has_symbol(office, @R737)}} regalia[collective], symbol of office, ensign. {[of(monarch)]} scepter; rod of empire. mace, fasces[obs3], wand; staff, staff of office. {[of(monarch)]} throne, musnud[obs3], divan, dais, woolsack[obs3]. {[of(herald/physicain)]} caduceus, Mercury's rod, Mercury's staff, Mercury's wand. ensign of authority, emblem of authority, badge of authority, insignia of authority. {{has_subtype: flag, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(clothing, R225)}} toga, pall, mantle, robes of state, ermine, purple. crown, coronet, diadem, tiara, cap of maintenance; decoration; title &c. R877; portfolio. {[of(director)]} chair; helm. key, signet; seal. {{has_subtype(seal)}} seal of office. {[of(policeman): baton, truncheon]}. <-- [[page300]] --> <-- [contention for governmental authority or influence]. --> M9.1.2 POLITICS (R737B) #737b. Politics. N. {{has_method(affect[ptnt=government policy, @R737a])}} politics, political science. {{has_concern}} {{has_subtype(well-being[of=public, @R372a], R734)}} public good, common weal, public interest, public welfare, commonwealth. {{has_subtype}} {{has_method(get elected)}} {{affected_by(election)}} {{conceptual_part_of(run for office)}} elective politics. {{has_subtype(candidacy, @R763)}} {{has_conceptual_part(elective politics)}} {{requires(be elected)}} candidacy, political candidacy, candidacy for elective office. {{has_subtype(elective politics)}} campaign, campaigning, electioneering, political campaign. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{hperforms(person[num=>1])}} political movement. {{has_conceptual_part(elective politics)}} partisanship, factionalism. {{performed_by}} body politic, posse comitatus[Lat]. {{has_subtype(choice[among=candidates/proposals, @R626][by=electorate], M7.R1)}} election, poll, ballot, vote, voice, suffrage, plumper, cumulative vote, vox populi. {{has_subtype(election)}} referendum, recall, initiative, plebiscitum[Lat], plebiscite. {{has_conceptual_part(election)}} {{has_subtype(choosing)}} voting. electioneering; elective franchise; straight ticket [U.S.]; opinion poll, popularity poll. {{has_concern}} issue. {{has_concern}} {{has_subtype(belief, R484)}} opinion, stand, position, stand on the issues. {{member_of(position)}} program, platform, party line. {{conceptual_part_of(platform)}} {{has_subtype(firm belief, @R484)}} ideology. {{has_subtype(ideology)}} democracy, republicanism; communism, statism, state socialism; socialism; conservatism, toryism; liberalism, whigism, progressivism; theocracy; constitutional monarchy; libertarianism; capitalism, free-market . {{desired_by(liberalism)}} liberal; progressive; whig[England]. {{desired_by(conservatism)}} conservative; tory[England]. {{desired_by(communism): communist, @R778}}. {{desired_by(socialism): socialist, @R778}}. {{desired_by(theocracy)}} theocrat. {{desired_by(libertarianism)}} libertarian. {{desired_by(monarchy)}} monarchist. {{desired_by(constitutional monarchy)}} constitutional monarchist. {{desired_by(democracy)}} democrat, republican. {{has_participant(politics): political party, P2.3.2.3.5.3.3}}. {{has_instance(political party, P2.3.2.3.5.3.3)}} Democratic Party; Republican Party; Socialist Party; Communist Party; Libertarian Party. {{has_instance(political party, P2.3.2.3.5.3.3)}} {{property_of(obsolete/defunct)}} {{location_of(United States)}} Federalist Party; Bull Moose Party; Abolitionist Party. {{has_instance(political party, P2.3.2.3.5.3.3)}} Christian Democratic Party [Germany]; Social Democratic Party[Germany]; National Socialist Worker's Party[Germany, 1930-1945], Nazi Party; Liberal Party[Great Britain], Labor Party [Great Britain], Conservative Party [Great Britain]. {{member_of(candidate)}} {{has_subtype(party, R712)}} ticket, slate. {{performed_by}} politician[general], activist, political activist. {{has_subtype(politician)}} candidate, aspirant, hopeful, office-seeker. {{has_subtype(candidate)}} front-runner, dark horse, long shot, shoo-in; regional candidate, favorite son; running mate; stalking horse; perpetual candidate, political animal. {{has_subtype(political activist)}} supporter, backer, political worker, campaign worker; party hack, ward heeler. {{has_subtype(political activist): lobbyist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1}}. {{uses(campaign)}} {{constitutes(money)}} contribution, political contribution, campaign contribution. {{has_subtype(supporter)}} {{performed_by(donate[obj=campaign contribution], R784)}} contributor. {{has_subtype(contributor)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} political action committee[U.S.A.], PAC. {{performed_at(election)}} election district, political district, electoral division, electoral district, bailiwick. {{performed_by(vote)}} voter. {{member_of(voter)}} electorate, constituents. get-out-the-vote campaign, political education. {{has_subtype(campaign)}} {{property_of(unethical)}} negative campaigning, dirty politics, smear campaign. [unsuccessful candidate] also-ran, loser; has-been. [successful candidate] {{has_subtype(advocate[for=constituents], @R758)}} elected official, office holder, official, occupant of a position; public servant, public official, incumbent; winner. {{hperforms(elected official)}} {{has_subtype(representation, @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1)}} representation. {{has_subtype(representation)}} underrepresentation; overrepresentation. {{believed_by(libertarianism)}} libertarian. V. run for office, stand for office. {{hperforms(electorate)}} {{has_subtype(choose, M7.R1)}} elect. {{has_conceptual_part(run for office)}} campaign, stump. {{has_commencement(run for office)}} announce one's candidacy, beome a candidate. {{has_metaphor(announce one's candidacy)}} throw one's hat in the ring. {{&has_result(run for office)}} be elected, win election, win elective office, get elected. {{hperforms(elected official)}} {{has_subtype(represent[obj=constituent], @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1)}} represent. Adj. political, partisan. {{property_of(elected official)}} representing; elected. {{property_of(constitutent)}} represented. {{has_subtype(represented)}} overrepresented; underrepresented. Phr. "Money is the mother's milk of politics " [Tip O'Neill]; "All politics is local" [Tip O'Neill]. "It is curious that . . . Louisa Castlefort should be obliged after her marriage immediately to open her doors and turn ultra liberal, or an universal suffragist." [Maria Edgeworth, English Novelist, 1767-1842]. <-- [Absence of authority] --> M9.1.3 ANARCHY (R738) #738. Anarchy. N. {{has_subtype(absence[of=authority, R737/law, R963], @R2)}} {{has_subtype(freedom[from=authority, R737/law, R963], R748)}} {{&causes(misrule, @R699)}} {{has_subtype(state, R183a)}} anarchy, lawlessness, absence of authority. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(agent)}} uncontrolled person. {{facilitates}} {{hperforms(uncontrolled person)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} anarchical action. {{&co-occurs_with}} {{has_subtype(pause[between=governments, R737a], @M7.3.4.3.R1): interregnum, @M7.3.4.3.R1}}. {{result_of}} relaxation of control, loosening of control; remission; dead letter, brutum fulmen[Lat]. license, licentiousness; nihilism. {{&caused_by: insubordination &c. (disobedience) R742}}. {{&has_manifestation}} {{has_subtype(anarchical action): @R964, lynch law, vigilantism}}. {{&mcauses}} {{has_large_quantity(violence, M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} {{hperforms(uncontrolled person)}} reign of violence. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(leniency, R740)}} laxity; laxness, looseness, slackness. {{&follows}} {{result_of(interregnum, @M7.3.4.3.R1/change of government)}} dethronement, deposition, usurpation, abdication. V. be in a state of anarchy, be out of control. {{has_low_intensity}} be lax, be loose, be slack, tolerate; laisser faire[Fr], laisser aller[Fr]; hold a loose rein; give the reins to, give rope enough, give a loose to; misrule. {{has_commencement(be lax)}} relax, relax control, loosen control. {{&caused_by}} go beyond the length of one's tether; have one's swing, have one's fling; act without instructions, act without authority, act outside of one's authority; act on one's own responsibility, usurp authority. {{result_of(interregnum, @M7.3.4.3.R1/change of government)}} dethrone, depose; abdicate. Adj. anarchical, anarchistic. uncontrolled, reinless[obs3], unbridled. {{has_low_intensity}} lax, loose, relaxed, adespotic[obs3]; slack; remiss &c. (careless) R460; weak. {{&consequence_of(uncontrolled)}} licensed. {{has_property(anarchical action): unauthorized, @R925}}. M9.1.4 STRICT CONTROL (R739) #739. Strict control. N. {{contrast_to(laxity, @R738)}} {{&performs(authority[2], @R737)}} {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} strict control, strictness, strong hand, tight hand, iron rule, iron sway, absolute rule. severity, harshness, rigor, sternness, stringency, hard-nosed attitude. {{has_excess}} {{used_in(violence, M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} tyranny. {{has_subtype(tyranny): @M9.1.1.1.1, despotism, arbitrary power, absolutism, dictatorship, autocracy, oppression, reign of terror}}. {{&has_property}} inflexibility, obduracy, rigidity, hard-headedness, stiffness, hardness. {{has_conceptual_part}} peremptoriness, officialism, arbitrariness, imperiousness. domineering, assumption, usurpation. sharp practice; pipe-clay. {{has_low_intensity}} austerity, hard lines, hard measure, hard measures[collective]; rigor, rigorousness, precisianism[obs3]. {{has_subtype: martial law, @R964; military rule, @R737a}}. {{has_trait(tyrant): inclemency &c. (pitilessness) R914a; arrogance &c. R885}}. {{has_method(tyranny)}} brute force, brute strength, Draconian measures. {{has_method: coercion &c. R744}}. {{has_metaphor}} iron heel, iron hand, tight grasp, tender mercies [ironical]. {{performed_by}} tyrant, disciplinarian, precisian[obs3], martinet, stickler, bashaw[obs3], despot, hard master, oppressor, inquisitor. {{performed_by(extortion)}} extortioner, extortionist. {{has_metaphor(oppressor)}} Draco, harpy, vulture, birds of prey, raptors[obs3]. V. be strict, keep a tight rein, rule with a rod of iron, hold a tight hand, keep a tight hand. be severe, be harsh, be dour, be rigid, be stiff, be stern. assume, usurp, arrogate, take liberties. {{method_for(coerce, R744)}} tyrannize, inflict, wreak, stretch a point, put on the screw; be hard upon; bear a heavy hand on, lay a heavy hand on; be down upon, come down upon; deal harshly with, deal hardly with, deal hard measure to; chastise with scorpions; dye with blood. {{method_for(coerce, R744)}} oppress, override; trample under foot, tread under foot, tread upon, trample upon, tread down upon, trample down upon, crush under an iron heel, ride roughshod over, force down the throat; rivet the yoke. {{has_subtype: ill treat, @R907a}}. {{has_method: @R885, domineer, bully}}. Adj. strict, hard, harsh, dour, rigid, stiff, stern, severe. rigorous, uncompromising, exacting, exigent, exigeant[obs3], inexorable, inflexible, obdurate, austere, hard-headed, searching, unsparing, demanding, hard-nosed, hard-shell [U.S.], precisian[obs3]. relentless, Spartan, Draconian, stringent, strait-laced. {{has_subtype(coercive, R744)}} peremptory, arbitrary, high-handed, absolute, positive, imperious, iron-handed, imperative; extortionate, withering. {{has_high_intensity}} tyrannical, oppressive, inquisitorial, grinding. {{has_trait(tyrant): inclement &c. (ruthless) R914a; cruel &c. (malevolent) R907; haughty, arrogant &c. R885}}. Adv. strictly, severely. arbitrarily, peremptorily, with a high hand, with a strong hand, with a tight hand, with a heavy hand. {{has_subtype(coercively)}} at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet. Phr. Delirant reges plectuntur Achivi[Lat]; manu forti[Lat]; ogni debole ha sempre il suo tiranno[It]. M9.1.5 LENITY (R740) #740. Lenity. N. {{&mcauses(pity, R914)}} {{has_subtype(forbearance, @R681)}} {{contrast_to(strictness, R739)}} {{has_subtype(moderation, R174)}} lenity, lenience, leniency, tolerance, toleration. mildness, gentleness; favor, indulgence, indulgency[obs3]. {{has_subtype(leniency[of=punishment, R972])}} {{has_subtype(moderation[of=punishment, R972], R174)}} clemency, mercy, forbearance, quarter. {{performed_by(mercy)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{property_of(merciful)}} mercy-giver. <-- leniency refers to something that a lenient person might do to another person --> {{has_case: @R914, $pitied person}}. &&{{has_case: $future event}}. &&{{has_property($future event): potential}}. &&{{hurts(future event): $pitied person}}. {{&&caused_by($future event): mercy-giver}}. V. be lenient, be gentle. tolerate, bear with. indulge, allow one to have his own way, spoil. {{&mcauses(have pity, R914)}} forbear, relent, relax, give quarter, parcere subjectis[Lat]. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(supplicate, @R765)}} {{hperforms(pitied person)}} ask for mercy, beg for mercy, beg for compassion, plead for mercy; cry for quarter, ask for quarter, beg one's life, plead for one's life, beg for one's life, kneel; deprecate. Adj. {{&has_consequence(compassionate R914)}} lenient. clement, ruthful. gentle, soft; tolerant, indulgent, easy-going; forbearing; long-suffering. {{has_high_intensity}} mild, mild as milk. <-- "defiance" may be an attitude, so we classify disobedience as an expression of defiance. But "defy" is always an action, so "disobey" is classified as a subtype. This is caused by lack of specificity in "defiance" --> M9.1.6 DISOBEDIENCE (R742) #742. Disobedience. N. {{&has_expression(defiance, R715)}} {{&has_expression(resistance[to=authority, R737/command, R741], R719)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{antonym_of(obedience, R743)}} {{has_subtype(refusal[to=obey, R743])}} disobedience, insubordination. {{has_high_intensity}} contumacy. {{has_case: authority[2], R737; command, R741}}. {{has_large_quantity(disobedience[to=government[2], @R737a])}} revolt, rebellion, outbreak, rising, uprising, insurrection, insurgency, emeute[Fr]. {{has_subtype(revolt)}} mutiny, mutineering[obs3]. {{has_location(mutiny): ship, R273; military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1}}. {{has_high_quantity(revolt): revolution, @R737a}}. {{&mcauses(revolt): riot, tumult &c. (disorder) R59}}. {{has_subtype(disobediance[to=rule/agreement]): @R773, infraction, infringement, violation, noncompliance, nonobservance}}. sedition, treason; high treason, petty treason, misprision of treason; premunire[Lat]; lese majeste[Fr]. {{has_subtype(disobedience[to=law, R963]): violation of law &c. R964}}. defection; secession. {{has_subtype(disobedience[to=labor contract]): @M8.1.1.5.6.1.R6.1, walkout, wildcat strike}}. {{performed_by(revolt)}} mutineer, rebel, revolter; traitor, quisling; sansculottes[Fr], red republican, bonnet rouge; Communist, Fenian, frondeur; runagate, renegade, brawler, rioter. {{performed_by(violation of law, @R964): anarchist; criminal, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.2}}. {{has_trait(mutineer)}} mutinousness, rebelliousness. {{performed_by(secession)}} seceder, secessionist. {{performed_by(violation of law, @R964)}} {{has_subtype(rebel): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1, ringleader}}. {{has_subtype(rebel): @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1, demagogue}}. <-- ; carbonaro[obs3] --> {{has_metaphor(revolter)}} Spartacus, Masaniello, Wat Tyler, Jack Cade. {{has_subtype(revolter): revolutionary}}. V. {{has_subtype(defy, R715)}} disobey, be disobedient, be insubordinate. violate, infringe; shirk; set at defiance; set authority at naught, run riot, fly in the face of; kick over the traces. {{has_subtype(disobey[obj=law, R963])}} take the law into one's own hands. turn restive, run restive; champ the bit; strike &c. (resist) R719; rise, rise in arms; secede; mutiny, rebel. Adj. disobedient, insubordinate, uncomplying, uncompliant, unsubmissive[obs3]. unruly; breachy[obs3], impatient of control; restiff[obs1], restive; refractory, recusant &c. (refuse) R764; recalcitrant; resisting &c. R719. {{has_subtype(disobedient[to=law, R963])}} lawless. {{has_high_intensity(lawless)}} mutinous, seditions, insurgent, riotous. unbidden. {{has_consequence}} {{&has_property(command, R741)}} disobeyed, unobeyed[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} incorrigible, ungovernable, contumacious. Phr. seditiosissimus quisque ignavus [Lat][Tacitus]; "unthread the rude eye of rebellion" [King John]. M9.1.7 OBEDIENCE (R743) #743. Obedience. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(response, R587)}} obedience. {{!mcaused_by: $command, R741}}. &&{{performed_by($command)}} {{has_subtype(commander, @R741)}} obeyed commander. {{performed_by: agent, R690}}. {{has_high_quantity(obedience[to=obeyed commander]): submission &c. R725}}. <-- is obedience a supertype or subtype of compliance? --> {{has_subtype: R772, observance, compliance}}. {{&mcaused_by}} {{conceptual_part_of(indifference, R866)}} nonresistance, passiveness. {{&mcaused_by}} {{conceptual_part_of(unwillingness, R603): resignation, @R725}}. {{&mcaused_by: subjection &c. R749}}. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(behavior)}} {{mcauses(obligation[to=obeyed commander/human group, P2.3.2.3.5], R926/affection[for=obeyed commander/human group, P2.3.2.3.5], R897)}} allegiance, fealty, deference. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_high_level(allegiance)}} {{property_of(constancy, @R143)}} loyalty, homage, devotion, constancy, fidelity, faithfulness. {{has_subtype(loyalty)}} {{mcauses(affection[for=obeyed commander/human group, P2.3.2.3.5], R897)}} tie of affection, bond of affection. {{has_conceptual_part(loyalty): repetition, R104; long duration, R110}}. {{mcauses(allegiance/loyalty): $action, R680}}. &&{{has_result($action): benefit[to=obeyed commander/human group, P2.3.2.3.5], R618}}. {{&mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2.1)}} submissiveness, submissness[obs3]. {{&mcaused_by: pliability, @R605; obsequiousness &c. (servility) R886}}. V. be obedient, be compliant, obey, bear obedience to, do what one is told. {{&mcaused_by}} be loyal, be faithful, be devoted. comply, answer the helm, come at one's call; do one's bidding, do suit and service; attend to orders, serve faithfully. follow the lead of, follow to the world's end; play second fiddle. {{has_high_quantity(obey[obj=obeyed commander]): submit &c. R725}}. {{conceptual_part_of: serve &c. R746}}. Adj. obedient, complying, compliant. loyal, faithful, devoted; at one's call, at one's command, at one's orders, at one's beck and call; under beck and call, under control. restrainable; resigned, passive; henpecked; pliant &c. (soft) R324. unresisted[obs3]. {{&mcaused_by: submissive &c. R725}}. Adv. obediently, compliantly, in compliance. Prep. in compliance with, in obedience to. Phr. {{has_lexpression(obedience)}} as you please, if you please; your wish is my command; as you wish; no sooner said than done. to hear is to obey. "When he says 'Jump!', I only ask 'How high?'". <-- R744 compulsion to causes of volition M7.1.2.2 --> <-- R746, servant moved to --> <-- [[freedom]] --> M9.1.9 FREEDOM (R748) #748. Freedom. N. {{antonym_of(subjection, R749)}} {{has_subtype(state, @R7b)}} freedom, liberty. independence. {{has_conceptual_part: license &c. (permission) R760}}. scope, range, latitude, play; free stage and no favor; swing, full swing, elbowroom, margin, rope, wide berth. {{has_high_intensity}} free play, full play, free scope, full scope. franchise. {[of(citizen, @R188)]} {[in_frame(government, R737a)]} autonomy, self-government. {[of(commerce, R794)]} free trade. {{desired_by(free trade)}} free trader. {{causes: facility[to=act, R680], R705}}. {{&caused_by: noninterference &c. R706}}. {{purpose_of: @R737b, libertarianism, liberalism}}. {{desired_by: @R737b, libertarian, liberal}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} immunity, exemption; enfranchisement, affranchisement[obs3]. {{&caused_by: emancipation &c. (liberation) R750}}. {{property_of(freedom[from=lien])}} {{has_subtype(real estate)}} free land, freehold. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} bushwhacker; freelance; free thinker; independent. {{state_of}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} free man. {{has_subtype(free man)}} freed man, liveryman[obs2: English History, London]. {{topic_of}} Monroe Doctrine [U.S.]. {{has_metaphor}} Liberty Hall. <-- ; allodium[obs3]; frankalmoigne[Fr], mortmain[Fr] --> V. be free, be at liberty. be independent; have scope &c. n.; have the run of, have one's own way, have a will of one's own, have one's fling; do what one likes, do what one wishes, do what one pleases, do what one chooses; go at large, feel at home, paddle one's own canoe; stand on one's legs, stand on one's rights; shift for oneself. take a liberty; make free with, make oneself quite at home; use a freedom; take leave, take French leave. {{-!caused_by: set free &c. (liberate) R750}}. {{+!caused_by: give a loose to &c. (permit) R760}}. {{+&caused_by}} allow scope to, allow room to, give scope to, give room for, allow scope for; give a horse his head. make free of; give the freedom of, give the franchise; enfranchise, affranchise[obs3]. laisser faire[Fr], laisser aller[Fr]; live and let live; leave to oneself; leave alone, let alone. Adj. free, free as air; out of harness, independent, at large, loose, scot-free; left alone, left to oneself. in full swing; uncaught, unconstrained, unbuttoned, unconfined, unrestrained, unchecked, unprevented[obs3], unhindered, unobstructed, unbound, uncontrolled, untrammeled. unsubject[obs3], ungoverned, unenslaved[obs3], unenthralled[obs3], unchained, unshackled, unfettered, unreined[obs3], unbridled, uncurbed, unmuzzled. unrestricted, unlimited, unmitigated, unconditional; absolute; discretionary &c. (optional) R600. {{has_subtype(unrestricted)}} {[when_modifying(region, R181)]} {{antonym_of(partitioned, R228)}} open, wide open, unfenced, unenclosed, undivided. unassailed, unforced, uncompelled, unpartitioned, individed. unbiassed[obs3], spontaneous. free and easy; at ease, at one's ease; degage[Fr], quite at home; wanton, rampant, irrepressible, unvanquished[obs3]. exempt; freeborn; autonomous, freehold, allodial[obs3]; eleutherian[obs3]. {{&consequence_of: freed &c. R750}}. gratis &c. R815. {[of(physical object)]} unclaimed, going a begging. Adv. freely &c. adj.. {{has_subtype: ad libitum &c. (at will) R600}}. Phr. ubi libertas ibi patria[Lat]; free white and twenty-one. <-- "liberation" usually means setting free by soeone els, but here we take it as the generic term meaning to be set free, either by one's own efforts or the efforts of others. Thus "escape" and "rescue"(setting free by someone else) are classified as a method for liberation. Some of these subtypes (e.g. manumission) might have been classified as methods. --> M9.1.9.R1 LIBERATION (R750) #750. Liberation. N. {{-!result_of(freedom, R748)}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} {{has_method(avoidance[of=restriction of freedom], R623)}} liberation. {{has_patient: beast, @R366; person, P2.3.2.3}}. {{termination_of}} {{has_subtype(restriction, @M7.3.4.R4.1)}} restriction of freedom, restraint on freedom. {{has_subtype(restriction of freedom): imprisonment, @R751; subjection, R749; slavery, @R749; captivity, @R751; obligation, @R926; restraint, R751}}. {{has_subtype(liberation[from=obligation, @R926/imprisonment, @R751])}} discharge, release, dismissal. {{has_subtype(release): release from contract, @R768a}}. {{has_subtype(liberation[from=debt, R806]): discharge, @R771}}. {{has_subtype(release[from=slavery, @R749])}} manumission, emancipation. disengagement, enlargement, disenthrallment[obs3], disenthralment[obs3]; enfranchisement, affranchisement[obs3]. {{has_subtype(liberation[from=sin, @R947]): absolution, R918}}. {{has_subtype(liberation[from=damnation, @M9.6.2.1]): redemption, @M9.6.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(liberation[from=indictment, @R938/accusation, R938]): @R970, exoneration, acquittal, acquittance}}. <-- are these methods or subtypes? --> {{&has_method(liberation[from=danger[1], R665/confinement, @R751]): @R672, deliverance, extrication, rescue}}. {{&has_method: escape &c. R671}}. <-- "liberation" may be due to one's own efforts, but "liberate" seems to be only a function of someone else --> V. {{caused_by(be free, R748)}} be liberated, get free, gain one's liberty, obtain one's liberty, acquire one's liberty, gain one's freedom, obtain one's freedom; get rid of, get clear of. {{has_method(be liberated)}} {{hperforms(other, M1.2)}} liberate, free, set free, set clear, render free. release, set at liberty. {{has_subtype(set free)}} enfranchise, affranchise[obs3]; enlarge; disband, discharge, disenthrall, disenthral, dismiss; let go, let loose, loose, let out, let slip. cast adrift, turn adrift. {{has_subtype(release[from=slavery, @R749])}} manumit, emancipate. {{has_method(set free): unfetter &c. R751; untie &c. R43; loose &c. (disjoin) R44}}. loosen, relax; unbolt, unbar, unclose, uncork, unclog, unhand, unbind, unchain, unharness, unleash; disengage, disentangle; clear, extricate, unloose. {{caused_by(be free, R748)}} {{hperforms(self, M1.1)}} deliver oneself from; shake off the yoke, slip the collar; break loose, break free; break prison; tear asunder one's bonds, cast off trammels, shed one's shackles, cast off one'd shackles. {{has_method(get free): escape &c. R671}}. {{has_method: deliver &c. R672}}. {{has_subtype(free[from=obligation, R926])}} let off; exonerate, dispense with. {{has_subtype(free[from=guilt, R947]): absolve &c. (acquit) R970}}. Adj. {{has_consequence(set free)}} liberated, freed, emancipated, released, set free. out of harness &c. (free) R748. Int. "unhand me!", "let me go!". Phr. "Let my people go!"[Bible]. <-- In the headword, the "state" and "property" of dependence are not distinguished here --> M9.1.10 SUBORDINATION (R749) #749. Subordination. N. {{used_in(compulsion, R744/restraint, R751)}} {{antonym_of(independence, R748)}} {{has_result($control[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3], @R175)}} {{has_subtype(state, @R7b)}} {{has_subtype(restraint on freedom, @R750)}} {{has_property(dependant, P2.3.2.3.6.4.4)}} subordination, dependence, dependency, clientship[obs3]. &&{{performed_by($control)}} master. {{property_of}} {{state_of}} subordinate. {{property_of: servant, R746}}. {{reciprocal_of: domination, @R175}}. {{has_high_intensity}} {{&performed_by(subjugation)}} {{hperforms(oppressor, @R739)}} subjection, bondage. {{property_of(subjection): subject, @R746}}. {{has_conceptual_part(subjection)}} {{hperforms(master): @R739, oppression, strictness}}. {{-!has_ending: liberation, R750}}. {{has_subtype(subjection)}} thrall, thralldom, thraldom, enthrallment, subjugation. {{has_subtype(bondage)}} serfdom; vassalage, villenage, villeinage[obs3], feodality[obs3]. {{has_subtype(bondage)}} {{has_subtype(condition[of=slave, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.12.1], @R7b)}} {{has_state(slave, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.12.1)}} slavery, enslavement, involuntary servitude. {{conceptual_part_of(vassalage)}} {{has_subtype(governmental system)}} feudalism[Medieval], feudal system[Medieval], feudality[obs3]. {{result_of(subjection)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} subjugation[2], enthrallment[2]. {{&result_of(subjection)}} {{&result_of(slavery): conquest, @R731}}. {{&uses: means of restraint, R752}}. {{has_metaphor: yoke, @R752}}. {{conceptual_part_of(service)}} servitude, servitorship[obs3]. {{has_subtype: @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1, employ, employment}}. {{has_subtype: @R664, tutelage, guardianship}}. {{&result_of: debt, @R806}}. {{desires(master)}} {{hperforms(dependant/subject): submission, R725 + obedience, R743}}. {{performed_by(repression)}} repressor, repressionist[obs3]. V. be subordinate, be dependant. {{has_high_intensity}} be subject. be at the mercy of, lie at the mercy of; depend upon; fall a prey to, fall under; play second fiddle. {{has_metaphor}} be a mere machine, be a puppet, be a football, not dare to say one's soul is his own; drag a chain. {{&!mcauses: serve &c. R746; obey &c. R743}}. {{has_commencement: submit &c. R725}}. {{caused_by}} subject, subjugate, reduce to subjection. {{has_metaphor(subjugate)}} tread down, tread under foot; weigh down; drag at one's chariot wheels. {{has_subtype(subjugate)}} {{result_of(slavery)}} reduce to slavery; enthrall, inthrall[obs3], bethrall[obs3]; enslave, lead captive; take into custody &c. (restrain) R751; rule &c. R737; drive into a corner, hold at the sword's point. {{has_subtype(subject)}} {[with_object(beast): @R370, break in, tame]}. {{reciprocal_of}} keep under; hold in bondage, hold in leading strings, hold in swaddling clothes. Adj. {{has_subtype(controlled, @R751)}} dependent, subordinate. {{has_high_intensity}} subject. in subjection to, under control; in leading strings, in harness. {{has_high_intensity}} {{has_consequence(subjection)}} subjected. {{has_consequence(enslavement)}} {{has_subtype(subjected)}} enslaved; a slave to. {{has_subtype(under control)}} downtrodden; overborne, overwhelmed; under the lash, on the hip, led by the nose; the puppet of, the sport of, the plaything of; under one's orders, under one's command, under one's thumb; at the mercy of; in the power of, in the hands of, in the clutches of; at the feet of; at one's beck and call &c. (obedient) R743. parasitical. {{has_consequence(pension, @R810)}} under pension, pensioned, stipendiary. {{has_property(feudal system)}} feudal, feudatory, feodal[obs3]. {{has_property(husband)}} {{has_subtype(subordinate[to=wife])}} henpecked. Adv. under. Phr. "slaves - in a land of light and law" [Whittier]. <-- this "restraint" is used for both people and physical objects --> M9.1.10.R1 RESTRAINT (R751) #751. Restraint. N. {{has_function(restraint, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1)}} {{uses(subjection, M9.1.10)}} {{has_subtype(coercion, R744)}} {{has_subtype(hindrance, R706)}} restraint, curb, check. {{inhibits: action, R680}}. {{&prevents: action, R680}}. constraint, repression, suppression, cohibition[obs3]; discipline, control. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(restraint, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1)}} {{prevented_by(movement)}} physical restraint. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(placing[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3][into=place of confinement], @R184)}} confinement, captivity, durance, duress, durance vile, mancipation[obs3], restringency[obs3]. {{has_location(confinement)}} {{has_subtype(place, @R183)}} place of confinement. {{has_subtype(place of confinement): limbo, @R982}}. {{has_subtype(restraint[of=transportation, @R270])}} blockade. {{has_patient(blockade): $place, R182}}. &&{{inhibits(blockade): transportation[to=$place], @R270; transportation[from=$place], @R270}}. {{has_subtype(captivity)}} {{hperforms(government, R737a)}} imprisonment, incarceration, jailing, coarctation[obs1]. {{has_subtype(imprisonment)}} internment. {{similar_to(imprisonment)}} {{property_of(unlawful, @R964)}} false imprisonment. {{purpose_of}} {{has_method}} {{=!has_beginning}} {{follows(imprisonment)}} {{has_subtype(capture, @R789)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} arrest, apprehension, taking into custody, arresting, arrestation[obs3]. {{function_of(confinement/imprisonment): @R752, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.3, prison, jail}}. lettres de cachet[Fr]. limitation, restriction, protection, monopoly; prohibition &c. R761. {{has_patient(imprisonment): prisoner, R754, P2.3.2.3.6.5.69}}. {{job_of(imprisonment/custody): keeper, R753, P2.3.2.3.6.5.68}}. {{has_subtype(place of confinement)}} {{function_of(confine[obj=beast, @R366]): @R232, pen[2], fold, pound}}. {{has_subtype(place of confinement)}} {{function_of(confine[obj=beast, @R366])}} cage, coop. V. {{has_subtype(coerce, @R744)}} restrain, check, curb, control, restrict, constrain, put under restraint, lay under restraint. enthral, enthrall, inthral[obs3], inthrall[obs3], bethral[obs3], bethrall[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(restraint, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1)}} {{prevented_by(movement)}} physically restraint. {{has_subtype(physically restrain)}} hold back, hold from, hold in, hold in check, hold within bounds, keep back, keep from, keep in, keep in check, keep within bounds. {{has_subtype(physically restrain)}} keep on a leash, keep on a tether, hold in leash, hold in leading strings. {{has_result: debar &c. (hinder) R706}}. keep under; repress, suppress; smother; pull in, rein in; hold, hold fast; keep a tight hand on; prohibit &c. R761; inhibit, cohibit[obs3]. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(bind[obj=hand[num=2]], @R43)}} {{used_in(shackle, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.9)}} bind; enchain; fetter, shackle; manacle, handcuff, tie one's hands, hobble, bind hand and foot. swathe, swaddle; picket; secure; forge fetters; put in irons, put in a strait-waistcoat. {{has_method}} {{uses(mesh, @P2.3.1.3.1.1/net, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} emnesh, entangel, trammel, entrammel[obs3]. {{has_subtype(bind)}} pinion, pin down. {{has_subtype(bind)}} {{used_in(rope/cord/strap/chain/line, @R205)}} [transitive] tie down, tie up; lash. {{has_subtype(tie down)}} {{used_in(strap)}} strap down. {{has_method}} bridle, muzzle, hopple[obs3], gag. disable, hamstring (incapacitate) R158. {{has_method: fasten &c. (join) R43}}. {[with_object(beast, @R366)]} {{used_in(rope/chain/leash, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.7/line, @R205)}} tether, leash. {{not_prevents(tether/leash): walk}}. {[with_object(boat, P2.3.1.3.16.2.3)]} {{used_in(rope/chain)}} moor. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(insert, R300)}} {{has_subtype(put[into=place of confinement], @R184)}} confine. {{has_commencement(confine)}} shut up, shut in; clap up, lock up, box up, mew up, bottle up, cork up, seal up, button up; close the door upon, cloister; clap under hatches, lay under hatches; throw into prison, cast into prison; put into bilboes. imprison, jail, put into prison, put into jail, immure, incarcerate. {{has_subtype(confine)}} intern. keep in prison, keep in custody, keep in jail, keep in confinement, withhold[obs2]. {{has_subtype(confine)}} {{has_subtype(inclose, @R229)}} {{has_subtype(put[into=enclosure, R232])}} hem in, bolt in, wall in, rail in. {{has_subtype(confine)}} {{has_subtype(put[into=cage])}} cage, incage[obs3], encage[obs3]. {{has_subtype(confine)}} {{has_subtype(put[into=pen])}} impound, pen, pen in. {{has_subtype(confine)}} {{has_subtype(put[into=coop])}} coop, coop up. {{has_subtype(capture, @R789)}} {{follows(imprison)}} arrest, apprehend, take into custody, take up, take charge of, take prisoner, take captive, make prisoner, make captive, lead captive, lead into captivity, captivate[obs2]. imprison, send to prison, commit to prison, commit, give in charge, give in custody, hand over into custody, give into custody. subjugate &c. R749. {{precedes(arrest)}} {{has_subtype(informing)}} read one one's rights[U.S.A, 1970+], read one one's Miranda rights. Adj. restrained, constrained, controlled, under control. {{&has_consequence(indicted, @R938)}} in custody, detained, in detention, in the lockup, in the watch house, in the house of detention. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_consequence(convicted, @R971)}} imprisoned, jailed, in prison, in quod[Lat], in durance vile, in limbo, doing time, in charge, in chains; under lock and key, under hatches. on parole. chained; fastened; fettered, shackled; gagged, pinioned, manacled, handcuffed, hobbled, bound hand and foot; swaddled; pinned down; picket; tied down, tied up; secured. {{has_subtype(restrained): disabled, hamstrung}}. hogtied. {[of(horse)]} bridled. {[of(dog)]} muzzled. pent up; jammed in, wedged in; under restraint, under hatches; cohibitive[obs3]. stiff, restringent[obs3], strait-laced, hidebound, barkbound[obs3]. ice bound, wind bound, weather bound; "cabined cribbed confined" [Macbeth]; in Lob's pound, laid by the heels. {[of(child, R129)]} in swaddling clothes. <-- R752, means of restraint, prison moved to restraint, P2.3.1.3.11.2.1 R753, Keeper, and R754, Prisoner moved to Person P2.3.2.3.6.5.68 KEEPER (R753) P2.3.2.3.6.5.69 PRISONER (R754) --> <-- One can delegate authority without relinquishing that authority, so this is not quite a "transfer". Probably an ATRANS in Schank's classification [Vicarious authority.] [[delegate]] --> M9.1.11 DELEGATION (R755) #755. Delegation. N. {{=!has_method(acquisition of authority)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(person in authority)}} {{has_subtype(authorization, @R760)}} delegation, commission, consignment, assignment, trust, delegating, commisioning, assigning, entrusting, deputation, deputizing, procuration[obs3]. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(authority, R737)}} {{has_property(deputy)}} delegated authority. {{property_of(delegated authority)}} {{has_subtype(post, @R737)}} appointed post. appointment, nomination, designation, return; charter. {{performed_by(apointed post)}} agency, agentship[obs3]. {{has_subtype(appointed post)}} legation, mission, embassy. {{has_subtype(appointed post)}} vicegerency; regency, regentship. {{has_subtype(appointed post)}} {{hperforms(trustee, @R758)}} trusteeship. {{has_subtype(appointed post)}} clerkship; surrogacy. {{has_subtype(delegated authority)}} power of attorney. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(delegation[obj=task, @R625])}} errand, charge, brevet, exequatur[Lat]. {{has_evidence}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} diploma. {{has_subtype: permitting, @R760}}. {{has_subtype: @M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1, representation, advocacy}}. {{has_beginning(be commissioned): @R883, installation, inauguration}}. {{has_subtype(installation): ordination, @R955}}. {{has_subtype(inauguration)}} investiture, swearing-in. {{&performed_by: viceroy &c. R745}}. {{performed_by: @R758, agent, delegate, consignee, trustee}}. V. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(person in authority)}} {{has_subtype(authorize, @R760)}} delegate, commission, consign, assign, charge, intrust, entrust; deputize, depute. commit, commit to the hands of. {{has_consequence_o(delegate)}} {{inverse_of}} {{has_subtype(be in authority)}} have delegated authority, be a deputy, exercise delegated authority. {{has_consequence_o(delegate)}} {{=!has_method(acquire authority)}} be deputized. {{has_commencement(have delegated authority): @R883, inaugurate, swear in, invest}}. {{has_subtype(inaugurate)}} install, induct. put in commission, accredit, engage, hire, bespeak, appoint, name, nominate, return; enroll, enlist; give power of attorney to. crown. {{has_subtype(inaugurate): ordain, @R955}}. employ, empower; set over, place over; send out. be commissioned, be accredited; represent, stand for; stand in the stead of, stand in the place of, stand in the shoes of. Adj. commissioned &c. v.. Adv. per procurationem[Lat]. <-- abrogation is usually performed by the person or group who transferred the right in the first place. THere is no one term for all of these. We should list them by type??? --> M9.1.12 ABROGATION (R756) #756. Abrogation. N. {{has_ending(permission[2], @R760/delegated authority/order, R741/right, R924/law, R963)}} {{has_subtype(destruction, R162)}} {{has_method(taking away[ptnt=permission[2], @R760/right, R924], @R38)}} abrogation, cancellation, annulment, nullification, recision, canceling, abrogating, annuling, rescinding, repeal, rescission, defeasance. revocation, revoking, revokement[obs3]. abolition, abolishment; dissolution. {[of(order, R741)]} {[in_frame(law, R963)]} vacation, vacatur[Lat]. {{caused_by(abrogation[of=$one-time right to service]): use[of=$one-time right to service], R677}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(abrogation[obj=right[to=office, @M7.3.5.4.1/post, @M7.3.5.4.1/employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1], R924])}} {{has_ending(office, @M7.3.5.4.1/post, @M7.3.5.4.1/employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} dismissal, removal, ousting, disestablishment, bounce [U.S.][coll.], disendowment[obs3], "cong,"[Fr], demission[obs1]. {{has_subtype(dismissal[ptnt=monarch, @R745])}} deposal, deposition, dethronement. {{has_subtype(dismissal): firing, @M7.3.5.4.1.4.1}}. <-- "impeachment" is not technically correct here, but is popularly used to mean the dismissal as well as the accusation --> {{has_subtype(dismissal[ptnt=judge, P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1/president, @R745/public official])}} impeachment. {[of(consecration)]} deconsecration. {[of(order, R741)]} counter order, countermand. {[of($assertion, R535)]} {{has_subtype(denial, R536): @R607, $retraction, recantation}}. &&{{performed_by($retraction)}} retractor. &&{{performed_by_p($assertion): retractor}}. {{has_subtype(abrogation[of=obligation, R926/debt, R806])}} repudiation. {{desired_by(abrogation[ptnt=slavery])}} abolitionist. V. {{has_subtype(destroy, R162)}} [transitive] abrogate, annul, cancel, revoke, repeal, rescind, reverse, render null. [transitive] abolish, retract, recall; abolitionize[obs3]; overrule, override; set aside, do away with; disannul, dissolve. {{has_subtype(abrogate[obj=obligation, R926/debt, R806])}} {{has_subtype(disclaim, @R536)}} ignore, repudiate, quash, nullify, declare null and void. disestablish, disendow[obs3]; deconsecrate. divest oneself, break off. {{has_subtype(abrogate[obj=order, R741])}} countermand, counter order. {{has_subtype(abrogate[obj=right[to=office, @M7.3.5.4.1], @R756])}} {{has_subtype(abrogate[obj=post, @M7.3.5.4.1], @R756)}} {{has_subtype(abrogate[obj=employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1], @R756)}} {{has_termination(office, @M7.3.5.4.1/post, @M7.3.5.4.1/employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} dismiss, send off, send away, send packing, send about one's business. {{has_metaphor: discard, @P2.3.1.4}}. {{has_subtype(dismiss)}} {[in_frame(employment): fire, fire out, sack, discharge, bounce [U.S.]]}. cashier; break; oust; unseat, unsaddle; unthrone[obs3], dethrone, disenthrone[obs3]; depose, uncrown[obs3]; unfrock, strike off the roll; disbar, disbench[obs3]. {{has_result(abrogate)}} be abrogated, be annulled, be cancelled, be revoked, be repealed, be rescinded, be reversed. receive its quietus; walk the plank. {{has_subtype(repudiate[obj=assertion]): recant, @R607}}. Adj. {{has_consequence(abrogate)}} abrogated, annulled, cancelled, revoked, repealed, rescinded, reversed, functus officio[Lat]. Int. "get along with you!"; "begone!"; "go about your business!"; "away with!". M9.1.13 RESIGNATION (R757) #757. Resignation. N. {{=!has_ending(job, M7.3.5.4.1.4/post, @M7.3.5.4.1/office, @M7.3.5.4.1/task, @M7.3.5.4.1/employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(relinquishment[ptnt=job, M7.3.5.4.1.4], R624)}} resignation, abdication. renunciation, abjuration, abnegation, abandonment. {{has_subtype}} {{has_ending(working, M7.3.5.4.1/career, @R692)}} {{has_beginning(liesure, R685)}} retirement. V. {{has_subtype(relinquish[ptnt=job, M7.3.5.4.1.4], R624)}} resign, abdicate, give up, throw up, lay down, throw up the cards. wash one's hands of, abjure, renounce, abnegate, forego, disclaim, retract. vacate, vacate one's seat, accept the stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds[obs2]. retire; tender one's resignation. Adj. abdicating, retiring, resigning, abdicant[obs3]. Phr. "Othello's occupation's gone" [Othello]. <-- R775 TO R782 [[PROPERTY]] 777. Possession 777a. Exemption 778. Participation 779. Possessor 780. Property 781. Retention 782. Relinquishment 775. Acquisition 776. Loss --> <-- There are three entries related to possession. The main emphasis here is on the abstract meaning of possession - legal possession (a right), as a distinct entity from physical possession, stewardship. This is not "ownership", which is a subtype of legal possession. A person may have legal possession of something without owning it (as a renter or contractor, bailee). The actual physical possession is below at M9.2.1.2, R781. [[possession]] --> M9.2 POSSESSION (R775 TO R819) #777. Possession. N. {{hperforms(possessor, R779a)}} {{antonym_of(non-possession, M9.2.R1)}} {{has_subtype(right, @R924)}} {{has_result(acquisition, R775)}} possession, seizin[Law], seisin[Law], right of possession. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(property, M9.2.1.R1)}} thing possessed, chose in possession[Law], uti possidetis[Lat]. {{&uses: @M9.2.1.2, physical possession, having, hold, holding}}. {{required_for: retention &c. R781}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(legal, @R963 + unrestricted, @R748): ownership, R780}}. {{has_subtype(possesion[of=real estate])}} {{has_subtype(dependency, R749)}} tenure, tenancy. {{has_subtype(possession[of=monopolized item[num=all, @R78/most, @A2.5.5.2.3]])}} {{has_subtype(control, @R175)}} {{property_of(exclusive, @R924)}} monopoly, exclusive possession, corner. {{has_patient(monopoly)}} {{has_subtype(article of commerce, R798)}} monopolized item. {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype(physical possession)}} prescription, prepossession[Archaic], preoccupancy[obs3], usucaption[obs3][Roman Law]. {{has_subtype(prescription)}} squatting. {{performed_by(squatting): squatter, @R188}}. {{conceptual_part_of(prescription)}} {{has_subtype(right, @R924)}} {{has_property(squatter)}} squatters' rights[collective]. <-- an inheritance "something that is or may be inherited" --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_topic(expectation[of=inheritance[2]])}} {{owns(bequeather)}} {{has_topic(will, R771b)}} inheritance[1], future possession, heritage, reversion. {{has_property(heir, @R779a)}} {{has_subtype(right[to=inherit[obj=inheritance[2]], @R775], @R924)}} heirship. <-- something that was inherited => sense 2 --> {{has_consequence(inheritance[1])}} {{precedes(inheritance[1])}} {{has_result(bequeathal, @R784/inheriting, @R775)}} {{has_topic(will, R771b)}} {{has_subtype(property, M9.2.1.R1)}} inheritance[2], bequest, legacy, patrimony. {{has_subtype(inheritance[2])}} devise. {{&requires(heirship)}} primogeniture, ultimogeniture[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(right, R924)}} {{&has_part(agreement, R488)}} {{&causes(agreement, R488)}} {{has_subtype(option, M7.R1)}} option. {{has_subtype(option)}} option to buy or sell; option to service, right to service; one-time option. {{&result_of($option): purchase[obj=$option]}}. {{has_subtype(right to service)}} one-time right to service. {{consumes(use[obj=$one-time right to service], R677): $one-time right to service}}. {{has_subtype(one-time right to service): @P2.3.1.3.16, passenger transport, cargo transport}}. {{has_subtype(one-time right to service): admission, @R760}}. {{&has_symbol(one-time right to service): ticket, @R760}}. {{valid_during(option)}} {{has_subtype(term, R108)}} {{co-occurs_with(validity[of=option], @R737)}} option period. {{has_subtype(option): @R799b, futures contract, warrant, put, call, option}}. {{has_subtype(option)}} right of first refusal. {{has_metaphor(thing possessed)}} bird in hand. {{has_subtype(tenure)}} {[in_frame(feudal system): @R749, villenage, villeinage[obs3], feodality[obs3]]}. {{has_subtype(tenure)}} {[in_frame(feudal system)]} {{&has_result(service, M7.3.5.4.1.3)}} socage[obs3][feudal]; chivalry[feudal], knight service[feudal], knight's service[feudal]. {{has_metaphor}} nine points of the law. V. {{has_result(acquire, R775)}} possess, have, hold, occupy, enjoy, be possessed of, be seized of, be in possession of, command, have in hand, have at one's disposal, have at one's command. {{has_subtype: own &c. R780}}. {{has_subtype(possess[obj=monopolized item[num=all, @R78/most, @A2.5.5.2.3]])}} monopolize, engross, have a monopoly on, regrate[obs3], impropriate[obs3], have all to oneself, have a corner on. {{has_commencement(have a corner on)}} corner. {{has_method(corner)}} {{has_subtype(prevent[obj=buying, R795], R706)}} forestall. {{&uses: physically possess, @R781}}. {{has_inverse(possess)}} {{has_action(thing possessed)}} belong to, appertain to, pertain to, be in one's possession; vest in. {{has_subtype(belong to): be owned}}. {{has_subtype(use, R677)}} {[with_object(option)]} exercise. {{causes(exercise[obj=one-time option]): cancel[obj=one-time option], R756}}. {{&has_commencement(possess): inherit, @R775}}. Adj. possessing &c. v.; worth; possessed of, seized of, master of, in possession of; usucapient[obs3]; endowed with, blest with, instinct with, fraught with, laden with, charged with. {{has_property(thing possessed)}} possessed, held, had. {{has_subtype(possessed)}} on hand, by one, in hand; in one's hands, in one's grasp, in one's possession; at one's command, at one's disposal; one's own &c. (property) R780. {{has_subtype(on hand)}}{[in_frame(commerce, R794)]} in store, in stock. unsold, unshared. Phr. entbehre gern was du nicht hast[Ger]; meum et tuum[Lat]; tuum est[Lat]; "possession is nine tenths of the law". M9.2.1 OWNERSHIP #780a. Ownership. N. {{has_case(property, R780)}} {{has_subtype(right, @R924)}} {{possesses(owner, @R779a)}} ownership, right of ownership, proprietorship, legal ownership, lordship, unlimited ownership, seignority[obs3]; empire &c. (dominion) R737. {{has_case}} {{owns(owner, @R779a): property, R780}}. {{has_subtype}} title, estate, right, claim, demand, holding. {{has_conceptual_part(ownership): right[to=use, R677/sell, R796/lend. R787/give away, @R784], R924}}. {[of(real estate, @R780)]} legal estate, equitable estate. {{has_subtype(ownership)}} {{property_of(unrestricted)}} absolute interest, paramount estate, freehold. {{has_subtype(ownership)}} [Law] fee, fee tail, fee simple; estate in fee, estate in tail, estate tail; estate in tail male; estate in tail female; estate in tail general. {{has_evidence(ownership[of=real estate]): deed, @R771}}. {{has_subtype(ownership)}} {{property_of(temporary)}} limitation, term, lease, settlement, strict settlement, particular estate; estate for life, estate for years, estate pur autre vie[Fr]; remainder, reversion, expectancy, possibility. free lease-hold, copy lease-hold. V. {{has_subtype(possess, R777)}} own; be the possessor of, be the owner of, be the rightful owner of, be the proprietor of; have for one's own, have for one's very own. {{has_inverse(own)}} belong to; appertain to, pertain to. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(benefit, @R648)}} savor of the realty. {{has_action(property, R780)}} {{inverse_of(own)}} be owned, be one's property, be one's own possession. {{has_commencement(own): acquire, R775}}. Adj. {{has_property(property, R780)}} {{has_consequence(possession)}} one's own, free and clear. {{has_property(land owner, @R779a)}} {{has_consequence(ownership)}} landed, predial[obs3], manorial, allodial[obs3]. Adv. to one's credit, to one's account; to the good. {{has_property(inheritance)}} to one and his heirs for ever, to one and the heirs of his body, to one and his heirs and assigns, to one and his executors administrators and assigns. <-- [Joint possession.] --> M9.2.1.1 JOINT OWNERSHIP (R788) #778. Joint Ownership. N. {{has_subtype(cooperation, R709)}} joint ownership, participation. cotenancy[obs3], joint tenancy; occupancy in common, possession in common, tenancy in common; co-partnership, partnership; communion; community of possessions, community of goods; communism, socialism. {[of(corporation, P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)]} joint stock, common stock. co-heirship, co-parceny[obs3], co-parcenary; gavelkind[obs3]. {{performed_by}} joint owner, co-owner. {{has_subtype(co-owner)}} participator, sharer; co-partner, partner; shareholder; co-tenant, joint tenant; tenants in common; co-heir, co-parcener[obs3]. {{owns(co-owner)}} {{has_part(ownership, R777)}} share, part interest, interest. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(goverment, R737a)}} government ownership. {{has_subtype(government ownership[ptnt=means of production])}} {{property_of(partial): socialism}}. {{has_subtype(government ownership[ptnt=means of production])}} {{property_of(total): communism}}. {{desired_by(communism)}} communist. {{desired_by(socialism)}} socialist. <-- snacks, coportion[obs1], picnic, hotchpot[obs3]; ? WHy? --> V. own jointly, participate, partake, share, share in, come in for a share, go shares, go snacks, participate in, partake in, partake of. {{has_subtype(share in[mode=equally])}} go halves, share and share alike. have in common, possess in common, be seized in common, have as joint tenants, possess as joint tenants, be seized as joint tenants. join in; have a hand in &c. (cooperate) R709. Adj. partaking &c. v.; communistic. Adv. share and share alike. <-- Roget's "retention" mostly meant physical custody, but we must distinguish keeping from giving up. Is this a state or an action? Since it's physical, we chose action. [[retain]] [[keep]]--> M9.2.1.2 PHYSICAL POSSESSION (R781) #781. Physical possession. N. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{!precedes(obtaining, R775)}} physical possession, having, hold[1], holding[1], keep, detention, custody. tenacity, firm hold. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(property, R780/physical object)}} item held. {{has_consequence(physical possession)}} {{entailed_by(possession, R777)}} {{antonym_of(relinquishing, R624)}} {{has_subtype(continuing[to=hold[2]], R143)}} retention, retaining, keeping, holding[2]. {{has_method(retention): restraint, R751}}. {{has_subtype(physical possession)}} {[of(real estate)]} occupancy. {{antonym_of(physical possession)}} non-possession, not having. {{has_subtype(physical possession)}} {{has_subtype(human action, @P2.8)}} {{used_in(body, R1001/clothing, R225)}} {{has_subtype(carrying, @R270)}} bearing, carrying, carrying on one's person, having on one's person, having with one, having on one. {{has_subtype(having on one's person)}} having in one's pocket; having in one's purse. {{has_subtype(hold)}} grasp, gripe, grip, iron grip. {{has_patient(physical possession): physical object}}. {{has_subtype(bearing)}} {{has_subtype(holding[1])}} {{used_in(hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} holding[2], grasping[1], gripping[1], holding in the hand, having in one's hand. {{has_subtype(holding[2])}} {{used_in(hand[num=2], @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} holding with both hands, holding in both hands. {{has_patient(holding[2]): solid object}}. {{has_beginning(holding in the hand)}} {{result_of(holding in the hand)}} {{follows(holding[2])}} {{requires(holding[2])}} {{used_in(hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(body movement)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} grasping[2], gripping[2], clasping, taking into one's hand. {{has_method(lifting, R307)}} {{conceptual_part_of_x(grasping[2] + lifting, R307)}} picking up, lifting. {{conceptual_part_of(picking up): @M7.3.5.4.1.2.1, pick by hand}}. {{causes: bond &c. (vinculum) R45}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(bodypart): fangs, teeth, claws, talons, nail, unguis, hook, tentacle, tenaculum}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(bodypart): paw, hand, finger, wrist, fist, neaf[obs3], neif[obs3]}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(small tool, P2.3.1.3.12.1.1): clutches, tongs, forceps, pincers, nippers, pliers, vice}}. {{has_metaphor(item held)}} bird in hand. {{property_of(held): captive &c. R754}}. V. hold[2], have, physically possess; hold fast one's own, hold tight one's own. {{has_patient(physically possess): physical object}}. hold fast one's ground, hold tight one's ground. {{has_subtype(physically possess)}} {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} {{used_in(body, R1001/clothing, R225)}} {{has_subtype(carry, @R270)}} bear, carry, carry on one's person, have on one's person, have with one. {{has_subtype(have on one's person)}} have in one's pocket; have in one's purse. {{has_subtype(bear)}} {{used_in(hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} hold[2], hold in the hand, have in one's hand, have in one's grasp, have in one's fist. {{has_subtype(hold[2])}} clinch, clench, clutch, grasp[1], gripe, hug, have a firm hold of. {{follows(hold[2])}} {{used_in(hand, @P2.3.2.2.3.2.3)}} grasp[2], grip, get a grip on, get a hold of, get a hold on. {{has_method(lift, R307)}} {{conceptual_part_of(grasp + lift, R307)}} pick up, lift. {{&conceptual_part_of(pick up): @M7.3.5.4.1.2.1, pick, harvest}}. {{has_consequence(hold[2])}} {{has_subtype(continue[to=hold[1]], R143)}} {{contrast_to(give, R784)}} retain, keep, hold onto, withhold; hold back, keep back. {{contrast_to(use, R677/spend, R809)}} secure, keep close, detain; reserve; entail, tie up, settle. {{contrast_to(sell, R796)}} have in stock, have on hand, keep in stock &c. (possess) R777. {{has_subtype(reserve): husband &c. (store) R636}}. Adj. possessing. retaining &c. v.; retentive, tenacious. unforfeited[obs3], undeprived, undisposed, uncommunicated. incommunicable, inalienable; in mortmain[Fr]; in strict settlement. {{has_property(item held)}} possessed. {{has_property(item held)}} held, kept, retained, withheld. Phr. uti possidetis[Lat]. <-- R779 possessor, occupant to person who ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.46 POSSESSOR, OWNER --> <-- [[restate]] [[property]]--> M9.2.1.R1 PROPERTY (R780) #780. Property. N. {{owns(person, P2.3.2.3/legal person)}} property[1], personal property, possession, suum cuique[Lat], meum et tuum[Lat], chose[Law], something owned. {{has_subtype: money, R800}}. {{has_large_quantity: wealth}}. asset, assets[collective], belongings[collective], means[collective], resources[collective], circumstances; what one is worth, what one will cut up for; estate and effects. {{has_subtype(asset)}} financial asset. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(right, @R924)}} chose in action[Law]. {{!!topic_of(chose in action): claim, @R924}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} chattels, personal effects, personal estate, personalty, goods, effects, movables; stock, stock in trade; things, traps, rattletraps, paraphernalia. {{has_subtype(value[of=property[num=all][of=person, P2.3.2.3]])}} net worth. {{alternative_to(personal property): real estate}}. {{has_subtype(personal property): equipage, @R633}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(right[to=real estate], R924)}} {{possesses(widow)}} dower[1], dower right. {{has_subtype}} {{owns(unmarried woman)}} dowry, dower[2]. {{owns(husband)}} {[after(marriage): unmarried woman^dowry]}. {{has_subtype(replacement[for=dower right])}} jointure[obs3]. {{property_of(due, @R924)}} appanage. {{topic_of}} Falcidian law. paternal estate, thirds. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(inherited): @R784, legacy, inheritance, heritage, patrimony}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(land, R342)}} {{part_of(ground, @R342)}} real estate, real property, piece of property, property[2], landed property, landed real estate property, realty, land, lands, tenements, hereditaments, corporeal hereditaments, incorporeal hereditaments, acres, acquest[obs3]. {{has_part(atmosphere)}} {{adjacent_to($real estate)}} airspace. &&{{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(right[to=use[obj=airspace], R677], R924)}} {{causes(own[obj=$real estate], R780a)}} {{possesses($real estate^owner)}} air rights. {{has_subtype(real estate)}} {{part_of(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} messuage. {{has_subtype(real estate)}} {{part_of(ruin[2], @R162)}} toft[obs3]. {{has_subtype(real estate): territory, state, kingdom, principality, realm, empire, protectorate, sphere of influence &c. P2.3.1.1.6.4}}. {{has_subtype(real estate)}} manor, honor, domain, demesne; allodium[obs3] &c. (free) R748; fief, fieff[obs3], feoff[obs3], feud, zemindary[obs3], dependency; arado[obs3], merestead[obs3], ranch. {{has_subtype(real estate): @P2.3.1.3.10.7, farm, plantation}}. {{has_subtype(real estate): @P1.2.3.2.4.1, home}}. free lease-holds, copy lease-holds; folkland[obs3]; chattels real; fixtures, plant, heirloom; easement; right of common, right of user. parcels, appurtenances. rent roll; maul and wedges [U.S.]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(legal right, R924)}} intellectual property. {{isnota(intellectual property): physical object}}. {{has_subtype(intellectual property)}} patent; copyright. {{&result_of: income &c. (receipts) R810}}. {{contrast_to: debt &c. R806}}. credit &c. R805. <-- this "luggage" is the contents, at R191 it is the container --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(contents, R190)}} luggage, baggage, impedimenta, bag and baggage. {{hperforms(traveler, R268): carry[ptnt=baggage], @R270}}. {{has_subtype(baggage): @R190, cargo, lading}}. <-- rather than being "performed" by only one person, this abstract "transfer" includes both giving and receiving, the action of two parties, so each is labeled as a participant. The "giving" meaning of transfer is below. This is a subtype of abstract transfer, and what changes is the state of possession. The physical location of an object may also change, but not necessarily. --> M9.2.2 CHANGE OF POSSESSION N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(abstract transfer[of=possession, R777], A6.1.7)}} change of possession, transfer of property. {{changes: possession, R777}}. {{has_subtype}} {{changed_by(ownership, R780a)}} transfer of ownership. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(property, R780)}} transferred property. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(location before transfer)}} transferrer. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(location after transfer)}} transferree. {{hperforms(transferee): receive[obj=transferred property]}}. <-- we have no generic "give" (voluntary and involuntary), so we use both give and lose --> {{hperforms(transferrer): transfer[obj=transferred property], R783; lose[obj=transferred property]}}. <-- R783 TO R793 783. Transfer 775. Acquisition 776. Loss 784. Giving 785. Receiving 786. Apportionment 787. Lending 788. Borrowing 789. Taking 790. Restitution 791. Stealing 792. Thief 793. Boot The "Transfer" above includes both the act of giving and the act of receiving, but this meaning is for the giving part only. This is the broadest sense of giving some piece of property to someone else (by any means). The "free gift" meaning of giving is at R784, M9.2.2.1.2 below. [[transfer]] --> <-- tempting to say that this transfer is "voluntary", but it could have been forced, so is not quite "voluntary". We therefore use "knowing" --> M9.2.2.1 TRANSFER (R783) #783. Transfer. N. {{has_conceptual_part(transfer, M9.2.2)}} {{property_of(knowing, @R490)}} transfer, conveyance, assignment, alienation, conveying, assigning, cession, abalienation[obs3], conveyancing[obs3]. {{has_subtype(conveyance)}} demise, limitation; transmission &c. (transference) R270; enfeoffment[obs3], bargain and sale, lease and release. {{performed_by: transferrer, @M9.2.2}}. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} thing transferred. {{!possesses($possessor before transfer)}} {[before($transfer): $possession, R777]}. &&{{!not_possesses($possessor before transfer)}} {[after($transfer): $possession]}. &&{{possesses(possessor after transfer)}} {[after($transfer): $possession]}. {{has_subtype: giving, R784}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(substitution &c. R147): exchange &c. (interchange) R148; barter &c. R794}}. succession, reversion; shifting use, shifting trust; devolution. V. transfer, convey; alienate, alien, assign. consign; make over, hand over; pass, hand, transmit, negotiate; hand down. {{conceptual_part_of: exchange &c.(interchange) R148}}. {{has_subtype: give, R784}}. change hands, change hands from one to another; devolve, succeed. {{has_inverse}} {{entails: come into possession &c. (acquire) R775}}. abalienate[obs3]; disinherit. {{&conceptual_part_of: substitute, R147}}. Adj. {{has_property(thing transferred)}} alienable, negotiable. Phr. estate coming into possession. <-- this "relinquishment is a subtype of R624, specifically for property --> M9.2.2.1.1 RELINQUISHMENT (R782) #782. Relinquishment. N. {{has_subtype(abandonment[of=property, M9.2.1.R1], R624)}} relinquishment, abandonment, relinquishing, abandoning, giving up, surrender, dispensation. {{has_patient}} abandoned item. {{has_evidence}} {{has_subtype(deed, @R771)}} quitclaim deed. resignation &c. R757; riddance. {{has_subtype(abandoned item)}} derelict; jetsam. {{has_subtype(derelict)}} {{has_subtype(ship, R273)}} abandoned ship. {{ruled_by(abandoned ship)}} {{has_subtype(law, R963)}} law of salvage; Maritime law. {{has_subtype(abandoned item)}} {{has_subtype(child): @R129, foundling, abandoned child, waif}}. {{has_method: discarding, @P2.3.1.4}}. {{property_of(relinquished)}} discards, culls, rejects. {{has_subtype(discards): @P2.3.1.4, garbage, refuse, rubbish}}. V. relinquish, abandon, give up, surrender, abnegate, yield, let go, let slip; spare, drop, resign, forego, renounce, give away, dispose of, part with, shed; set aside, put aside, put away, expropriate[obs2]; do away with, make away with[obs2], cast behind, cast aside. {{has_method (abandon)}} @P2.3.1.4, discard, throw out, throw away}}. lay aside, lay apart, lay down, lay on the shelf &c. (disuse) R678. be rid of, get rid of, be quit of, get quit of; eject &c. R297. rid oneself of, disburden oneself of, divest oneself of, dispossess oneself of; wash one's hands of. {{has_subtype(abandon)}}{{-!location_of(inaccessible place)}} maroon. {{has_subtype(inaccessible place): island, R346}}. reject. cede. {{has_method: discard, @P2.3.1.4}}. quitclaim, quit one's hold. {{has_subtype(abandon): disown, @R536}}. Adj. relinquished, abandoned, given up, disposed of, cast aside; cast off, derelict; unowned, unappropriated, unculled; left &c. (residuary) R40. {{has_method (abandoned)}} @P2.3.1.4, discarded, thrown out, thrown away}}. Int. "away with!"; "out with it!". <-- the main category is a nominalized action. The results should be labeled as such. The meaning of simple transfer is mixed up in here, and should be reserved to "transfer" at R783. Needs distinction to reserve this for a "free gift"???. [[gift]] [[give]] --> M9.2.2.1.2 GIVING (R784) #784. Giving. N. {{inverse_of(taking, R789)}} {{inverse_of(acquisition, R775)}} {{has_subtype(transfer, R783)}} giving, delivering. {{performed_by: giver, @R690}}. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(valuable item)}} thing given. accordance; concession; consignment, dispensation, communication, endowment; investment, investiture. {{has_ending: delivery, @R270}}. {{has_patient: something of value, @M9.2.4.8; physical object; advice, R695}}. {[with_obj(gift)]} bestowal, bestowment[obs3], bestowing; donation[1], donating; presentation, presentment, presenting, awarding. administration. {{conceptual_part_of(donating): @R816, almsgiving, charity, liberality, generosity}}. {{has_subtype(giving[obj=one's own life])}} sacrifice, immolation; pilon [obs3][U.S.]. {{has_subtype(gift)}} {{has_result(presenting)}} award. {{has_result(donating/presenting)}} {{has_patient(donating/presenting)}} {{has_subtype(something of value, @M9.2.4.8)}} gift, present, free gift, cadeau[obs3]; boon, favor, benefaction. {{has_subtype(gift[to=public charity/good cause])}} contribution, donation[2], grant. {{has_subtype(gift[to=deity/religious institution/god, 979])}} offering, oblation. {{has_subtype(contribution)}} subscription. {{has_subtype(gift)}} fairing[Brit.]. {{location_of(give[obj=fairing]): fair, @M9.2.3.R3}}. {[in_frame(selling)]} {{has_subtype(gift)}} lagniappe [U.S.]. {{has_result}} grace, act of grace, bonus. {{&has_result}} allowance; subsidy. {{has_subtype(gift)}} {{mcauses(respect, R928)}} tribute. {{has_subtype(giving): @R707, subvention, subsidy}}. {{has_subtype(gift[to=nonprofit institution])}} endowment. {{causes(endowment): income, @R810}}. {{has_subtype(bestowing)}} {[in_frame(will, R771b)]} {{required_for_subj(death[of=giver])}} bequeathal, willing, bequest, bequeathing. {{performed_by(bequeathal)}} {{has_subtype(giver)}} bequeathor. {{has_subtype(bequeathal)}} {[of(real estate)]} devise, devising. {{uses(bequeathal)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} will, last will and testament. {{has_patient(bequeathal): @R777, legacy, inheritance, heritage, patrimony, devise}}. {{has_invere(bequeathal): inheriting, @R775}}. {{has_result}} dotation[obs3], dot, appanage; voluntary settlement, voluntary conveyance &c. R783. {{&has_purpose(donating): amortization}}. {{has_patient(donating)}} alms, largess, bounty; dole, sportule[obs1], donative[obs3], help, oblation, offertory; honorarium, gratuity, vail[obs3], douceur[Fr], drink money, pourboire, trinkgeld[Ger], bakshish[obs3]. consideration. {{has_subtype(donating[to=church])}} Peter pence, sportula[obs3]; Christmas box; Easter offering. {{has_result(giving[to=person in authority])}} {{property_of(illegal, R964/unethical)}} bribe, graft, bait, ground bait; peace offering, handsel; boodle, grease; blat[Russian]. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1, giver, grantor; donor, settlor}}. {{has_subtype(possessor)}} {{-!performed_by(withhold)}} withholder. <-- fee &c. (recompense) R973; {{similar_to(gift): pension}} ??--> V. {{-!hperforms(possessor)}} give, deliver, hand, pass, put into the hands of, hand over, make over, deliver over, pass over, turn over; assign dower. {{has_subtype(give)}} {[with_object(right, R924)]} bestow, confer, grant. {{has_subtype(bestow)}} accord, award, assign. present, give away, dispense, dispose of; give out, deal out, dole out, mete out, fork out, squeeze out. {{-!hperforms(possessor)}} {{antonym_of(give)}} withhold, not give. pay &c. R807; render, impart, communicate. concede, cast; spend &c. R809. intrust, consign, vest in. administer. {{has_subtype(bestow)}} make a present; allow, contribute, subscribe, furnish its quota. {{has_subtype(bestow)}} endow, invest, settle upon. furnish, supply, help; administer to; afford, spare; accommodate with, indulge with, favor with; shower down upon; lavish, pour on, thrust upon. tip; offer &c. R763; sacrifice, immolate. {{has_subtype(give[to=person in authority])}} {{property_of(illegal, R964/unethical)}} bribe, tickle the palm, grease the palm. {{has_subtype(bestow)}} bequeath, will, leave; devise, transmit. {{has_inverse(bequeath): inherit, @R775}}. Adj. giving, delivering, handing over. allowed, allowable; concessional[obs3]; communicable. {{has_subtype(giving): @R906, charitable, eleemosynary}}. sportulary[obs1], tributary; gratis &c. R815; donative[obs3]. given, delivered, handed over. {{antonym_of(given): @R777, withheld, retained}}. given freely, donated, granted, bestowed. Adv. {{has_property(tribute)}} out of respect. Phr. auctor pretiosa facit[Lat]; ex dono[Lat]; res est ingeniosa dare [Lat][Ovid]. <-- [[lend]] --> M9.2.2.1.2.1 LENDING (R787) #787. Lending. N. {{has_subtype(contract, @M8.1.1.5.6.1)}} {{has_subtype(giving, M9.2.2.1.2)}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} lending, loaning, loan[1]. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(contractor, @R769)}} lender; borrower. {{has_patient}} item loaned, loan[2], loaner[coll.], item on loan, item lent. {{has_result}} {{possesses(borrower): obligation[to=repay, @R790]}}. {{has_result}} {{possesses(lender): right[to=be repaid, @R790]}}. {{has_subtype(lending[ptnt=money, R800])}} {{case_of(interest rate)}} money lending. {{has_result(money lending)}} money loan, loan[3]. {{has_patient(money loan)}} {{has_subtype(item loaned)}} principal, money lent. {{has_subtype(loan[3])}} installment loan. {{mcauses(loan[3]): repayment, @R790; payment[ptnt=interest[1]], R807}}. {{mcauses(installment loan)}} {{has_subtype(repayment): installment[num=>1], @R807}}. {{has_part(installment, @R807)}} {{has_subtype(repayment[ptnt=principal])}} return of principal. {{has_subtype(loan[3])}} interest-bearing loan. {{!generates(interest-bearing loan)}} {{has_subtype(payment[by=borrower], R807)}} {{not_identical_to(return of principal)}} {{not_has_part(principal)}} {{has_subtype(profit, @R775)}} interest[1]. {{has_case(money lending)}} {{has_subtype(price)}} interest rate, interest[2]. {{has_subtype(interest rate)}} {{uses(Federal Reserve Board)}} discount rate. {{has_subtype(interest rate)}} {{uses(bank, @M9.2.4.2.2)}} prime rate. <-- "high interest" can be only slightly above prevailing market, and will be very context dependent --> {{has_high_level(interest rate)}} high interest, high interest rate. {{has_subtype(borrower)}} mortgagor. {{has_subtype(lender)}} mortgagee. {{has_result: debt[to=borrower], M9.2.4.4; credit[to=lender], M9.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(loan)}} advance, accommodation, feneration[obs1]. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(investment): @R799b, note, bond, commercial paper; bank account, savings account}}. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(collateral, @M8.1.1.5.6.1.R2)}} pawning. {{has_subtype(loan)}} {{used_in($mortgage, @R771)}} mortgage. &&{{has_case($mortgage): security[val=real estate]}}. {{has_subtype(mortgage)}} first mortggage; second mortgage; home loan. {{&mcauses(greed, @M4.2.2.1.2.6)}} {{has_subtype(lending[obj=money], R787)}} {{used_in(high interest rate)}} usury, usance[obs3]. {{property_of(usury): interest rate[val=excessive]}}. {{has_location(pawning)}} pawnshop, pawnbroker's, mont de piete[Fr], my uncle's. {{&has_location: bank, @M9.2.4.2.2; mortgage company}}. {{job_of(lend[obj=money])}} {{has_subtype(lender)}} money lender. {{has_subtype(money lender)}} pawnbroker. {{performed_by(usury)}} usurer, loan shark. V. lend. advance, accommodate with; lend on security; loan. intrust, invest; place out to interest, put out to interest. let, demise, lease, sett[obs3], underlet. {{has_subtype(lend[ptnt=physical object]): pawn &c. (security) R771}}. Adj. lending, loaning. advancing. loaned, lent; advanced. {{property_of(usury)}} usurious. Adv. in advance; on loan, on security. <-- This "restitution" is the "giving back" part of the restitution process. The "getting back" of R775 is a subtype of return, M9.2.2.1.2.2. This refers to giving back whatever was take. The "compensation" at R973 is different (althoug also a subtype of "compensation" ar R30), being the giving of something different from what was taken, in order to even the balance. --> M9.2.2.1.2.2 RESTITUTION (R790) #790. Restitution. N. {{has_subtype(equalization &c. R27)}} {{has_subtype(compensation, @R30)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(reaction, @R179)}} restitution, return, giving back, restoration, replevin[Law]; rendition, reddition[obs3]. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(giver, @R690/taker, @R789)}} returner. {{is_a(returner): debtor, @R806; borrower, @R787}}. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(valuable item, @R812a)}} thing returned. {{identical_to(thing returned): thing take[by=returner]}}. {{!&mcaused_by: debt, R806; loan[3], @R787}}. counterbalance, counterclaim; cross-debt, cross-demand. robbing Peter to pay Paul. {[of(loan)]} {{hperforms(borrower)}} repayment, paying back, repaying. {{has_result(repayment): repayment, @R807}}. {{has_inverse(repayment)}} {{hperforms(lender): @R775, recovery, being repaid}}. remitter, reversion. {{has_subtype(giving back[obj=profit, @R775/interest, @R787/dividend, @R799b/return on investment])}} {{has_subtype(investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1)}} reinvestment. {{&causes: release, redemption}}. <-- bribe, hush money. --> V. {{has_subtype(compensate, @R973)}} give back, return, restore, restitute. carry back, bring back; render, render up; give up; let go, unclutch; disgorge, regorge[obs3]; regurgitate. [transitive] reinvest, revest, reinstate. [intransitive] revest, revert. repay. {{has_consequence: redeem, recover &c. (get back) R775}}. take back again. {{has_consequence(repay)}} be repaid. Adj. restorative, returning, restoring, giving back. {{analogous_to: recuperative &c. R660}}. Phr. suum cuique[Lat]. M9.2.2.1.3 APPORTIONMENT (R786) #786. Apportionment. N. {{has_subtype(distribution[ptnt=property], @R73)}} apportionment, allotment, dispensation, distribution, division, portioning out, distributing, apportioning, alloting. consignment, assignment, appointment; appropriation; deal; repartition, partition. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(human group, P2.3.2.3.5)}} receiving group. {{has_member(receiving group)}} {{has_subtype(recipient[num=>1], @R785)}} {{performed_by(receive[obj=portion], @R789)}} receiving member. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(part[num=>1], R51)}} portion, share, allotment, allowance, contingent, fair share, allocation, lot, measure. {{has_subtype(portion)}} dole, meed, pittance; aliquot; quantum, ration; ratio, proportion, quota, modicum, mess; suerte[obs3]. {{has_subtype(portion): dividend, @R799b}}. dose. V. apportion, divide, distribute, dispense, portion out, parcel out, dole out. billet, detail, cast, share, mete; deal, carve. allocate, allot, ration, ration out; assign, appropriate, appoint. partition. come in for one's share &c. (participate) R778. Adj. apportioning &c. v.; respective. Adv. respectively, each to each. <-- [[get]] --> M9.2.2.2 ACQUISITION (R775) #775. Acquisition. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{contrast_to(giving)}} acquisition[1], acquiring, getting, obtaining, procurement, obtention, gaining, procuring, obtainment, procuration[obs3]. {{has_inverse: giving, R784; transfer, R783}}. {{performed_by: receiver, @R785}}. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(something of value)}} acquired thing. {{has_method}} {{patient_of(inheritance[2], @R777)}} {{result_of(inheritance[2], @R777)}} {{!!required_for(death[of=bequeathor], R360)}} inheriting, inheritance, descent. {{has_method: purchase, R795}}. {{has_method: @M7.3.5.4.1, gathering, collecting}}. {{&requires: cost, @M9.2.4.8}}. {{causes: possession, R777}}. {{has_method}} {{has_result(restitution, R790)}} recovery, recuperation, regain, retrieval, getting back, revendication[obs3], replevin[Law]; redemption, salvage, trover[Law]. {{has_subtype(recovery[ptnt=money loaned])}} being repaid. {{analogous_to(recovery): recovery, R660}}. <-- this "find" is only for lost or abandoned objects --> {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(discovery, R480a)}} finding. {{has_patient(finding)}} find. {{has_subtype(find): foundling, @R129}}. {{&result_of: thrift, @R734}}. lucre, filthy lucre, pelf; loaves and fishes, the main chance; emolument &c. (remuneration) R973. {{has_method(getting)}} {{has_result(compensation[for=labor, M7.3.5.4.1], @R973)}} earning. {{has_method(earninging[obj=money, R800])}} making money, money-making. {{has_excess(money making)}} money grubbing. {{has_result(aquisition[1])}} {{has_subtype(property, R780)}} {{has_subtype(benefit, @R618)}} acquisition[2], gain. {{has_subtype(acquisition[2][ptnt=money, R800]): @R810, income, profit, earnings, winnings, innings, pickings, net profit, avails, receipts, proceeds, return}}. produce, product; outcome, output; fruit, crop, harvest; second crop, aftermath. {{has_method(getting[obj=money])}} {{&has_result(contest, R720/lottery, @R621)}} winning. {{forms(winning)}} prize, winnings. {{has_subtype(lottery, @R621)}} sweepstakes. {{part_of(prize)}} {[in_frame(card game)]} pot, pool. {{&has_result: wealth &c. R803}}. [Fraudulent acquisition] subreption[obs3]; obreption[obs3]. {{has_subtype: stealing &c. R791}}. {{has_method}} method for getting. <-- ; trouvaille[obs3] --> V. acquire, get, gain, obtain, procure, come into possession of. {{has_subtype(assemble, R72)}} {{has_method: @M7.3.5.4.1, collect, gather}}. {{has_method(get): receive &c. R785}}. {{has_method(get)}} {{mode_of(by working, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(deserve, @R924)}} earn. {{has_method}} {{&has_result(contest, R720/lottery, @R156)}} win. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(discover, R480a)}} find, come upon, pitch upon, light upon. {{has_method}} scrape up, scrape together; get in, reap and carry, net, bag, sack, bring home, secure; derive, draw, get in the harvest. {{has_method: @R810, profit, make a profit, draw a profit, turn a quick profit, turn a penny, turn an honest penny}}. {{has_method}} turn to profit, turn to account; obtain a return, reap the fruits of; reap an advantage, gain an advantage; make the pot boil, bring grist to the mill. {{has_subtype(profit)}} realize, clear. make money, coin money. {{has_large_quantity(make money): become rich, @R803}}. raise money; raise funds, raise the wind. {[with_object(method for getting)]} profit by, make capital out of, make money by, make money out of. {{has_method: treasure up &c. (store) R636; produce &c. R161; take &c. R789}}. get back, recover, regain, recoup, retrieve, revendicate[obs3], replevy[Law], redeem, come by one's own. come by, come into, come in for; step into a fortune, step into the shoes of; succeed to. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(receive[obj=inheritance[2], @R777], @R785)}} inherit, come into an inheritance, receive an inheritance, receive a bequest. get hold of, get between one's finger and thumb, get into one's hand, get at; take possession, come into possession, enter into possession. be profitable, be advantageous, be lucrative; pay, answer. accrue &c. (be received) R785. Adj. {{has_property(receiver, @R785)}} acquiring, getting, procuring, getting. {{property_of(acquired thing)}} acquired, obtained, procured, gotten. profitable, advantageous, gainful, remunerative, paying, lucrative. {{purpose_of(acquiring): acquisitive,@R817a}}. {{has_result(earn)}} {{has_subtype(deserved, @R924)}} earned, worked for. <-- This is an acquisition where the action is primarily by the tranferrer. This "receiving" is mostly but not entirely for things received for free! --> M9.2.2.2.1 RECEIVING (R785) #785. Receiving. N. {{has_subtype(acquisition &c. R775)}} {{inverse_of(giving, R784)}} receiving, receipt, accepting. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(valuable item)}} thing received. {{inverse_of(thing received): thing given, @R784}}. {{entails($receiving): $giving, R784}}. &&{{has_patient($receiving): $thing received}}. &&{{has_patient($giving, R784): $thing given, @R784}}. &&{{identical_to($thing received): $thing given}}. {{has_subtype(reception[mode=willingly])}} acceptance. {{analogous_to: @R296, reception, admission}}. {{analogous_to: reception, @R296}}. {{performed_by}} recipient, receiver. {{has_subtype(recipient)}} assignee, devisee; grantee, feoffee[obs3], donee[Fr], releasee[Law], relessee[obs3], lessee, accipient[obs3]. <-- if the intended recipient never gets a transmitted object, s/he cannot inherit the "received" attribute --> {{++overlaps_with(recipient)}} {{has_target(transmission, R270)}} intended recipient. {{has_subtype(recipient)}} {{not_has_target(transmission, R270)}} unintended recipient. {{performed_by(receive[obj=inheritance[2], @R777]): @R779a, inheritor, heir, legatee, legatary[obs3]}}. {{performed_by(receive[obj=stipend, @R973/allowance, @R973])}} stipendiary. {{performed_by(receive[obj=pension, @R810])}} pensioner, pensionary[obs3]. {{performed_by(receive[obj=gift/insurance payout])}} beneficiary. {{has_subtype(beneficiary)}} almsman[obs3], sportulary[obs1]. {{has_method: income &c. (receipt) R810}}. {{has_method: taking, R789}}. V. {{has_subtype(acquire, R775)}} receive. {{has_subtype(receive[mode=willingly])}} accept. take in, catch, touch; pocket; put into one's pocket, put into one's purse; take off one's hands. {{has_method: take, R789}}. {{has_result}} {{has_action(thing received)}} be received, be given to one; come in, come to hand; pass into one's hand, fall into one's hand; go into one's pocket; fall to one's lot, fall to one's share; come to one, fall to one; accrue; have given to one. Adj. receiving, recipient, suscipient[obs2]. {{has_property(thing received)}} received. {{has_property(thing received): given &c. R784}}. secondhand. not given, unbestowed, R784. <-- receiving by active participation of the receiver --> M9.2.2.2.2 TAKING (R789) #789. Taking. N. {{has_subtype(subtraction, R38)}} {{has_method(acquisition, R775)}} taking, taking away. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} object taken. {{has_metaphor: reception &c. (taking in) R296}}. {{performed_by}} taker. {{has_subtype(taking)}} appropriation, impropriation[obs3]. {{performed_by(appropriation)}} appropriator. &&{{not_possesses(appropriator): permission[2][of=owner[of=object taken], @R779a][to=appropriate], @R760}}. {{has_subtype(appropriation): theft}}. {{has_subtype(appropriation[ptnt=right])}} {{hperforms(court, R966)}} ademption[Law]. expropriation, abduction, ablation. capture, seizure, snatching, catching, seizing, prehension, prensation[obs1], deprehension[obs1], abreption[obs1], caption[obs2]. {{has_method(seizing): grasping}}. {{has_subtype(capture[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{hperforms(police, @R965)}} arrest, apprehension, detention. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(loss, R776)}} deprivation, deprivement[obs3]. {{has_subtype(deprivation[ptnt=inheritance[1], @R777])}} disinheritance, disheritance, disherison[obs3], disinherison[obs3]. {{has_subtype(deprivation)}} dispossession; divestment. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(compensation, R973)}} {{has_method(recovery[ptnt=property], R775)}} [Law] distraint, distraining, sequestration. {{&has_result(distraining)}} {{has_subtype(holding, @R781)}} distress. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(authority[2], @R737)}} confiscation. {{causes(deprivation[ptnt=loved one]): bereavement}}. {{has_subtype(dispossession): eviction &c. R297}}. {{has_subtype: extortion, @M9.3.3.2.2}}. vampirism[obs2]. resumption; reprise, reprisal. clutch, swoop, wrench; grip &c. (retention) R781; haul, take, catch; scramble. {{method_for: recovery &c. R775}}. {{&has_trait(taker)}} rapacity, rapaciousness. {{has_subtype: theft, R791}}. {{has_subtype(taker)}} {{performed_by(capture)}} captor. {{has_subtype(taking[of=crustal plate][by=Earth, P2.3.1.1.3.2]): subduction, @P2.7.2.2}}. {{has_subtype: extraction, R301}}. <-- ; adrolepsy[obs2] ?meaning? --> V. {{has_method(get, R775/recover, @R775)}} take. receive; accept. catch, hook, nab, bag, sack, pocket, put into one's pocket. reap, crop, cull, pluck. {{has_method: extract, R301}}. take possession of; lay one's hands on, clap one's hands on. {{has_subtype(take possession of)}} appropriate, expropriate, commandeer, liberate[coll], impropriate[obs3]; intercept; assume, possess oneself of; help oneself to; make free with, dip one's hands into, lay under contribution. scramble for. {[with_object(opportunity)]} deprive of, cost. {{conceptual_part_of(take + carry, @R270)}} take away, carry away, bear away, take off, carry off, bear off; adeem[obs2]; abstract; hurry off with, run away with. {{has_subtype(take)}} {{used_in(force, @R744/compulsion, R744)}} seize, snatch, reave[obs3]; ravish; pounce upon, spring upon; swoop to, swoop down upon; take by storm, take by assault. {{has_subtype(seize)}} get hold of, lay hold of, take hold of, catch hold of, lay fast hold of, take firm hold of; lay by the heels, take prisoner. {{has_method: @R781, grip, grasp[2], gripe[obs2]}}. {{has_method(seize)}} {{has_subtype(grasp[2], @R781)}} grab, fasten upon, grapple, embrace, clasp, clutch, clinch, clench. {{has_subtype(grab[mode=firmly])}} make sure of, get a good grip on. {{has_subtype(grab)}} collar, throttle, take by the throat, claw. catch at, jump at, make a grab at, snap at, snatch at; reach, make a long arm, stretch forth one's hand. {{has_subtype(seize)}} {{caused_by(loss[1], R776)}} {{has_subtype(deduct &c. R38)}} {[with_object(object taken)]} [transitive] take from, take away from, deprive one of; ease one of, snatch from one's grasp; tear from, tear away from, wrench from, wrest from, wring from. {{causes(seize)}} {{caused_by(loss[1], R776)}} {{has_subtype(deduct &c. R38)}} [ditransitive] deprive. {{has_subtype(deprive)}} dispossess; divest. {{causes}} {{has_subtype(loss, R776)}} deprivation, deprivement[obs3]. {{has_subtype(deprive[ptnt=inheritance[1], @R777])}} disinherit, disherit[obs3]. retrench &c. (curtail) R201. {{causes(deprive[ptnt=loved one]): bereave}}. {{has_subtype: extort, @M9.3.3.2.2}}. disinherit, cut off with a shilling. {{used_in(seize)}} levy, distrain, confiscate; sequester, sequestrate; accroach[obs3]; usurp; despoil, strip, fleece, shear, displume[obs3], impoverish, eat out of house and home; drain, drain to the dregs; gut, dry, exhaust, swallow up; draw off; suck the blood of, suck like a leech. retake, resume. snap up, nip up, whip up, catch up. {[with_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} kidnap, abduct, crimp, capture, lay violent hands on. {{has_subtype: steal &c. R791}}. <-- oust &c. (eject) R297; absorb &c. (suck in) R296. --> Adj. taking, privative[obs3]. prehensile. {{&has_property(taker)}} predatory, predaceous, predal[obs3], redatorial[obs3]; lupine, rapacious, raptorial; ravenous; parasitic. {{&has_consequence(deprive): bereft &c. R776}}. Adv. at one fell swoop. Phr. give an inch and take an ell. <-- [[theft, steal]] --> M9.2.2.2.2.1 STEALING (R791) #791. Stealing. N. {{has_subtype(taking, R789)}} {{property_of(illegal, R964)}} theft, stealing, thieving, thievery, abstraction, latrociny[obs1], direption[obs3], latrocinium[Lat.]. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(valuable item, @R812a)}} stolen item. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(victim, @R828)}} {{owned_by(stolen item)}} victim of theft. {{has_subtype(transferree)}} {{performed_by: thief, R792}}. {{causes: loss[of=stolen item][by=victim of theft], R776}}. {{has_subtype(stealing[obj=idea, R453/composition, @R590])}} plagiarism, plagiary. {{used_in(force, @R744/threat[of=bodily harm], R909/violence, M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} robbery, hold-up [U.S.], mugging. {{has_subtype(robbery)}} {{location_of(highway, @R627)}} highway robbery. embezzlement, peculation; rip-off[coll.]. fraud &c. R545; larceny, petty larceny, grand larceny. {{has_subtype(stealing[from=shop, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2.1])}} shoplifting. {{has_small_quantity}} pilfering, filching. {{hperforms(enemy army)}} despoliation, spoliation, plunder, pillage, looting, rapine, sack, sackage[obs3]; brigandage, foray, razzia[obs3], depredation, raid. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(threat[of=disclosure], R909)}} blackmail. {{has_subtype}} {{used_in(threat[of=violence, M9.3.3.2.2.2], R909)}} extortion, shakedown. {{performed_by}} Black Hand [U.S.]. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(pirate, @R792)}} piracy[1]. {{has_subtype(piracy[1])}} {{location_of(high seas, @R341)}} piracy[2], buccaneering. {{has_subtype(piracy[1])}} {[in_frame(warfare, R722)]} {{property_of(authorized[by=government, @R737a], @R760)}} {{has_subtype(attack[obj=enemy, R891^ship, R273], R716)}} privateering. {{has_subtype(piracy[ptnt=airplane])}} air piracy. {{requires(privateering)}} {{has_subtype(authorization, @R760)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} letters of marque, license to plunder, letters of mark and reprisal. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(military action, @R722)}} {{performed_by(non-governmental force, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} filibustering, filibusterism[obs3]. {{has_subtype(theft[from=building, P2.3.1.3.10.2])}} {{property_of(surreptitious, @R528)}} burglary. {{requires(burglary)}} {{has_subtype(entering, R294)}} {{property_of(illegal)}} breaking and entering. {{has_subtype(burglary)}} {{has_subtype(theft[from=house, @P1.2.3.2.4.1])}} housebreaking. badger game. {{similar_to(fraud)}} exploitation. thievishness, rapacity, kleptomania, Alsatia[obs3], den of Cacus, den of thieves. {{performed_by(fence)}} fence. {{has_subtype: poaching, @R964}}. {{has_tobject(poaching): game, @R622}}. <-- ; autoplagiarism[obs3] --> V. steal, thieve, purloin, pilfer, filch, prig, bag, nim[obs1]; crib, cabbage, palm; rip off[coll.]. rob, mug. abstract; appropriate, plagiarize. convey away, carry off, crimp; make off with, walk off with, run off with; run away with; spirit away, seize &c. (lay violent hands on) R789. {{has_large_quantity}} {{&hperforms(human group/mob, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.36/rioter, @R742/army, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)}} plunder, pillage, rifle, sack, loot, ransack, spoil, spoliate[obs3], despoil, strip, sweep, gut; badger; bail up, hold up, stick up. {{performed_by(loot)}} {{has_subtype(thief, @R792)}} looter. bunco, bunko. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(pirate)}} pirate, pickeer[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{hperforms(soldier of fortune)}} filibuster, forage, maraud. {{conceptual_part_of(trespass, @R303 + steal)}} poach. {{used_in(threaten, R909)}} blackmail, levy blackmail. {{has_subtype(stel[ptnt=cattle])}} rustle, lift cattle. {{performed_by(rustle): rustler, @R792}}. {{has_subtype(steal[ptnt=tax, R812c][from=government, R737a]): @R964, smuggle, run}}. {{has_subtype(steal[ptnt=money][from=employer])}} embezzle, peculate. swindle; sponge, mulct, rook, bilk, pluck, pigeon, fleece. obtain under false pretenses; live by one's wits. rob Peter to pay Paul, borrow of Peter to pay Paul; set a thief to catch a thief. {{has_subtype: defraud &c. R545}}. disregard the distinction between meum and tuum[Lat]. {{facilitated_by}} {{has_subtype(convert[obj=booty, R793][to=legitimate money, R800], R144)}} fence. {{facilitated_by}} {{has_subtype(convert[obj=hot money][to=legitimate money, R800], R144)}} launder, launder money. {{has_metaphor: @R789, abduct, kidnap}}. Adj. {{has_trait(thief)}} thieving, thievish. light-fingered; furacious[obs3], furtive; piratical; predaceous, predal[obs3], predatory, predatorial[obs3]. {{has_property(booty, R793)}} stolen, purloined, hot[coll], manubial[obs1]. plundered, looted, purloined, pilfered; poached. raptorial &c. (rapacious) R789. Phr. sic vos non vobis[Lat]. M9.2.2.2.2.1.R1 BOOTY (R793) #793. Booty. N. {{has_patient(theft, R791)}} loot, swag, booty, pickings, stolen item, stolen goods[collective], hot goods[collective]. spoil, plunder, rifle, prize, spolia opima[Lat]. {{has_patient(blackmail)}} blackmail money. <-- rental is moved from borrowing to a form of purchase, at R795a --> M9.2.2.2.2.2 BORROWING (R788) #788. Borrowing. N. {{has_subtype(taking)}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} {{has_inverse(lending, R787)}} borrowing, pledging. {{has_patient}} borrowed item, something borrowed, thing borrowed. {{entails($borrowing): $lending, R787}}. &&{{has_patient($borrowing): $thing borrowed}}. &&{{has_patient($lending, R787): $item loaned, @R787}}. &&{{identical_to($thing borrowed): $item loaned}}. plagiarism &c. (thieving) R791. {{has_subtype: rental, R795a}}. {{&uses: line of credit; credit card}}. borrowed plumes. V. borrow, desume[obs1]. {[with_object(idea)]} imitate, adopt, apply, appropriate, make use of, take a leaf from one's book. raise the wind; fly a kite; run into debt &c. (debt) R806. {{method_for: @R775, raise money}}. Adj. {{inverse_of(loaned, @R787)}} borrowed; on credit. Phr. borrow from Peter to pay Paul. M9.2.2.3 LOSS (R776) #776. Loss. N. loss[1], losing, perdition[obs2], deperdition[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{&causes(inaction, R681)}} forfeiture. {{has_patient}} lost item. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(lapse[of=right, R924], @R67)}} {{&caused_by(forfeiture[of=right, R924])}} {{has_subtype(lapse[of=option, @R777], @R67)}} {{co-occurs_with(ending[of=option period], @R67)}} {{has_subtype(end[of=option, @R777/license[2], @R760], @R67)}} lapse, expiration. {{has_result}} {{patient_of(solid object)}} {{has_subtype(event)}} physical loss, loss[2]. {{has_result(loss[1]): absence, R187; non-possession, @M9.2}}. {{has_subtype(loss[ptnt=money, R800])}} financial loss, monetary loss. {{causes}} privation, bereavement. riddance. {{=+caused_by: damage[1], R659a}}. {{&caused_by: squandering, R818; waste, R638}}. {{&caused_by: deprivation &c. (dispossession) R789}}. V. [transitive] lose. [intransitive] incur a loss, experience a loss, meet with a loss. miss. {{&caused_by: @R184, mislay, misplace}}. let slip, allow to slip through the fingers; be without &c. (exempt) R777a. {{has_subtype}} {{&causes(inaction, R681)}} forfeit. {{causes}} {{has_action(lost item)}} be lost. {{has_subtype(be lost)}} {{has_subtype(lapse[ptnt=right, R924], @R67)}} {{&caused_by(forfeit[ptnt=right, R924])}} {{has_subtype(lapse[ptnt=option, @R777], @R67)}} {{co-occurs_with(end[of=option period], @R67)}} {{has_subtype(end[of=option, @R777/license[2], @R760], @R67)}} lapse, expire. {{&caused_by: waste &c. R638}}. {{-!caused_by: get rid of &c. R782}}. Adj. losing. {{has_consequence: not having, @R777a}}. {{has_consequence}} shorn of, deprived of; denuded, bereaved, bereft, minus, cut off; rid of, quit of; out of pocket. {{has_property(lost item)}} lost. {{has_subtype(lost)}} off one's hands. {{&has_property(lost item)}} long lost. {{has_property(lost item): irretrievable &c. (hopeless) R859}}. <-- dispossessed &c. R789. --> Int. "farewell to!", adieu to. <-- this entry is for commercial exchanges only --> M9.2.3 INTERCHANGE OF PROPERTY N. {{has_subtype(business, R625)}} commercial business, business, interchange of property, commercial activity, trade. {{has_conceptual_part: purchase, R795 + sale, R796}}. V. do business. bargain, trade. Adj. {{has_property(commercial activity)}} commercial, business. <-- R794 TO R799 794. Barter 795. Purchase 796. Sale 797. Merchant 798. Merchandise 799. Mart --> <-- this entry for commerce should be reserved for normal commercial buying and selling, though broadly interpreted to include, for example, manufacturing. "commerce" is a collective term including buying and selling, but also negotiating, and other actions preparatory to commercial transactions. [[commerce]] --> M9.2.3.1 COMMERCE #794. Commerce. N. {{has_subtype(business, R625)}} {{purpose_of(earn[obj=money, R800], @R775)}} {{has_subtype(productive activity, M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(interchange, R148)}} commerce, business[collective], trade, trading[1], traffic, buying and selling, bargain and sale, nundination[obs1], mercature[obs1]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(agreement, R488)}} transaction. {{has_conceptual_part: buying, R795; selling, R796}}. <-- Although the abstract "market" is not a place, we use "location_of" since it can be considered as an aggregate of "places" We may need a different relation, if "location" is to be interpreted strictly --> {{+!performed_at(buying, R795/selling, R796/trading[1]): market, R799}}. {{&has_conceptual_part: profit, @R775}}. {{has_process: shopping}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(frequency, R136)}} volume, turnover, rate of sales. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(interchange, R148)}} barter, exchange, trading[2], scorse[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_actitvity(stock market)}} stock trading. {{has_subtype}} {{has_actitvity(bond market)}} bond trading. <-- in the truck system, wages are paid in goods, not cash --> {{conceptual_part_of(barter)}} truck system. {{has_high_level(turnover)}} booming business, high volume, high turnover, roaring trade, product jumping off the shelf. {{purpose_of: industrial manufacturing}}. {{&has_result(booming business): prosperity, @R734}}. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} {{purpose_of(earn[obj=money, R800], @R775)}} enterprise, commercial enterprise. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(commercial enterprise): company, P2.3.2.3.5.5.2}}. {{&performed_by: individual, P2.3.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(brokering[ptnt=stock])}} stockjobbing. {{&has_process}} {{has_subtype(intermediation[between=buyer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.49 + seller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1])}} brokering, brokery[obs3]. {{performed_at(brokering)}} {{has_subtype(institution)}} brokerage, broker's. {{performed_by(brokering)}} {{has_subtype(intermediary, R758)}} broker. {{has_subtype(broker)}} stock broker; bond broker; real estate broker. {{has_subtype(real estate broker)}} realtor. {{has_tobject: merchandise, R798}}. {{has_subtype}} retail trade, retailing; wholesale trade. {{has_conceptual_part(retail trade)}} {{purpose_of(sale, R796)}} marketing, merchandising. {{has_conceptual_part(merchandising)}} {{has_subtype(advertising, @R531)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} advertising, commercial advertising. {{forms(commercial advertising)}} advertisement, commercial advertisement. {{&performed_at(retailing): store, P2.3.2.3.10.2.2.2.1.2}}. {{&performed_at(retailing)}} {{used_in(mail, P2.3.1.3.14.3.1)}} mail order, mail order business. {{&performed_at(retailing[of=prepared food, @R298]): restaurant, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2.4}}. {{performed_by(advertising): advertiser, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1.2}}. {{has_subtype(advertising)}} {{used_in(telephone, P2.3.1.3.14.3.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(marketing)}} telephone solicitation, telemarketing. {{has_subtype(commercial advertising)}} print advertising. {{forms(print advertising)}} {{has_subtype(advertising): advertisement, @R531}}. {{has_subtype(advertising)}} {{used_in(mail, P2.3.1.3.14.3.1)}} direct mail, direct mail advertising, mail advertising, direct mail solicitation. {{member_of(direct mail advertising): junk mail, @P2.3.1.3.14.3.1}}. {{has_subtype(advertising)}} {{used_in(television)}} television advertisement, television advertising, commercial, ad, TV ad, "T.V. ad", "a word from our sponsor". {{has_subtype(TV ad)}} spot, spot ad; "30-second spot", "1-minute spot"; infomercial. {{has_subtype(advertising)}} {{&has_part(newspaper/magazine)}} newspaper advertisement, newspaper ad; magazine ad; classified advertisement, classified ad, classifieds[pl]. {{has_conceptual_part(wholesale trade): discount, R813}}. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(negotiation, R770a)}} dealing, business negotiation. {{has_result(business negotiation)}} {{has_subtype(compact, R769)}} deal, bargain. {{property_of(unrestricted, @R748)}} free trade. {{has_subtype(trade)}} {{affects(exchange rate, @R148)}} {{has_subtype(transport, @R270)}} international trade. {{traverses(international trade): national border, @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1}}. {{affected_by(international trade)}} {{has_subtype(tariff, @R812c)}} import duty, import tariff; export duty. {{has_conceptual_part(international trade)}} {{has_subtype(importation, @R296)}} importing, importation. {{has_patient(importing)}} import, imports[collective]. {{has_conceptual_part(international trade)}} {{has_subtype(sending, R270)}} {{has_subtype(item of commerce)}} exporting, exportation. {{has_patient(exporting)}} {{has_subtype(item of commerce)}} export, exports[collective]. {{has_inverse(import): export}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_activity(wharf)}} wharfage. a Roland for an Oliver; quid pro quo. <--; Indian gift [U.S.]. --> V. {{has_subtype(do business, @R625)}} trade, traffic, buy and sell, engage in commerce, give and take, nundinate[obs1], carry on a trade, ply a trade, drive a trade, be in business, be in the city, keep a shop. deal in, employ one's capital in. {{has_process}} {{has_subtype(interchange, R148)}} barter, exchange, swap, swop[obs3], truck, scorse[obs1]; compound for. {{has_process}} trade with, deal with, have dealings with; transact business with, do business with; open an account with, keep an account with. {{has_process}} {{has_subtype(negotiate)}} bargain, deal. {{has_conceptual_part(bargain): bid, @R763}}. {{has_conceptual_part(bargain)}} {{contrast_to(bid, @R763)}} {{has_subtype(tell[obj=requested price, @R812], @R527)}} ask, charge. {{has_subtype(bid, @R763)}} bid for. {{has_subtype(bargain)}} chaffer, huckster, cheapen, beat down; haggle, higgle[obs3]; dicker [U.S.]; stickle, stickle for; out bid, under bid; drive a bargain. {{has_result(bargain)}} strike a deal, make a bargain, make a deal. {{has_subtype(make a deal): strike a bargain &c. (contract) R769}}. {{has_subtype(trade)}} import; export. {[act_causing(turnover)]} turn over. {[act_causing(high turnover)]} turn over rapidly, jump off the shelf[coll.]. speculate, give a sprat to catch a herring. {{has_purpose(speculate)}} {{has_method(make money, @R775)}} buy in the cheapest and sell in the dearest market, buy low and sell high. {{&has_process(speculate)}} corner the market; rig the market, stag the market. Adj. commercial, business, mercantile, trading. {{has_subtype(marketable[mode=easily])}} interchangeable; staple. {{has_property(commerce)}} wholesale; retail. {{has_property(requested price)}} asked. Adv. commercially. across the counter. Phr. cambio non e furto[It]. <-- We require here that a "purchase" be a transaction including money. The alternative should be under "barter" [[buy, purchase]] --> M9.2.3.2 PURCHASE #795. Purchase. N. {{has_subtype(interchange[of=money, R800][for=item bought], R148)}} {{inverse_of(sale, R796)}} purchase[1], buying, purchasing, emption[obs3]. preemption, refusal. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(item of value)}} {{has_subtype(replaced item, @R148)}} item bought, purchased item. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(consideration, @R973)}} {{has_subtype(replacement item, @R148)}} price, purchase money, purchase price, money equivalent. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(item of value)}} {{has_subtype(cost[of=item bought], @R812)}} {{constitutes(money, R800)}} {{has_subtype(payment, R807)}} {{has_subtype(expenditure, R809)}} purchase price, money paid. {{requires: @R807, payment, means of payment}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} purchase[2], buy. {{&has_process}} {{hperforms($shopper, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49)}} {{has_subtype(searching[for=something to buy], @R622)}} {{conceptual_part_of(buying[by=$shopper, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49], R795)}} shopping, custom[rare]. {{&has_process}} {{has_subtype(searching[for=something to buy], @R622)}} {{hperforms(shopper, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49)}} {{not_conceptual_part_of(buying[by=buyer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.49], R795)}} window shopping. {{has_subtype(shopping)}} {{has_subtype(comparing[obj=prices[of=intended purchase]], R464)}} comparative shopping, price shopping, price comparison, comparison shopping. {{has_subtype}}{{temporal_loc_of(future)}} {{property_of(intended)}} future purchase, intended purchase. {{has_patient(future purchase)}} something to buy. <-- a private sale is not necessarily part of a market -- or is it?? --> {{&performed_at: market, R799}}. {{!causes: ownership[of=item bought], @R780}}. {{entails($purchase): $sale, R796}}. &&{{has_patient($purchase): $item bought}}. &&{{has_patient($sale, R796): $item sold, @R796}}. &&{{identical_to($item bought): $item sold}}. {{follows}} {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype(request[to=sell], R765)}} {{has_subtype(offer[to=buy])}} order. {{topic_of(order)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} purchase order. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unethical, @R926)}} {{&property_of(illegal)}} bribery, coemption[obs3]; slave trade. {{has_subtype(purchase[of=right to use])}} {{property_of(temporary): @R795a, rental, hire, lease}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49, buyer, purchaser, patron, client, customer, clientele}}. V. buy, purchase, procure, make a purchase, complete a purchase. invest in. {{has_subtype: rent &c. (hire) R788}}. repurchase, buy in. {[with_object(service)]} keep in one's pay, bribe, suborn. <-- needs more detail --> {{has_conceptual_part: pay &c. R807; spend &c. R809}}. buy over the counter. {{property_of(illegal)}} buy under the counter. {{hperforms(shopper, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49)}} shop, go shopping. {{has_subtype(shop)}} be in the market, be on the lookout. Adj. {{has_property(item bought)}} purchased, bought. {{has_property(shopper, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49)}} in the market. Phr. caveat emptor; the customer is always right; "shop till you drop". <-- rental[1] is the act of the person paying to use an (item, property). rental[2] is the act by the owner allowing use for pay. Although most commonly applied to real estate, these words can be generally used for any kind of rental. --> M9.2.3.3 RENTAL #795a. Rental. N. {{has_subtype(purchase[of=right to use], R795)}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} rental[1], renting. {{has_patient}} thing rented. {{valid_during}} {{has_subtype(term, @R108)}} term, term of rental. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(agreement, R488)}} rental agreement. {{has_subtype(rental agreement)}} {{has_subtype(contract, R769)}} rental contract. {{performed_by}} renter. {{has_subtype(renter): @R779a, renter, lessee, tenant}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} hire. {[of(real estate)]} lease[1]. {{has_subtype(lease[1])}} renewable lease; concession. {{possessed_by(concession)}} {{has_subtype(merchant, R797)}} concessionaire. {{hcreates}} {{possesses(renter, @R779a/lessee, @R779a)}} {{has_subtype(right[to=use[obj=thing rented], R677], R924)}} {{has_subtype(possession, R777)}} right to use. {{has_subtype(renter[of=real estate], @R779a)}} {{has_subtype(possessor): occupant, @R188; tenant, @R188}}. {{inverse_of}} {{entailed_by}} {{!!hperforms(lessor, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.41)}} {{-+hperforms(owner)}} rental[2], lease[2], renting out, leasing out, letting. {{member_of(tenant)}} {{has_subtype(list, R86)}} rent roll. {{has_subtype(rental[1][ptnt=intellectual property])}} {{has_subtype(permitting, @R760)}} licensing[1]. {{has_subtype(rental[2][ptnt=intellectual property])}} {{has_subtype(acquiring permission, @R760)}} licensing[2]. {{has_subtype(thing rented): apartment, @P1.2.3.2.4.1; house, @P1.2.3.2.4.1; office[1], @R691; office building, @R691; automobile, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1.1; boat, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3; tool, P2.3.1.3.12; truck, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.1.1}}. V. {{hperforms(renter, @R779a/lessee, @R779a)}} rent[1], farm[obs3]. {{inverse_of(rent[1])}} {{hperforms(lessor)}} rent[2], rent out, let. {{hperforms(lessor)}} lease[2]. {{hperforms(lessee)}} lease[1], take a lease, take a demise; take by the hour; take by the mile; take by the year. {{has_subtype(rent[1][ptnt=intellectual property])}} {{has_subtype(permit, @R760)}} license[1]. {{has_subtype(rent[2][ptnt=intellectual property])}} {{has_subtype(permit, @R760)}} license[2]. hire. {{has_subtype(hire)}} hire by the hour; hire by the mile; hire by the year; hire by the month; hire by the week. Adj. {{has_property(thing rented)}} {{has_consequence(rent[2])}} rented. hired. leased, let. {{has_obj_requirement}} for rent, for lease, to let; for hire, free, disengaged, on hire. <-- [[sale]] This item is sale for money, not barter --> M9.2.3.4 SALE #796. Sale. N. {{inverse_of(purchase, R795)}} {{entailed_by(purchase, R795)}} {{has_subtype(interchange[of=money, R800][for=item sold], R148)}} sale[1], selling, vending, vent, disposal. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(sellable item, M9.2.3.R1)}} item sold. {{entails($sale): $purchase, R795}}. &&{{has_patient($sale): $item sold}}. &&{{has_patient($purchase, R795): $item bought, @R796}}. &&{{identical_to($item bought): $item sold}}. {{follows}} {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype(request[to=sell], R765): offer}}. {{performed_at: market, R799}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} {{inverse_of(purchase[2], @R795)}} sale[2]. auction, roup, Dutch auction; outcry, vendue[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: commerce, R794}}. private sale; public sale. {{has_requirement(sale)}} marketability, merchantability, vendibility, vendibleness[obs3]. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1, seller, vender, vendor, auctioneer}}. {{performed_by: R797, merchant}}. {{has_subtype(sale)}} {[of(labor): employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1]}. {{&has_method(preparation[for=sale], R637)}} {{patient_of(contents, R190): @R300, packing, packaging}}. V. sell, vend, dispose of, effect a sale. {{has_conceptual_part(market): advertise, @R531}}. liquidate, turn into money, realize. {{has_requirement(sell)}} {{follows(sell)}} {{has_subtype(offer, R763)}} {{purpose_of}} market, put on the market, put up for sale, offer for sale, put up for sale. {{has_method}} {{used_in(auction)}} sell by auction. {{has_requirement(sell by auction)}} {{has_subtype(offer for sale)}} bring to the hammer, bring under the hammer, put up to auction, put up for auction. sell at wholesale; sell at a discount; sell at a premium. retail, sell at retail, dispense, deal in, sell over the counter. sell off, sell out; hawk, bring to market; offer &c. R763; undersell. {{has_subtype(sell)}} traffic in, deal in, handle. {{has_subtype(sell[obj=interest, @R780a]): mortgage, @R771}}. <-- we do not yet specify the difference between "for sale" and "salable" --> Adj. {{has_property(article of commerce, R798/sellable item, M9.2.3.R1)}} {{has_obj_requirement(sell)}} marketable, on the market, for sale, sellable, salable, merchantable, vendible, in the market. {{has_subtype(for sale): @R795a, for rent, to let, disengaged, on hire, for hire}}. under the hammer. {{antonym_of(salable)}} unsalable, unmarketable. {{has_extreme(unsalable): valueless, @R815b}}. {{has_result(sale)}} {{has_property(item sold)}} {{entails(purchased, @R795)}} sold. {{antonym_of(sold)}} unsold, unpurchased[obs3], unbought, not sold; still on one's hands. {{has_subtype(unsold)}} {{has_subtype(for sale)}} in inventory, on the shelf. Phr. chose qui plait est a demi vendue[obs3][Fr]. <-- R797, Merchant to worker, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.2 MERCHANT --> M9.2.3.R1 SELLABLE ITEM N. {{has_subtype(property, R780)}} {{requires(sale/purchase/rental)}} sellable item. {{has_subtype(sellable item): labor; service, M7.3.5.4.1.3}}. {{has_subtype(sellable item): insurance, R768; article of commerce, R798}}. {{has_conceptual_part(insurance)}} {{has_subtype(price, R812)}} premium, premium payment. Adj. {{has_property(sellable item): sellable, @R796}}. M9.2.3.R1.1 MERCHANDISE #798. Merchandise. N. {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{property_of(sellable)}} product, merchandise[collective], ware, commodity, article, article of commerce, item of commerce. [plural] effects, goods, wares. {{&has_property}} {{has_subtype(name)}} brand name. stock; produce, staple commodity. stock in trade &c. (store) R636; cargo &c. (contents) R190. Adj. {{has_property(merchandise): sellable, @R796}}. M9.2.3.R1.2 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT #799b. Financial Instrument. N. {{has_subtype(right, R924)}} {{has_subtype(liquid asset, R800)}} security, financial instrument, securities[plur.]. stock; bond, debenture; commercial paper; mortgage. {{has_subtype(option, @R777)}} warrant; put; call; option, financial option. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(contract[to=buy/sell], @R769)}} futures contract. {{has_subtype(futures contract)}} commodity futures, commodities[collective]. {{has_subtype(bond)}} bearer bond; tax-exempt bond; callable bond, convertible bond. {{has_subtype(bond)}} {{property_of(high risk, @R665)}} {{property_of(high interest, @R787)}} high yield bond, junk bond. {{has_subtype(stock)}} common stock; preferred stock. {{has_unit(stock)}} share. {{has_evidence(stock)}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} {{has_subtype(certificate, @R497)}} stock certificate. {{has_evidence(bond)}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} {{has_subtype(certificate, @R497)}} bond certificate. {{&has_part(bearer bond certificate)}} coupon, bond coupon. {{has_subtype(mortgage)}} fixed-rate mortgage; variable-rate mortgage. {{member_of(mortgage)}} mortgage fund. {{member_of(stock)}} stock fund. {{performed_by(manage[ptnt=stock fund], R693)}} money manager. {{has_subtype(mortgage fund)}} Government National Mortgage Association[U.S.], GNMA[acron], Ginnie Mae[coll]; Federal Mational Mortgage Association[U.S.], FNMA[acron], Fanny Mae[coll]; Collateralized Mortgage Obligation[U.S.], CMO. bond; bill, bill of exchange; order, warrant, coupon, debenture, exchequer bill, assignat[obs3]. <-- This "market" is pretty abstract, not even necessarily a place. We need a subtype of "market which is clearly a place, and we locate it here as "market[2]". The concrete market[2] is comsidered a subtyp of the more abstract market[1] [[market]] --> M9.2.3.R2 MARKET (R799) #799. Market. N. {{performed_at(purchase, R795/sale, R796)}} market[1], mart, marketplace. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(place, R182/building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{has_location(purchase, R795/sale, R796)}} market[2]. {{not_property_of(controlled, @R751)}} free market. {{has_subtype(free market)}} market-overt, open market. {{has_subtype: stock market}}. {{alternative_to(open market)}} private transaction. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(illegal)}} black market. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(machine, @R633)}} {{function_of(sell[obj=article of commerce, R798])}} vending machine. {{metaphor_for}} {{occurs_in(debate, @R476)}} marketplace of ideas. <-- here add entry for stock market (financial instruments market ) and securities. Classified as a "market", but "market" may be a "building", so we need a more abstract market. The actual physical location is only a small part of this entry; it should be relocated. [[bourse]] WAS AT P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.2.1.3 (market) --> M9.2.3.R2.1 STOCK MARKET #799a. Stock Market. N. {{has_subtype(market[1], R799)}} {{!:not_has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{function_of(investment/speculation)}} financial market. {{has_activity}} {{has_subtype(trading[1], R794)}} securities trading, trading. the market, the open market; over-the-counter market, OTC market. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(buy[obj=stock, @R799b]/sell[obj=stock, @R799b]/trade[obj=stock, @R799b])}} stock market. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(buy[obj=bond, @R799b]/sell[obj=bond, @R799b]/trade[obj=bond, @R799b])}} bond market. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(buy[obj=commodities, @R799b]/sell[obj=commodities, @R799b]/trade[obj=commodities, @R799b])}} commodities market; futures market. {{+!has_location(stock market)}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} securities exchange, stock exchange; bourse, board. {{has_part(securities exchange)}} {{has_location(t[obj=stock], R794)}} the pit, the floor. privately traded issues. {{+!has_location(commodities market)}} commodities exchange; futures exchange. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(telecomunication device)}} ticker, stock ticker. {{has_topic(stock ticker)}} {{has_subtype(price[of=stock, @R799b])}} quotation; stock index, market index. {{has_activity}} {{has_subtype(trading)}} {{property_of(risky, @R665)}} speculation, jobbing, stockjobbing, agiotage[obs3]. {{has_activity}} {{has_subtype(trading)}} arbitrage. {{performed_by(arbitrage): arbitrageur, arbitrager}}. {{has_worker}} broker, stockbroker, stock dealer. {{performed_by(jobbing)}} jobber. {{has_subtype(broker)}} odd-lot dealer; specialist; floor trader. {{performed_by(investment): investor, P2.3.2.3.6.5.67}}. {{performed_by(trade bonds)}} bond trader. {{performed_by(trade stocks)}} stock trader. {{has_instance(securities exchange)}} the big board, the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE[acron]; the American Stock Exchange; the NASDAQ exchange; the London exchange; the Tokyo Exchange. {{has_instance(market index)}} the Dow Jones Index, the Dow Industrials, the transportation index, utilities, the utilities index; the New York Stock Exchange index; the Nikkei index [Japan]; the Financial Times index, the FTI [England]; the over-the-counter index, NASDAQ index, NASDAQ. V. {{has_subtype(invest, M7.3.5.1.1.1)}} {{has_subtype(buy and sell[obj=stock, @R799b/bond, @R799b/option, @R799b], @R794)}} trade, play the market. {{has_commencement}} take a plunge, plunge in, take a flier [coll.]. {{has_subtype(trade)}} trade stocks; trade bonds. {{has_subtype(trade[obj=speculative security])}} speculate. {{has_commencement(trade)}} take a position. {{has_termination(trade)}} {{has_inverse(take a position)}} close out a position. {{has_subtype(take a position)}} buy, buy long; sell short; straddle. Adj. {{&has_property(stock, @R799b)}} {{has_subtype(risky, @R655)}} speculative. {{alternative_to(speculative)}} blue-chip. {{&has_property(bond, @R799b)}} investment grade; speculative grade. M9.2.3.R3 OPEN-AIR MARKET N. {{has_subtype(market[2], @R799)}} open-air market. fair, bazaar, staple. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(structure)}} {{property_of(small)}} booth, stand, kiosk, stall. {{&has_part: table, @P2.3.1.3.20}}. {{property_of(small)}} {{property_of(mobile)}} {{part_of(wheel[num=>1])}} cart, streetcart, wagon. {{has_subtype(cart)}} {{performed_at(sell[obj=hot dog, @P2.3.1.3.2.3], R796)}} hot-dog stand. {{has_subtype(stand)}} {{performed_at(sell[obj=newspaper, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.7], R796)}} newsstand. {{sold_at(old items)}} flea market; yard sale, garage sale. {{sold_at(farm products)}} farmer's market. <-- [[MONEY]] --> M9.2.4 MONETARY RELATIONS (R800 TO R819) N. monetary relation. M9.2.4.1 MONEY (R800) #800. Money. N. money, legal tender, medium of exchange, dough[coll.], cabbage[coll.]. {{part_of}} money supply, total supply of money. {{has_function: buy; save, M7.3.5.1.1; invest; speculate; gamble; donate}}. {{has_subtype}} legitimate money. {{contrast_to(legitimate money)}} {{has_subtype(money)}} {{property_of(stolen)}} hot money, illegal money. {{&uses(trace[obj=hot money])}} {{constitutes(currency)}} {{part_of(mark, @R550)}} marked bills. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(counterfeit)}} counterfeit money. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{creates(government)}} currency, circulating medium, specie, cash, hard cash, cold cash. {{has_measure(currency)}} monetary unit. {{has_subtype(currency)}} {{consitutes(metal)}} coin, piece. {{+has_shape(coin): discoid, @R247}}. {{has_subtype(currency)}} {{has_subtype(fiat money)}} {{constitutes(paper)}} paper currency, paper money. {{has_subtype}} {{similar_to(credit card)}} {{has_evidence(bank account, @M7.3.5.1.1)}} debit card. {{has_subtype(paper money)}} {{origin_of(United States)}} United States currency, greenback, greenbacks[pl], the greenback dollar, the Yankee dollar, the almighty dollar. {{has_subtype(coin)}} major coin, crown; minor coin. {{has_subtype(currency)}} {{origin_of(United States)}} Federal currency; fractional currency; postal currency; Federal Reserve Note; United States Note; silver certificate [disused]; gold certificate [disused]. long bit, short bit [U.S.]; moss, pile, pin money, red cent, roanoke[obs3], rock. {{constitutes(money)}} {{has_large_quantity(dollar[num=1000])}} thousand dollars, grand[coll.]. {{has_subtype(paper currency)}} {{origin_of("U.S.A.")}} single, one-dollar bill; two-dollar bill; five-dollar bill, fiver[coll.], fin [coll.], Lincoln; ten-dollar bill, sawbuck; twenty-dollar bill, Jackson, double sawbuck; fifty-dollar bill; hundred-dollar bill, C-note. {{has_subtype(coin)}} {{origin_of("U.S.A.")}} penny, cent, Lincoln cent, indian head penny[yr=1862-1909]; eagle cent [yr=1856-1859]; large cent, copper[yr=1700 -1855]; two-cent piece; three-cent piece [obsolete]; half-dime[obsolete]; nickel, buffalo nickel, V nickel [obsolete], dime, disme[obs2], mercury dime[yr=1916-1945]; quarter, two bits; half dollar; dollar, dollar coin. {{has_subtype(dollar coin)}} {{origin_of(United States)}} silver dollar, Eisenhower dollar, "Susan B. Anthony dollar"; double eagle, eagle. {{has_subtype(coin)}} {{origin_of(Great Britain)}} sterling coin; pounds shillings and pence, "L.s.d.". {{used_in: financing, @R707}}. {{studied_in(management[ptnt=money], R693)}} finance. {{performed_by(management[ptnt=money/financial asset], R693)}} financial manager. {{issue_in}} money matters, money market. {{constitutes}} capital, stock. funds, treasure; supplies, ways and means, wherewithal, sinews of war, almighty dollar, needful; mammon. accounts &c. R811. {{part_of: property, R780; wealth &c. R803}}. {{has_measure}} currency in circulation; money-like instruments; "M-1"[U.S]; "M-2"[U.S]; "M-3"[U.S]. {{has_subtype(money-like instrument)}} bank deposit; liquid asset. {{has_subtype(liquid asset): security, securities, R799b}}. {{constitutes}} sum, amount, sum of money; balance, balance sheet; sum total. {{constitutes: proceeds &c.(receipts) R810}}. {{has_subtype(container, P2.3.1.3.9)}} {{&has_location(currency)}} {{&has_part(clothing)}} pocket, breeches pocket. {{contained_in}} purse. money in hand, cash at hand; ready money, ready cash; slug [U.S.], wad, wad of bills[U.S.], wad of money, thick wad of bills, roll of dough[coll]; rhino[obs2], blunt[obs2], dust[obs2], mopus[obs2], tin[obs2], salt[obs2], chink[obs2]; argent comptant[Lat]; bottom dollar, buzzard dollar[obs2]. precious metals, gold, silver, copper, bullion, ingot, nugget. {{has_large_quantity}} a lot of money, much money, a large sum of money, pile[coll], bundle[coll], big bucks[coll], big money. {{has_small_quantity}} petty cash, pocket money, change, small change, pocket change, small coin, doit[obs3], stiver[obs3], rap, mite, dibs[obs3]. {{has_small_quantity}} {{has_metaphor(small change)}} farthing; sou; penny. tester, groat, guinea; rouleau[obs3]; good sum, round sum, lump sum; power of money, plum, lac of rupees. {{has_subtype(money[of=American Indian])}} {{origin_of(American Indian)}} wampum, peag; seawan, seawant, sewan. {{studied_by(money/money supply/monetary theory)}} {{has_subtype(economist)}} monetarist. {{studied_in}} monetary theory. {{studied_in(coin)}} numismatics, chrysology[obs3]. {{has_subtype(collector[of=coins], P2.3.2.3.6.5.9)}} numismatist. major denomination, minor denomination; money order, postal money order, Post Office order; bank note; blueback [obs3][U.S.], hundi[obs3], shinplaster [U.S.]. {{has_subtype}} {{not_has_subtype(currency)}} {{uses(checking account)}} {{has_subtype(document[1], R590a)}} {{required_for(checking account)}} check, draft, cheque. {{has_subtype(check)}} note, note of hand; negotiable order of withdrawal, NOW. {{topic_of(loan[of=money])}} promissory note, I O U, "I.O.U.". {{has_subtype(check)}} back-dated check. {{constitutes: remittance &c.(payment) R807}}. {{measure_of: credit &c. R805; liability &c. R806}}. drawer, drawee[obs3]; obligor[obs3], obligee[obs3]; moneyer, coiner. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(illegal + worthless)}} false money, bad money; base coin, flash note, slip[obs1]. fancy stocks; Bank of Elegance; kite[obs3]. argumentum ad crumenam[Lat]. {{has_subtype}} {{not_has_subtype(currency)}} {{has_subtype(document[1], R590a)}} letter of credit. {{has_action(money)}} circulation. {{causes(circulation)}} multiplier effect. {{decreased_by(value[of=money], R812a)}} inflation, erosion of the currency, debasement of the currency; stagflation. {{has_high_quantity(inflation)}} double-digit inflation; hyperinflation. {{increased_by(value[of=money], R812a)}} deflation. {{has_subtype}} {{hcreates(country, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.1)}} national currency, fiat money. {{has_subtype(national currency[of=foreign country])}} foreign currency. {{{has_relative_value(national currency + national currency)}}} exchange rate, rate of exchange, floating exchange rates, fixed rates. {{affects(exchange rate)}} {{has_subtype(exchange[obj=national currency], R148)}} currency exchange. {{performed_at(currency exchange)}} currency counter, currency exchange[2], bureau de change [Fr]. gold-backed currency, gold standard, silver standard. {{has_conceptual_part("M1"): bank account, savings account, checking account, money market account, NOW account, time deposit, deposit, demand deposit, super NOW account; certificate of deposit, CD}}. {{has_representation}} {{has_subtype(symbol)}} "$", "U.S. $", USD; "A$". {{function_of(control[obj=money supply], R693)}} {{has_subtype(government agency)}} {{origin_of(United States)}} Federal Reserve Board, board of governors of the Federal Reserve; Treasury Department, Department of the Treasury; Secret Service. {{has_location(manufacture[obj=coin])}} mint. {{has_location(manufacture[obj=currency])}} bureau of engraving. {{caused_by(manufacture[ob=money/currency])}} {{has_subtype(profit)}} seigniorage. {{performed_by(manufacture[obj=fiat money]): national government, M9.1.1.1.R1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(counterfeit)}} counterfeit, funny money, bogus money, (see falsehood) R545. {[in_frame(money lending, @R787)]} {{has_property(money)}} {{has_subtype(price): @R787, interest, interest rate, discount rate}}. <-- in the following currency tables the individual countries must be listed in their own paragraphs, or else the implication will be that the units have identical value. This is a temporary list, to get the words into the thesaurus and keep the space requirement low --> {{has_measure(money)}} currency. {{has_unit(currency)}} unit of currency, currency unit. {{has_subtype(unit of currency)}} major unit; minor unit. {{has_subtype(major unit)}} major decimal unit of currency, major decimal unit. {{has_subtype(minor unit)}} minor decimal unit of currency, minor decimal unit; cent; mil. {{has_relative_value(major decimal unit of currency+cent)}} "100". {{has_relative_value(major decimal unit of currency+mil)}} "1000". {{has_subtype(major decimal unit of currency)}} afghani[Afghanistan]; baht[Thailand]; balboa[Panama]; birr[Ethiopia]; bolivar [Venezuela]; boliviano [Bolivia]; cedi [Ghana]; Colon[Costa Rica/El Salvador]; cordoba [Nicaragua]; cruziero[Brazil]; dalasi[Gambia]; deutsche mark [Germany]; dinar[Algeria/Bahrain/Iraq/Jordan/Kuwait/Libya/Tunisia/Yemen/Yugoslavia]; dirham[Morocco/United Arab Emirates]; franc [Morocco/Belgium/Benin/Burkina Faso/Cameroon/Central African Republic/Chad/Congo/ Equatorial Guinea/Gabon/Ivory Coast/Mali/Niger/Senegal/ Togo/Burundi/Djibouti/ France/Guinea/Luxembourg/Madagascar/Rwanda/Switzerland]; dollar [Antigua and Barbuda/Dominica/Grenada]; dollar ["St. Lucia"]; dollar ["St. Vincent and the Grenadines"]; dollar [Australia/Bahamas/ Barbados/Belize/Brunei/ Canada/Taiwan/Fiji/Guyana/Hong Kong/Jamaica/Liberia/New Zealand/ Singapore/Trinadad and Tobago/ United States/ Zimbabwe]; pound [Cyprus/Egypt/Ureland/Lebanon/ Sudan/Syria/United Kingdom]; peso [Chile/Colombia/ Cuba/ Dominican Republic/ Guinea-Bissau/ Mexico/ Philippines/ Uraguay]; lira [Italy/Turkey]; rupee[India/Mauritius/Nepal/Pakistan/Seychelles/Sri Lanka]; yuan[China]; krone [Sweden/Denmark/Norway]; shilling [Kenya/ Somalia/ Tanzania/Uganda]; shekel [Israel]; zloty [Poland]; Ruble [Russia/Soviet Union]; coupon [Ukraine]; hrivna [Ukraine]. {{has_subtype(cent)}} centavo [Bolivia/El Salvador/Nicaragua/Brazil]; centimo[Venezuela]; butut[Gambia]; pul[Afghanistan]; pesewa[Ghana]; satang[Thailand]; pfennig[Germany]; centime[Morocco/Belgium/Benin/Burkina Faso/ Cameroon/Central African Republic/Chad/Congo/Equatorial Guinea/ Gabon/Ivory Coast/ Mali/Niger/Senegal/ Togo/Burundi/Djibouti/France/ Guinea/Luxembourg/Madagascar/Rwanda/Switzerland]; cent [Antigua and Barbuda/Dominica/Grenada]; cent ["St. Lucia"]; cent ["St. Vincent and the Grenadines"]; cent [Australia/Bahamas/Barbados/ Belize/Brunei/Canada/ Cyprus/Taiwan/Fiji/Guyana/Hong Kong/Jamaica]; cent[Liberia/New Zealand/Singapore/ Seychelles/Sri Lanka]; cent [Kenya/ Somalia/ Tanzania/Uganda/Netherlands/Trinadad and Tobago]; cent [United States/ Zimbabwe]; sen [Japan/Cambodia/ Malaysia/Indonesia]; penny[United Kingdom/Ireland]; piastre [Lebanon/Egypt/SudanSyria]; kuru [Turkey]; kopeck [Russia/Soviet Union]. {{has_subtype(mil)}} fil [Bahrain/Iraq/Jordan/Kuwait/Yemen]; para[Yugoslavia]; millime[Tunisia]; dirham [Libya]. V. amount to, come to, mount up to; touch the pocket; draw, draw upon. {{has_subtype(create[obj=money])}} issue, utter[obs2]. back; demonetize, remonetize; fiscalize[obs3], monetize. {{has_subtype(manufacture[obj=coin])}} mint, coin. {{has_subtype(manufacture[obj=paper currency])}} print. [vary the value of money] inflate, deflate; debase; devalue, revalue. {{has_action(money)}} circulate, be in circulation. {{has_commencement(circulate)}} put in circulation. {{has_termination(circulate)}} withdraw from circulation. {{has_action(money)}} {{has_result(withdraw from circulation)}} be out of circulation. [change the type of currency] exchange currencies, change money. charge interest; pay interest; lose interest. discount &c. R813. indorse &c. (security) R771. Adj. monetary, pecuniary, crumenal[obs1]. fiscal, financial, sumptuary; sterling; nummary[obs3]. {[referring_to(coin)]} numismatic, numismatical[obs3]. Phr. "money is the root of all evil"; barbarus ipse placet dummodo sit dives [Lat][Ovid]; "but the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt that honor feels" [Tennyson], "he cried all the way to the bank"; Gelt regiert die Welt [German: money rules the world], money makes the world go round; nervos belli pecuniam infinitam [Lat][Cicero]; redet Geld so schweigt die Welt [German]; " money is the mother's milk of politics" [Tip O'Neill]; money isn't everything; "as phony as a three-dollar bill"; "don't take any wooden nickels". M9.2.4.2 TREASURY (R802) #802. Treasury. N. {{has_subtype(institution, M9.5.1/department, @P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)}} {{function_of(preserve[obj=money], R670)}} {{function_of(disburse[obj=money], R809)}} {{works_at(treasurer, R801)}} treasury. {{has_subtype: bank, M9.2.4.2.2}}. fisc, hanaper[obs3]. {{has_metahor}} purse strings; pocket, breeches pocket. {{&uses}} sinking fund; stocks; public stocks, public funds, public securities, parliamentary stocks, parliamentary funds, parliamentary securities; Consols, credit mobilier[Fr]; bonds. {{&uses: @R802a, safe, vault}}. {[of(college/monastery)]} bursary; bursar's office. {{of(government): @R800, Treasury Department}}. {{of(government)}} exchequer[Great britain]. M9.2.4.2.1 MONEY HOLDER (R802A) #802a. Money holder. N. {{function_of(store[obj=money/valuables], R636)}} money holder. {{uses(store, @R799)}} cash register, kutcherry[obs3], till, tiller. strong hold, strong room. {{has_subtype}} {{+major_component_of(steel, P2.3.1.2.3.1)}} safe. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(chest, @R191)}} strong box, money box, coffer, money chest. money bag. purse; porte-monnaie[Fr]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(depository, @R636)}}{{has_subtype(room)}} vault. {{has_subtype(vault)}} {{location_of(bank, @R802)}} bank vault. <-- [[bank]] --> M9.2.4.2.2 BANK N. {{has_subtype(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} {{has_subtype(institution, M9.5.1)}} bank[1], banking institution. {{has_location}} {{has_subtype(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} bank[2]. {{has_function: store[obj=money, R800/valuables, @R812a], R636}}. {{has_function: borrow[obj=money, R800], R788; lend[obj=money, R800], R787; invest[obj=money, R800], M7.3.5.1.1.1}}. commercial bank; savings bank; savings and loan association; building society[Brit.]; trust, trust company; credit union; central bank. {{has_subtype(central bank)}} federal reserve bank [U.S.A.]. {{function_of(central bank): issue[obj=money, R800]}}. {{has_worker: @R801, teller, banker}}. {{has_part}} window, teller's window, cashier's window. {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(box, @R191)}} {{location_of(bank vault, @R802a)}} {{has_subtype(safe, R802a)}} safe deposit box. {{has_activity(savings bank/savings and loan association/credit union): saving, M7.3.5.1.1}}. {{location_of}} {{constitutes(money, R800)}} {{has_subtype(account, R811): bank account, @M7.3.5.1.1}}. {{owned_by(bank account)}} {{has_subtype(client[2], @P2.3.2.3.6.5.49)}} depositor. {{has_result(withdraw)}} {{has_subtype(withdrawal, @R38)}} withdrawal. {{has_result(deposit): deposit, @M7.3.5.1.1}}. <-- a "bank account" must be an abstract place, since we can put money there --> V. {{hperforms(depositor)}} {{has_subtype(put[obj=money, R800][into=bank account], R184)}} deposit, make a deposit. {{hperforms(depositor)}} {{has_subtype(take[obj=money, R800][into=bank account], R184)}} withdraw, make a withdrawal. M9.2.4.3 CREDIT (R805) #805. Credit. N. {{posseses(borrower)}} credit[1], trust, tick[Brit]. {{constitutes}} account, credit account. {{uses(credit account)}} {{has_subtype(record[of=purchase, R795/payment[2], @R807/debt, R806], R551)}} score, tally. line of credit, open line of credit. letter of credit, circular note, lettre de creance[Fr]; duplicate. {{required_for: @R787, loan[2], mortgage}}. {{&result_of: pledging[obj=security, R771], @R771}}. {{!has_result(use[ptnt=credit]): debt, R806}}. {{used_by: debtor, @R806}}. <-- this is an entry in an account sheet which is a credit rather than a debit --> {{&has_part(tally)}} {{has_subtype(entry, @R811)}} {{contrast_to(debit, @R811): credit, @R811}}. {{causes(credit, @R811): credit}}. {{has_method(use[obj=credit])}} draft, drawing, drawing on credit. paper credit. {{performed_by(extend credit): creditor, lender, lessor, mortgagee; dun; usurer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.41}}. credit account, charge account. {{has_subtype(line of credit)}} revolving line of credit. {{&uses}} {{constitutes(plastic, P2.3.1.3.1.2.1.1)}} {{has_evidence(line of credit)}} credit card. {{has_shape(credit card): sheet, @P2.3.1.3.1.1}}. {{has_property(credit card): rigid, @R323; size[avval=8.5 cm x 5.4 cm x 0.5 mm]}}. {{has_metaphor(credit card)}} plastic, plastic money. V. have credit. keep an account with, run up an account with. {{result_of(credit/have credit)}} intrust, credit, accredit. {{result_of(credit, @R811)}} place to one's credit, credit to one's account, place to one's account[obs2]. {{result_of(have credit)}} {{hperforms(creditor)}} extend credit, give credit. use credit, take credit[obs2]; fly a kite[obs2]. {{has_method(use[obj=credit])}} charge, put something on the plastic[coll]. {{has_method(use[obj=credit])}} draw, draw on one's credit. Adj. crediting. credited; accredited. Adv. on credit, on account. to the account of, to the credit of; a compte[Fr]. <-- [[debt]] --> M9.2.4.4 DEBT (R806) #806. Debt. N. {{contrast_to(asset, @R812a)}} debt, obligation, liability, indebtment[obs3], debit, score. {{has_subtype: loan, R787}}. {{has_evidence}} {{caused_by(purchase, R795/property damage)}} {{topic_of(purchase, R795)}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} bill. {{has_subtype(bill)}} {[in_frame(restaurant)]} check. {{topic_of: account, @R805}}. {{causes(not paying[obj=debt])}} arrears, deferred payment, deficit. {{&has_result(arrears): @R808, default, bad debt}}. {{&causes(default): insolvency, @R808}}. {{&yields(debt): interest[1], @R787}}. premium. {{&caused_by: usury}}. floating debt, floating capital. {{possesed_by}} debtor, debitor[obs3]. {{has_subtype(debtor): defaulter &c. R808}}. {{has_subtype: @R779b, debenture, bond, securities}}. {{has_subtype(debtor): borrower, @R787}}. V. {{has_result(debt)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} be in debt. {{hperforms(debtor)}} [transitive] owe. {{has_commencement}} incur a debt, contract a debt, incur a liability, run up a bill, run up a score, run up an account, run up a debt, go on tick; go into debt, run into debt, get into debt, outrun the constable; run up debts, run up bills. {{has_method(incur a debt)}} {{&caused_by(go into debt): spend, @R809}}. {{has_method(incur a debt): borrow &c. R788}}. answer for, go bail for. {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(notification)}} {{topic_of(debt)}} bill, charge. Adj. {{has_property(debtor)}} indebted, in debt; liable, chargeable, answerable for. in embarrassed circumstances, in difficulties; incumbered, involved. {{has_ligh_level(indebted)}} deep in debt, over one's head in debt, involved in debt, plunged in debt, over head and ears in debt; deeply involved; fast tied up; insolvent &c. (not paying) R808; minus, out of pocket. {{&causes(deep in debt): @R808, unpaid, unrequited, unrewarded, owing, due, in arrear[obs3], outstanding, past due}}. Phr. aes alienum debitorem leve gravius inimicum facit [obs3][Latin]; "neither a borrower nor a lender be" [Hamlet]; "Pay every debt as if God wrote the bill." [Emerson]. <-- expenditure, here, and "payment", below, are closely related and some of the words used may be used interchangeably --> M9.2.4.5 EXPENDITURE (R809) #809. Expenditure. N. {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} expenditure, expense, outlay, disbursement, money going out, outgoings, expenses[collective]. {{has_conceptual_part: payment &c. R807}}. {{&caused_by: purchase, R795; rental, R795a}}. {{has_subtype: bribe &c. R973}}. fee, footing, garnish; subsidy; tribute; contingent, quota. pay in advance. {{has_subtype: investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(capitalized)}} capital expense. {{topic_of(capital expense)}} {{has_subtype(bookkeeping method)}} capitalization. {{&caused_by: purchase &c. R795}}. {{affected_by: prime cost &c. (price) R812}}. {{has_subtype(record[of=expenditure, R809])}} {{has_evidence(payment[2], @R807)}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} receipt, acknowledgment. {{has_subtype(receipt)}} release. {{has_subtype: donation &c. R784}}. {{causes: circulation, @R800}}. V. expend, spend; run through, get through; pay, disburse; ante, ante up; pony up [U.S.]; open the purse strings, loose the purse strings, untie the purse strings; lay out, shell out, fork out, fork over; bleed; make up a sum, invest, sink money. {{&causes: @R806, run up debts, run up bills}}. capitalize. {{caused_by}} subsidize. {{has_subtype: pay one's way &c. (pay) R807; subscribe &c. (give) R784}}. {{entailed_by: @R973, remuneration, fee}}. Adj. expending, spending, disbursing, paying out. {{has_consequence}} expended, spent, payed out, disbursed. sumptuary. {{has_property(capital expense)}} capitalized. Phr. vectigalia nervos esse reipublicae [Lat][Cicero]. <-- make salary separate. Note that we consider payment as a "process", e.g in taxation. See 807a for "salary" --> M9.2.4.5.R1 PAYMENT (R807) #807. Payment. N. {{has_subtype(action, @R680)}} payment[1], paying. {{conceptual_part_of: expenditure, R809}}. {{has_subtype(payment[for=future service])}} {{follows(service, M7.3.5.4.1.3/delivery[of=purchased item], @R270)}} prepayment, advance payment, payment in advance. {{has_subtype(prepayment): deposit, @R771}}. {{has_subtype(payment[1][of=debt, R806])}} discharge, quittance, settlement, clearance, liquidation, satisfaction, reckoning, arrangement, redemption. {{inverse_of}} {{entails: receipt, R810}}. <-- here, a "line of credit" is an asset --> {{!uses}} {{!requires}} {{has_subtype(asset, @R812a)}} means of payment. {{has_subtype(means of payment): @R800, money, check, letter of credit, money order, cash, ready money}}. {{has_subtype(means of payment): debit card}}. <-- "paying" a debt by using credit could be circular, but it does happen! --> {{has_subtype(means of payment): @R805, credit, line of credit, credit card}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(transmitted, @R270)}} remittance. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} payment[2]. {{antonym_of}} {{has_subtype(inaction, R681): not paying, nonpayment, R808}}. {{has_evidence}} {{has_subtype(document[1], R590a): @R809, acknowledgment, release; receipt}}. {{has_evidence(prepayment)}} voucher. {{has_subtype(receipt)}} receipt in full, receipt in full of all demands. {{part_of(payment[by=bank, M9.2.4.2.2])}} {{has_large_quantity(withdrawal, @M9.2.4.2.2)}} {{hperforms(depositor[num=>10], @M9.2.4.2.2)}} run, bank run, run upon a bank. {{has_subtype: repaying, @R790}}. {{has_result(repaying)}} {{has_subtype(payment[2])}} repayment, reimbursement, retribution[obs2]. {{method_for: compensation, R973; atonement, @R952}}. {{has_method(repayment)}} {{member_of(payment)}} {{has_subtype(series[of=payment], @R104)}} {{property_of(periodic, @R138)}} amortization. {{has_subtype}} {{has_member(amortization)}} installment, periodic payment. {{&has_part(payment)}} {{has_subtype(installment)}} {{property_of(first, @R69)}} deposit, down payment, earnest, earnest money, up-front money, handsel. {{&has_part(payment)}} {{has_subtype(installment)}} {{property_of(last, @R69)}} final payment. {{precedes(deposit): final payment}}. {{has_subtype: stake, @R621}}. {{performed_by}} payer. {{has_subtype(payer): treasurer, R801; treasury, R802}}. {{has_process(taxation)}}{{has_subtype(payment[ptnt=tax, R812c])}} tax payment, tax return. {{has_subtype(tax return)}} separate returns[pl]; joint return; corporate tax return. {{antonym_of(tax payment)}} {{has_subtype(nonpayment[ptnt=tax, 812c])}} tax dodging, tax evasion. V. pay, defray, make payment. [colloquial] shell out, fork out, cough up [coll.], fork over; come down with, come down with the dust; tickle the palm, grease the palm; put down, lay down. {{has_subtype(pay[obj=installment])}} pay down, make an installment. {{has_subtype(pay)}} {{used_in(cash, @R800)}} pay cash, pay cash on the barrelhead, pay cash on the nail, pay on the nail, pay ready money. advance, pay at sight, pay in advance. {{has_subtype(pay cash)}} {{with_object(check, @R800)}} cash. {{has_subtype(pay cash)}} {{with_object(debt, R806)}} redeem, honor, satisfy, discharge, settle, quit, acquit oneself of. {{has_subtype(cash)}} honor a bill, acknowledge. {{has_subtype}} {{not_used_in(money, R800)}} pay in kind. {{has_subtype: expend &c. R809}}. foot the bill; account with, reckon with, settle with, be even with, be quits with; strike a balance; settle accounts with, balance accounts with, square accounts with. {{has_subtype(pay[mode=completely, @R52])}} pay in full; satisfy all demands, pay in full of all demands; clear, liquidate; pay up, pay old debts; quit scores, wipe off old scores, clear off old scores. pay one's way, pay one's shot, pay one's footing; pay the piper, pay sauce for all, pay costs; do the needful. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(restitute, R790)}} repay, refund, reimburse, disgorge, make repayment, retribute[obs3]; make compensation &c. R30. pay by credit card, put it on the plastic. Adj. {{has_property(payer)}} paying, making payment. {{has_consequence(payment[ptnt=$debt, @R806])}} {{has_property($debt[after=payment])}} paid[1], paid off. {{has_consequence(payment)}} {{&has_property(acquired thing, @R775/service, M7.3.5.4.1.3)}} paid for. {{alternative_to(paid for): free, @R815; borrowed, @R788; done for profit}}. {{has_consequence(payment[to=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{has_property(person[after=payment], P2.3.2.3)}} paid[2]. owing nothing, out of debt, all straight; unowed[obs3], never indebted. {{has_property(deposit)}} advanced, up-front, paid in advance. {{antonym_of(paid): unpaid}}. Adv. to the tune of. on the nail. money down. M9.2.4.5.R2 ACCOUNTS (R811) #811. Accounts. N. {{has_subtype(record, R551)}} account, accounts[collective], accompts[obs2], commercial arithmetic, monetary arithmetic. {{has_topic}} {{has_subtype(behavior)}} finance, money matters, budget. {{has_part(finance): expenditure, M9.2.4.5; payment, M9.2.4.5.R1; receipt, M9.2.4.6; sale[2], @R796; purchase[2], @R795; money, @R800}}. score, reckoning. {{has_location}} {{has_subtype(abstract location, @A6.1.7)}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} books, account book, ledger, journal; day book, cash book, pass book; debtor and creditor account, cash account, running account; account current; compte rendu[Fr], account settled, acquit, assets, expenditure, liabilities, outstanding accounts; profit and loss account, profit and loss statement, receipts. {{has_part(account)}} {{has_subtype(list)}} balance, balance sheet. {{has_part(balance sheet)}} {{!has_result(entry, @M8.1.3.2.1.4)}} {{has_subtype(entry, @R551)}} entry, bookkeeping entry, ledger entry, journal entry. {{has_subtype(entry)}} debit; credit. {{has_subtype(entry)}} {{has_subtype(transfer[ptnt=debit/credit], A6.1.7)}} transfer. {{topic_of}} {{studied_in}} bookkeeping, accounting[1], reckoning. {{uses(accounting[1]): computation, R85a; numeration, R85}}. {{has_method(bookkeeping)}} double entry bookkeeping. {{has_method(bookkeeping)}} bookkeeping method. {{has_concern(bookkeeping)}} {{has_subtype(attribution, @R155)}} charge. {{has_subtype(bookkeeping method)}} {{topic_of(expenditure, R809/charge)}} charging. {{has_subtype(bookkeeping method)}} {{has_subtype(charging): capitalization; expensing}}. {{has_subtype(accounting[1])}} auditing. {{has_result(auditing)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} audit. {{performed_by(accounting[1]/bookkeeping)}} accountant, bookkeeper, auditor, actuary, bean counter [derogatory]; accounting party; financial secretary. {{performed_by(accounting[1]/bookkeeping)}} {{has_subtype(firm, P2.3.2.3.5.5.2)}} accounting firm; auditing firm. {{has_subtype(accountant)}} {{property_of(licensed, @R760)}} chartered accountant, certified accountant; certified public accountant, CPA[acron]. {{&performed_by(accounting[1]/bookkeeping): treasurer, @R801}}. {{has_conceptual_part: bill, @R806}}. V. {{has_subtype(record[ptnt=money matters])}} keep accounts, keep the books. {{has_process}} enter, post, book, credit, debit, carry over; take stock; balance accounts, make up accounts, square accounts, settle accounts, wind up accounts, cast up accounts; make accounts square, square accounts. bring to book, tax, surcharge and falsify. {{has_subtype(verify[obj=acuracy[of=accounts]], @R461)}} audit, field audit, check the books, verify accounts. {{has_subtype(keep accounts[mode=deceptively, @R545])}} {{purpose_of(deception, R545)}} falsify an account, garble an account, cook an account, cook the books, doctor an account, doctor the books. {{has_method(falsify an account)}} keep two sets of books. {{caused_by(charging)}} [ditransitive] charge. {{has_subtype(charge)}} charge against, charge to. Adj. {{has_subtype(monetary, @R800)}} financial, accounting[2], accountable. {{has_property(charge)}} charged. {{has_property(double entry bookkeeping)}} double-entry. on the books. off the books. M9.2.4.5.R3 NONPAYMENT (R808) #808. Nonpayment. N. {{antonym_of(payment, R807)}} {{has_subtype(inaction, R681)}} {{has_subtype(refusal[to=pay, R807], R764)}} nonpayment. {{entailed_by: repudiation, @R756; protest, @R773}}. application of the sponge[obs2]; whitewashing. {{&has_result(nonpayment)}} default, defalcation, bad debt. {{&caused_by(nonpayment)}} insolvency, bankruptcy. {{has_subtype(insolvency)}} corporate insolvency, business failure. {{has_subtype(business failure[by=bank, M9.2.4.2.2])}} bank failure. {{&caused_by(nonpayment): insufficiency[of=money, R800], R640}}. {{&caused_by(nonpayment): run upon a bank}}. {{&caused_by(nonpayment[by=bank, M9.2.4.2.2])}} {{property_of(insufficiency[of=money[in=$checking account], R800], R640)}} {{has_subtype($checking account)}} overdrawn account. {{action_of}} {{has_subtype(debt, R806)}} {{property_of(delinquent)}} delinquent debt, non-performing debt. {{has_subtype(delinquent debt)}} waste paper bonds; dishonored bills, protested bills. {{property_of(not paid)}} {{has_subtype(check)}} bounced check. bogus check, bogus cheque, rubber check. bankrupt, insolvent, debtor, lame duck, man of straw, welsher, stag, defaulter, levanter[obs2]. V. not pay; fail to pay, break off payments, refuse payment; stop payment. not settle, not settle accounts. {{&caused_by(not pay)}} become insolvent, become bankrupt; be gazetted. {[in_frame(contract)]} protest, dishonor, repudiate, nullify. pay under protest; button up one's pockets, draw the purse strings; apply the sponge; pay over the left shoulder, get whitewashed; swindle &c. R791; run up bills, fly kites. Adj. not paying, non-paying, non-performing. {{&consequence_of: @R806, in debt, indebted}}. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_property(debtor)}} in arrears, behindhand, in arrear[obs3], behind in payments. {{has_property(delinquent debt)}} delinquent, unpaid, owing, due, in arrear[obs3], outstanding, past due; unrequited, unrewarded, unremunerated. {{&caused_by(nonpayment): unable to make both ends meet, @R804}}. {{&consequence_of: beggared &c. (poor) R804}}. {{has_consequence(insolvency)}} {{has_high_level(poor, @R804)}} insolvent, bankrupt, in the gazette, gazetted. minus. {{has_extreme(non-paying)}} worse than nothing. {{&has_consequence(non-paying): worthless}}. {{has_property(non-performing debt): unpaid &c. (outstanding) R806}}. {{has_consequence(nonpayment)}} {{has_property(debt[before=payment, R807], @R806)}} unpaid[1]. {{has_consequence(nonpayment[to=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{has_property(person[before=payment, R807], P2.3.2.3)}} unpaid[2]. <-- gratis &c. R815. why? --> M9.2.4.6 RECEIPT (R810) #810. Receipt. N. {{has_method(acquisition[obj=money, R800], R775)}} {{has_subtype(receiving[ptnt=money, R800], R785)}} receipt[1], value received, money coming in, receiving money. {{&has_patient}} {{has_subtype(acquisition[2])}} {{has_subtype(money, R800)}} {{property_of(periodic, @R138)}} {{&generates(productive activity)}} income, incomings, innings, revenue. {{generated_by(income)}} source of income. {{has_subtype(source of income): productive activity; investing, M7.3.5.1.1.1}}. {{&has_patient}} {{has_subtype(acquisition[2])}} {{has_subtype(money, R800)}} receipt[2], receipts[collective]. {{has_subtype(receipt[2])}} {{&generates(productive activity)}} {{has_part(income)}} profit[1]. {{generated_by(profit[1])}} {{has_subtype(productive activity)}} profit-making activity. {{has_subtype(income)}} {[in_frame(commerce)]} gross receipts. {{has_subtype(profit[1][of=business, R794])}} {{has_part(gross receipts)}} profit[2], earnings, business profit, net profit, net gain, proceeds. {{has_subtype(income[from=investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1]): return on investment, @M7.3.5.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(income[from=gambling, @R621])}} winnings, innings, pickings. accepta[obs3], avails. {{has_subtype(income): salary, R807a}}. {{has_subtype(income[from=rental[2], @R795a])}} {{has_subtype(price[of=rental[2], @R795a], R812)}} rent, rent receipts[collective], rental, rentage[obs3]. {{has_high_quantity(rent)}} {{property_of(excessive)}} rack-rent. premium, bonus; sweepstakes. {{has_subtype(income)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} personal income. {{has_subtype(personal income[of=employee, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6]): salary, @R807a}}. {{has_subtype(personal income)}} pension, annuity; alimony, palimony [coll.], pittance. {{has_large_quantity(personal income)}} high income. {{has_subtype(high income): @R807a, high salary, large salary, high pay}}. {{has_subtype: @R973, emolument, remuneration}}. {{has_result(receipt): property, R780}}. V. {{has_subtype(receive[obj=money], R785)}} {{has_method(acquire[obj=money], R775)}} {{has_subtype(take[obj=money], R789)}} get money, receive money, take money, draw. {{has_method(get money)}} {{&causes(productive activity/investment, M7.3.5.1.1.1)}} [intransitive] profit, make a profit, draw a profit. {{has_subtype(profit[mode=quickly])}} [intransitive] make a quick profit, turn a quick profit. {{has_metaphor(profit)}} turn a penny, turn an honest penny, make a buck[U.S], make an honest buck[U.S]. draw from, derive from. {{caused_by}} {{has_action(commerce, R794/employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} bring in, pay. {{caused_by}} {{has_action(investment[2], @M7.3.5.1.1.1)}} yield, return, afford. {{has_result(yield): accrue &c. (be received from) R785}}. Adj. receiving, received &c. v.. {{has_property(investment)}} yielding, returning. {{&!has_property(investment): profitable &c. (gainful) R775}}. {{has_property(profit-making activity)}} profit-making, for profit, done for profit, performed for profit. {{+has_property(profit-making activity): profitable, @R775}}. {{contrast_to(profit-making)}} not for profit. <-- this "unprofitable" refers strictly to income type profit. The sense at R647 and 732 are more general, not exclusively related to money income --> {{antonym_of(profitable, @R775)}} {{has_consequence(not for profit)}} unprofitable. <-- Note: salary, like most transfers, is both a payment (by the employer) and a receipt (by the worker). We think of it mostly as a receipt (there are more workers than employers), so it is located here. We say the salary is a "conceptual part" of employment. For most people, it may be the main purpose, but not for all! [payment for labor] --> M9.2.4.6.1 REMUNERATION (R807A) #807a. Remuneration. N. {{has_subtype(reward[for=work, M7.3.5.4.1], R973)}} {{has_subtype(payment, R807)}} {{has_conceptual_part(employment, M7.3.5.4.1.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(emolument)}} compensation, remuneration. {{has_part}} {{constitutes(money)}} salary, wage, wages, pay, monetary compensation, money income. {{has_measure(wages)}} hourly wages; monthly wages, monthly salary; annual salary. {{+!has_part}} {{isnota(money)}} benefits; perquisites, perks[coll.]. {{has_subtype(salary)}} {[of(family)]} [total salary of all members of a family unit] family income. {{has_part(salary)}} {{property_of(withheld[from=employee, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6], @R781)}} withholding, deductions. [part of salary paid directly to worker] take-home pay. {{has_large_quantity}} high salary, large salary, high pay. V. {{patient_of(salary)}} {{has_subtype(receive[obj=money, R800])}} draw a salary, be paid. [transitive] make, earn, pull down, bring in. <-- [[price]] tax R812c, value R812a, and cost should have separate entries --> M9.2.4.7 PRICE (R812) #812. Price. N. {{&has_measure(value, R812a)}} {{has_property(article of commerce)}} price[1], amount, cost, expense, charge, prime cost, figure; demand, damage. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(action)}} {{hperforms(seller)}} pricing, setting a price, fixing a price. {{&result_of: negotiation, R770a}}. {{has_unit: monetary unit, @R800}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(normal, @R80/average, @R29)}} normal price, reasonable price, moderate price, average price. {{{has_relative_val(normal price + value, R812a): "1.0"}}}. {{has_subtype(normal price)}} {{has_measure(value, R812a)}} market price, market, quotation; fair price, going price; what it will fetch, what it will sell for, what it will bring; what the market will bear. {{has_subtype: purchase price, @R795}}. {{has_subtype(price[2][of=labor, M7.3.5.4.1]): @R973, wage, salary, fare, hire, remuneration}}. {{has_subtype(market price)}} requested price, asked price, asked. {{has_subtype}} {{co_occurs_with(sale, @R796)}} {{causes(sale[2], @R796)}} {{has_case(sale, @R796)}} selling price. {{has_subtype(selling price)}} {[in_frame(stock market)]} settlement price, settling price. {[of(foreign currency): @R800, exchange rate, rate]}. {[of(purchase)]} bill, damages[joc.]; scot, shot. {{topic_of: bill &c. (account) R811}}. <-- tax may be thought of as part of a price (as in sales tax) or as a price per se --> {{has_subtype(price[of=government, R737a]): tax, R812c}}. {{&has_part: sales tax, @R812c}}. {{has_high_level: dearness, R814}}. {{has_low_level: cheapness, R815}}. {{has_subtype(price[of=broker's service])}} {{has_subtype(fee, @R973)}} broker's fee. V. {{has_action(article of commerce)}} {{has_subtype(have[obj=price[1]], @R3a)}} bear a price, have a price, be priced at, be valued at. amount to, come to, mount up to; stand one in. <-- something only "fetches" when it has been sold --> {{has_subtype}} {{causes(sale, @R796)}} {[with_object(selling price)]} sell for, fetch, bring in, cost, yield, afford. {{has_subtype(sell for)}} {[in_frame(stock market)]} settle at. {{has_subtype}} {{&hperforms(person)}} have one's price. {{caused_by(bear a price)}} {{hperforms(owner, @R779a/seller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1)}} {{has_subtype(ask[for=requested price], R765)}} charge, demand, ask, require, exact. {{consequence_of}} {{requires(have a price)}} {{hperforms(owner, @R779a/seller, P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.1)}} {{follows(demand)}} price[2], set a price, fix a price. {{has_subtype(set a price)}} {[in_frame(taxation, @R812c)]} assess, doom [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(set a price): appraise, @R812a}}. run up; distrain. {{required_for(set a price): @R796, sell, liquidate}}. <-- run up a bill &c. (debt) R806. ?why? --> Adj. {{!has_property(article of commerce)}} priced. {[when_modifying(asking price)]} priced at, offered at, to the tune of. {{affects}} {{&has_property(tax, R812c)}} ad valorem. {{required_for}} {{has_subtype(taxable, @R812c)}} dutiable. mercenary, venal. {{property_of(seller)}} {{has_subtype(asking[for=requested price], @R765)}} asking. {{has_property(requested price)}} asked. {{&has_property(requested price)}} {{has_subtype(stable, R150)}} firm. {{&has_property(requested price)}} {{has_subtype(contingent[on=bargaining, @R770a], A1.4.3)}} negotiable. Phr. no penny no paternoster; point d'argent point de Suisse[Fr], no longer pipe no longer dance, no song no supper, if you dance you have to pay the piper, you get what you pay for, there's no such thing as a free lunch. one may have it for; a bon marche[Fr]. <-- [price of government services] --> M9.2.4.7.1 TAX (R812C) #812c. Tax. N. {{has_subtype(price[of=government service, @R737a], R812)}} tax, dues, levy, tariff, cess[obs3], sess[obs3], tallage[obs3]; abkari[obs3]. duty, impost; toll. {{patient_of}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} taxation, assessment; tax burden. {{has_process(taxation)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(tax collector)}} tax collection. {{has_subtype(tax)}} {{has_subtype(donation)}} tithe, tenths, exactment[obs3]. ransom, salvage. brokerage, wharfage, freightage. {{has_property}} tax rate. {{+-has_units(tax rate): percent, @R84}}. capitation tax, poll tax, head tax. doomage [U.S.][obs3], likin[obs3]; gabel[obs3], gabelle[obs3]; gavel[obs2], octroi[obs3]. {{has_subtype(tax[on=imports, @R794])}} custom, import duty; customs. {{has_subtype(tax[on=exports, @R794])}} export tax, export duty. {{has_subtype(tax[on=commodity, R798])}} excise, excise tax. luxury tax. {{has_subtype(tax[on=tobacco, @R392/alcohol[2], @P2.3.1.3.4.4.2.1])}} {{has_subtype(excise tax)}} sin tax [colloquial][jocular]. {{part_of(sin tax): price, R812}}. {{has_subtype(sin tax)}} liquor tax, cigarette tax. {{&has_part(income tax)}} capital gains tax. {{has_subtype(federal tax)}} internal revenue, internal revenue tax. {{has_subtype}} federal tax; state tax; county tax; local tax, city tax. {{has_part(internal revenue): income tax}}. {{has_subtype(tax[on=income, @R810])}} income tax. {{has_subtype(income tax)}} progressive tax, progressive taxation, graduated income tax. {{contrast_to(progressive tax)}} flat tax. {{contrast_to(progressive tax)}} regressive tax. {{has_subtype(tax[on=inheritance[2], @R777])}} estate tax, inheritance tax, death duty[Brit.], death tax. corporation tax. {{&has_part}} surtax. {{has_subtype(income tax)}} personal income tax, corporate income tax. {{&has_part(corporate income tax)}} excess profits tax. {{has_part(price, R812)}} sales tax; use tax. {{has_subtype(corporation tax)}} {{similar_to(sales tax)}} VAT, value added tax. {{has_high_level}} supertax; overtaxation; oppressive taxation, crushing burden of taxes. {{has_issue(income tax)}} {{has_property(income, @R810)}} tax bracket. bracket creep. {{has_method(collect[ptnt=income tax])}} {{has_subtype(withholding[ptnt=income tax])}} tax withholding, withholding. {{has_subtype}}{{has_patient(tax withholding)}} {{&has_part(salary)}} tax withheld, withholding tax. {{has_issue}} tax base, tax structure. {{has_process(taxation): @R807, tax payment, tax return}}. {{hperforms(pay[obj=tax], R807)}} taxpayer, tax payer. V. tax; impose, levy; tithe. overtax. ransom. {{performed_by(taxation): taxman, tax collector, P2.3.2.3.6.5.39}}. Adj. {{&has_property(income, @R810/sale[2], @R796)}} {{has_subtype(liable[to=taxation], @R177)}} taxable, taxed, subject to taxation. {{&has_property(taxpayer)}} overtaxed; undertaxed. {{antonym_of(taxable)}} untaxed, tax-free; duty-free; exempt, tax exempt. Phr. "nothing is certain except death and taxes"; "tax and spend"[Republican slogan]. <-- a high price is not necessarily relatively high for that specific item, it may not be possible to get an item for less. It is relatively high compared to what people usually pay for items in that general category --> M9.2.4.7.2 DEARNESS (R814) #814. Dearness. N. {{has_high_level(price)}} {{&has_property(article of commerce)}} dearness, expensiveness, costliness, high price, famine price, fancy price, high cost. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(article of commerce)}} costly item. {{has_subtype(costly item)}} luxury. <-- a premium price is relatively high, i.e., one should be able to get the same thing for less --> {{has_high_level}} premium price, top dollar. {{has_excess}} extortionate price, exorbitant price. <-- arbitrarily define an excessive price as 20% over top dollar, and a premium price as 20% over average. Just to get a feel for the range. --> {{{has_relative_val(extortionate price + premium price): ">1.2"}}}. {{{has_relative_val(premium price + normal price): ">1.2"}}}. {{&caused_by(premium price)}} {{has_subtype(pricing, @R812)}} overcharge, surcharge, overcharging. extravagance. {{has_property(premium price)}} exorbitance. {{has_metaphor(overcharging)}} extortion. {{has_metaphor}} heavy pull upon the purse. V. {{has_action(costly item)}} be dear, be expensive, be costly, cost much, cost a pretty penny; rise in price, look up, cost a pretty penny[col]. {{has_subtype(charge[obj=extortionate price], @R812)}} overcharge, bleed, fleece, extort. {{has_subtype(pay[obj=pay top dollar], R807)}} pay top dollar. {{has_subtype(pay[obj=extortionate price], R807)}} overpay, pay too much, pay through the nose, pay too dear for one's whistle. Adj. expensive, costly, dear, high priced, pricey; of great price, precious, dear bought. {[when_modifying(price)]} high, steep. at a premium. upscale. {{has_metaphor}} worth a Jew's eye[obs2]. {{has_extreme}} priceless, invaluable. {{consequence_of(priceless): @R812a, invaluable, beyond price, above price, of priceless value}}. {{consequence_of(expensive/priceless): @R640, rare, not to be had, not to be had for love or money}}. {{has_extreme}} {{has_property(exorbitant price)}} unreasonable, extravagant, exorbitant, extortionate; overpriced, more than it's worth. Adv. dear, dearly. at great cost, heavy cost; a grands frais[Fr]. {{has_high_level}} at a premium, at top dollar. Phr. prices looking up; le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle[Fr]; le cout en ote le gout[Fr]; vel prece vel pretio[Lat][obs3]; too high a price to pay, not worth it. M9.2.4.7.3 CHEAPNESS (R815) #815. Cheapness. N. {{has_low_level(price)}} cheapness, low price. {{&caused_by}} depreciation. {{has_low_level}} bargain, good value; good penny worth, good penny's worth, snap [U.S.]. {{has_low_level}} nominal price, peppercorn rent. {{&caused_by: @R813, discount, sale, price-cutting, promotion}}. {{has_null}} {{property_of(free)}} giveaway, give-away, gratuity, freebee [coll.]. {{has_subtype(giveaway)}} free quarters; free seats, free admission; run of one's teeth, free warren. {{has_subtype(giveaway)}} {{has_subtype(labor, M7.3.5.4.1)}} labor of love. {{property_of}} drug in the market. {{used_by(free admission)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} deadhead, free rider. V. be cheap, be inexpensive, cost little. {{&caused_by}} come down in price, fall in price, drop in price. buy for a mere nothing, buy for an old song; have one's money's worth. Adj. cheap, inexpensive, low, low priced, unexpensive[obs3]. moderate, reasonable; well worth the money, worth the money; magnifique et pas cher[Fr]; good at the price, cheap at the price. {{has_high_intensity}} dirt cheap, dog cheap; cheap, cheap as dirt, cheap and nasty; catchpenny. {{&consequence_of: discounted &c. R813}}. half-price, depreciated, unsalable. {{has_null}} free, gratuitous, gratis, for nothing, free of charge, costless, expenseless[obs3], without charge, not charged, untaxed; scotfree, shotfree[obs3], rent-free; free of cost, free of expense; honorary, unbought, unpaid. {{has_subtype(free)}} {[when modifying(legal service)]} pro bono, pro bono publico[Lat]. Adv. cheaply, inexpensively. for a mere song, for a song. at cost, at cost price, at prime cost, at a reduction; a bon marche[Fr]. M9.2.4.7.R1 DISCOUNT (R813) #813. Discount. N. {{&has_conceptual_part(price)}} {{has_subtype(reduction)}} discount, abatement, concession, reduction, depreciation, allowance, mark down. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(article of commerce)}} discounted item. {{causes: bargain}}. half price, half off, two for the price of one. qualification, set-off, drawback, poundage, agio[obs3], percentage; backwardation, contango[obs3]; salvage; tare and tret[obs3]. rebate, rebatement[obs3]. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(decreasing[ptnt=price])}} {{&caused_by(cheapness, R815)}} discounting, marking down. {{has_subtype}} quantity discount. {{!&caused_by(quantity discount): purchase[obj=merchandise[num=many]], R795}}. {{has_high_level(discount)}} heavy discount, fire-sale price. {{conceptual_part_of}} price-cutting; promotion. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(event)}} sale. {{has_subtype(sale)}} fire sale. {{conceptual_part_of}} price war. wholesale, wholesale price; dealer's price; trade price. double coupon discount; triple coupon discount. {{&uses}} coupon, discount coupon, cents-off coupon; store coupon, manufacturer's coupon. V. discount, reduce, price down, mark down, take off, allow, give, make allowance, bate; abate. sell at a discount. sell at cost. give a rebate. sell at a loss, take a loss, sell below cost. {{has_high_level}} slash prices. {{&caused_by}} have a friend in the business. Adj. discounting. {{has_property(discounted item)}} discounted. Adv. at a discount, below par. at wholesale. Phr. "a price so low it's like giving it away". <-- [intrinsic worth] The "cost, price" entry here is an abstract concept which could be money or effort, or something else (such as a loss of something). It answers the general question "what's it worth to you?". The interpretation of "value" will generally be with reference to some individual's sense of what something is worth. Market value is a subtype. The "cost" meaning "what does it cost to produce" is under "manufacturing". That may be different from the "market cost". "good" and "bad" in the sense of quality or utility of something are placed here. An "asset" can be anything valuable, money, object, right, etc. [[value]] --> M9.2.4.8 VALUE (R812A) #812a. Value. N. {{has_subtype(value, @R648)}} {{affected_by(price, R812)}} worth, value, intrinsic value, monetary value. {{has_conceptual_part: desirability, @R865}}. {{has_null: worthlessness, R815b}}. {{affected_by}} {{has_measure(usefulness, R644/goodness, R648)}} quality. {{measured_by}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} valuation, appraisal, evaluation, assessment, appraisement, rate[obs2]. {{performed_by(appraisal)}} appraiser. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(average, R29)}} par value. {{has_high_level}} {{contrast_to(worthlessness, R815b)}} high value. {{has_high_level(quality)}} high quality, goodness. {{has_high_level(high value)}} very high value. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(item, R3a)}} something of value. {{has_subtype(something of value)}} {{has_subtype(service, M7.3.5.4.1.3)}} {{property_of(useful, @R644)}} valuable service, useful service. {{has_subtype(something of value)}} asset, item of value. <-- a "valuable item" usually means something of high value (not just some value), so we use that sense here. This is needed to define "valuables" in the usual sense of highly valuable objects. --> {{has_subtype(asset)}} {{property_of(high value)}} valuable thing, valuable item. {{has_subtype(valuable item)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} valuable, valuable object, valuables[collective]. {{has_subtype(valuable object)}} {{property_of(very high value)}} treasure, precious object. {{has_measure}} {{assesses(open market, @R799): @R812, market price, fair price, going price; what it will fetch, what it will sell for, what it will bring}}. {{has_measure}} cost. <-- this seems redundant with the above measure, but there are two prices for an object, what one buys it for, and what one sells it for, and both figure in the value --> {{has_subtype(cost): purchase price, @R795}}. {{has_subtype(cost): effort, R686}}. {{has_subtype(cost): loss, R776}}. {{has_low_quality}} low value, cheapness, shoddiness. {{has_low_quality(quality)}} low quality, badness, poorness, poor quality. {{similar_to(cheapness): cheapness, R815}}. money's worth. penny worth, penny's worth; dime's worth; dollar's worth. V. {{has_subtype(estimate[obj=value], R480)}} appraise, evaluate, assess, rate. {{has_subtype(evaluate[mode=again])}} {{has_subtype(reconsider, @R451)}} reevaluate, reassess, reappraise. {{has_subtype(believe[obj=$assertion])}} {[with_object($article of commerce)]} [transitive] value, esteem; appreciate. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{has_property($article of commerce): high value}}. {{has_null: worthless, R815b}}. Adj. {{has_property(valuable item)}} valuable, estimable, worthy, full of worth, worth something. worthwhile. {{property_of(precious object)}} {{has_high_level(valuable): precious (expensive) R814}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(high quality)}} good. {{has_high_level(good)}} excellent. {{has_high_level(valuable)}} {{antonym_of(shoddy)}} high quality, of high quality[pred. adj.], upscale. {{&!consequence_of(high quality)}} {{has_subtype(manufactured[mode=carefully, @R459], @M7.3.5.4.1.1)}} well-made. {{has_extreme}} invaluable, beyond price, of inestimable value, cheap at any price, above price, of priceless value. {{has_consequence(invaluable): priceless, @R814}}. {{has_low_intensity(valuable)}} cheap, shoddy; slapdash. {{has_low_level}} {{has_property(low quality)}} bad, poor, inferior. Adv. {{has_property(low quality)}} {[when_modifying(action, R680)]} poorly, badly. Phr. worth the price; worth a king's ransom; accountants who know the price of everything and the value of nothing. M9.2.4.8.1 WORTHLESSNESS (R815B) #815b. Worthlessness. N. {{has_null(value, R812a)}} worthlessness, valuelessness, lack of value. {{&consequence_of: uselessness, R645; undesirability, R647; unattractiveness, R846}}. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_property(action, R680/effort, R686)}} vanity, pointlessness. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.4, trash, garbage, discards, refuse}}. Adj. {{&has_consequence(useless)}} worthless, valueless, priceless[obs2]. unattractive, unalluring, undesired, undesirable, uncared for, unwished[obs3], unvalued, all one to. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_property(action, R680/effort, R686): @R732, vain, pointless}}. unsalable, unmarketable; not worth a straw, not worth a fig, not worth a sou, not worth a penny; dear at any price. expendable, dispensable. {{&has_consequence: inexpensive &c. R815}}. Adv. {{&has_mode(action, R680/effort, R686): in vain, @R732}}. Phr. not worth the paper it's printed on. <-- [[eco]] --> M9.2.4.9 ECONOMICS N. {{has_subtype(branch of learning)}} economics. {{studies: money, R800; finance, @R800; commerce, R794; international trade, @M9.2.3}}. {{has_subtype}} microeconomics; macroeconomics. {{studies(macroeconomics)}} {{has_property(country)}} national economy. {{studied_by}} economist. {{has_subtype(national economy)}} agricultural economy; industrialized economy. {{consequence_of($country^agricultural economy): $assertion}}. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{hperforms($country^citizenry[num=majority]): agriculture, M7.3.5.4.1.2}}. {{consequence_of($country^industrialized economy): $assertion}}. &&{{asserts($assertion)}} {{hperforms($country^citizenry[num=majority]): manufacturing; light industry; commerce}}. Adj. economic. microeconomic; macroeconomic. M9.2.R1 NON-POSSESSION #777a. Non-possession. N. {{antonym_of(possession, R777)}} {{has_subtype(absence, @R2)}} non-possession, not having. {{&caused_by(not having[ptnt=obligation])}} exemption; exception, immunity, privilege, release. V. not have, not possess, be without. {{has_subtype(not have[ptnt=obligation, R926]): @R927a, be exempt, be excused}}. {{&caused_by(be exempt): @R927a, excuse, exempt}}. {{has_subtype(not have)}} {{antonym_of(own, R780a)}} not own. Adj. without, exempt from, devoid of, unpossessed of[obs3], unblest with[obs3]; immune from. not having, not possessing; unpossessed[obs3]; untenanted &c. (vacant) R187; without an owner. {{has_subtype(not having)}} not owning. unobtained[obs3], unacquired. <-- (ETHICAL, NOT RELIGIOUS) --> M9.3 MORAL INTERACTIONS N. moral interactions. <-- 1. OBLIGATIONS . 922. Right 923. Wrong 924. Dullness 925. Undueness 926. Duty 927. Dereliction 927a. Exemption Moral obligation is distinguishable from necessity, which is what must be done in order to accomplish a goal. They are related -- moral obligation is what must be done in order to accomplish the goal of righteousness. The modal auxiliary for necessity is "must", and for moral obligation is "ought to". The auxiliary "should" is used in both senses. Note: "responsibility and accountability" may apply to past actions, and these must be distinguished??? This is a very fundamental concept, difficult to reduce to anything else. Probably why the related "obligation/necessity" is one of the two fundamental operators of modal logic. An important question is whether the mere existence of the "right thing to do" creates a moral obligation to do it, or whether the moral agent must first know that such a right thing exists, before an obligation arises. In the latter case, we could be more specific about the relation between "right" and obligation, and say that: {{mcauses(right, R922)}} obligation. It seems likely that knowledge is required, and in the absence of knowledge of an obligation, an act is neutral with respect to morality. "know or ought to know" is perhaps more accurate here. Note the circularity of "ought!". --> M9.3.1 MORAL OBLIGATIONS (R922 TO R927A) #926. Moral Obligation. N. {{patient_of(right thing, R922)}} obligation, duty, moral obligation, liability, onus, responsibility, bounden duty, imperative duty. <-- not clear here what the difference is between conscience and sense of duty, but they are classified as mcausally related --> {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(mental process)}} {{mcaused_by(moral behavior)}} call, call of duty, sense of obligation, sense of duty. {{has_subtype(sense of duty): probity, R939}}. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(mental process)}} {{affected_by(sense of duty)}} {{mcaused_by(moral behavior)}} conscience, inward monitor, still small voice within, tender conscience, the hell within [P. L.]. <-- conscience "mcauses" both the trait of probity and the behavior --> {{mcauses(conscience): probity, R939}}. {{has_subtype(sense of obligation)}} morality, morals. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} the right thing to do, the thing to do, the proper thing, the proper thing to do. {{conceptual_part_of(the right thing to do)}} {{has_manifestation(sense of duty/probity, R939): moral behavior, M9.3.3.1}}. {{has_property(the right thing to do): @R922, propriety, fitness, seemliness, amenability, decorum, to prepon[Grk]}}. {{synonym_of(conscience)}} {[in_frame(psychoanalysis)]} superego. {{mcauses}} {{!has_property(agent, R690): @R680, accountability[for=action, R680/inaction, R681]}}. {{!property_of(accountability, @R680): agent, R690}}. {{mcauses: @R743, allegiance, fealty, loyalty}}. {{&result_of: engagement &c. (promise) R768}}. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(joint effort, @R709): @M7.3.5.4.1, part, function; role; post; office; mission]}. <-- one duty is to observe (not interfere with) others' rights --> {{has_subtype: observation[ptnt=right, R924], @R692}}. {{topic_of}} {{&caused_by}} {[in_frame(Christianity/Judaism)]} decalogue, ten commandments, The Ten Commandments. {{topic_of(The Ten Commandments)}} {{has_subtype(document[1], R590a)}} the two tablets of Moses. {{studied_in}} ethics, ethology, moral philosophy, ethical philosophy, deontology[obs3], aretology[obs3]. {{uses(ethics)}} {{has_subtype(interpretation[of=moral obligation], M8.1.R1.1)}} casuistry. {{topic_of}} polity [form of government, e.g. of a religious denomination]. {{has_subtype(observance[ptnt=duty], @R692)}} fulfillment, discharge, performance, acquittal, satisfaction, redemption. case of conscience. <-- agents always have osme sort of obligation in their acting --> V. {{mcauses(moral obligation)}} {{hperforms(agent, R690)}} [intransitive] be duty bound, be obligated, be bound to, be obliged, be responsible, be accountable; be under an obligation, stand under an obligation, lie under an obligation; have to answer for, owe to it oneself. {{has_action(moral obligation)}} {[with_object(agent, R690)]} be the duty of, be incumbent on, be incumbent upon; behoove, become, befit, beseem; belong to, pertain to; fall to one's lot; devolve on; lie upon, lie on one's head, lie at one's door; rest with, rest on the shoulders of. {{&mcaused_by(moral obligation)}} take upon oneself, become bound to, be sponsor for, become sponsor for, incur a responsibility, incur an obligation. {{has_method(incur an obligation): promise, R768}}. {{&mcaused_by(moral obligation)}} {{has_subtype(assign[ptnt=duty], R755)}} impose a duty, impose an obligation, impose a responsibility, assign a responsibility; enjoin, require, exact; bind, bind over; saddle with, prescribe, assign, call upon, look to, oblige, burden. {{has_high_level(burden)}} {{property_of(excessive)}} overburden. {{has_subtype(observe[ptnt=duty], @R692)}} {{requires(be virtuous, R944)}} fulfill a duty, discharge a duty, fulfill an obligation, discharge an obligation, satisfy an obligation, adhere to a duty, acquit oneself of a duty, satisfy a duty, enter upon a duty, perform a duty, observe a duty, enter upon an obligation, perform an obligation, observe an obligation, adhere to an obligation, acquit oneself of an obligation; act one's part, redeem one's pledge, do justice to, be at one's post; do duty; do one's duty; be on one's good behavior, mind one's P's and Q's. ModalAux. ought, ought to; should. Adj. {{has_property(duty)}} obligatory, binding, behooving, befitting. incumbent on, chargeable on; under obligation; obliged by, bound by, tied by; saddled with. {{has_consequence(duty)}} {{has_property(agent, R690)}} duty bound, due to, beholden to, bound to, indebted to, tied down; in duty bound. {{has_subtype(duty bound): committed, @R768}}. {{has_consequence(duty)}} {{has_property(agent, R690)}} amenable, liable, accountable, responsible, answerable. {{has_property(fulfillment): R922, right, meet, due}}. stringent &c. (severe) R739. {{has_property(good works, @M9.3.3.1/moral behavior, @M9.3.3.1)}} moral, ethical, casuistical, conscientious, ethological[obs2]. {{antonym_of(ethical): unethical, @R945}}. {{antonym_of(moral): immoral, @R945}}. {{antonym_of(conscientious): unconscionable, @R945}}. <-- imperative, peremptory; --> Adv. {{&has_mode(action, R680)}} {{!has_mode(fulfill a duty)}} dutifully. with a safe conscience, as in duty, bound, on one's own responsibility, at one's own risk, suo periculo[Lat]; in foro conscientiae[Lat]; quamdiu se bene gesserit[Lat]. Phr. dura lex sed lex[Lat]; dulce et decorum est pro patria mori[Lat]; honos habet onus[Lat]; leve fit quod bene fertur onus [Lat][Ovid]; loyaute m'oblige[Fr]; " simple duty bath no place for fear " [Whittier]; " stern daughter of the voice of God " [Wordsworth]; " there is a higher law than the Constitution " [Wm. Seward]. <-- [[due]] --> M9.3.1.1 RIGHT (R924) #924. Right. N. {{&possesses(person, P2.3.2.3)}} right, privilege, prerogative, prescription, title; due. {{has_property}} dueness. {{possessed_by}} right holder. {{property_of(right, R922): observance[ptnt=right, R924], @R692}}. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(assertion[of=right])}} claim, pretension. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_topic(claim)}} legal right, chose in action. {{has_subtype(privelege)}} birthright. immunity, license, liberty, franchise; vested interest, vested right. sanction, authority, warranty, charter; tenure. {{!topic_of: constitution, @R963}}. {{has_subtype: warrant &c. (permission) R760}}. {{&property_of}} {{performed_by(claim)}} claimant, appellant. {{&property_of: plaintiff &c. R938}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{property_of(dueness)}} deserts, what is due, just deserts, one's just deserts. {{has_subtype(just deserts): @R932, comeuppance}}. <-- this "demand" is specifically to demand a right --> {{&mcauses(dueness)}} {{similar_to(demand, @R741)}} {[with_object(right)]} demand. {{facilitated_by(demand)}} {{has_subtype(authority, R737)}} {{causes(dueness)}} moral authority. {{has_subtype}} {{possesses(legal person[num=1])}} exclusive right. {{owned_by(exclusive right)}} {{has_subtype(legal person/human group)}} exclusive right holder[num=1]. {{has_subtype(right[to=financial support]): alimony, @R810}}. {{has_subtype(use[ptnt=right], R677)}} use of a right, enforcement, assertion of right. <-- ; bond &c. (security) R771 --> V. {{hperforms(right holder)}} {{has_subtype(have[ptnt=right], @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(possess[ptnt=right], @R777)}} have a right, have one's due, have one's rights. {{has_action(right)}} {[with_object(right holder)]} be due to, be the due of, be the right of, be the privelege of, be the prerogative of; have right to, have title to, have claim to; be entitled to; have a claim upon. {{has_subtype(be due to): belong to &c. (property) R780}}. have the authority, have the warrant, have the charter. {{has_subtype(have, @R3a)}} {[with_object(right)]} [transitive] deserve, merit, be worthy of, richly deserve. {{has_subtype(be the right of)}} be the birthright of. {{caused_by(deserve): work, M7.3.5.4.1; virtue, @R944; good actions, @R944}}. {{&mcauses(be due/have a right)}} {{has_subtype(request, R765)}} demand, claim; call upon for, come upon for, appeal to for; revendicate[obs3], reclaim; exact; insist on, insist upon; challenge; take one's stand, make a point of, require, lay claim to, assert, assume, arrogate, make good; substantiate; vindicate a claim, vindicate a right; fit for, qualify for; make out a case. {{&caused_by(have a right)}} give a right, confer a right; entitle; sanctify, legalize, ordain, prescribe, allot. {{has_subtype(give a right): permit, R760; authorize &c. R760}}. {{has_subtype(give a right[to=everyone])}} give every one his due, give every one his just deserts. {{&mcaused_by(have a right)}} pay one's dues. <-- this "assert a right" is not actually a communication, but an action. It means that a person makes an implicit assertion of a right by doing what only someone with that right can do. --> {{has_subtype(use[ptnt=right], R677)}} use a right, assert, enforce, put in force, lay under contribution. Adj. {{has_property(right)}} due, deserved, due to, merited, condign, richly deserved. {{has_property(right holder)}} {[when_modifying(right)]} having a right to, having a title to, having a claim to, entitled to; claiming. {{has_property(right holder)}} deserving, meriting, worthy of. {{has_property(right holder)}} privileged, warranted; ordained, prescribed, constitutional, chartered, enfranchised. prescriptive, presumptive. {{has_high_intensity(deserved)}} absolute, indefeasible, unalienable, inalienable, inviolable, unimpeachable, unchallengeable, unchallenged, sacrosanct, imprescriptible[obs3]. {{&has_property(right)}} {{has_low_level(deserved): @R760, allowed, sanctioned, authorized; allowable; lawful, licit, legitimate, legal}}. {{&has_property(right)}} {{has_low_level(deserved): legalized &c. (law) R963}}. {{has_property(exclusive right)}} {{has_subtype(exclusive, @R55)}} exclusive. Adv. duly, ex officio, de jure[Lat]; by right, by divine right; jure divino[Lat], Dei gratia[Lat], in the name of. Phr. civis Romanus sum [Lat][Cicero]; a chaque saint sa chandelle[Fr]. <-- These words would mostly be used for actions taken which were unwarranted. The meaning must be referred back to warranted, at R924. [Absence of right.] --> M9.3.1.2 UNDUENESS (R925) #925. Undueness. N. {{has_subtype(absence[of=right, R924], @R2)}} undueness. {{property_of}} {{property_of(undue/unjustified)}} {{has_subtype(claim, @R924)}} unjustified claim. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(right, R924)}} {{property_of(lost, @R776)}} {{property_of(nonexistent, @R2)}} lost right. {{result_of(lost right)}} loss of right, disfranchisement, forfeiture. {{has_subtype(lost right)}} {{property_of(expired, @R122)}} expired right, lapsed right. {{result_of(expired right): @R776, expiration, lapse}}. {{has_property(unjustified claim)}} falseness, illegitimacy, spuriousness, unjustifiability; emptiness of title, invalidity of title. {{has_subtype(enforcement[ptnt=unjustified claim], @R924)}} {{has_subtype(violation[ptnt=right, R924], @R692)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} violation, breach, encroachment, infringement, infraction, usurpation, transgression, presumption, assumption, exaction, imposition, violating, breaching. {{has_result(violating): tort, @R923}}. {{has_low_intensity(violation)}} stretching a right, stretching a claim. {{has_metaphor(stretching a right)}} taking the lion's share. {{has_property(violation): impropriety; illegality &c. R964}}. {{performed_by(assert[ptnt=unjustified claim])}} usurper, pretender. <-- , lion's share --> V. {{has_action(unjustified claim)}} be undue, be unwarranted, not be due. {{consequence_of}} be unjustified; be unmerited, be undeserved. {{has_subtype(be undeserved)}} be unearned. {{has_subtype(enforcement[ptnt=unjustified claim], @R924)}} {{has_subtype(violation[ptnt=right, R924], @R692)}} infringe, breach, encroach, usurp, trench on, exact; arrogate, arrogate to oneself; give an inch and take an ell; stretch a point, strain a point; usurp, violate, do violence to. disfranchise, disentitle, disqualify; invalidate. {{&caused_by(infringe): relax &c. (be lax) R738; misbehave &c. (vice) R945}}. <-- misbecome[obs3]. --> Adj. {{antonym_of(due, @R924)}} {{has_property(unjustified claim)}} undue, unwarranted, unjustified, unjustifiable. unmerited, undeserved; unearned. {{&consequence_of(unearned)}} unfulfilled. unauthorized, disallowed, unallowed[obs3], unsanctioned. {{has_property(violation[ptnt=law, R963])}} {{has_subtype(wrong, @R923): @R964, unconstitutional; illicit, unlawful, illegal}}. disentitled, unqualified, disqualified, unprivileged, unchartered, unentitled[obs3]. {{has_property(unjustified claim)}} illegitimate, bastard, spurious, supposititious, false; preposterous, pretentious, would-be. usurped. {{&has_property(violation/infringement): tortious [Law], @R923}}. {{has_property(lapsed right)}} forfeited, disfranchised. {{has_property(violation/infringement): @R923, improper, unmeet, unfit, unbefitting, unseemly, unbecoming, not the thing, out of the question, not to be thought of}}. Phr. filius nullius; malum prohibitum[Lat]. <-- many of these words referring to a state also refer to the actions causing that state --> M9.3.1.3 EXEMPTION (R927A) #927a. Exemption. N. {{has_subtype(freedom, R748)}} {{causes(release, R768a)}} {{has_subtype(absence[ptnt=moral obligation], @R2)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} exemption, freedom from obligation, immunity, liberty. {{state_of}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} exempt person. {{&result_of}} release, excuse, franchise. {{&result_of}} renunciation. {{&result_of}} dispensation. {{&result_of: exoneration, @R970}}. {{&result_of}} {{has_subtype(release[1][from=punishment, @R972], @R768a): absolution, @R918}}. {{has_subtype(immunity)}} {{posseses(diplomat, @R758)}} diplomatic immunity. {{&result_of: exculpation &c. R970}}. {{has_high_level(exemption)}} license, licence, lack of responsibility. {{facilitates(license): wrongdoing}}. V. be exempt &c. adj.. {{&caused_by}} exempt, release, acquit, discharge, quitclaim, remise, remit; free, set at liberty, let off, pass over, spare, excuse, dispense with, give dispensation, license. {{&caused_by: absolve &c. (forgive) R918; exonerate &c. (exculpate) R970}}. {{&caused_by}} {{result_of(unnecessary, @R630)}} make unnecessary, save the necessity. {{&caused_by}} stretch a point. Adj. exempt, free, immune, at liberty, scot-free. {{&consequence_of}} {{has_result(release)}} released, exempted, freed. unbound, unencumbered; not responsible, unaccountable, not answerable; excusable. Phr. bonis nocet quisquis pepercerit malis [Lat][Syrus]. M9.3.1.R1 RIGHT THING (R922) #922. Right thing. N. right thing, right, what ought to be, what should be, proper thing. {{has_property}} propriety, fitness, rightness, correctness, seemliness, decorum, to prepon[Grk], meetness. {{has_domain: situation; action, R680}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} the right thing to do, what ought to be done. justice, equity, equitableness, fair play, impartiality, measure for measure, give and take, evenhanded justice, lex talionis[Lat]. {{has_subtype(justice)}} {{ruled_by(apportionment, R786)}} distributive justice. {{requires(justice)}} {{has_subtype(conditions, @R183a)}} clear stage, fair field and no favor, level playing field. {{has_metaphor(justice)}} scales of justice; Astraea; Nemesis; Themis. {{affcts}} karma. {{patient_of: duty, R926}}. {{&consequence_of: honor &c. (probity) R939; virtue &c. R944}}. {{purpose_of(justice)}} {{&result_of(justice): law &c. R963}}. <-- ; suum cuique[Lat] --> V. be right, be correct, be proper, be meet, be fit, be fitting, be befitting, be due. stand to reason. {{result_of: do the right thing, @M9.3.3.1}}. {{&caused_by: recompense &c. (reward) R973}}. {{conceptual_part_of: deserve &c. (be entitled to) R924}}. Adj. {{has_property(the right thing)}} right, good, correct, proper, meet, fit, fitting, befitting, due, seemly, decorous, en regle. just, reasonable, equitable, evenhanded, fair, equal, equable, square. becoming, seemly, decorous. creditable, up to the mark, right as a trivet; just the thing, quite the thing; selon les regles[Fr]. legitimate, justifiable, rightful; as it should be, as it ought to be. {{has_low_intensity: lawful &c. (permitted) R760; legal, R963}}. {{conceptual_part_of: deserved &c. R924}}. Adv. rightly, properly, fittingly. justly, fairly, equably, a bon droit[Fr], au bon droit[Fr], in justice, in equity, in reason. {{requires(justly)}} without distinction of persons, without regard to persons, without respect to persons; upon even terms. Int. "all right!"; "fair's fair". Phr. Dieu et mon droit[Fr]; "in equal scale weighing delight and dole" [Hamlet]; justitia cuum cuique distribuit [Lat][Cicero]; justitiae soror incorrupta fides[Lat]; justitia virtutem regina[Lat]; " thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just " [Henry VI]. <-- We specify "wrong" as a lower degree of evil. It can be minor. This is the property of an action which is labeled as a "misdeed", which in turn causes "guilt" and "penitence" [[wrong]] --> M9.3.1.R2 WRONG (R923) #923. Wrong. N. wrong, what ought not to be, what should not be, malum in se[Lat]. {{has_domain: situation, @R183a; action, R680}}. injustice, unfairness, inequity. iniquity, foul play. {{has_high_level: evil[1], R619}}. {{consequence_of: badness, R649}}. {{has_property}} unreasonableness. grievance; shame. <-- these words are classified as actions. The traits have the same name --> {{property_of: bias, R606a; vice &c. R945}}. {{has_subtype}} {{&causes(negligence, @R460)}} negligent harm. {{has_subtype(negligent harm)}} tort [Law]. {{property_of}} robbing Peter to pay Paul[metaphorical]. {{has_subtype: undueness &c. R925; wrongdoing (vice) R945; unlawfulness &c. R964}}. <-- &c. v.; the wolf and the lamb. --> V. be wrong. be inequitable, be unfair, be unjust. cry to heaven for vengeance. {{&consequence_of}} do wrong. {{has_subtype(do wrong)}} perpetrate injustice. {{has_low_intensity(do wrong)}} favor, lean towards; encroach upon, impose upon; reap where one has not sown; give an inch and take an ell, give an inch and take an mile. {{has_subtype(do wrong)}} rob Peter to pay Paul[metaphorical]. Adj. wrong, wrongful, bad. {{has_high_intensity: evil, @R619}}. too bad. unjust, unfair, inequitable, unequitable[obs3]; unequal, partial, one-sided. improper, unmeet, unfit, not the thing, out of the question, not to be thought of. objectionable; unreasonable, unallowable, unwarrantable, unjustifiable. {{has_low_intensity(improper)}} unbefitting, unseemly, unbecoming, misbecoming[obs3], seemless[obs3], contra bonos mores[Lat]. injurious, tortious[Law]. {{antonym_of(ethical, @R926)}} unethical. {{has_subtype: unjustified &c. R925; illegal &c. R964}}. {{has_high_intensity(unethical): @R1003, immoral, iniquitous}}. in the wrong, in the wrong box. Adv. wrongly. unjustly, unfairly, inequitably. partially, one-sidedly. improperly, unfittingly. unreasonably, objectionably, unwarrantedly, unjustifiably. Phr. it will not do. " a custom more honored in the breach than the observance " [Hamlet]. M9.3.1.R2.1 DERELICTION OF DUTY (R927) #927. Dereliction of Duty. N. {{has_subtype(nonobservance[ptnt=duty, R926], @R692)}} dereliction of duty, non-performance, neglect. {{has_subtype: negligence, R460; violation, @R925; desertion, @R624}}. shirking, evasion, failure. malpractice. {{has_subtype(malpractice)}} {{-!hperforms(professional, @P2.3.2.3.6.3)}} professional malpractice. {{has_subtype(professional malpractice)}} {{-!hperforms(medical practitioner)}} medical malpractice. {{similar_to: @R757, resignation, abnegation}}. <-- ; dead letter fault &c. (guilt) R947; sin &c. (vice) R945. --> V. evade one's duty, avoid one's duty, shirk, shirk one's duty. violate; break, break through; infringe; set aside, set at naught; encroach upon, trench upon; trample on, trample under foot. slight, neglect, evade, renounce, forswear, repudiate; wash one's hands of; escape, transgress, fail. {{similar_to: @R757, resign, abnegate}}. call to account &c. (disapprobation) R932. <-- M9.3.2 Moral Sentiments (R928 to R938) relocated to M8.3.1.2 Judgmental emotions regarding people Was: M9.3.2 MORAL SENTIMENTS (R928 TO R938) N. {{synonym_of(judgmental emotion, M8.3.1.2)}} moral sentiment. --> <-- [ref: M8.3.1.2 JUDGMENTAL EMOTIONS REGARDING PEOPLE ]. --> <-- 946. Innocence 947. Guilt The remainder of the items in this entry went to "trait" at M4.2.2. mental attributes of people 939. Probity 940. Improbity 941. Knave 942. Disinterestedness 943. Selfishness 944. Virtue 945. Vice Note: R948. Good Man and R949. Bad Man to character P2.3.2.3.6.5.21 GOOD MAN R948, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22 BAD MAN R949 ?? these following should be under actions 950. Penitence 951. Impenitence 952. Atonement [[MORALITY]] --> M9.3.2 MORAL CONDITIONS (R939 TO R952) N. {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} moral condition. <-- Innocence, R946 M9.3.2.1 Absence of guilt for a specific action and absence of guilt generally are mixed up here. They should be distinguished???. --> M9.3.2.1 INNOCENCE (R946) #946. Innocence. N. {{alternative_to(guilt, R947)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=guilt, R947], @R2)}} innocence[1], guiltlessness. {{has_high_level}} incorruption, impeccability, innocence[2]. {{has_consequence}} clean hands, clear conscience, mens sibi conscia recti [Lat][Vergil]. {{trait_of(impeccability)}} innocent, innocent person. {{has_metaphor(innocent person)}} lamb, dove. {{&causes}} {{has_result(not guilty verdict, @R969)}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} legal innocence, absence of guilt. V. be innocent, be guiltless, be not guilty. nil conscire sibi nulla pallescere culpa [Lat][Horace]. <-- actual innocence can be a cause of acquittal. Legal innocence is a result of acquittal! --> {{&causes(be innocent)}} {{result_of(legal innocence): acquit &c. R970; exculpate &c. (vindicate) R937}}. Adj. innocent, not guilty, guiltless, unguilty[obs3]. {{has_high_level}} faultless, sinless, stainless, bloodless, spotless; clear, immaculate; rectus in curia[Lat]; unspotted, unblemished, unerring; undefiled &c. R939; unhardened[obs3], Saturnian; Arcadian[obs3] &c. (artless) R703. inculpable, unculpable[obs3]; unblamed, unblamable[obs3]; blameless, unfallen[obs3], inerrable[obs3], above suspicion; irreproachable, irreprovable[obs3], irreprehensible[obs3]. unexceptionable, unobjectionable, unimpeachable; salvable[obs3]. {{has_low_quality(unobjectionable): venial &c. R937}}. {{has_property(innocent person)}} harmless; inoffensive, innoxious[obs3], innocuous; dove-like, lamb-like; pure, harmless as doves; innocent as a lamb, innocent as the babe unborn; "more sinned against than sinning" [Lear]. {{has_property(innocent person): virtuous &c. R944}}. {{has_property(innocent person)}} unreproved[obs3], unimpeached, unreproached[obs3]. Adv. innocently, guiltlessly. with clean hands; with a clear conscience, with a safe conscience. Phr. murus aeneus conscientia sana [Lat][obs3][Horace]. <-- [[guilt]] --> M9.3.2.2 GUILT (R947) #947. Guilt. N. {{has_subtype(accountability[for=wrongdoing, M9.3.3.2.2], @R680)}} {{alternative_to(innocence, R946)}} guilt, guiltiness, culpability. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(wrongdoing, M9.3.3.2.2)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{property_of(wrong, R923)}} offense, trespass, transgression. {{!result_of: wrongdoing, M9.3.3.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(offense): sin, @R1003}}. {{has_subtype(offense): crime, @R964}}. <-- this "criminality" is the behavior --> {{member_of(crime)}} {{has_subtype(behavior)}} criminality, criminousness[obs3]. {{member_of(offense): improbity, R940}}. {{member_of(sin): sinfulness &c. (vice) R945}}. {{result_of(guilt)}} {{has_subtype(offense)}} {{property_of(wrong, R923)}} misdeed, misconduct, misbehavior, misdoing. fault, error; lapse, slip, trip, faux pas[Fr], peccadillo; flaw, blot, omission; failing, failure. {{has_subtype(offense): dereliction of duty}}. delinquency; indiscretion; break, bad break[obs2], delictum[Lat]. {{has_subtype(crime)}} capital crime. {{has_subtype(offense[against=law]): crime, lawlessness}}. {{has_high_intensity(offense)}} enormity, atrocity, outrage. corpus delicti. Adj. guilty, to blame, culpable, peccable[obs3], in fault, at fault. censurable, reprehensible, blameworthy, uncommendable, illaudable[obs3]; weighed in the balance and found wanting; exceptionable. Adv. guiltily, culpapbly. in flagrante delicto[Lat]; red-handed, in the very act, with one's hand in the cookie jar. Phr. cui prodest scelus in fecit [Lat][Seneca]; culpam paena premit comes [Lat][Horace]; "O would the deed were good!" [Richard II]; "responsibility prevents crimes"[Burke]; se judice nemo nocens absolvitur [Lat][Juvenal]; "so many laws argues so many sins" [Paradise Lost]. <-- R948 good man and R949 bad man to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.21 GOOD MAN R948, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22 BAD MAN R949 --> M9.3.3 BEHAVIOR AFFECTING OBLIGATIONS N. {{has_subtype(behavior, M7.3.5.1)}} {{affected_by(duty)}} behavior affecting obligations. {{has_subtype: moral behavior; immoral behavior}}. <-- moral practise describes actions of people from the perspective of a morality judgment. In Roget this was mostly associated with religion, but we include the concept of ethics here, as they often involve very similar concepts. [[goodworks]]--> M9.3.3.1 MORAL BEHAVIOR (R953 TO R961) N. {{has_subtype(behavior, M7.3.5.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(morality)}} {{hperforms(good person, P2.3.2.3.6.5.21)}} {{contrast_to(evildoing)}} moral behavior, moral practise, ethical behavior, good behavior. {{manifestation_of(ethical behavior): probity, M4.2.2.1.1.3; virtue, M4.2.2.1.1.1}}. good actions, good works, well-doing. discharge of duty, fulfillment of duty, performance of duty. {{has_conceptual_part(performance of duty)}} {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} responsible behavior, responsibility. {{part_of(good actions)}} well-spent life. V. behave properly, behave ethically, do the right thing, behave well, conduct oneself ethically, conduct oneself properly. practice virtue, engage in ethical behavior; do one's duty, fulfill one's duty, perform one's duty, discharge one's duty, discharge one's obligations; redeem one's pledge, keep one's promise, keep one's word, be true to one's word; act well, act one's part; fight the good fight; acquit oneself well; keep in the right path. {{has_subtype(do the right thing)}} see justice done, see one righted, see fair play; do justice to; bold the scales even, give and take; serve one right, put the saddle on the right horse; give every one his due, give the devil his due; audire alteram partem[Lat]. set an example, set a good example; be on one's good behavior, be on one's best behavior. <-- (generally, human moral behavior from an individual perspective) 953. Temperance 954. Intemperance Note: R954a. Sensualist to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.24 SENSUALIST part of R955 to P2.3.2.3.6.5.25 ASCETIC [[REF R955]] 955. Asceticism 957. Gluttony 956. Fasting 958. Sobriety 959. Drunkenness 960. Purity 961. Impurity Note: R962. Libertine to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.23 --> <-- This generosity is an action, caused by benevolence (which includes philanthropy) M7.3.5.1.1 --> M9.3.3.1.1 GENEROSITY (R816) #816. Generosity. N. {{has_subtype(giving[obj=valuable thing, @R812a], R784)}} {{has_expression(benevolence, M8.3.2.1/charity, @R906/altruism, R942)}} {{has_subtype(donating, @R784)}} liberality, generosity, munificence, charity, bounty, bounteousness, bountifulness. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(donating[obj=money, R800], R784)}} almsgiving. {{has_high_quantity}} {{has_subtype(giving[obj=much money])}} {{facilitates(wealthiness, @R803)}} philanthropy. {{has_low_intensity: hospitality, @R892}}. V. {{has_expression(benevolence, M8.3.2.1/charity, @R906/altruism, R942)}} be liberal, be generous, be bounteous, be charitable; shower down upon. {{has_metaphor: open one's purse strings, @R809}}. {{has_method}} spend freely, bleed freely; spare no expense, give carte blanche[Fr]. Adj. {{has_consequence(charitable, R906/benevolent, M8.3.2.1/altruistic, R942)}} generous, charitable, liberal, free, bountiful, bounteous, unselfish, handsome, munificent, giving, princely, open handed, free handed, full handed. hospitable; unsparing, ungrudging, unstinting. open hearted, large hearted, free hearted. {{&has_consequence(generous[to=$employee])}} {{&has_property($employee)}} overpaid. generously, charitably, liberally, freely, bountifully, bounteously, unselfishly, munificently, givingly, open-handedly. unsparingly, ungrudgingly, unstintingly. Phr. "handsome is that handsome does" [Goldsmith]. <-- this is classified as a "behavior" although it is more like an emotion. But being penitent is to a certain extent an act of will, and we leave it as an action. In a usage note in W10 under "penitence" each of these is distinguished from the other, but the differences are subtle, and we leave the careful definition to a later phase of the work. --> M9.3.3.1.2 PENITENCE (R950) #950. Penitence. N. {{mcauses(regret[ptnt=misdeed, @R947], R833)}} {{mcauses(guilt, R947)}} {{has_subtype(mental process)}} penitence, contrition, compunction, repentance, remorse. {{has_topic($remorse): $misdeed, @R947}}. &&{{performed_by($remorse)}} penitent, repentant. &&{{performed_by($misdeed, @R947): penitent}}. &&{{has_temporal_location($misdeed, @R947): past}}. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(recompense, @R973): act of contrition, R952}}. {{&mcauses: acknowledgment, confession &c. (disclosure) R529; apology &c. R952; recantation &c. R607}}. self-reproach, self-reproof, self-accusation, self-condemnation, self-humiliation; stings of conscience, pangs of conscience, qualms of conscience, prickings of conscience[obs3], twinge of conscience, twitch of conscience, touch of conscience, voice of conscience; compunctious visitings of nature[obs3]. resipiscence[obs2]. awakened conscience, deathbed repentance, locus paenitentiae[Lat], stool of repentance, cuttystool[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(penitent)}} Magdalen, prodigal son, "a sadder and a wiser man" [Coleridge]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(learning)}} learning by experience. {{has_metaphor(learning by experience)}} school of hard knocks. V. {{has_subtype(regret, R833)}} repent, be sorry for, be penitent, be repentant, be contrite. rue; think better of; sing miserere[Lat], sing de profundis[Lat]. {{&mcauses}} plead guilty, cry peccavi; own oneself in the wrong; acknowledge, confess &c. (disclose) R529. humble oneself; turn over a new leaf, put on the new man, turn from sin; reclaim; repent in sackcloth and ashes &c. (do penance) R952. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(learn)}} learn by experience, learn by trial and error. {{&mcauses: recant &c. R607; knock under &c. (submit) R725; beg pardon &c. (apologize) R952}}. Adj. {{has_property(penitent)}} penitent, repenting, repentant, contrite, sorry. conscience-smitten, conscience-stricken; self-accusing, self-convicted. penitential, penitentiary[obs2]. reclaimed, reborn; not hardened; unhardened[obs3]. Adv. mea culpa. Phr. peccavi; erubuit[Lat]; salva res est [Lat][Terence]; Tu l'as voulu[Fr], Georges Dandin; "and wet his grave with my repentant tears" [Richard III]. M9.3.3.1.3 ATONEMENT (R952) #952. Atonement. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(compensation, R973)}} atonement, reparation, act of contrition. quittance, quits; expiation, redemption, reclamation, conciliation, propitiation; indemnification, redress. amends, apology, amende honorable[obs3], satisfaction; peace offering, sin offering, burnt offering; scapegoat, sacrifice. {{has_subtype(atonement[for=sin, @R1003])}} penance. {{has_method(penance): fasting, R956}}. {{has_method(penance, R952): @R990, white sheet, shrift, flagellation, maceration, lustration[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype(penance): wearing[obj=hairshirt], @R225}}. {{has_metaphor(penance)}} sackcloth and ashes. {{has_subtype(penance)}} {{has_subtype(imprisonment, @R751)}} purgation, stay in purgatory. {{has_location(stay in purgatory)}} {{property_of(mystical)}} {{property_of(painful, @R830)}} purgatory. compromise, composition. V. {{has_subtype(compensate, R973)}} atone, atone for; expiate; propitiate; make amends, make good. reclaim, redeem, repair, ransom, absolve, purge, shrive. {{has_subtype(atone[for=sin])}} do penance. {{has_method(do penance)}} stand in a white sheet, repent in sackcloth and ashes, wear a hairshirt. set one's house in order, wipe off old scores, make matters up; pay the forfeit, pay the penalty. apologize, beg pardon, fair l'amende honorable[Fr], give satisfaction; come down on one's knees, fall down on one's knees, down on one's marrow bones. M9.3.3.1.4 TEMPERANCE (R953) #953. Temperance. N. temperance, moderation. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(self-control, @R604)}} forbearance, abnegation, self-denial. frugality; vegetarianism; abstinence. {{has_subtype(abstinence[from=food, R298/alcoholic beverage])}} abstemiousness. {{has_extreme(abstinence)}} total abstinence. {{performed_by(vegetarianism)}} vegetarian. Pythagorean, gymnosophist[obs3]. {{has_subtype(abstinence[from=alcoholic beverage])}} sobriety, soberness. {{performed_by(abstinence)}} abstainer. {{performed_by(abstinence[from=alcoholic beverage])}} {{has_subtype(motorist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.12.1)}} designated driver. Encratite[obs3], fruitarian[obs3], hydropot[obs2]. Encratism[obs3], prohibition; system of Pythagoras, system of Cornaro; Pythagorism, Stoicism. V. be temperate, be moderate. abstain, forbear, refrain, deny oneself, spare , swear off. know when one has had enough, know one's limit. Adj. temperate, moderate. sober, frugal, sparing; abstinent, abstaining; within compass. abstemious. Pythagorean; vegetarian. <-- ; measured &c. (sufficient) R639 ---> Phr. appetitus rationi obediant [Lat][Cicero]; l'abstenir pour jouir c'est l'epicurisme de la raison [Fr][Rousseau]; trahit sua quemque voluptas [Lat][Vergil]. <-- this entry is for total abstinence from alcohol --> M9.3.3.1.5 TEETOTALISM (R958) #958. Teetotalism. N. {{has_extreme(sobriety, R953)}} teetotalism, abstinence from alcohol, complete abstinence from alcohol. {{performed_by}} teetotaler, teetotalist; prohibitionist; abstainer, Good Templar, band of hope. {{desried_by: Mohammedan}}. {{has_metaphor(teetotaler)}} water-drinker; hydropot[obs2]. V. take the pledge, go on the wagon. Adj. {{has_extreme(abstemious)}} teetotal. sober as a judge. [re locations where alcoholic beverages are prohibited] dry. on the wagon[coll.], on the water wagon[coll.]. M9.3.3.1.6 ASCETICISM (R955) #955. Asceticism. N. asceticism, puritanism, austerity; nephalism[obs3]. sabbatarianism[obs3]; cynicism[obs2]. {{&mcauses}} mortification, maceration, sackcloth and ashes, flagellation. {{&mcauses: penance &c. R952; fasting &c. R956}}. {{&mcauses: martyrdom, @R361}}. Adj. ascetic, austere, puritanical. over-religious; acerbic, cynical[obs2]. M9.3.3.1.6.1 FASTING (R956) #956. Fasting. N. {{has_subtype(abstinence[from=food, R298])}} fasting, xerophagy[obs3]. spare diet, meager diet; lenten diet, lenten entertainment; soupe maigre[Fr], short commons, Barmecide feast[obs3]; short rations. {{has_high_level}} stringent fasting. {{has_high_level}} anorexia. {{has_result(stringent fasting/anorexia)}} famishment, starvation. {{has_result(fasting)}} {{has_subtype(loss[1][ptnt=weight], @R776)}} weight loss. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, @R680)}} fast, jour maigre[Fr]. {{co-occurs_with(fast)}} fast day, banyan day; Lent, quadragesima[obs3]; Ramadan, Ramazan. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(weight loss)}} dieting. {{performed_by(fasting)}} faster. {{&performed_by(fasting): ascetic, P2.3.2.3.6.5.25}}. {{performed_by(dieting)}} dieter. V. fast, starve, clem[obs1]. famish, perish with hunger; dine with Duke Humphrey[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} make two bites of a cherry. Adj. {{has_property(faster)}} fasting. starving, famishing. unfed[obs3]; half-starved. {{has_consequence(stringent fasting/anorexia)}} starved, famished. {{has_consequence(fasting): hungry &c. R865}}. <-- lenten, quadragesimal[obs3] --> M9.3.3.1.7 CHASTITY (R960) #960. Chastity. N. {{has_subtype(abstinence[from=sexual activity], @R953)}} chastity, purity. {{has_high_level}} virginity. decency, decorum, delicacy; continence, virtue, modesty, shame; pudicity[obs3], pucelage[obs3]. {{performed_by}} vestal, virgin; prude. {{has_metaphor(virgin)}} Joseph, Hippolytus; Lucretia, Diana. Adj. chaste, continent. pure, undefiled, modest, delicate, decent, decorous; virginibus puerisque[Lat]; simon-pure; virtuous, honest, Platonic. {{has_property(virgin)}} virgin, unsullied; cherry [coll.]. Phr. "as chaste as unsunn'd snow" [Cymbeline]; "a soul as white as heaven" [Beaumonth & Fl.]; "'tis Chastity, my brother, Chastity" [Milton]; "to the pure all things are pure" [Shelley]. M9.3.3.2 IMMORAL BEHAVIOR N. {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} {{property_of(immoral, @R945)}} immoral behavior. <-- [[dishonor]]--> M9.3.3.2.1 DISHONORABLE BEHAVIOR (R940) #940. Dishonorable behavior. N. dishonorable behavior, dishonor, deviation from rectitude, improbity[obs3]. dishonesty; bad faith, Punic faith, mala fides[Lat], Punica fides[Lat]. breach of promise, breach of trust, breach of faith. infidelity, faithlessness &c. adj.. {{has_high_intensity(infidelity)}} betrayal, disloyalty, treachery, double dealing. {{has_subtype(betrayal[obj=country])}} treason, high treason, prodition[obs1]. {{has_metaphor(betrayal)}} kiss of Judas, Judas kiss. shabbiness, meanness, abjectness. villainy, infamy, villany[obs3]; baseness, vileness, foulness, ignominiousness, turpitude, moral turpitude, degradation, abjection, debasement, laxity, trimming, shuffling. perfidy, perfidiousness &c. adj.; unfairness &c. adj.; knavery, roguery, rascality, foul play. {{&performs(public servant)}} corruption, jobbery, job, shuffle, fishy transaction, jobbing. {{has_subtype(corruption)}} graft, bribery; venality, nepotism. barratry, sharp practice, heads I win tails you lose. {{has_low_intensity: insincerity; flattery, @R933}}. {{trait_of: knave, R941}}. {{has_subtype: apostasy &c. (tergiversation) R607; nonobservance[of=agreement/promise], R773}}. {{has_subtype: fraud &c. (deception) R545; lying &c. R544}}. V. be dishonest, be dishonorable. play false; break one's word, break one's faith, break one's promise; jilt, forswear; live by one's wits, sail near the wind. betray, turn against, break faith with. disgrace oneself, dishonor oneself, demean oneself; derogate, stoop, grovel, sneak, lose caste; sell oneself, go over to the enemy; seal one's infamy. {{has_subtype: shuffle &c. (lie) R544}}. Adj. dishonest, dishonorable, unconscientious, unscrupulous. knavish. false-hearted, disingenuous; unfair, one-sided; double, double-hearted, double-tongued, double-faced; timeserving[obs3], crooked, tortuous, insidious, Machiavelian, dark, slippery; fishy; perfidious, treacherous, perjured. infamous, arrant, foul, base, vile, ignominious, blackguard. contemptible, unrespectable, abject, mean, shabby, little, paltry, dirty, scurvy, scabby, sneaking, groveling, scrubby, rascally, pettifogging; beneath one. low-minded, low-thoughted[obs3]; base-minded. undignified, indign[obs1]; unseemly, unbecoming, unbeseeming[obs3], unbefitting; derogatory, degrading; infra dignitatem [Latin: beneath one's dignity]; ungentlemanly, ungentlemanlike; unknightly[obs3], unchivalric[obs3], unmanly, unhandsome; recreant, inglorious. corrupt, venal; debased, mongrel. faithless, of bad faith, false, unfaithful, disloyal; untrustworthy; trustless, trothless[obs3]; lost to shame, dead to honor; barratrous. {{has_subtype: fraudulent &c. R545; disgraceful &c. (disreputable) R974; wicked &c. R945}}. Adv. dishonestly, dishonorably, uscrupulously. infamously, villainously, ignominiously. basely, arrantly, foully. corruptly, venally. in bad faith, mala fide[Lat]. {{has_metaphor}} like a thief in the night, by crooked paths. Int. "O tempora! O mores!" [Cicero]. Phr. corruptissima respublica plurimae leges [Lat][Tacitus]. <-- Roget's "wrongdoing" was mostly related to personal vices. Evildoing to other people was not emphasized. Some of these words for "immorality" relate to sexual activities which are not universally considered "immoral" [[evildoing]] M9.3.3.2.2 --> M9.3.3.2.2 EVILDOING #1003. Evildoing. N. {{property_of(evil)}} {{&mcauses(vice, R945)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} evildoing, evil-doing, evil behavior, bad behavior, wrongdoing, wickedness, evil courses, bad conduct, evil conduct. {{has_domain: action, R680; omission, R460; conduct}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(absence[ptnt=responsible behavior], @R2)}} irresponsibility. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(flaw[in=character, @M4.2.2.1], R651)}} {{&has_part(character, @M4.2.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2.1)}} fault, flaw, character fault, character flaw. iniquity, sin, peccability[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity(sin)}} deadly sin, mortal sin; "deed without a name" [Macbeth]. immorality, impropriety, indecorum, scandal, scandalous behavior; obliquity, backsliding, demoralization, pollution; profligacy. {{has_subtype: knavery &c. (improbity) R940; unjustifiable violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2}}. {{has_low_level: error, R945; negligence, R460}}. {{has_low_level}} naughtiness, demerit. {{has_high_level}} {{mcauses(vice, R945)}} viciousness, depravity, infamy, flagrancy, atrocity, pravity[obs3]. {{has_subtype(viciousness): malevolence, R907; cruelty, R907a}}. {{has_subtype(gambling, @R621)}} {{property_of(excessive)}} gambling, gambling habit, gambling addiction, excessive gambling. {{causes: guilt, R947}}. {{conceptual_part_of: guilt, R947}}. {{has_subtype}} {{&mcauses(greed, @M4.2.2.1.2.6)}} {{property_of(illegal, @R964)}} {{used_in(threat, R909): extortion, @R791}}. {{has_subtype}} {{&mcauses(greed, @M4.2.2.1.2.6)}} {{has_subtype(lending, R787): @R787, usury}}. {{has_high_level}} lowest dregs of vice, sink of iniquity, Alsatian den[obs3]; gusto picaresco[It]. {{has_subtype: @R947, crime, criminality}}. {{has_subtype(moral evil, @M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1)}} sexual immorality. {{has_subtype(sexual immorality): @R374a, sex out of wedlock, fornication}}. {{has_subtype(sexual immorality): perversion, @R374a}}. {{has_subtype(sexual immorality)}} promiscuity, whoring, patronizing prostitutes. {{has_subtype(sexual immorality): homosexuality; pedophilia}}. cannibalism; Sadism. {{mcauses(drug addiction, @R954)}} {{has_subtype(ingestion[obj=drug of abuse])}} substance abuse, taking drugs. {{has_subtype(taking drugs)}} {{used_in(syringe)}} shooting up, injecting drugs. {{has_subtype(taking drugs)}} {{uses(nose)}} snorting cocaine. {{performed_at(whoring): brothel &c. R961}}. {{performed_at(gambling): gambling house &c. R621}}. {{performed_at(taking drugs)}} {{has_subtype(building)}} shooting gallery, joint[coll], crack house, opium den[obs2]. {{causes: disapprobation, R932}}. <-- ; enphagy[obs3], dophagy[obs3], exophagy[obs3] ??meaning? --> V. do evil, perform evil, deviate from the path of virtue, deviate from the straight and narrow, err. sin, commit sin, do amiss, transgress. misbehave, misdemean oneself[obs3], forget oneself, misconduct oneself, misdo[obs3], deviate from the line of duty; fall, lapse, slip, trip, offend, trespass. {{has_subtype(misbehave[mode=habitually])}} take a wrong course, go astray, hug a sin, hug a fault; sow one's wild oats. <-- the head adj. can modify a person or an event. A lot of overlap with the second paragraph --> Adj. {{has_property(evil-doing)}} immoral, sinful, wicked, iniquitous, vile, unrighteous, wrong, unprincipled, depraved. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} dissolute, profligate, reprobate, corrupt, corrupted, recreant, graceless, scampish; unworthy, worthless, desertless[obs3]; Sadistic. disgraceful, reprehensible, blameworthy, discreditable, disreputable, uncommendable. {{has_low_level(immoral)}} naughty, incorrect, undutiful, unduteous[obs3]. {{has_low_level(immoral)}} disorderly, contra bonos mores[Lat], indecorous, unseemly, improper. criminal, lawless, felonious. sinning, misbehaving, transgressing. {{has_property(evildoing)}} blameworthy, reprehensible. {{has_property(atrocity)}} atrocious, shocking, heinous. {{has_property(scandalous behavior)}} shameful, scandalous. {{has_high_level(scandalous)}} base, sinister, scurvy, foul, gross, vile, black, grave, facinorous[obs1], nefarious, infamous, villainous, of a deep dye; flagrant, flagitious; incarnate, accursed. {{has_high_intensity(wicked)}} Mephistophelian, satanic, diabolic, hellish, infernal, stygian, fiendlike[obs3], hell-born, demoniacal, devilish, fiendish. {{has_property(evildoing): unjustifiable, @R923; unjustified, @R925}}. {{has_high_intensity(unjustifiable)}} indefensible, inexcusable; inexpiable, unpardonable, irremissible[obs3]. <-- here cruelty is an action, not an attitude. The trait of malevolence is at R907, M8.3.2.2. The action, here, it includes threat, which is a communication (was at M8.3.2.2.1) [[cruel]] --> M9.3.3.2.2.1 CRUELTY (R907A) #907a. Cruelty. N. {{mcauses(cruelty, R907)}} cruelty, cruelness. {{caused_by(injury, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} brutality, savagery, ferocity, barbarity, outrage, atrocity, truculence. {{has_subtype(brutality)}} torture. {{has_subtype(torture)}} rack; cruciation[obs3], crucifixion; vivisection[obs2]. {{causes: pain, R328; suffering, R878}}. bullying; ruffianism. tender mercies [ironical]. {{has_subtype}} {{affected_by(mind, M1)}} {{used_in(communication, R527)}} mental cruelty, " unkindest cut of all" [Julius Caesar]. {{has_subtype(mental cruelty)}} ill turn, bad turn, ill usage; intolerance. {{method_for: terrorism, @R860}}. {{has_subtype(mental cruelty): @M907, harassment, persecution}}. {{has_subtype(mental cruelty): @R929, insult, affront, disrespect}}. {{has_low_intensity(mental cruelty): @R895, discourtesy, acerbity, churlishness}}. <-- the main difference between "cause pain" at R830, and "be cruel", here, is that cruelty is intentional. So many of the words are identical. This should be considered in the procedural attachment for "be cruel" and "inflict pain". Here, we try to include only those words which imply intention, but there is frequently no clear distinction. --> V. {{has_subtype(cause pain[mode=intentionally], R830)}} be cruel, practise cruelty, engage in cruelty; afflict, harm, wrong. injure, do harm to, do an ill office to, cause harm to; outrage. {{has_subtype(injure)}} do violence, do harm, do a mischief; buffet, bruise, scratch, maul; stab, pierce. {{causes(injure): hurt &c. (physical pain) R378; be wounded, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1}}. malign, plant a thorn in the breast. molest, worry, bait, tease, harass, haunt, harry, persecute, hound, oppress, maltreat, mistreat, abuse, grind, ill-treat, ill-use, plague, badger, bother, bug, pester, bore, pother, heckle, bait, beset, infest, importune, bullyrag, bullirag, balarag[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_low_intensity(cause pain[mode=intentionally], R830): @R830, inconvenience, annoy, discomfort, disoblige}}. wring, harrow, agonize; put to the question; scarify; crucify, nail to the cross, cruciate[obs3]; convulse; barb the dart; plant a dagger in the breast, plant a thorn in one's side. {{has_high_level(be cruel/cause pain[mode=intentionally], R830)}} torture, torment; give no quarter, have no mercy. {{has_subtype(torture)}} put to the rack, break on the wheel, break on the rack. {{has_metaphor(molest)}} throw stones at; play the devil with. {{has_high_level(hound)}} hunt down, dragoon, hound to death. {{has_high_intensity(injure)}} do one's worst, wreak one's malice on, break a butterfly on the wheel; dip one's hands in blood, imbrue one's hands in blood. smite &c. @M9.3.3.2.2.2. Adj. {{causes(malicious, R907)}} malicious, malignant, cruel, brutal, brutish, savage, inhuman, inhumane, barbarous, barbaric, semibarbaric. rancorous; spiteful; mordacious, caustic, bitter, acrimonious, virulent; maleficent, venomous, grinding, galling. truculent, incendiary. atrocious. <-- Although interpersonal violence is sometimes an interaction between people, and might be under M8, it is diificult to find a better place than here to convey the main import of such behavior. "physical violence" may be against objects [[violence]] --> M9.3.3.2.2.2 VIOLENCE N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{caused_by(damage[2][to=target], @A7.4.R1.1)}} {{analogous_to(attack, R716)}} {{used_in(force, @R744)}} violence, physical violence. {{has_patient(violence)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} target, target of attack. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(wrongdoing)}} {{property_of(unjustified, @R925)}} unjustifiable violence, unprovoked violence, unprovoked attack. {{has_subtype(target)}} target of opportunity. {{has_subtype(physical violence)}} {{patient_of(person[num=>0], P2.3.2.3)}} {{caused_by(bodily harm, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} physical attack, personal violence, interpersonal violence. {{has_subtype(personal violence)}} {{property_of(illegal, R964)}} {{patient_of(victim, @R828)}} battery, assault, assault and battery, violence against persons, physical assault. {{&causes(personal violence)}} {{conceptual_part_of(bleeding, M7.1.2.1.2.2.R1.2.1)}} bloodshed. {{has_high_level(personal violence): killing, R361}}. {{performed_by(violence against persons)}} {{has_subtype(attacker)}} assailant, assaulter, batterer. {{has_subtype(violence)}} violence against property, inflicting property damage, infliction of property damage. {{!-causes(violence against property)}} material damage, property damage. <-- = nanecenie material'novo vreda/uscherba --> {{has_subtype(violence)}}{{hperforms(terrorist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.4): terrorism, @R860}}. {{has_subtype(target[of=violence against property]): building, P2.3.1.3.10.2; vehicle, R272; structure, P2.3.1.3.10}}. {{has_purpose(violence against property): destroy[obj=target]; damage[obj=target]}}. {{&has_method(punishment)}} {{caused_by(pain, R378)}} {{part_of(blow, @R276)}} beating, flagellation, fustigation[obs3], threshing, thrashing, pummeling; gantlet, strappado[obs3], estrapade[obs3], bastinado, argumentum baculinum[Lat][obs3], stick law, rap on the knuckles, box on the ear; striping, cuff, kick, buffet, buffeting; slap, slap in the face; wipe, douse; coup de grace; rack; picket, picketing; dragonnade[obs3]. V. {{has_subtype(act, R680)}} {{caused_by(damage[2], @A7.4.R1.1)}} {{analogous_to(attack, R716)}} do violence, engage in violence. {{&has_method(punish, R972)}} {{has_subtype(strike, R276)}} {{caused_by(bodily harm)}} beat, hit, strike, wallop, whop, deal a blow to, smite[bibl.]; slap, slap the face; smack, cuff, box the ears, spank, thwack, thump, lay on, swinge[obs3], buffet; pummel, leather, drub, administer a drubbing, trounce, sandbag, baste, belabor; lace, lace one's jacket; dress, dress down, give a dressing, trim, warm, wipe, tund[obs3], cob, bang. {{has_subtype(beat)}} strap, comb, lash, lick, larrup, flog, scourge, whip, thresh, thrash, administer the lash, birch, cane, give the stick, switch, flagellate, horsewhip, bastinado, towel, rub down with an oaken towel. {{has_high_intensity(beat)}} rib roast, dust one's jacket, fustigate[obs3], pitch into, lay about one, beat black and blue; beat to a mummy, beat to a jelly; beat about the head and neck. {{&causes(beat)}} give a black eye. tar and feather; pelt, stone, lapidate[obs3]; masthead, keelhaul. M9.3.3.2.2.2.1 RETALIATION #718. Retaliation. N. {{caused_by(harm, R659a)}} {{has_subtype(response[to=harm, R659a], @R680)}} {{conceptual_part_of(reciprocation, @R12a)}} {{has_subtype(compensation, R973)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} retaliation, reprisal, retort, payback, talion[obs3]. counter-stroke, counter-blast, counterplot, counter-project; retribution, lex talionis[Lat]. tit for tat, give and take, blow for blow, quid pro quo, a Roland for an Oliver, measure for measure, diamond cut diamond, the biter bit, a game at which two can play; reproof valiant, retort courteous. {{&method_for: revenge &c. R919}}. {{&mcaused_by: recrimination &c. (accusation) R938}}. V. {{conceptual_part_of(reciprocate, R148)}} retaliate, retort, turn upon; pay, pay off, pay back, get back at. {{method_for: take one's revenge, @R919}}. pay in one's own coin, pay in the same coin; cap; turn the tables upon; give a quid pro quo &c. n.; give as much as one takes, give as good as one gets; give and take, exchange fisticuffs; be quits, be even with; pay off old scores; return the compliment[ironically]. serve one right, be hoist by one's own petard, throw a stone in one's own garden, catch a Tartar. Adj. {[referring_to(retaliation)]} retaliatory, retaliative, retaliating, equalizing, talionic[obs3]. {{has_consequence(retaliate)}} payed back. Adv. in retaliation, by way of retaliation, en revanche, in revenge. Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur [Lat][Horace]; par pari refero [Lat][Terence]; tu quoque[Lat: you too]; you're another; suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo [Lat]; a beau jeu beau retour[Fr]; "litem . . . lite resolvit" [Lat][Horace]. M9.3.3.2.2.2.2 SHOOTING N. {{uses(firearm, P2.3.1.3.23.4)}} {{purpose_of(propel[obj=shell, @P2.3.1.3.23.1/bullet, @P2.3.1.3.23.1][at=target], R284)}} shooting, firing. {{has_case: target of attack}}. fire. volley; platoon fire, file fire; fusillade. sharpshooting. broadside; raking fire, cross fire. volley of grapeshot, whiff of the grape, feu d'enfer [Fr]. cannonade. V. shoot, fire. fire at, fire upon, fire a shot at; shoot at, pop at, level at, let off a gun at; open fire, pepper, bombard, shell, pour a broadside into; fire a volley, fire red-hot shot. Adj. shooting, firing. under fire, taking fire. M9.3.3.2.2.2.3 CIVIL DISORDER N. {{property_of(commotion, P2.2.3.5.4.1)}} {{has_subtype(disorder, R59)}} {{conceptual_part_of(discord, @R713)}} civil disorder, commotion, turmoil, agitation, disorder, disturbance, turbulence, disquiet, civil disturbance. {{has_high_intensity}} riot, rioting, tumult, convulsion, clamor, uproar, furor, tempest, tumultuation[obs1]. hubbub, rout, bustle, fuss, racket, subsultus[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity}} perturbation, restlessness. {{similar_to(restlessness): changeableness R149}}. {{&consequence_of: anarchy, @R738}}. {{has_low_intensity: @R713, fracas, donnybrook}}. V. {{&causes: @R173, riot, run riot, run wild, run amuck}}. Adj. disordered, disorderly, chaotic, agitated, turbulent, in turmoil. {{has_high_intensity}} tumultuous, riotous, clamorous, convulsed. {{has_low_level}} perturbed, restless. [predicate adj] in tumult, in ferment, in chaos. Adv. riotously, tumultuously, chaotically. Phr. "Tear down benches, forms, anything" [Julius Caesar]. M9.3.3.2.3 SEXUAL IMMORALITY (R961) #961. Sexual immorality. N. {{mcauses(lust, @R374a)}} {{has_subtype(behavior)}} {{antonym_of(chastity, R960)}} sexual immorality, illicit sex, sex outside of wedlock. {{has_metaphor}} impurity. {{&mcaused_by: romantic love}}. free love. fornication, incontinence, intrigue, faux pas[Fr]; gallantry[obs2]; debauchery, libertinish[obs3], libertinage[obs3]; liaison; wenching, venery, dissipation. {{correlated_with}} immodesty, indelicacy, indecency. {{has_high_intensity(immodesty)}} shamelessness, impudicity[obs3]. {{&mcauses(immodesty)}} {{has_subtype(communication)}} {{topic_of(sexual activity)}} obscenity, ribaldry, Fescennine, smut, bawdry[obs3], double entente, equivoque[Fr]. grossness &c. adj.. {{has_metaphor(obsenity)}} filth. {{mcaused_by: @R374a, concupiscence, lust, pruriency, lechery, lewdness, lasciviousness}}. {{has_subtype(sexual intercourse)}} seduction; defloration, defilement, abuse; incest. {{has_subtype(sexual intercourse)}} {{property_of(forced, @R744)}} {{has_subtype(crime of violence)}} violation, rape. {{performed_by(rape)}} rapist, ravisher. {{has_subtype(sexual intercourse)}} {{legal_effect_of(rape)}} statutory rape. {{has_patient(statutory rape)}} {{!has_participant(statutory rape): $minor, @R129}}. &&{{has_property($minor): age[val= {{causes(sexual intercourse)}} {{has_subtype(destruction[ptnt=virginity, @R960], R162)}} deflowering, defloration, devirgination[archaic], deflouring[R.]. V. engage in illicit sex, have sex outside of wedlock. be impure, be immoral, be unchaste, be light, be wanton, be licentious, be debauched, be dissolute; intrigue; debauch, defile. seduce; prostitute. commit adultery, be unfaithful, have a piece on the side[colloq.], cheat, cheat on one's spouse, keep a mistriss, take a lover. abuse, violate. {{causes(sexual intercourse)}} {{has_subtype(destroy[obj=virginity, @R960], @R162)}} deflower, devirginate[archaic], deflour[R.]. Adj. immoral, sexually immoral. unchaste, light, wanton, licentious, debauched, dissolute; of loose character, of easy virtue, no better than she should be; frail, gay, riggish[obs3], incontinent, meretricious, rakish, gallant, dissipated; on the town, on the streets, on the pave, on the loose. impure. not to be mentioned to ears polite; immodest, shameless; indecorous, indelicate, indecent; Fescennine. {{has_poperty(obscenity)}} obscene, ribald, bawdy, coarse, loose, risque [Fr], gross, broad, free, equivocal, smutty, fulsome, pornographic. {{has_metaphor(obscne): @R653, dirty, filthy}}. {{consequence_of(sexual immorality)}} {{has_subtype(immoral, @R945)}} lustful, concupiscent, lusty, libidinous, carnal, carnal-minded, erotic, ruttish, prurient, rutting, lickerish[obs3], rampant; Paphian; voluptuous; goatish, must, musty. {{has_property(sexual immorality)}} lewd, lascivious, lecherous, salacious. adulterous; incestuous; bestial. Adv. immorally. lustfully, lewdly, lasciviously; wantonly, licentiously. pornographically. adulterously; incestuously; bestially. <-- R941 Knave relocated to Character, P2.3.2.3.6.4.16 .. --> <-- pretend to be what one is not was M3.3.2.1.2.1.6.2 --> M9.3.3.2.4 AFFECTATION (R855) #855. Affectation. N. {{has_subtype(pretense, R544)}} {{has_subtype(ostentation, R882)}} {{has_low_intensity(immoral behavior)}} affectation, affectedness, pretentiousness, acting a part, pretension, pretensions[pl], airs, putting on airs, affected manner, mannerism. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_high_level(self-awareness, @M1)}} self-consciousness. {{&mcaused_by: @R880, conceit, conceitedness}}. {{has_low_level: @M7.3.5.1.2.1, stiffness, formality, adherence to convention, buckram[obs2]}}. pedantry, purism, precisianism, euphuism. {{has_excess(formality)}} priggism, priggishness. {{similar_to: boasting, R884}}. {{similar_to: self-aggrandizement, self-flattery, @R884}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} charlatanism, quackery, shallow profundity. {{trait_of(foppishness): fop, R854, P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.1.1}}. foppishness, foppery, dandyism, man millinery, coxcombry, gaudery[obs3], vainglory, puppyism. {{has_subtype(modesty, R881)}} {{property_of(affected)}} prudery, demureness, coquetry, coyness, mock modesty, minauderie, sentimentalism; mauvais honte, false shame. {{performed_by: flatterer, R935, P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.2}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.10.1, affector, performer, actor, pedant, pedagogue, doctrinaire, purist, mannerist, prig, coquette, prude, puritan}}. <-- elation; simagree, grimace. ?? --> V. affect, act a part, put on, put on airs; attitudinize, pose. flirt a fan; overact, overdo; coquet; simper, mince. give oneself airs &c. (arrogance) R885. {{similar_to: boast &c. R884}}. Adj. {{has_subtype(false, R544)}} affected, insincere, unnatural, artificial, pretended, pretentious, stilted, full of affectation, not natural, ad captandum, canting. overwrought, overdone, big-sounding, stagy, theatrical, overacted; euphuist &c. R577. conceited. {{consequence_of}} self-conscious, maniere. {{has_subtype(affected): pedantic, @R843}}. formal, stiff, starchy. prudish, demure, prim, smug, tire a quatre epingles, quakerish, puritanical, priggish, pragmatical. coxcomical, foppish, dandified; finicky, finical, finikin; mincing, simpering, namby-pamby, sentimental. Adv. affectedly. Phr. "conceit in weakest bodies strongest works" [Hamlet]. M9.3.3.2.5 IMPENITENCE (R951) #951. Impenitence. N. impenitence, lack of contrition, irrepentance[obs3], recusance[obs3]. {{mcaused_by}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2)}} hardness of heart, seared conscience, induration, obduracy. V. be unrepentant, be impenitent, be uncontrite, be remorseless. steel the heart, harden the heart. {{&mcauses}} {{has_subtype(die, R360)}} die game, die and make no sign, die unshriven, die without benefit of clergy. Adj. impenitent, uncontrite, obdurate; hard, hardened; seared, recusant; unrepentant; relentless, remorseless, graceless, shriftless[obs3]. lost, incorrigible, irreclaimable. unreconstructed, unregenerate, unreformed; unrepented[obs3], unreclaimed[obs3], unatoned. <-- "sensual pleasure" is considered a good thing, but intemperance is an excess, i.e. "too much of a good thing" --> M9.3.3.2.6 INTEMPERANCE (R954) #954. Intemperance. N. {{has_excess(self-indulgence, R827)}} {{hperforms(sensualist, R954a)}} intemperance, high living, wild living, free living, good living, inabstinence[obs3], crapulence[obs3]. epicurism, epicureanism, sybaritism. {{has_result}} {{has_purpose: experience[obj= pleasure, @R377/luxury, @R377], @R151a}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_excess(hedonism, @R377)}} sensuality, voluptuousness, animalism, animality, carnality. {{has_high_intensity}} dissipation, debauchery, debauch; licentiousness. {{&has_part(carnality): sexual activity, @R374a}}. {{has_subtype(debauchery)}} {{has_subtype(addiction, R945)}} drug habit, drug dependency, drug addiction, addiction. {{mcauses(drug addiction): substance abuse, taking drugs}}. {{has_subtype(debauchery): drunkenness, R959}}. revels, revelry; carousal, jollification, drinking bout, wassail. {{has_subtype(carnality)}} {{!part_of(sexual activity, @R374a)}} saturnalia, orgies. {{has_metaphor}} Circean cup. {{has_subtype: drunkenness, R959}}. {{&uses(drunkenness): alcoholic beverage}}. {{&uses(drug habit): drug of abuse, P2.3.1.3.4.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: R961, sexual immorality}}. <-- ; tragalism[obs3] ?meaning? --> V. {{has_excess(indulge onself, R943/enjoy oneself, @R827)}} be intemperate, indulge, overindulge, live it up, live high, live high on the fat of the land, live high on the hog, live well, give a loose to indulgence. wallow in voluptuousness; plunge into dissipation. revel; rake, live hard, run riot, sow one's wild oats; slake one's appetite, slake one's thirst, swill; pamper oneself. Adj. {{has_property(sensualist, R954a)}} intemperate, inabstinent[obs3]. sensual, self-indulgent; voluptuous, luxurious; licentious; wild, rakish, fast. dissolute, debauched. brutish, crapulous[obs3], swinish, piggish. Paphian, Epicurean, Sybaritical; bred in the lap of luxury, nursed in the lap of luxury; indulged, pampered; full-fed, high-fed. Phr. "being full of supper and distempering draughts" [Othello]. <-- this entry is for excessive and habitual drunkenness, a vice(R945). This entry is for the practise, or activity. Many words which are used to describe the character trait of alcoholism also refer to the actions engendered by the trait. As in other cases, the terminological distinction between a character trait and the actions it engenders is not explicit in the language. --> M9.3.3.2.6.1 EXCESSIVE DRINKING (R959) #959. Excessive drinking. N. {{mcauses(alcoholism, @R945)}} {{has_subtype(drinking[obj=alcoholic beverage, @P2.3.1.3.2.10][mode=frequently], P2.8.3.2)}} excessive drinking, habitual drinking, intemperance, imbibing, potation, guzzling, temulency[obs3], bibacity[obs3], comtation[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(physiological state)}} intoxication, drunkenness, insobriety, inebriation, inebriety[obs3], ebriety[obs3], ebriosity[obs3]. {{property_of(drunkenness)}} drunken person, drunk. {{has_large_quantity(drunkenness)}} habitual drunkenness, frequent drunkenness. deep potations, bacchanals, bacchanalia, libations. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(binge[of=excessive drinking], @R827)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(episode, @R151a)}} bender [U.S.][coll.]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(drinking[obj=wine, @P2.3.1.3.2.10][mode=frequently], P2.8.3.2)}} wine bibbing. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(hallucination)}} delirium tremens; mania a potu[Fr]. {{performed_by}} drunkard, sot, toper, tippler, guzzler, lush, bibber[obs3], hard drinker, soaker, sponge, tun; thirsty soul, reveler, carouser, Bacchanal, Bacchanalian, devotee to Bacchus[obs3], bum[obs2], tavern haunter, love pot, toss pot, Bacchal[obs3], Bacchante[obs3]. {{has_subtype(drunkard)}} wino, wine guzzler, wine-bibber; gin drinker, dram drinker. V. {{has_subtype(drink[obj=alcoholic beverage, @P2.3.1.3.2.10][mode=frequently], P2.8.3.2)}} drink, drink too much, tipple, tope, booze, booze it up, bouse[Fr]. take a drop too much, take a glass too much, guzzle, swill, soak, sot, bum[obs2], besot, lush, bib, swig, carouse, drink hard, drink deep, drink like a fish, sacrifice at the shrine of Bacchus[obs3], take to drinking, have one's swill, drain the cup, splice the main brace, take a hair of the dog that bit you. liquor, liquor up; wet one's whistle, take a whet; crack a bottle, pass the bottle; go to the alehouse, go to the public house. {{causes}} get drunk. {{commencement_of(get drunk)}} be drunk, have a jag on, have a buzz on, see double. make one drunk &c. adj.; inebriate, fuddle, befuddle, fuzzle[obs3], get into one's head. Adj. {{has_consequence(drink too much)}} {{has_property(drunken person)}} drunk, drunken[1], intoxicated, inebriated, tipsy, high, tight, primed, corned, elevated, inebriate, groggy, beery, boozy, in one's cups, in a state of intoxication, in a state of drunkenness, overcome, overtaken, fuddled, cut, fresh, merry, flustered, disguised, top-heavy; potvaliant[obs3], glorious; potulent[obs1], squiffy[obs3], whittled, screwed, raddled[obs3], sewed up, lushy[obs3], nappy[obs3], muddled, muzzy[obs3], obfuscated, maudlin, crapulous[obs3], inebrious[obs3], temulent[obs3], temulentive[obs3], fou[obs3]. {{has_low_intensity(drunk)}} woozy[1], buzzed, flush, flushed, mellow. inter pocula[obs3]; in liquor, the worse for liquor; having had a drop too much, half seas over, three sheets in the wind, three sheets to the wind; under the table. {{has_high_intensity(drunk)}} dead drunk, bombed, smashed, drunk as a lord, drunk as a skunk, drunk as a piper, drunk as a fiddler, drunk as Chloe, drunk as an owl, drunk as David's sow, drunk as a wheelbarrow, high as a kite. {{has_property(drunkard)}} drunken[2], bibacious[obs3], sottish; given to drink, addicted to drink, addicted to the bottle. tippling, boozing, boozing it up, guzzling, imbibing, toping. Phr. nunc est bibendum[Lat]; "Bacchus ever fair and young" [Dryden]; "drink down all unkindness" [Merry Wives]; "O that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains" [Othello]. <-- R954a sensualist and part of R955 ascetic to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.25 The entry for "glutony" is specifically for eating too much. In Roget, it had a more general meanig which is subsumed by "greed" and "intemperance" --> M9.3.3.2.6.2 GLUTTONY (R957) #957. Gluttony. N. {{has_excess(eating, R298a)}} {{mcauses(desire[for=food, R298], R865)}} {{&mcauses(hunger, @R865)}} gluttony, voracity, voraciousness, excessive eating, edacity[obs3], gulosity[obs3], guttling[obs3], pantophagy[obs3]. good cheer, blow out; gastronomy, batterie de cuisine[Fr]. {{&co-occurs_with: feast, @P2.8.3.R1}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24, gourmand, glutton, cormorant, hog, belly god}}. {{performed_by: @R954a, glutton, gourmand}}. V. {{has_excess(eat, R298a)}} gormandize, gorge; overgorge[obs3], overeat oneself, stuff oneself, engorge, eat one's fill, cram, stuff; guttle[obs3]. {{&has_process}} {{has_subtype(eat, R298)}} gulp down, bolt down, bolt, devour, gobble up. raven, eat out of house and home. have the stomach of an ostrich; play a good knife and fork. pamper. Adj. {{has_property(glutton)}} gluttonous, gormandizing, edacious[obs3], omnivorous, swinish. pampered; overfed, overgorged[obs3]. Phr. jejunus raro stomachus vulgaria temnit [Lat][Horace]. M9.4 LEGAL PHENOMENON (R963 TO R975) N. legal phenomenon. <-- (government, law) 963. Legality 964. Illegality 965. Jurisprudence 966. Tribunal Note: R967. Judge to P2.3.2.3.6.5.27 and R968. Lawyer to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.26 969. Lawsuit 970. Acquittal 971. Condemnation 973. Reward 972. Punishment 974. Penalty 975. Scourge [[law]] --> M9.4.1 LAW (R963) #963. Law. N. {{has_subtype(rule[by=$government, R737a], R741)}} {{property_of(obligatory, @R926 + formal, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} law, statute, legislation[1][collective]. &&{{applies_to}} {{has_subtype($geopolitical division)}} jurisdiction. &&{{affects: $person, P2.3.2.3}}. &&{{has_location($person): jurisdiction}}. &&{{applies_to($government, R737a): $geopolitical division}}. {{has_purpose: justice, @R922}}. <-- a treaty or other agreement between governments may apply to more than one geopolitical division. In this case, we must take the "geopolitical division" as the sum of the two or more participating units --> {{analogous_to: canon law, @R741; God's law, @R976}}. ordinance, institution, regulation, ordonnance[obs3]; enactment, rule; bylaw, byelaw; standing order. {{has_legal_effect(law)}} {{has_subtype(obligation, R926)}} legal obligation. {{applies_to(law)}} person, legal person. {{has_subtype(legal person): @P2.3.2.3, natural person, human being}}. {{has_subtype(legal person): corporation, @P2.3.2.3.5.5.2}}. {{part_of}} {{has_subtype(body of rules, @R741)}} system of laws, body of laws, body of law. {{has_subtype(body of law)}} code; constitution, pandect[obs3]; charter. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} written law; code book; law book; corpus juris[Lat], Corpus Juris Secundum. {{has_property}} legality; legitimacy, legitimateness. {{has_subtype(legality)}} constitutionality, constitutionalism. {{created_by}} {{has_subtype(governmental organization, @M9.1.1.1)}} legislature. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(creating[obj=law], R161)}} legislating, legislation[2]. {{&result_of: decree, @R741; plebiscite, @R737b; referendum, @R737b}}. {{issue_in(legality)}} {{has_subtype(human process)}} legal process. {{issue_in(legality)}} form, formula, formality; rite, arm of the law; habeas corpus; fieri facias[Lat]. {{has_subtype(legal process): lawsuit, R969}}. {{studied_in}} jurisprudence, nomology[obs3]; codification. equity, common law; lex[Lat], lex nonscripta[Lat][obs3]; international law, law of nations, droit des gens[Fr], jus gentium[Lat]; jus civile[Lat]; civil law, canon law; crown law; statute law; ecclesiastical law; administrative law; lex mercatoria[Lat]. {{topic_of(crime, @R964)}} criminal law, criminal statute. {{&causes(violation[of=criminal law]): imprisonment, @R751}}. {{has_location(lawsuit): court, tribunal &c. R966}}. {{job_of(preside over[obj=lawsuit]): judge &c. R967}}. {{assisted_by(lawsuit): @R968, lawyer, attorney, legal counsel}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{property_of(legal)}} {{property_of(official, @R737)}} legal document. V. {{has_subtype(creating[obj=law], R161)}} legislate, pass a law, enact a regulation. {{&has_purpose(legislate)}} {{has_subtype(control, @R693)}} regulate. {[with_object(law)]} enact, ordain. {{has_subtype(ordain): decree &c. (order) R741}}. {{&has_purpose(legislate)}} legalize. {{has_subtype(organize[obj=body of law])}} codify, formulate. Adj. {{has_subtype(permitted[by=law], R760)}} {{antonym_of(illegal/unlawful/illicit)}} legal, legitimate, lawful, licit; according to law; legalized, authorized. vested, constitutional, chartered, legalized; statutable[obs3], statutory; legislatorial, legislative; regulatory, regulated. {[in_frame(contract)]} legally binding, enforceable. Adv. legally, legitimately, lawfully, licitly, according to law, according to statute. in the eye of the law; de jure[Lat]. Phr. ignorantia legis neminem excusat[Latin: ignorance of the law is no excuse]; "where law ends tyranny begins" [Earl of Chatham]. <-- A "crime" is technically any violation of law, but usually only applied to criminal statues [Absence or violation of law.] [[illegal]] --> M9.4.2 ILLEGALITY (R964) #964. Illegality. N. {{has_subtype(unconformity[to=law], R83)}} {{antonym_of(legality, @R963)}} {{&has_property(act, @R680/action, R680/behavior, R692)}} illegality, illicitness. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(disobedience[to=law, R963], R742)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} {{has_subtype(violation[of=law, R963], @R773)}} breach of law, violation of law, infraction of the law, illegal action, illegal activity, illegal act. {{has_high_level(breach of law)}} {{property_of(bad, @R649)}} {{has_subtype(unconformity[to=criminal statute, @R963], R83)}} lawlessness, criminal conduct, criminality, lawless behavior. {{has_result(criminality)}} {{property_of(bad, @R649)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{has_subtype(human act, @R680)}} {{property_of(illegality)}} crime. {{has_subtype(crime)}} misdemeanor, misfeasance, misprision; malefaction, malfeasance, malversation. {{has_high_level(crime)}} felony. {{has_subtype(crime): theft, R791; murder, @R361}}. {{&has_result(felony): imprisonment, @R751}}. {{has_result(illegal act): guilt, R947}}. {{has_subtype(crime): battery, @M9.3.3.2.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(crime)}} war crime; crime against humanity. {{has_subtype(crime)}} {{has_subtype(violence against persons, @M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} crime of violence. antinomy, outlawry. trover and conversion[Law]; smuggling, poaching; simony. {{performed_by: @R949, criminal, outlaw, bad man}}. V. {{result_of(breach of law)}} offend against the law; violate the law, infringe the law, break the law. {{has_high_intensity}} mock the law, set the law at defiance, ride roughshod over a statute, drive a coach and six through a statute. smuggle, run; poach. Adj. {{has_property(illegal act)}} {{has_subtype(prohibited, R761)}} illegal, unlawful, illegitimate, illicit. {{has_high_level(unlawful)}} criminal. {{has_property(lawless behavior)}} lawless. {{has_subtype(stolen, @R791)}} contraband, hot. felonious; actionable. {{has_subtype: @R528, off the books, under the table}}. Adv. illegally, illicitly, unlawfully. lawlessly. criminally. in violation of law, in defiance of law; with a high hand. <-- This "jurisdiction" differs from the one at R963 in that this is the function of administration of justice, and at R963 it is the territory or range of applicability of a law or system of justice [[police]] [Executive.] --> M9.4.3 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE (R965) #965. Administration of justice. N. {{has_subtype(administration[ptnt=law, R963], @R693)}} administration of justice, application of the law, applying the law, law enforcement. {{requires}} {{has_subtype(authority[to=apply the law] R737)}} jurisdiction, judicature, soc[obs3], sock[obs2], soke[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(judgment, @R480)}} judgment. {{has_topic(judgment): guilt, R947; innocence, R946; legal action, R969}}. {{administered_by: judge &c. R967}}. {{property_of(jurisdiction)}} {{performed_at(judgment): tribunal &c. R966}}. {{property_of}} municipality, corporation. {{has_subtype(jurisdiction)}} {{has_subtype(office[of=bailiff], @M7.3.5.4.1)}} bailiwick. {{has_subtype(jurisdiction)}} {{has_subtype(office[of=sheriff], @M7.3.5.4.1)}} shrievalty[Brit]. {{has_subtype(jurisdiction)}} {{has_subtype(office[of=magistrate, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1], @M7.3.5.4.1)}} magistracy. {{has_participant}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} {{has_subtype(guardian, P2.3.2.3.6.5.66)}} {{has_subgroup(government[2], @R737a)}} police, police force, constabulary, gendarmerie[Fr], bumbledom[obs3], the cops[informal, collective], the fuzz [sarcastic][U.S.]. {{hperforms(police force)}} {{has_subtype(guarding[against=illegal activity, @R964], @R664)}} policing. {{has_process(policing): patrolling, @R664; arresting, @R751}}. {{has_member(police force)}} [Great Britain] lord lieutenant, sheriff, shire reeve, shrieve[obs3]; selectman. {{has_member(police force)}} policeman, police officer, officer, police constable, constable, gendarme[Fr.], cop [coll.]. {{synonym_of(policeman)}} [slang] dick, fuzz, smokey, peeler[obs1], zarp[obs1]. {{has_subtype(policeman)}} patrolman; detective. {{has_subtype(policeman)}} {{has_subtype(employee[of=state, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.2], @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6)}} state trooper. {{has_subtype(police force)}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police, mounties[coll.]; state police; highway patrol; park police; housing authority police[New York City]; transit authority police[New York City]. {{has_subtype(police force): Federal Bureau of Investigation, @M9.1.1.1.R1}}. {{has_member(Royal Canadian Mounted Police)}} {{has_subtype(policeman)}} {{has_subtype(employee[of=Canada], @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6)}} Mountie. {{has_subtype(policeman)}} police sergeant; police lieutenant. {{has_subtype(policeman)}} bailiff, tipstaff, bum-bailiff, catchpoll, beadle; sbirro[obs3], alguazil[obs3], kavass[obs3], lictor[obs3], mace bearer, huissier[Fr], bedel[obs3], tithingman[obs3]. {{administered_by(customs authority)}} {{has_subtype(tax collector, P2.3.2.3.6.5.39)}} customs official, customhouse officer, customs officer, exciseman, gauger[Brit], gager[obs3], douanier[Fr]. {{has_participant}} {{has_member(government[2], @R737a)}} coroner, edile[obs3], aedile[obs3], portreeve[obs3], paritor[obs1]. {{has_subtype(police force)}} {{property_of(ad hoc, @P111 + unpaid[2], @R808)}} posse, posse comitatus[Lat]. {{used_in(jurisdiction)}} long arm of the law, extradition [extension of jurisdiction]. {{required_for(jurisdiction): impressment, @R74}}. {{performed_by(impressment, @R744)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} press gang, press-gang. {{&performed_by}} commission of the peace; customs authority. {{&performed_by}} bureau, cutcherry[obs3], department, secretariat. V. {{has_subtype(administer[ptnt=law, R963], @R693)}} administer justice, apply the law, enforce the law. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(judge, @R480)}} judge, sit in judgment. {{-&requires}} {{has_subtype(transport[obj=person, P2.3.2.3][to=jurisdiction, @R963])}} extradite. Adj. jurisdictional. judicial, juridical, judicatory[obs3], judiciary. executive, administrative; inquisitorial, causidical[obs3]. Adv. coram judice[Lat]. <-- we define a judge as being an integral part of a court. Thus a court is an organization, not a room. The room is the courtroom. [[court]] --> M9.4.4 COURT (R966) #966. Court. N. {{has_subtype(governmental organization, @M9.1.1.1)}} {{performed_at(judgment, @R965)}} court, tribunal, bench, court of justice, court of law, forum. {{part_of}} court system, judiciary, system of justice, judicatory[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(director[of=court], R694): judge, P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_by(trial)}} trial court, lower court. {{has_subtype}} {{alternative_to(trial court)}} {{performed_by(hear[obj=appeal, @R969], @R969)}} appellate court, higher court, court of appeal. {{has_subtype(appellate court): @M9.1.1.1.1, Supreme Court of the United States}}. {{has_location}} {{&!performed_at(trial, R969)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} courtroom. court of arbitration, administrative court; board. justice seat, judgment seat, mercy seat. woolsack[obs3]; bar of justice. {{has_part(courtroom)}} jury box; witness box, witness stand; dock. senate house, town hall, theater; House of Commons, House of Lords; statehouse [U.S.], townhouse. {{has_part(town government)}} municipal court. {{has_subtype(municipal court)}} hustings [England]. assize, eyre; wardmote[obs3], burghmote[obs3]; barmote[obs3]; superior courts of Westminster; court of record, court oyer and terminer[Law], court assize, court of appeal, court of error; High court of Judicature, High court of Appeal; Judicial Committee of the Privy Council; Star Chamber; Court of Chancery, Court of King's or Queen's Bench, Court of Exchequer, Court of Common Pleas, Court of Probate, Court of Arches, Court of Admiralty; Lords Justices' court, Rolls court, Vice Chancellor's court, Stannary court[obs3]; Divorce court, Family court; Palatine court; county court; district court; police court; sessions; quarter sessions, petty sessions; court-leet[Fr], court-baron, court of pie poudre[Fr], court of common council; board of green cloth. durbar[obs3], divan; Areopagus[obs3]; Irota. inquisition[Medieval]. <-- , bureau? guild, --> Adj. {{has_property(court)}} judgmental. {{has_property(court): judicial &c. R965}}. {[referring_to(appellate court)]} appellate. Phr. die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht[Ger]. <-- R967 Judge to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.27 --> <-- lawyer R968 to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.26 --> <-- relate judge, jury, etc!??? [[trial]] --> M9.4.5 LAWSUIT (R969) #969. Lawsuit. N. {{&mcauses(dispute, R713)}} {{has_subtype(contest, R720)}} {{used_in(court system, @R966)}} legal action, lawsuit, suit, action, cause, litigation, suit in law. {{has_participant: @R726, litigant, suitor, party to a suit, party}}. {{ruled_by: law, @R963}}. {{has_state(lawsuit)}} trial. {{has_subtype(trial)}} {{has_subtype(repetition[of=trial], R104)}} retrial. {{has_subtype(trial)}} {{required_for(absence[of=accused[1]], R187)}} trial in absentia. {{has_part(lawsuit)}} {{has_subtype(request, R765)}} motion. {{has_case(motion)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee): court, R966}}. {{causes(motion)}} {{performs(court, R966)}} {{has_subtype(listening, @R418)}} hearing. {{has_subtype}} class action. {{has_particiapnt(class action)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} class, affected class. {{has_subtype_x}} civil suit, civil action; prosecution, criminal suit, criminal action; administrative action, administrative hearing. {{has_state(criminal action)}} {{has_subtype(trial)}} criminal trial. {{has_state(criminal action)}} {{has_subtype(accusation, R938)}} indictment, citation, impeachment, presentment, true bill. <-- judgment and verdict are not technically the same, but are often used as synonyms. More detailed understanding will need modification --> {{has_result(lawsuit)}} {{has_ending}} {{has_subtype(judgment, R480)}} judgment, verdict, decision. {{has_subtype(verdict)}} guilty verdict; not guilty verdict. {{has_result(guilty verdict): condemnation, R971}}. {{has_result(not guilty verdict): acquittal, R970}}. {{has_result_x(criminal action): acquittal, R970; condemnation, R971; mistrial; dropped indictment}}. {{&has_result(criminal action)}} mistrial; dropped indictment. {{has_subtype(legal action)}} {{property_of(completed, R729)}} {{conceptual_part_of(decision)}} decided case, case. <-- not all cases are reported --> {{&topic_of(case)}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} report, case report, reported case. {{member_of(case report)}} {{has_subtype(document[1], M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} reports, case reports, case reporter. {{affected_by(precedent): jurisdiction, R965}}. {{mcauses(case report)}} {{has_subtype(precedent, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} legal precedent, precedent. {{part_of(precedent): judicial law, @R480}}. {{affected_by(decision)}} {{has_subtype(adherence to precedent, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} stare decisis. {{uses(criminal action): @R751, apprehension, arrest}}. {{precedes(arrest, @R751)}} {{uses(criminal action)}} arraignment. {{has_beginning(imprisonment, R751)}} committal. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} writ, summons, subpoena, latitat[obs3], nisi prius[Lat]; venire, venire facias. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(assertion)}} pleading, pleadings[pl]; declaration, bill, claim; proces verbal[Fr]; bill of right, information, corpus delicti; affidavit, state of facts. {{has_subtype(pleading)}} {{has_subtype(reply, @R937)}} answer, reply, replication, plea, demurrer, rebutter, rejoinder; surrebutter[obs3], surrejoinder[obs3]. {{has_participant: @R726, accuser, complainant, plaintiff, appellant}}. {{has_participant(criminal action)}} {{has_subtype(defendent, @R726)}} {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{property_of(accused[2], @R938): accused[1], @R938}}. {{assisted_by(party to a suit)}} {{performed_by(inform, @R527)}} relator, informer. {{has_subtype(accused)}} prisoner; perpetrator. {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{has_subtype(accuser)}} {{synonym_of(government, R737a)}} the state, the people. {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{has_subtype(accuser)}} {{has_subtype(representative[of=the people], @R759)}} prosecutor, state prosecutor. {{has_subtype(prosecutor)}} district attorney, DA[acron.]; assistant district attorney, assistant DA. {{member_of(juror)}} panel. {{member_of(juror): jury, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1}}. {{has_participant(legal action)}} {{performed_by(testify, @M5.2.1)}} witness, testifier, indicator. {{has_subtype(witness)}} hostile witness; eyewitness, earwitness, material witness, state's evidence; deponent; sponsor. {{has_participant(legal action)}} juror, cojuror[obs3]. {{has_subtype(juror)}} {{has_subtype(reserve, @R636)}} alternate juror. {[in_frame(criminal action)]} {{has_subtype(accuser): state}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(request[to=set aside[obj=verdict]], R765)}} appeal, appeal motion. {{has_case(appeal)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee, @R527): @R966, apellate court}}. {{follows($appeal): $judgment[of=lower court], @R969}}. &&{{has_topic($appeal): error[in=$judgment[of=lower court]], R495}}. writ of error; certiorari[Lat]. {{has_subtype(trial)}} {{hperforms(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.4.4.1.1)}} court-martial. {{has_subtype(court-martial)}} {{location_of(battlefield, @R728)}} {{!&co-occurs_with(warfare, R722)}} drumhead court-martial, drumhead court. <-- (legal reference works, see reference books). --> V. {{result_of(legal action)}} sue, go to law, appeal to the law, bring to trial, bring to the bar, bring an action, bring to trial. bring to justice; put on trial, pull up. {{has_part(criminal action): accuse[of=crime, @R964], @R938}}. {{has_part(lawsuit)}} {{has_subtype(request, R765)}} move, enter a motion, file a motion. {{has_case(move)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee): court}}. {{causes(move)}} {{performs(court)}} {{has_subtype(listen, @R418)}} hear. {{has_subtype(move)}} prefer a claim, file a claim. take the law of, inform against. {{has_subtype(hear)}} hear a motion; hear a case, hear a cause; hear an appeal. {{&has_result(move)}} {{&has_result(hear)}} {{has_subtype(nullify, @R773)}} {[with_object(verdict)]} set aside. {{has_subtype(bring an action)}} {[in_frame(criminal action)]} prosecute, bring a criminal action, bring an action against. {{has_state(criminal suit)}} serve with a writ; cite; arraign; indict, impeach; attach, distrain, commit; summon, summons; give in charge &c. (restrain) R751. {{follows(indict): arraign}}. {{follows(try): indict}}. {{has_state(criminal suit): @R789, arrest, apprehend, detain}}. {{has_state(sue)}} empanel a jury, implead[obs3], join issue; close the pleadings; set down for hearing. {{has_subtype(adjudicate &c. R480)}} bring to judgment, sit in judgment. {{has_subtype(conduct[obj=trial], @R693)}} try. {{&has_result(criminal suit)}} {{has_subtype(agreement[between=accused+state], R488)}} plea bargain. {{has_topic(plea bargain): sentence, @R971}}. {{has_result: judgment}}. Adj. {{&has_property(plaintiff)}} suing. {{&has_property(litigant): litigious &c. (quarrelsome) R713}}. qui tam; coram judice[Lat], sub judice[Lat]. Adv. pendente lite[Lat]. Phr. adhuc sub judice lis est[Lat]; accedas ad curiam[Lat]; transeat in exemplum[Lat]. <-- the headword is an event, broadly interpreted as any refutation of charges against a person. We include both civil and criminal suits in the meaning of the headword, As well as accusations that do not result in a formal trial. ?Is acquittal a type of verdict, or a result of the verdict?? --> M9.4.6 CLEARANCE (R970) #970. Clearance. N. {{has_subtype(discharge[from=accusation R938], @R750)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} clearance, discharge, quietus, compurgation[obs3]. {{has_patient: accused[1], @R938}}. {{has_subtype}} {{&has_result(trial, @R969/accusation, R938)}} {{has_result(not guilty verdict, @R969)}} acquittal, exculpation, acquittance, exoneration, acquitment[obs3]. {{&result_of}} {{&has_result(criminal action, @R969)}} {{&has_ending(criminal action, @R969)}} dropping the charges, dismissal of charges. {{&causes(acquittal/dropping the charges): release[from=imprisonment, @R751/custody, @R751], @R750}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} reprieve, respite. {{&result_of: @R918, absolution, pardon}}. {{&caused_by(dropping the charges)}} {{has_subtype(agreement[between=accused, @R938 + prosecutor, @R969], @R769)}} plea bargain, deal with the prosecutor. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(civil suit)]} no cause for action, no cause. {{has_result(no cause)}} {{has_subtype(absence[of=compensation, @R973], @R2)}} no damages. V. {{has_subtype(discharge[from=accusation R938], @R750)}} clear, discharge. <-- although "absolution" is usually used only to indicate remission of the consequences of actual guilt, "absolve" is also used to mean exoneration of responsibility, i.e., that one is not guilty --> acquit, exculpate, exonerate, absolve. let off, let off scot-free. whitewash, assoil[obs3]. {{&causes(acquit/drop the charges): release[from=imprisonment, @R751/custody, @R751], @R750}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} reprieve, respite. {{&caused_by: @R918, pardon, forgive}}. {{&result_of}} {{&has_termination(criminal action, @R969)}} drop the charges, dismiss the charges. plea bargain, strike a deal. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(civil suit)]} no-cause [transitive]; get no-caused [intransitive]. Adj. {{has_property(accused[1], @R938)}} {[after(clearance)]} cleared. acquitted, exculpated, exonerated, absolved. uncondemned, unpunished, unchastised. not guilty. not liable. {{has_property(accusation, R938)}} {[after(clearance)]} dismissed; not proven. Phr. nemo bis punitur pro codem delicto[Lat][obs3]. M9.4.7 CONDEMNATION (R971) #971. Condemnation. N. {{&has_result(trial, @R969/accusation, R938/guilty verdict, @R969/judgment, R480)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} condemnation, conviction. {{has_conceptual_part: disapprobation, R932}}. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(accused[1], @R938)}} {[after(condemnation)]} guilty[1]. proscription, damnation. {{has_result}} {{result_of(punishment, R972)}} {{caused_by(suffering, R828)}} penalty, sentence. {{has_subtype(sentence)}} death sentence, death warrant, condemnation to death. {{has_result(death sentence): execution, @R972}}. attainder, attainture[obs3], attaintment[obs3]. {{has_patient(death sentence)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(accused[1], @R938)}} {{has_subtype(guilty[1])}} {[after(condemnation to death)]} condemned[1]. {{has_location(condemned[1])}} {{has_part(prison, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.3)}} death row. V. {{&has_result(accuse &c. R938)}} condemn, convict, cast, bring home to, find guilty, damn. {{has_result}} {{result_of(punishment, R972)}} {{hperforms(judge, P2.3.2.3.6.5.27.1)}} sentence, pass sentence on. {{&causes}} {{hperforms(condemned[1]): forfeit[ptnt=right, R924/property[1], R780], @R974}}. {{&causes}} {{entails(forfeit, @R974)}} {{has_subtype(take away[2][ptnt=right, R924/property[1], R780], @R789)}} attaint, confiscate, proscribe, sequestrate. {{has_subtype(condemn)}} {[with_object(condemed[1])]} [transitive] condemn to death, doom, sign the death warrant for. {{has_result(condemn to death[ptnt=$condemned[1]]): execute[ptnt=$condemned[1]], @R972}}. {{has_conceptual_part: disapprove &c. R932}}. {{hperforms(condemed[1])}} stand condemned. Adj. {{has_property(condemnation)}} condemnatory, damnatory[obs3]. {{has_property(guilty[1])}} guilty[2], found guilty, condemned. {{has_subtype(found guilty)}} {{&has_consequence(trial, R969)}} convicted. self-convicted. {{has_consequence(found guilty)}} sentenced, damned. {{has_subtype(condemned)}} condemned to die, sentenced to death, doomed, under sentence of death. Adv. {{has_mode(under sentence of death)}} under sentence of death. Phr. mutato nomine de te fabula narratur[Lat]; "unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved" [P.L.]. <-- this "punishment" is very broadly an action inflicted by an agent in consequence of some other action performed by another agent --> M9.4.8 PUNISHMENT (R972) #972. Punishment. N. {{&has_consequence(guilt, R947/evildoing, R1003/mistake, @R495/failure, R732)}} {{has_subtype(retribution[for=guilt, R947/evildoing, R1003/mistake, @R495/failure, R732], @R718)}} punishment, punishing, chastisement, chastening, punition[obs3]. {{mcaused_by: judgment}}. {{has_patient}} {{harms}} {{has_subtype(wrongdoer, R949)}} punished person. {{has_high_intensity}} severe punishment, harsh punishment, cruel punishment. {{performed_by}} punisher. {{has_property: unpleasant[to=punished person], @R830}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(severe, @R830)}} castigation. {{has_property(castigation): painful[to=punished person], @R830}}. {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(pain, R378)}} corporal punishment. {{+has_purpose: correction[of=behavior, R692], @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1}}. {{!mcauses: suffering, R828}}. discipline, infliction, trial; thunderbolt, Nemesis. {{studied_in}} penology. {{used_in}} {{has_subtype(justice, @R922)}} retributive justice. {{has_subtype: penalty, R974}}. {{uses(corporal punishment): scourge, R975}}. {{has_method}} transportation, banishment, expulsion, exile, involuntary exile. {{has_method: ostracism, @R934}}. penal servitude, hard labor. {{has_method(corporal punishment)}} {{caused_by(pain, R378): @M9.3.3.2.2.2, beating; flagellation, fustigation[obs3], gantlet, strappado[obs3], estrapade[obs3], bastinado, argumentum baculinum[Lat][obs3], stick law, rap on the knuckles, box on the ear; stripe, cuff, kick, buffet, pummel; slap, slap in the face; wipe, douse}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(personal violence, @M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} {{property_of(unethical, @R926)}} {{caused_by(intense pain, @R378): @R907, torture}}. {{has_subtype: imprisonment &c. (restraint) R751}}. {{has_high_intensity}} {{has_subtype(killing, R361)}} capital punishment, execution. {{has_patient(execution)}} {{has_subtype(punished person)}} executed person. {{causes(execution[ptnt=$executed person]): death[ptnt=$executed person], R360}}. {{has_method(execution)}} shooting; gassing, the gas chamber; hanging; electrocution, rail-riding, scarpines[obs3]; decapitation, beheading, decollation[obs3]; garrotte, garrotto[It]; crucifixion, impalement; auto-da-fe[Fr]; noyade[obs3]; happy dispatch. {{has_method(execution)}} {{has_subtype(injection[ptnt=poison, P2.3.1.3.4.2], @P2.8.3)}} lethal injection. {{has_subtype(execution[ptnt=martyr, @R828]): martyrdom, @R361}}. {{performed_by(shooting)}} {{has_subtype(squad, R712a)}} firing squad. {{uses(shooting): firearm, P2.3.1.3.23.4}}. {{has_subtype}} {{similar_to(execution)}} {{has_subtype(suicide)}} forced suicide, ritual suicide. {{has_subtype(ritual suicide)}} hara-kiri, seppuku [Japanese]; drinking the hemlock[Ancient Greece]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(labor, M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{property_of(compulsory, @R744)}} forced labor. {{has_subtype(forced labor)}} salt mines; road gang, chain gang; galleys; treadmill; crank. {{&has_location(imprisonment, R751)}} {{has_subtype(building): house of correction &c. (prison) R752}}. {{performed_by(imprisonment)}} jailer, goaler. {{performed_by(execution)}} {{has_subtype(killer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.22.4)}} executioner. {{has_subtype(executioner)}} electrocutioner; lyncher; hangman; axeman, headsman[obs3]; Jack Ketch. {{member_of(lyncher)}} lynch mob. V. punish, inflict punishment, administer correction, deal retributive justice. chastise, chasten; castigate, correct. cowhide, lambaste. visit upon, pay; pay out, serve out; do for; make short work of, give a lesson to, serve one right, make an example of; have a rod in pickle for; give it one. {{causes}} {{hperforms(punished person)}} endure punishment, be punished, suffer, suffer for, suffer punishment. {{has_subtype: imprison, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.3}}. {{has_subtype(endure punishment)}} {{!causes(imprison, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.3)}} {{&has_result(conviction/sentence)}} {{location_of(prison, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.3): @P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.3, serve time, do time}}. {{has_subtype(punish)}} {{caused_by(pain, R378)}} inflict pain. {{has_method(punish)}} {{has_subtype(strike, R276): @M9.3.3.2.2.2, deal a blow to, administer the lash, smite; slap, slap the face; smack, cuff, box the ears, spank, thwack, thump, beat, lay on, swinge[obs3], buffet; thresh, thrash, pummel, drub, leather, trounce, sandbag, baste, belabor; lace, lace one's jacket; dress, dress down, give a dressing, trim, warm, wipe, tund[obs3], cob, bang, strap, comb, lash, lick, larrup, wallop, whop, flog, scourge, whip, birch, cane, give the stick, switch, flagellate, horsewhip, bastinado, pitch into, lay about one, beat black and blue; beat about the head and neck}}. {{has_subtype(kill, R361)}} execute. {{has_subtype(execute)}} bring to the block, bring to the gallows; behead, decapitate, guillotine; decollate; hang, turn off, gibbet, bowstring, string up[coll]; shoot; decimate; burn; break on the wheel, crucify; empale[obs3], impale; flay; lynch; gas, send to the gas chamber; give a lethal injection; break on the wheel; quarter; draw and quarter; "hang, draw and quarter". {{has_subtype(execute)}} {{hperforms(electrocutioner)}} electrocute. {{has_high_intensity: torture, @R907a}}. banish, exile, transport, expel. ostracize; rusticate; drum out. strike off the roll, unfrock; post. {{has_method(punish[ptnt=office holder, @R737])}} [transitive] dismiss, remove from office. {{has_subtype(dismiss[ptnt=lawyer])}} disbar. {{has_subtype(dismiss[ptnt=judge])}} remove from the bench, disbench[obs3]. be flogged. {{has_subtype(be punished)}} {{hperforms(executed person)}} [passive] be executed, suffer the ultimate penalty. {{has_subtype(be executed)}} be hanged, be gibbeted, be strung up[coll], come to the gallows, mount the gallows, swing [coll.], twist in the wind, dance upon nothing, die in one's shoes; be rightly served; face the firing squad, be shot; get a lethal injection; be quartered; be drawn and quartered. {{has_subtype(be executed)}} be electrocuted, fry [coll.], ride the lightning [coll.]. Adj. {{has_property(punishment)}} punishing, punitive, penal, punitory[obs3]. inflictive, castigatory. {{has_property(punished person)}} punished. {{has_subtype(punished)}} chastised, corrected. {{has_subtype(punished)}} {{has_consequence(execute)}} {{has_property(executed person[after=execution])}} executed. {{has_subtype(executed)}} drawn and quartered. Int. "a la lanterne!"[Fr]. Phr. culpan paena premit comes [Lat][Horace]; "eating the bitter bread of banishment" [Richard II]; gravis ira regum est semper [Lat][Seneca]; sera tamen tacitis paena venit pedibus [Lat][Tibullus]; suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo [Lat][Terence]. M9.4.8.R1 Instrument of punishment (R975) #975. Instrument of punishment. N. {{&uses(punishment, R972/violence, M9.3.3.2.2.2)}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} instrument of punishment, scourge. {{function_of(hit, R276)}} {{has_subtype(stick, @P2.3.1.3.23.3)}} {{shape_of(rod, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{similar_to(club)}} rod. {{function_of(hit, R276)}} {{shape_of(rod, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{property_of(flexible, @R324)}} cane, switch. cat o'nine tails, cat; rope's end. {{has_subtype(rod)}} birch, birch rod; azote[obs3], blacksnake[obs3], bullwhack [U.S.][obs3], chicote[obs3], kurbash[obs3], quirt, rawhide, sjambok[obs3]; rod in pickle. {{has_subtype(cane)}} rattan, ratan[obs3], rattan cane. {{similar_to(club)}} {{property_of(flat)}} ferule. {{has_subtype(stick, @P2.3.1.3.23.3): cudgel, truncheon}}. {{function_of(hit, R276)}} {{property_of(flexible, R324)}} {{part_of(filament, @R205/rope, @R205/cord, @R205)}} whip, bullwhip, lash, scourge, strap, thong, cowhide, knout. pillory, stocks, whipping post; cucking stool[obs3], ducking stool; brank[obs3]. {{&uses(torture, @R907)}} triangle, wooden horse, iron maiden; thumbscrew; rack; wheel; iron heel, boot; chinese water torture. treadmill, crank, galleys. {{uses(execution,@R972)}} beheading block, block[obs2]; guillotine; stake; cross; gas chamber; mecate[obs3]. {{&uses(beheading): ax}}. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(electrocution, @R972)}} electric chair, death chair, chair. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(execution,@R972): @R972, lethal injection; firing squad}}. {{has_subtype}} {{uses(execution,@R972)}} {{uses(hanging)}} gallows, scaffold, gibbet, tree[obs2], drop[obs2]. {{has_part(gallows)}} {{has_subtype(rope, @R205)}} {{function_of(suspend[obj=person])}} noose, rope, halter, bowstring. V. break on the wheel. <-- the main difference between "punishment" and "penalty" is that the word "penalty" may refer to a loss as a consequence of some action, i.e. penalty carries more of the character of an event than an action, and the word can also refer to the thing lost; in addition, the actions incurring a penalty are broader than those incurring "pounishement", and are thus less likely to be classified as "wrongdoing", i.e., they may be merely a failure to perform some act to which there is no moral obligation attached. But there is a lot of overlap. For this classification, the main meaning of penalty will be the event which is a result of punishment. --> M9.4.8.R2 PENALTY (R974) #974. Penalty. N. {{has_result(punishment, R972)}} {{has_subtype(act, @R680)}} penalty. {{harms}} {{has_subtype(punished person)}} penalized person. {{has_metaphor: pain, R828}}. pains and penalties; peine forte et dure[Fr]. {{has_subtype(penalty[for=sin]): penance &c. (atonement) R952}}. <-- forfeiture of property? --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(loss[2], @R776)}} forfeit. {{result_of(forfeit)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{hperforms(penalized person)}} forfeiture[1], forfeiting. {{has_patient(forfeiture[1])}} {{has_subtype(item of value)}} thing forfeited, forfeiture[2]. {{result_of(forfeiture)}} {{has_subtype(taking away, @R38)}} {{has_subtype(abrogation[ptnt=right, R924], R756)}} {{hperforms(punisher, @R972)}} confiscation, confiscating. {{has_subtype(forfeiture)}} fine, mulct, amercement; sequestration, escheat[Law], damages, deodand[obs3], premunire[Lat]; doomage [obs3][U.S.]. {{entails(fine): payment[ptnt=money, R800]}}. {{has_subtype(fine)}} weregild[obs3], wergild. {{has_metaphor}} the devil to pay. V. penalize, exact a penalty, impose a penalty. {{&causes}} {{has_subtype(lose)}} {{hperforms(penalized person)}} forfeit, estreat[obs3]. {{result_of(forfeit)}} {{has_subtype(take away, @R38)}} {{has_subtype(abrogate[ptnt=right, R924], R756)}} {{hperforms(punisher, @R972)}} confiscate. {{has_subtype(confiscate)}} fine, exact a fine, mulct, tag[coll], amerce, sconce; sequestrate, sequester. {{&has_consequence(fine)}} escheat[Law]. {{hperforms(penalized person)}} pay a penalty, suffer a penalty. Adj. {{has_property(penalized person)}} penalized. {{has_property(thing forfeited)}} forfeited. <-- This is the giving of something different from what was taken, in order to even the balance. This is similar to "giving back" at R790, but that entry is for giving back whatever was taken. This and the R790 entry are both subtypes of "compensation" at R30. The "taking" and "thing taken" are here interpreted very broadly, since this "compensation" is also the parent concept for paying compensation for someone's labor. This "wages" type of "compensation" is less directly related to the main theme of this section (law), but does involve a legal entitlement to compensation, so it remains here. Even more remote is "reward" -- perhaps that should be elsewhere? --> M9.4.9 COMPENSATION (R973) #973. Compensation. N. {{has_subtype(compensation, R30)}} {{analogous_to(giving back, @R790)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(substitute[for=getting back, @R775/restitution, @R790])}} compensation, recompense, compensating. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(thing given, @R784)}} thing given in compensation. {{!follows}} {{mcaused_by: receiving, R758; taking, R789}}. {{analogous_to: price, R812}}. {{has_subtype(thing given in compensation): money, R800}}. <-- the original location of "making good" was at R660 in Roget, but that section dealt mainly with healing of illnes; we have broken the more abstract "reparation" away from health matters, and specified a relationship of analogy between the two --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(compensation[for=harm, R659a/wrong, @R619], @R973)}} indemnity, indemnification, making good, restitution, quittance, reimbursement, making restitution; satisfaction, reckoning; reparation, amends, redress, atonement, acknowledgment, requital, sop. {{!follows(indemnification)}} {{entails(indemnification): $taking, R789}}. &&{{has_patient($taking): $object taken}}. &&{{not_identical_to($object taken): thing given in compensation}}. {{has_purpose}} {{analogous_to(recovery, @R660)}} making whole. {{analogous_to: retaliation &c. R718; revenge, R919;retribution}}. {{has_subtype(restitution[for=injury, @R659a/wrong, @R619]): @R952, amends, reparation, atonement}}. {{has_property(thing returned)}} equivalent, quid pro quo, measure for measure. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(substitution[of=payment, R807], R147)}} commutation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(consideration, @R615)}} consideration, return, quid pro quo. {{has_subtype(compensation[for=rescue[ptnt=ship, R273], R672])}} salvage. douceur[Fr], bribe; hush money, smart money[obs2]. {{has_subtype(compensation[for=silence, @R585]): blackmail, @R791}}. <--; carcelage[obs1]; solatium[obs3]. --> {{has_subtype(personal income)}} allowance, stipend; payment. {{has_subtype(compensation[for=work, M7.3.5.4.1.4/work, M7.3.5.4.1])}} emolument. {{has_subtype(emolument): @R807a, remuneration, perquisite}}. {{has_subtype(emolument)}} bonus, premium, tip; fee, honorarium; hire; dasturi[obs3], dustoori[obs3]; mileage. {{has_subtype(emolument)}} reward, remuneration, meed, guerdon[obs3], reguerdon[obs1]. {{has_subtype(reward): trophy, @R733}}. tribute; batta[obs3], shot, scot. <-- vail[obs3] &c. (donation) R784. ? --> V. compensate. recompense, repay, requite; remunerate, munerate[obs3]; fee; pay one's footing. {{has_method: pay, R807}}. {{analogous_to(restore, @R660)}} reimburse, compensate, indemnify, make good; remit, rehabilitate. reward. {{has_purpose}} {{analogous_to(repair, @R660)}} make whole. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(compensate[for=harm, R659a], @R973)}} make good, make amends, indemnify, atone; satisfy, acknowledge. {{analogous_to: give back, @R790}}. get for one's pains, reap the fruits of. tip. Adj. compensatory. remunerative, remuneratory, satisfactory[obs2], munerary[obs3]. rewarding. retributive, reparatory[obs3]. Phr. fideli certa merces[Lat]; honor virtutis praemium [Lat][Cicero]; tibi seris tibi metis[Lat]; "I demand satisfaction!", "I will get satisfaction!". <-- "absence of law" differs from actual transgression of a law. This section includes "unofficial", acts done without official authority. These are not necessarily illegal, or even unethical. It also includes despotic rule, which occurs in absence of legal institutions. These two should be distinguished more forcefully??? --> M9.4.10 ABSENCE OF LAW N. {{has_subtype(absence[of=law, R963], @R2)}} {{has_subtype(circumstance, @R183a)}} absence of law, arbitrariness, lack of regulation. {{similar_to}} ignoring the law, taking the law into one's own hands. {{has_high_level: anarchy, @R738}}. {{performed_by: dictator}}. <-- cases where a type of "law" is actually lawless! --> {{has_subtype(taking the law into one's own hands)}} vigilantism, mob law, lynch law, club law, Lydford law, drumhead law. {{has_subtype(invalid law)}} expired law, dead letter; unconstitutional law. {{performed_by(vigilantism)}} vigilante. {{has_low_level}} informality, unofficiality, unlawfulness. {{has_consequence}} illegitimacy; bar sinister. {{has_subtype: piracy[1]}}. V. {{has_result(absence of law)}} have no law, be unregulated. {{similar_to}} ignore the law, take the law into one's own hands, consider the law invalid, make the law a dead letter, be a law unto oneself. {{has_subtype(ignore the law)}} {{hperforms(vigilante)}} take the law into one's own hands, engage in vigilantism. Adj. lawless, unlawful. unwarranted, unwarrantable. {{has_low_level}} unauthorized, informal, unofficial. {{has_low_level}} extrajudicial, injudicial[obs3]. {{has_low_level}} unregulated, arbitrary. {{&consequence_of(absence of law)}} {{has_property(dead letter)}} [of invalid or expired law] expired, invalid; unchartered, unconstitutional; null and void. M9.5 VOLUNTARY INSTITUTIONS N. voluntary institution. <-- an institution is an established public organization, which means that it usually operates from a defined location, which will typically be a building. Therefore we use the default relations below. --> M9.5.1 INSTITUTIONS GENERALLY <-- association, group, [[institution]] --> N. {{has_subtype(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5)}} {{property_of(public, @R286)}} institution, association. {{has_subtype}} non-profit institution, institution not for profit, nonprofit institution. {{has_location: building, P2.3.1.3.10.2}}. {{has_subtype(non-profit institution)}} {{property_of(charitable, @R906)}} charitable institution, charity, public charity, eleemosynary institution. {{has_subtype(non-profit institution)}} foundation. {{has_subtype(foundation)}} research foundation. {{has_subtype(research foundation)}} {{studied_by(politics, R737b/public policy, @R692)}} policy study group, think tank. {{has_subtype: court, R966; military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1; police, @R965; business organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5.2; government, R737a; church, M9.6.5}}. Adj. institutional. {{has_property(nonprofit institution)}} nonprofit, not for profit. <-- [[school]] --> M9.5.2 SCHOOL (R542) #542. School. N. {{+has_location(learning, R539/studying, @R539/education, @R537)}} {{performed_at(teaching, R537)}} school, educational institution. {{has_activity}} {{conceptual_part_of(teaching, R537 + learning, R539)}} {{has_subtype(intermittent process, A7.7)}} {{has_subtype(human process)}} {{consequence_of(education, @R537)}} schooling, formal schooling. {{!has_worker: teacher, R540}}. {{studied_by(schooling/teaching, R537): educator, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.9.2}}. {{&has_temporal_part(schooling)}} {{has_subtype(process pause): @M7.3.4.3.R1, vacation, holiday[Brit.]}}. {{+has_property: nonprofit}}. elementary school, primary school, grammar school; secondary school. {{has_subtype(secondary school)}} middle school; high school, higher grade school, intermediate school; gymnasium[Germany]. {{has_case(schooling)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee): student, R541}}. {{has_subtype(schooling)}} {{has_activity(primary school): elementary education, @R537}}. {{has_case(elementary education, @R537)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee)}} {{has_subtype(student, R541)}} elementary school student. {{has_property(elementary school student): age[val=5-14 years]}}. {{has_subtype(schooling)}} {{has_subtype(education, @R537)}} {{location_of(secondary school)}} secondary education, secondary school education. {{has_subtype(secondary education)}} {{has_activity(high school)}} high school education. {{has_subtype(secondary education)}} {{has_activity(middle school)}} middle school education. {{has_case(secondary education)}} {{has_subtype(communicatee)}} {{has_subtype(student, R541)}} secondary school student. {{has_subtype(secondary school student)}} high school student; middle school student. {{has_property(secondary school student): age[val=14-18 years]}}. {{follows(secondary education): primary education}}. {{follows(higher education): secondary education}}. {{has_subtype(schooling)}} {{has_subtype(education, @R537)}} {{location_of(institute of higher education)}} higher education. academy, alma mater; seminary. palaestra; Lyceum. institute, institution. {{has_subtype}} institute of higher education. {{has_subtype(institute of higher education)}} institute of technology, technical institute; college; university. {{&part_of(college): university}}. {{has_subtype}} {{owns(government, R737a)}} public school[U.S.], government school. {{has_subtype}} {{alternative_to(public school)}} {{not_owns(government, R737a)}} private school[U.S.]. {{has_subtype(private school)}} {{owns(church, M9.6.5)}} denominational school; convent school. military school. vocational school; vocational and technical school. day school; boarding school; preparatory school; infant school, pre-school; dame's school, middle class school, Board school; National school, British and Foreign school, collegiate school, art school; continuation school; County Council school; grant-in-aid school; missionary school; military school, military academy. {{has_subtype(military academy)}} naval school, naval academy. state-aided school, technical school, voluntary school, school; school of art; reformatory; vocational college, vocational-technical college. {{has_subtype(college)}}land-grant college[US]; agricultural college; Agricultural and Mining Institute[US], "A&M"; Institute of Technology. reformatory. {{&has_location(young child)}} kindergarten. {{&has_location(young child)}} {{similar_to(kindergarten)}} day-care center, nursery, creche; pre-school. {{&has_part(classroom/lecture hall)}} pulpit, lectern, soap box desk, reading desk, ambo[obs3]. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} {{performed_in(lecture, R586/teaching, R537)}} classroom, lecture room; lecture hall. {{has_subtype(lecture hall)}} theater, auditorium, amphitheater, forum. {{&has_part(classroom/lecture hall)}} {{has_subtype(platform, @R215)}} rostrum, platform. hustings, tribune; state. {{has_activity}} {{has_conceptual_part(schooling)}} {{has_subtype(meeting[2], @P2.3.2.3.5)}} class, lecture, seminar. {{has_subtype(class)}} {{location_of(laboratory, @P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} laboratory exercise, lab, lab class. {{has_process(lab class): laboratory experiment}}. {{uses: @R593, school book, horn book, text book, grammar, primer, rudiments, manual, vade mecum, encyclopedia, cyclopedia, dictionary, lexicon}}. professorship, lectureship, readership, fellowship, tutorship; chair. School Board Council of Education; Board of Education; Board of Studies, Prefect of Studies; Textbook Committee; propaganda. Adj. scholastic, academic, collegiate; educational. Adv. ex cathedra[Lat]. <-- the library at P2.3.1.310.3 is a room, this library is a building. The abstract library at P2.3.1.3.14.1 is a collection [[library]] --> M9.5.3 LIBRARY N. {{&has_location(library, P2.3.1.3.14.1)}} library. public library, lending library. {{has_function(public library): store[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/record, R551]}}. {{has_function(public library): lend[obj=document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/record, R551]}}. {{job_of(manage[obj=library], R693)}} librarian. {{has_part(library)}} {{&has_location(book, R593): shelf, @P191}}. {{has_part(library)}} {{has_subtype(room, P2.3.1.3.10.2.R1)}} {{&performed_at(reading, @R539)}} reading room. {{has_part(library)}} {{part_of(shelf, @P191)}} {{function_of(storage, @R636)}} stacks. M9.6 SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON (R967 TO R1000) N. {{property_of(mystical)}} supernatural phenomena[pl], supernatural phenomenon. Adj. {{has_property}} supernatural, ghostly, spiritual, hyperphysical[obs3], unearthly. M9.6.1 SUPERNATURAL BEINGS (R976 TO R982) N. {{has_subtype(entity, R3a)}} {{property_of(intelligent, R498)}} {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} {{!not_has_subtype(physical object)}} supernatural being. <-- 976. Deity 977. Angel 978. Satan 979. Jupiter 980. Demon 981. Heaven 982. Hell [[deity, god]]--> M9.6.1.1 JUDEO-CHRISTIAN GOD (R976) #976. Judeo-Christian God. N. God, Deity, Divinity, Judeo-Christian God, Godhead, Godship[obs3]; Omnipotence, Providence, Heaven [metonymically], Lord, Jehovah, Jahweh, The Almighty, The Supreme Being, The First Cause, the Prime Mover, Ens Entium[Lat], Author of all things, Creator of all things, Author of our being, Cosmoplast[obs3], El, The Infinite, The Eternal, The All-powerful, The All-wise, The All-merciful, The All-holy. {{synonym_of}} {[in_frame(Mohammedanism)]} Allah. {{has_trait}} divinity, divineness[obs3]. {{has_location: heaven, R981; everywhere, @R183}}. {{hcreates}} {{has_subtype(body of rules, @R741)}} law of God, God's law. {{has_part(law of God)}} commandment of God, God's commandment; natural law. {{member_of(commandment of God): @R926, The Ten Commandments, the decalogue}}. {{has_property}} {{has_extreme(power, @R157)}} infinite power, omnipotence. {{has_property}} {{has_extreme(wisdom, M4.2.2.1.1.5.1)}} infinite wisdom, omniscience. {{has_property}} infinite goodness, infinite justice, infinite truth, infinite mercy; omnipresence; unity, immutability, holiness, glory, majesty, sovereignty. {{has_property: eternity; infinity}}. {{extension_of}} {[in_frame(Christianity)]} The Trinity, The Holy Trinity, The Trinity in Unity, The Triune God, God the Father Son and Holy Ghost . {{has_member(The Trinity)}} God the Father; The Maker, The Creator, The Preserver. {{has_member(The Trinity)}} The Messiah, The Anointed, The Saviour, the Redeemer, The Mediator, The Intercessor, The Advocate, The Judge; Emmanuel; Immanuel. {{has_member(The Trinity)}} God the Son, Jesus, Christ, The Lord, The Son of God, The Son of Man, The Son of David, the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity; The Lamb of God, The Word; Logos; The King of Kings and Lord of Lords, The King of Glory, The Prince of Peace, The Good Shepherd, The Way, The Truth, The Life, The Bread of Life, The Light of the World, The Sun of Righteousness; "The Pilot of the Galilean lake" [Milton]. {{has_action_p(God): create[obj=universe, R318], R161}}. {{has_action(God the Father)}} creation, preservation, divine government; Theocracy, Thearchy[obs3]; ways of Providence, dealings of Providence, dispensations of Providence, visitations of Providence. The Incarnation, The Hypostatic Union. {{has_action(God the Son)}} salvation, redemption, atonement, propitiation, mediation, intercession, judgment. {{has_member(The Trinity)}} God the Holy Ghost, The Holy Spirit, Paraclete[Theol]; The Comforter, The Spirit of Truth, The Dove. {{has_action(God the Holy Ghost)}} inspiration, unction, regeneration, sanctification, consolation. {{similar_to}} deus ex machina[Lat]; avatar. V. {{has_action_p(God): create[obj=universe, R318], R161}}. {{has_action: move, uphold, preserve, govern}}. {{has_action: atone, redeem, save, propitiate, mediate}}. {{has_action: predestinate, elect, call, ordain, bless, justify, sanctify}}. Adj. {{has_property(God)}} divine; almighty, holy, hallowed, sacred, heavenly, celestial; sacrosanct; all-knowing, all-seeing, all-wise; omniscient. {{has_property(God)}} superhuman; theistic, theocratic; anointed; soterial[obs3]. Adj. jure divino[Lat], by divine right. Phr. Domine dirige nos[Lat]; en Dieu est ma fiance[Fr]; et sceleratis sol oritur [Lat][Seneca]; "He mounts the storm and walks upon the wind" [Pope]; "Thou great First Cause, least understood" [Pope]; sans Dieu rien[Fr]; "An honest God is the noblest work of man." [The Gods, Robert Green Ingersoll, 1876]. <-- [[spirit]] --> M9.6.1.2 SPIRIT (R980) #980. Spirit. N. {{property_of(supernatural, M9.6)}} spirit. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_part(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{alternative_to(body, R1001)}} soul. {{has_manifestation(spirit)}} ghost, spook, specter, apparition, shade, shadow, revenant, vision. {{property_of(evil)}} demon, daemon, devil; bad spirit, unclean spirit; evil genius, fiend, banshee, familiar, daeva[obs3]; cacodemon[obs3], incubus, Eblis, shaitan[obs3], succubus, succuba; Titan, Shedim, Asmodeus[obs3], Moloch; hobglobin, goblin, orc; wraith, boggart[obs3], loup-garou[Fr], lemures[obs3], benshie[obs3], Ormuzd. {{studied_in(demon)}} demonology. {{member_of(demon)}} demonry[obs3]. {{has_subtype: pagan god, R979}}. {{&has_part(demon)}} evil eye. {{property_of(mythological)}} vampire; ghoul. {{hperforms(vampire): drink[obj=blood, @R1002], P2.8.3.2}}. {{hperforms(ghoul): eat[obj=human flesh, @R1002], R298a}}. {{property_of(mythological)}} afreet[obs3], barghast, barghest, Loki; ogre, ogress; Frankenstein's monster; Friar Rush; gnome. {{property_of(mythological)}} genie, jinn, gin, deev[obs3], lamia[obs3]; bogeyman, boogeyman, bogie, bogle[obs3]; nis[obs3], kobold[obs3], flibbertigibbet. {{member_of(leprechaun)}} {{origin_of(Ireland)}} the wee people, the little people. {{property_of(mythological)}} {{habitat_of(sea, R341)}} merman[male], mermaid[female], merfolk[pl.]. {{property_of(mythological)}} siren; fury, harpy; satyr, faun; manito[obs3], manitou, manitu. {{causes(demon)}} possession, demonic possession, diabolic possession. {{similar_to(demonic possession): insanity &c. R503}}. {{member_of(demon)}} {{habitat_of(hell, R982)}} fallen angel, unclean spirit, devil; the rulers of darkness, the powers of darkness; inhabitants of Pandemonium. {{has_subtype(demon)}} {[in_frame(thermodynamics)]} Maxwell's demon [jocular]. {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{&has_location(demon)}} {{exhibited_by(demonic possession)}} demoniac [jocular]. fairy, fairie, brownie, good genius, tutelary genius, fay; demiurge, familiar; sibyl; hamadryad; kelpie, sprite, Ondine; elf, dwarf, urchin; leprechaun; troll, dwerger[obs3], ouphe[obs3], Cluricaune[obs3]; denizens of the air[pl.]. {{has_instance(fairy)}} Oberon; Mab. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(mischievous, @R649)}} imp, pixy; Puck, Robin Goodfellow. bad fairy, nix, nixie, pigwidgeon[obs3], will-o'-the wisp. sylph, sylphid; peri, nymph, nereid, dryad, naiad; mermaid, seamaid, Ariel. genius loci, spirit of a place. {{has_subtype(genius loci)}} {{has_subtype(nymph}} {{habitat_of(body of water): water nymph}}. {{studied_in: mythology}}. {{studied_in}} folklore, fairy-mythology. <-- Lempriere --> Adj. fairy-like; sylph-like; sylphic[obs3]. Phr. "you moonshine revelers and shades of night" [Merry Wives of Windsor]. Adj. {{has_property(spirit): @M9.6, spiritual, supernatural, unearthly}}. spectral, ghostly, ghost-like. demonic, demonical, impish, demoniacal; fiendish, fiend-like; weird, uncanny; elfin, elvin[obs3], elfish, elflike[obs3]; haunted; pokerish [obs3][U.S.]. {{has_property(demoniac)}} possessed, possessed by a devil, possessed by a demon. Adv. demonically. <-- [Beneficent spirits] --> M9.6.1.2.1 ANGEL (R977) #977. Angel. N. {{has_subtype(intermediary[between= God, R976 + human, P2.3.2.3], @R758)}} angel. archangel; guardian angel; seraph; cherub. {{member_of}} heavenly host, host of heaven, sons of God, invisible helpers. {{member_of(seraph)}} seraphim. {{member_of(cherub)}} cherubim. ministering spirit. <-- , morning star? --> Adj. angelic, seraphic, cherubic. <-- [[saint]] --> M9.6.1.2.2 SAINT N. {{has_subtype(spirit, M9.6.1.2)}} {{has_subtype(soul[of=$person, P2.3.2.3][after=death[1][of=$person], @R360])}} saint. {{has_location(saint): heaven, R981}}. patron saint. {{has_instance}} Madonna, Mary, Virgin Mary, Blessed Virgin, Mother of God. {{has_instance: evangelist}}. {{has_instance}} Saint Joseph; Saint Patrick; Saint Stephen; Saint John the Baptist; Saint Cyril; Saint George; Saint Anthony, Saint Anthony of Padua; Saint Francis, Saint Francis of Assissi. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} lives of the saints. {{studied_in: hagiography}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(canonized)}} recognized saint, known saint. {{has_subtype(identification[ptnt=saint], R465b)}} {{hperforms(church, M9.6.5)}} canonization. Adj. {{has_trait(saint)}} saintly. V. canonize. <-- [Maleficent spirits.] --> M9.6.1.3 SATAN (R978) #978. Satan. N. {{has_subtype(demon &c. R980)}} Satan, the Devil, Lucifer, Mephistopheles, Ahriman[obs3], Belial, Samael, Zamiel, Beelzebub, the Lord of the Flies, the Prince of the Devils, the tempter[1], the evil one, the evil spirit, the Adversary, the archenemy, the author of evil, the wicked one, the old Serpent, the Prince of darkness, the Prince of this world, the Prince of the power of the air, the foul fiend, the arch fiend, the devil incarnate, the common enemy, the angel of the bottomless pit, Abaddon[obs3], Apollyon[obs3], old Nick [slang] . diabolism; devilism[obs3], devilship[obs3]; diabolology[obs3]; satanism, devil worship; manicheism; the cloven foot. Adj. satanic, diabolic, devilish; infernal, hellborn[obs3]. <-- [1-The slang expressions "the deuce, dickens, old Gentleman; old Scratch, old Horny, old Harry, old Gooseberry," have not been inserted in the text.]. (Roget note) --> <-- Mythological and other fabulous Deities and Powers --> <-- should break this into serious deities and fairies --> M9.6.1.4 PAGAN GOD #979. pagan god. N. god, goddess, deity, pagan god, heathen gods and goddesses[collective]. {{member_of}} pantheon. deva[obs3]. {{has_instance}} Jupiter, Jove; Zeus. {{has_instance}} Bathala, Brahm, Brahma, Brahma, cloud-compeller, Devi, Durga, Kali, oread, the Great Spirit, Ushas; water nymph, wood nymph; Yama, Varuna. {{has_instance}} [Hindu deities] Vishnu, Siva, Shiva, Krishna, Juggernath, Buddha. {{has_instance}} [Egyptian deities] Isis, Osiris, Ra. {{has_instance}} Belus, Bel, Baal, Asteroth &c.. {{has_instance}} [Norse deities] Thor, Odin. {{has_instance}} Mumbo Jumbo. {{studied_in}} mythology; heathen-mythology. {{has_subtype(reincarnation, @R359)}} {[in_frame(hinduism)]} avatar. Adj. god-like, godlike. <-- 983. Theology 983b. materialism, atheism 983a. Orthodoxy 984. Heterodoxy 985. Revelation 986. Pseudo-revelation --> <-- [Religious Knowledge.] [[religion]] --> M9.6.2 RELIGION (R983) #983. Religion. N. {{has_subtype(faith, @R484)}} religion, religious persuasion, religious belief, faith, religious faith. {{has_topic}} tenets, creed, credenda[obs3]. {{has_part(creed): religious doctrine, M9.6.2.1}}. {{believed_by}} religious sect, religious denomination. {{studied_in}} theology, divinity; theogony[obs3], theosophy. {{has_branch(theology)}} {{studied_in(saint)}} hagiology, hagiography. Caucasian mystery. monotheism. {{has_subtype(theology)}} natural theology; revealed theology. {{job_of(theology)}} theologue, theologian; scholastic, divine, schoolman[obs3], canonist, theologist[obs3]; the Fathers. {{job_of(theology): clergy, P2.3.2.3.6.5.71}}. Deism, Theism; materialism, positivism; latitudinarianism; ritualism. Adj. {[referring_to(religion)]} religious. theological. {{has_subtype(sectarian &c. R984)}} denominational. ecclesiastical, canonical. M9.6.2.1 RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES (R983 TO R986) N. {{has_part(creed, @R983)}} religious doctrine. salvation, redemption; judgment, final judgement. {{has_temporal_location(final judgment)}} judgment day. {{has_part(religious doctrine)}} {{has_subtype(life[after=death, R360])}} {{hperforms(soul, @R980)}} afterlife, life after death, life in the hereafter. {{has_subtype(afterlife)}} {{property_of(pleasant, @R829)}} {{has_activity(heaven, R981)}} salvation, eternal life, eternal bliss, eternal reward. {{has_subtype(afterlife)}} {{property_of(unpleasant, @R830)}} {{has_activity(hell, R982)}} damnation, eternal damnation, eternal punishment. {{&performed_at(afterlife): purgatory}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_issue(theology)}} article of faith; declaration of faith, profession of faith, confession of faith. {{member_of(article of faith)}} {[in_frame(Lutheranism): thirty-nine articles, @R983a]}. {{part_of(article of faith)}} catechism. <-- this part was split off from Roget's partisan "Orthodoxy" --> M9.6.2.2 CHRISTIANITY (R983A) #983a. Christianity. N. {{has_subtype(religion, R983)}} Christianity, Christianism[obs3]. {{believed_by}} Christian. {{has_subtype}} Catholicism, Catholicity; "the faith once delivered to the saints". The Church; Catholic Church, Universal Church, Apostolic Church, Established Church; temple of the Holy Ghost; Church of Christ, body of Christ, members of Christ, disciples of Christ, followers of Christ; Christian, Christian community; true believer; canonist &c. (theologian) R983; Christendom, collective body of Christians. {{has_topic(Catholicism)}} {{has_subtype(creed)}} Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed, Athanasian Creed[obs3]; Church Catechism; textuary[obs3]. {{has_subtype(creed)}} thirty nine articles. {{has_subtype(Christian)}} {{believed_by(Catholicism)}} Catholic, Roman, Catholic, Romanist, papist. {{has_subtype}} protestantism. {{has_subtype(protestantism)}} Adventism, Jansenism, Stundism[obs3], Erastianism[obs3], Calvinism, quakerism[obs3], methodism, anabaptism[obs3], Puseyism. Arianism[obs3], tractarianism[obs3], Origenism, Sabellianism, Socinianism[obs3]. High Church, Low Church, Broad Church, Free Church; ultramontanism[obs3]; papism, papistry; monkery[obs3]; papacy; Anglicanism, Catholicism, Romanism; popery, Scarlet Lady, Church of Rome, Greek Church. {{performed_by(Christian Science)}} Christian Scientist. Christian Science. {{believed_by(Protestantism)}} Protestant. {{believed_by}} Huguenot; orthodox dissenter, Congregationalist. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} Anabaptist; Baptist; Mormon, Latter-day Saint; Irvingite; Sandemanian; Glassite; Erastian; Sublapsarian; Supralapsarian[obs3]; Gentoo; Antinomian[obs3], Swedenborgian[obs3]; Adventist, Seventh-Day Adventist; Bible Christian, Bryanite; Brownian; Dunker; Ebionite; Eusebian; Faith Curer[obs3], Curist[obs3]; Familist[obs3]; Jovinianist; Libadist[obs3]; Restitutionist[obs3]; Shaker, Stundist, Tunker; ultramontane; Oxford School; tractarian[obs3], Puseyite, ritualist; Independent; Puritan. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Episcopalianism)}} Episcopalian, Anglican. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Presbyterianism)}} Presbyterian. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Lutheranism)}} Lutheran. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Calvinism)}} Calvinist. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Methodism)}} Methodist. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Wesleyanism)}} Wesleyan. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Quakerism)}} Quaker, friend. {{has_subtype(Protestant)}} {{believed_by(Christian Science)}} Christian Scientist. Adj. Christian. <-- orthodoxy is relative --> M9.6.2.3 ORTHODOXY (R983B) #983b. Orthodoxy. N. {{has_subtype(truth &c. R494)}} orthodoxy, religious truth, true faith. {{has_property}} strictness, soundness. soundness of doctrine. Adj. {{has_subtype(true &c. R494)}} orthodox, sound, strick[obs3], faithful, schismless[obs3]. {[in_frame(Christianity)]} Christian, evangelical, scriptural, divine, monotheistic, catholic. Phr. of the true faith. <-- [Sectarianism.] This section R984 contains part of Roget's original "heterodoxy". The remainder is in "non-Christian religion" --> M9.6.2.4 HETERODOXY (R984) #984. Heterodoxy. N. {{has_subtype(religion, R983)}} {{has_subtype(dissent, M5.5.6.2)}} heterodoxy. {{&causes: error, R495}}. false doctrine, heresy, schism; schismaticism[obs3], schismaticalness; recusancy, backsliding, apostasy; atheism &c. (irreligion) R989. fanaticism; hyperorthodoxy[obs3], precisianism[obs3], bibliolatry[obs3], sabbatarianism[obs3], puritanism; anthropomorphism. sectarism[obs3], sectarianism; noncomformity[obs3]; secularism; syncretism[obs3]. religious sects. {{trait_of}} heretic, apostate, antichrist[obs3]; pagan, heathen; painim[obs3], paynim[obs3]; giaour[obs3]; gentile; pantheist, polytheist; idolator; unbeliever, infidel. philistine. schismatic; sectary, sectarian, sectarist[obs3]; seceder, separatist, recusant, dissenter; nonconformist, nonjuror[obs3]. iconoclasm. {{&mcaused_by: bigotry &c. (obstinacy) R606}}. {{&believed_by: bigot, @R606}}. {{&believed_by}} fanatic, abdal[obs3]. {{believed_by(iconoclasm)}} iconoclast. Adj. unorthodox, heterodox, heretical. {[in_frame(Christianity)]} unscriptural, uncanonical; antiscriptural[obs3], apocryphal; schismatic, recusant, iconoclastic; dissenting, dissident. sectarian, denominational. {[in_frame(Protestantism)]} Romish. {[in_frame(Catholicism)]} Protestant. bigoted &c. (prejudiced) R481; superstitious &c. (credulous) R486; fanatical; idolatrous &c. R991; visionary &c. (imaginative) R515. Phr. "slave to no sect" [Pope]; superstitione tollenda religio non tollitur [Lat][Cicero]. <-- this is a temporary division, split off from Roget's "heterodoxy". Each major religion should have its own entry. --> M9.6.2.5 NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGION (R984A) #984a. Non-Christian Religion. N. non-Christian religion. paganism, heathenism, ethicism[obs3]; mythology; polytheism, ditheism[obs3], tritheism[obs3]; dualism; heathendom[obs3]. Judaism; Gentilism[obs3]; Islamism, Islam, Mohammedanism; Babism[obs3]; Sufiism; Neoplatonism; Turcism[obs3]; Buddhism; Sabianism; Brahminism; Hinduism; Gnosticism; Hylotheism[obs3]; Mormonism. latitudinarian, Deist, Theist, Unitarian; positivist, materialist; Homoiousian[obs3], Homoousian[obs3], limitarian[obs3], theosophist, ubiquitarian[obs3]; skeptic &c. R989. {{performed_by(Judaism)}} Jew, Hebrew, Rabbinist, Rabbist[obs3]. Mormon, Latter-day Saint. {{has_subtype(Jew)}} Sadducee; Babist[obs3], Motazilite; Ashkanazi; Orthodox Jew; Sephardic Jew. {{member_of(Sephardic Jew)}} Sephardim[pl]. {{believed_by(Islam)}} Mohammedan, Muslim, Mussulman, Moslem. {{has_subtype(Mohammedan)}} Shiah, Shiite; Sunni; Wahabi; Osmanli; fundamentalist Moslem. {{believed_by(Brahminism)}} Brahmin[obs3], Brahman[obs3]. {{believed_by(Hinduism)}} Hindu, Hindoo. {{believed_by(Buddhism)}} Buddhist. {{believed_by}} Parsee, Sufi; Magi, Gymnosophist[obs3], fire worshiper, Sabian, Gnostic, Rosicrucian. {{has_subtype: idolatry &c. R991}}. {{has_subtype: superstition, M5.4.3}}. Adj. unchristian, non-Christian, antichristian[obs3]. {{has_high_intensity}} non-religious. {{has_subtype(non-religious): secular &c. (lay) R997}}. pagan; heathen, heathenish; ethnic, ethnical; pantheistic, polytheistic. {[referring_to(Judaism)]} Judaical. {[referring_to(Mohammedanism)]} Mohammedan. {[referring_to(Brahminism)]} Brahminical. {[referring_to(Buddhism)]} Buddhist. {[in_frame(Judaism)]} {{alternative_to(Jew)}} gentile, paynim[obs3]. M9.6.2.6 JUDEO-CHRISTIAN REVELATION (R985) #985. Judeo-Christian Revelation. N. {{has_subtype(communication[from=God], R527)}} revelation, inspiration, Word, Word of God, afflatus. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} Scripture; Bible, the Scriptures, the Bible; Holy Writ, Holy Scriptures; inspired writings, Gospel. {{has_part(the Bible)}} Old Testament. {{has_part(Old Testament)}} Septuagint, Vulgate, Pentateuch; Octateuch; the Law, the Jewish Law, the Prophets; major Prophets, minor Prophets. Hagiographa, Hagiology; Hierographa[obs3]; Apocrypha. {{has_part(the Bible)}} New Testament. {{has_part(New Testament)}} The Gospels; Acts, Acts of the Apostles; Epistles; Apocalypse, Revelations. <-- a particular writing can be an instance, although there may be many copies of it --> {{has_instance(The Gospels)}} The Gospel according to Matthew; The Gospel according to Mark; The Gospel according to Luke; The Gospel according to John. Talmud; Mishna, Masorah. {{performed_by_p(communicate[ptnt=revelation], R527): prophet &c. (seer) R513}}. apostle, disciple; saint. {{performed_by_p(write[ptnt=The New Testament], @R590)}} the Fathers, the Apostolical Fathers, Holy Men of old, inspired penmen, The four Evangelists. {{has_member(The Four Evangelists)}} evangelist. {{has_instance(Evangelist/apostle)}} Matthew; Mark; Luke; John. <-- theophany[obs3], theopneusty[obs3]. ??--> Adj. scriptural, biblical, sacred, prophetic. evangelical, evangelistic; apostolic, apostolical[obs3]; inspired, theopneustic[obs3], theophneusted[obs3]. apocalyptic; textuary[obs3]. M9.6.2.7 NON-JUDEO-CHRISTIAN REVELATION (R986) #986. Non-Judeo-Christian Revelation. N. Non-Judeo-Christian Revelation. {{performed_by}} {{performed_by(found[ptnt=religion], @R161)}} religious founder. the Koran, the Alcoran[obs3]; Lyking[obs3], Vedas; Zendavesta, Avesta[obs3]; Sastra, Shastra; Tantra[obs3], Upanishads, Purana, Edda. Book of Mormon. {{has_instance(religious founder)}} Gautama, Buddha; Zoroaster; Confucius; Bab-ed-Din[obs3]; Mohammed, Mohammad; Brigham Young [Mormons]; Mary Baker Eddy [Christian Scientist]. M9.6.2.8 AFTERLIFE PLACE N. {{performed_at(afterlife)}} afterlife place. {{property_of(mythological)}} Olympus; Elysium[paradise], Elysian fields, Arcadia[obs3], bowers of bliss, garden of the Hesperides, third heaven. Eden, Zion, abode of the blessed; celestial bliss, glory. {{origin_of(Buddhist)}} Nirvana. {{origin_of(American Indian)}} happy hunting grounds. {{property_of(Mythological)}} {{origin_of(Scandinavia)}} Valhalla, Walhalla. M9.6.2.8.1 HEAVEN (R981) #981. Heaven. N. heaven, kingdom of heaven, kingdom of God, heavenly kingdom. throne of God; presence of God; inheritance of the saints in light. {{habitat_of: God; angels, saints}}. Paradise. future state, eternal home. {{has_subtype}} {{origin_of(Mohammedan)}} Falak al aflak [Arabic: "the highest heaven"]. Alfardaws[obs3], Assama[obs3]. {{has_activity}} {{has_subtype(rebirth)}} resurrection, translation. {{has_activity}} apotheosis, deification. Adj. heavenly, celestial, unearthly, from on high, paradisiacal, beatific, elysian, supernal. Phr. "looks through nature up to the nature's god" [Pope]; "the great world's altarstairs, that slope through darkness up to God" [Tennyson]; "the treasury of everlasting joy" [Henry VI]; vigeur de dessus[Fr]. M9.6.2.8.2 HELL (R982) #982. Hell. N. hell, Hades, bottomless pit, place of torment, habitation of fallen angels, infernal regions, inferno. {{has_activity}} {{property_of(unpleasant)}} hell fire; everlasting fire, everlasting torment, eternal damnation; lake of fire and brimstone; fire that is never quenched; worm that never dies. purgatory, limbo, gehenna, abyss. [Mythological hell] Tartarus, Avernus[Lat], Styx, Stygian creek, pit of Acheron[obs3], Cocytus; shades below, realms of Pluto; Pandemonium, Abaddon[obs3], Domdaniel; jahannan[obs3], sheol[obs3]. {{habitate_of}} Pluto, Rhadamanthus[obs3], Erebus[Lat]; Tophet. Adj. hellish, infernal, stygian. Phr. dies irae dies illa[Lat]; "the hue of dungeons and the scowl of night" [Love's Labor's Lost]. M9.6.3 RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS R987 TO R989 N. {{has_subtype(emotion, @R821)}} {{topic_of(religion, R983)}} religious sentiment. <-- 988. Impiety 987. Piety 989. Irreligion --> M9.6.3.1 PIETY (R987) #987. Piety. N. {{mcauses(religious faith, @R983)}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2.1)}} {{&has_property(worshipper)}} piety, religion, theism, faith, religiousness, spirituality, religionism[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: reverence[to=God]}}. {{has_high_level}} religiosity. {{has_excess: sanctimony &c. (assumed piety) R988}}. {{has_high_level}} holiness, sanctity, saintliness, sanctitude[obs3], saintship[obs3]. {{mcauses: @R990, humility, veneration, devotion, prostration, worship}}. {{&mcauses(holiness)}} consecration, dedication to God. grace, unction, edification. spiritual existence, odor of sanctity, beauty of holiness. {{&causes}} sanctification, salvation, beatification, conversion, justification, adoption, regeneration, inspiration, theopathy[obs3]. {{performed_by}} believer, convert, theist, devotee, pietist[obs3]; the good, the righteous, the just, the believing, the elect. {{has_subtype(believer)}} Christian; Saint, Madonna, Notre Dame[Fr], Our Lady. {{has_subtype(believer): worshipper, @R990}}. {{member_of(believer)}} the children of God, the children of the Kingdom, the children of the light. V. {{&has_property(worshipper)}} be pious, be religious, be devout, be godly, be heavenly-minded, be spiritual, be pietistic, have faith, have religion, believe, receive Christ. {{&mcauses: revere &c. R928}}. {{&has_commencement}} be converted, be born again, get religion, be saved. {{caused_by(be converted)}} [transitive] convert, edify, regenerate, inspire. sanctify, keep holy, beatify, consecrate, enshrine. Adj. pious, religious, devout, devoted, reverent, godly, heavenly-minded, holy, spiritual, pietistic. {{has_high_level}} saintly, saint-like; seraphic. {{&uses(piety)}} religious object. {{property_of(religious object)}} sacred, solemn, holy. humble, pure. believing, faithful, Christian, Catholic. elected, adopted, justified, sanctified, regenerated, inspired, consecrated, converted, unearthly, not of the earth. Phr. ne vile fano[It]; "pure-eyed Faith . . . thou hovering angel girt with golden wings" [Milton]. M9.6.3.2 IMPIETY (R988) #988. Impiety. N. {{antonym_of(piety, R987)}} {{has_subtype(trait, M4.2.2.1)}} impiety. <-- this "sin" is specifically in the religious sense --> {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(violation[ptnt=law of God], @R692)}} {{has_subtype(evildoing, R1003)}} sin. {{mcauses}} {{has_subtype(disrespect)}} {{patient_of(God, R976)}} irreverence. {{has_subtype(irreverence)}} profaneness, profanity, profanation. {{has_high_level(irreverence)}} blasphemy, desecration, sacrilege, scoffing at God. {{has_subtype(pretense[of=piety], @R535)}} {{property_of(affected/hypocritical, @R544)}} pietism, cant, pious fraud; lip devotion, lip service, lip reverence, feigned piety; sanctimony, sanctimoniousness, pharisaism, precisianism[obs3]; sabbatism[obs3], sabbatarianism[obs3]; odium theologicum[Lat], sacerdotalism[obs3], misdevotion[obs3], formalistic religiosity. {{&caused_by: bigotry &c. (obstinacy) R606}}. {{&caused_by: prejudice, R481}}. {{purpose_of(prevent[obj=impiety], R706)}} {{has_subtype(law, R963)}} blue law. {{&result_of}} hardening, backsliding, declension, perversion, reprobation. {{performed_by(sin): sinner &c. R949}}. {{has_subtype(sinner)}} scoffer, blasphemer, sacrilegist[obs3]; sabbath breaker; worldling. {{has_subtype(sinner)}} {{trait_of(pietism)}} {{has_subtype(hypocrite, @R548)}} Pharisee; sabbatarian[obs3], formalist, saint [ironically], methodist[obs2], puritan, pietist[obs3], precisian[obs3], religionist, devotee. {{trait_of(pietism)}} {{has_subtype(fanatic, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.24)}} ranter, religious fanatic, juramentado[obs3]. {{trait_of}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} the wicked, the evil, the unjust, the reprobate; sons of men, sons of Belial, the wicked one; children of darkness. <-- ; ; Tartufe[obs3], Mawworm[obs3] --> V. be impious, be irreligious. be irreverent; profane, revile, scoff. {{has_high_degree}} desecrate, blaspheme, commit sacrilege. {{&mcauses: swear, @R908}}. <-- snuffle; turn up the whites of the eyes. too obscure --> Adj. {{&has_property(sinner, @R949/unbeliever, @R984/atheist, @R898)}} impious, irreligious, unholy. {{has_high_degree}} desecrating &c. v.; profane, irreverent, sacrilegious, blasphemous. un-hallowed, un-sanctified, un-regenerate; hardened, perverted, reprobate. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(hypocritical, @R544)}} canting, pietistical[obs3], sanctimonious, unctuous, pharisaical, overrighteous[obs3], righteous over much. {{has_high_intensity(sanctimonious)}} bigoted, fanatical, priest-ridden. Adv. piously. under the mask of religion, under the cloak of religion, under the pretense of religion, under the form of religion, under the guise of religion. Phr. giovane santo diavolo vecchio[It]. M9.6.3.3 IRRELIGION (R989) #989. Irreligion. N. irreligion, lack of faith, non-religion, indevotion[obs3], godlessness, ungodliness, unbelief, disbelief, incredulity, want of faith, want of belief, incredulousness[obs3] &c. adj.. laxity, quietism. {{has_low_intensity}} {{has_subtype(doubt, R485)}} agnosticism, skepticism, pyrrhonism. {{has_high_intensity}} atheism; materialism; positivism; nihilism. deism. infidelity, freethinking, antichristianity[obs3], rationalism; neology. {{trait_of}} unbeliever; skeptic, agnostic; deist, infidel, pyrrhonist; giaour[obs3], heathen, alien, gentile, Nazarene; espri fort[Fr], freethinker, latitudinarian, rationalist, somatist[obs3], theophobist[obs3]. {{trait_of(materialism)}} {{believed_by(materialism)}} materialist. {{trait_of(positivism)}} {{believed_by(positivism)}} positivist. {{trait_of(nihilism)}} {{believed_by(nihilism)}} nihilist. {{trait_of(atheism)}} {{believed_by(atheism)}} atheist. <-- ; hylotheism[obs3] --> V. be irreligious &c. adj.; disbelieve, lack faith; doubt, question &c. R485. dechristianize[obs3]. Adj. irreligious, godless, ungodly, unholy, indevout[obs3]; undevout[obs3], devoutless[obs3], graceless[obs2], unsanctified[obs3], unhallowed. atheistic, without God. agnostic, skeptical, freethinking. unbelieving, unconverted; incredulous, faithless, lacking faith; deistical. unchristian, antichristian[obs3]. worldly, mundane, earthly. {{has_subtype(worldly)}} carnal, worldly minded. Adv. irreligiously. atheistically; agnostically. M9.6.4 RELIGIOUS ACT (R990 TO R993) N. religious act. <-- 990. Worship 991. Idolatry 992. Sorcery 993. Spell Note: R994. Sorcerer to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.28 --> M9.6.4.1 WORSHIP (R990) #990. Worship. N. {{hperforms(worshipper)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(communication[1][with=God], R527)}} worship, adoration, devotion, aspiration, homage, cult[obs2]. {{process_in}} {{has_subtype(meeting[2], @P2.3.2.3.5)}} {{property_of(formal, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} service. {{has_subtype(service): rite, R998}}. {{has_process}} {{has_manifestation(humility, R879)}} {{has_subtype(humbling oneself)}} kneeling, genuflection, prostration, humiliation[obs2]. prayer, invocation, supplication, rogation, intercession, orison, holy breathing. {{has_subtype(prayer)}} collect of the mass; litany. {{has_subtype(litany)}} litany of the Blessed Virgin. {{has_subtype(prayer)}} Lord's prayer, paternoster[Lat], the Our Father, Our Father; Ave Maria[Lat], the Hail Mary, Hail Mary; Angelus. {{part_of(Hail Mary)}} rosary[1], telling of beads. {{uses(rosary)}} rosary beads, rosary[2], beadroll[obs3]. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(sacred object)}} prayer machine, prayer wheel. {{has_subtype(prayer)}} latria[obs3], dulia[obs3], hyperdulia[obs3], vigils; ebenezer, virginal. {{has_subtype(service)}} revival; anxious meeting, camp meeting. {{has_conceptual_part(prayer): petition &c. (request) R765}}. {{has_subtype(thanksgiving[to=God, R976], @R916)}} thanksgiving, giving thanks, returning thanks. grace, praise, glorification, benediction, doxology, hosanna; hallelujah, allelujah[obs3]. {{has_subtype(prayer)}} Te Deum[Lat], non nobis Domine[Lat], nunc dimittis[Lat]; paean; benschen[Ger]; O Salutaris, Sanctus[Lat], The Annunciation, Tersanctus, Trisagion; Agnus Dei[Latin: lamb of God]. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(poem/song)}} psalm. {{member_of(psalm)}} {{has_subtype(compendium, R596)}} psalmody[1]. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(song, M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1)}} hymn, plain song, chant, chaunt, response, anthem, motet; antiphon[obs3], antiphony. {{&has_process}} {{has_subtype(singing[ptnt=psalm], M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1)}} psalmody[2]. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} oblation, sacrifice, libation; burnt offering, heave offering, votive offering. offertory. {{&uses(service)}} incense. {{has_method}} discipline, self-discipline, self-examination, self-denial. {{has_subtype(self-denial): fasting, R956}}. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(penance, @R952)}} white sheet, shrift; flagellation, maceration, lustration[obs3]. office, duty, exercises. {{has_subtype(service)}} morning prayer, matins; evensong, vespers; undernsong[obs3], tierce; divine service. {{&has_temporal_location(service): holyday &c. (rites) R998}}. {{performed_by}} {{has_subtype(believer)}} worshipper, congregation, communicant, celebrant. {{has_method(worship): penance &c. (atonement) R952}}. {{has_subtype(penance): @R955, maceration, flagellation, sackcloth and ashes}}. V. {{has_subtype(revere[ptnt=god], R928)}} worship, lift up the heart, aspire, adore, do service, pay homage. {{has_method}} humble oneself, kneel; bow the knee, bend the knee; fall down, fall on one's knees; prostrate oneself, bow down and worship. pray, invoke, supplicate; put up, offer up prayers, offer petitions, say one's prayers. {{has_conceptuasl_part(pray): beseech &c. (ask) R765}}. return thanks, give thanks; say grace, bless, praise, laud, glorify, magnify, sing praises; give benediction, lead the choir, intone; deacon, deacon off. propitiate[U.S.], offer sacrifice, fast, deny oneself; vow, offer vows, give alms. work out one's salvation. {{has_subtype(attend[ptnt=church service]): @R998, go to church, attend service, attend mass}}. {{has_subtype(pray)}} say the rosary, tell one's beads. <-- communicate &c. (rite) R998. --> Adj. worshipping &c. v.; devout, devotional, reverent, pure, solemn; fervid &c. (heartfelt) R821. Int. hallelujah, "allelujah!"[obs3]; "hosanna!"; "glory be to God!"; "O Lord!"; "pray God that!"; "God grant", God bless, God save, "God forbid!"; sursum corda [Lat]. Phr. "making their lives a prayer" [Whittier]; ora et labora[Lat]; "prayers ardent open heaven" [Young]. M9.6.4.1.1 VENERATION OF SAINTS N. {{hperforms(worshipper)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{has_subtype(communication[1][with=saint], R527)}} veneration of saints. {{has_subtype(veneration of saints[ptnt=Virgin Mary])}} Marian devotion, Mariolatry. V. venerate. M9.6.4.2 IDOLOTRY (R991) #991. Idolatry. N. {{analogous_to(worship)}} {{has_subtype(communication[with=idol], R527)}} idolatry, idolism[obs3], idol-worship. demon-worship, devil-worship, witchcraft, demonology, demonism[obs3], demonolatry[obs3], demonomy[obs3], demonship[obs3]. {{similar_to}} animism. {{has_subtype(animism)}} fire-worship; zoolatry; fetishism, fetichism; sun worship, heliolatry; Bibliolatry[obs3]. {{has_process}} {{has_subtype(creation[ptnt=deity, R979], R161)}} deification, apotheosis. hero worship. {{&has_process}} sacrifice, hecatomb, holocaust. {{has_subtype(sacrifice)}} human sacrifice. {{has_subtype(human sacrifice)}} immolation, mactation[obs3]; infanticide. {{has_subtype(immolation)}} self-immolation, suttee. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(solid object)}} {{has_representation(deity, R979)}} idol, graven image, fetich. {{has_subtype(idol)}} golden calf, lares et penates[Lat]. {{has_subtype(idol)}} Juggernath[obs3]. {{representation_of(idol): Baal &c. R986; deity, R979}}. <-- ecclesiolatry[obs3] --> V. worship idols, worship pictures, worship relics. deify. Adj. idolatrous. Phr. adorer le veau d'or[Fr]. M9.6.4.3 SORCERY (R992) #992. Sorcery. N. {{property_of(mystical, @R519)}} mysticism, occult art, occult sciences. magic, the black art, necromancy; sorcery. witchcraft, witchery; theurgy, thaumaturgy[obs3]; fetishism, fetichism, feticism[obs3]; ghost dance, hoodoo; obi, obiism[obs3]; voodoo, voodooism; Shamanism [Esquimaux]; vampirism; conjuration; second sight; od force, odylic force[obs3]; clairvoyance; spiritualism, spirit rapping, table turning. bewitchery, enchantment, diablerie[Fr], bedevilment. exorcism. {{performed_by(exorcism): exorcist, @R994}}. cabala. {{&has_process: divination &c. (prediction) R511}}. {{&has_process}} ordeal, sortilege[obs3], sortes Virgilianae[obs3]. <-- ; glamor electrobiology[obs3], --> V. {{has_subtype(behavior, R692)}} practice sorcery. {{has_process}} cast a nativity, conjure. {{has_process}} {{has_subtype(create[ptnt=spell, R993])}} cast a spell. {{has_method(cast a spell)}} fascinate &c. (influence) R616b; taboo; wave a wand; rub the ring, rub the lamp; call up spirits, call up spirits from the vasty deep; raise spirits from the dead. {{has_subtype(cast a spell)}} {{purpose_of(extract[obj=demon], R301)}} exorcise. {{has_subtype(cast a spell)}} {[with_object(physical object)]} charm, enchant, put a spell on. {{has_subtype(enchant)}} {[with_object(person, P2.3.2.3)]} bewitch, bedevil, hoodoo, voodoo. {{has_subtype(bewitch)}} entrance. <-- ; entrance, mesmerize, magnetize: [interesting, that hypnosis used to bwe thought of as sorcery!] --> Adj. mystic, weird, cabalistic, talismanic, phylacteric[obs3], incantatory. {{has_high_level(mystic)}} magic, magical. Circean, odylic[obs3]. voodoo. {{has_consequence(charm)}} charmed, enchanted. {{has_subtype(charmed)}} bewitched, bedeviled, hoodooed. M9.6.4.4 SPELL (R993) #993. Spell. N. [words or actions with magical powers] spell, charm. {{has_subtype(speech)}} incantation, magic words. {{has_subtype(incantation)}} exorcism, weird[obs2], exsufflation[obs1], cantrap[obs3], runes, countercharm[obs3], Ephesian letters. {{performed_by}} Mumbo Jumbo, evil eye, fee-faw-fum; hocus pocus. {{has_subtype: excommunication, @R998}}. {{uses(excommunication)}} bell book and candle. {{&uses}} talisman, amulet, charm, periapt[obs3], telesm[obs3], philter; fetich, fetish. {{has_subtype(talisman)}} {{contained_in(biblical quotation, @R985)}} phylactery; mezuzah, mezuza. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(speech)}} Om, Aum[obs3]; abracadabra; open sesame. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(talisman)}} mascot, mascotte[obs3]; scarab, scarabaeus[obs3]; sudarium[obs3], triskelion, veronica, wishbone; rabbit's foot; swastika. {{&uses}} {{property_of(magical)}} wand, caduceus, rod, divining rod; Aladdin's lamp, lamp of Aladdin; wishing-cap, Fortunatus's cap. {{&uses}} {{property_of(magical/fictional)}} {{has_subtype(aircraft, P2.3.1.3.16.2.1)}} flying carpet, magic carpet. <--- furcula[obs3], madstone[obs3]; fylfot[obs3], gammadion[obs3]; merrythought[obs3] --> <-- R994 Sorcerer to person P2.3.2.3.6.5.28 --> <-- 995. Churchdom 998. Rite 999. Canonicals Note: moved to person: 996. Clergy 997. Laity, P2.3.2.3.6.5.70 WORSHIPER P2.3.2.3.6.5.71 CLERGY Note: R1000. Temple to structures P2.3.1.3.10.2 --> <-- there is little in the section on religion relating to non-Christian religions, no doubt reflecting Roget's preligious preferences. These must be greatly supplemented, preferably by individuals actually adherent to other religions. --> M9.6.5 FORMAL RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS (R995 TO R999) N. {{has_subtype(institution, M9.5.1)}} church, religious institution, formal religious institution. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unorthodox, @R984)}} cult. {{has_member(cult)}} {{has_subtype(leader)}} cult leader. {{&has_trait(cult leader): charismatic, @M4.2.2.1.1.7}}. {{property_of(Christian, @R983b)}} Christian church. {{has_subtype(Christian church): Catholic church, @R983a}}. Adj. {[referring_to(church)]} ecclesiastical. {[referring_to(cult)]} {{has_property(cult)}} cultish. <-- churchdom is the system of administration of formal religious institutions --> M9.6.5.1 CHURCHDOM (R995) #995. Churchdom. N. {{member_of(clergyman, R996)}} {{member_of(church, M9.6.5)}} {{has_subtype(authorities, @R737)}} churchdom, church government, church authorities. {{has_job(churchdom/clergy)}} {{has_subtype(ministry, @R707)}} ministration, ministry[2]. {{has_part}} christendom, Christian churches. {{applies_to(christendom)}} pale of the church, apostleship[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} ministry[1], priesthood. {{has_property}} clericalism, sacerdotalism[obs3], episcopalianism, ultramontanism[obs3]. {{part_of: theocracy, @R976}}. {{has_branch(clericalism)}} {{has_property(monk/monastery)}} monasticism, monachism[obs3], monachy[obs3], monkhood[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{hperforms(bishop, @R996)}} [Ecclesiastical offices and dignities] episcopacy, prelacy, bishopric, episcopate, bishopdom[obs3]. {{applies_to(episcopacy)}} {{has_subtype(geographical area, @P2.3.1.1.6.2)}} see, diocese. {{has_part(diocese)}} {{applies_to(pastorate)}} parish. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{hperforms(archbishop, @R996)}} archbishopric, archiepiscopacy[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} [Ecclesiastical offices and dignities] deanery, stall; canonry, canonicate[obs3]; prebend, prebendaryship[obs3]; deaconry[obs3], deaconship[obs3]; curacy; abbacy; presbytery. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{hperforms(chaplain, @R996)}} chaplaincy, chaplainship. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{hperforms(cardinal, @R996)}} cardinalate, cardinalship[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{hperforms(vicar)}} vicariate, vicarship. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{hperforms(pastor/rector)}} pastorate, rectorship, rectorate. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(office, @M7.3.5.4.1)}} {{hperforms(Pope, @R996)}} papacy, pontificate, primacy. {{applies_to(papacy)}} Hoy See, the apostolic see, the Vatican, popedom[obs3]. {{has_habitate(Pope): Vatican City}}. {{has_subtype(induction[to=clergy, R996], @R883)}} ordination, institution, consecration, reading in, preferment, translation, presentation, holy orders. religious sects &c. R984. {{has_process}} {{has_subtype(council, @R696)}} conclave, convocation, synod, consistory, chapter, vestry; sanhedrin, conge d'elire[Fr]. {{has_process}} {{has_subtype(court)}} ecclesiastical court, consistorial court, court of Arches. <-- ; benefice, incumbency, glebe, advowson[obs3], living, cure ; ecclesiology[obs3], ecclesiologist[obs3]; priestcraft[obs3], odium theologicum[Lat] ; , hierarch[obs3] --> V. {{has_subtype(induct, @R883)}} call, ordain, prefer, translate, consecrate, present. {{has_method(become[obj=clergyman, @R996], R144)}} take orders. {{has_result(ordain/take orders)}} be a clergyman. {{has_conceptual_part(take orders)}} take vows. {{has_subtype(take orders)}} take the tonsure; take the veil. Adj. {[referring_to(church)]} ecclesiastical, ecclesiological[obs3], clerical. {[referring_to(priest, @R996)]} sacerdotal, priestly, pastoral, ministerial. prelatical, capitular[obs3], theocratic. {[referring_to(bishop, @R996)]} episcopal, episcopalian. {[referring_to(aechbishop, @R996)]} archiepiscopal. {[referring_to(abbot, @R996)]} abbatial[obs3], abbatical[obs3]. {[referring_to(Pope, @R996)]} pontifical, papal, apostolic, Roman, Popish. {[referring_to(monk, @R996/monastery/nun, @R996)]} monastic, monachal[obs3], monkish. canonical; Anglican[obs3]; ultramontane, priest-ridden. <-- hierarchical?! --> <-- clergy, R996 and laity, R997 moved to worshiper at person P2.3.2.3.6.5.70 WORSHIPER P2.3.2.3.6.5.71 CLERGY [[ceremony]] --> M9.6.5.2 RITE (R998) #998. Rite. N. {{has_subtype(ceremony, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} {{has_subtype(service, @R990)}} {{property_of(solemnity, @R642)}} {{hperforms(clergy, R996)}} rite, religious ceremony, ritual, observance. {{member_of}} liturgy. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(book, R593)}} formulary[wfr-100]. {{&has_part}} sacrament. {{&has_part: incantation &c. (spell) R993}}. {{has_part: worship, R990}}. {{has_subtype}} church service. {{performed_at(church service): @R1000, church, temple, mosque}}. {{&has_process}} {{has_subtype(preaching, @R537)}} {{topic_of(religion)}} preaching, preachment. {{has_result(preaching)}} {{has_subtype(human event)}} sermon, homily, lecture, pastoral, discourse, predication. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(induction[to=Christian church])}} [Christian ritual for induction into the faith] baptism, christening, chrism; baptismal regeneration. {{&uses(baptism)}} baptismal font. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(induction[to=Judaism])}} circumcision. imposition of hands, laying on of hands. {{has_subtype: ordination &c. (churchdom) R995}}. excommunication. [Jewish rituals] Bar Mitzvah; Bas Mitzvah; Bris. mass, holy mass. {{has_subtype(mass)}} high mass, missa cantata[Lat]; low mass; dry mass. {{has_part(high mass): singing, @M3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype(mass)}} {{has_subtype(funeral, @R839)}} funeral mass, mass for the dead. {{has_part(mass)}} offertory; introit. {{has_part(mass)}} holy communion, Eucharist, Lord's supper, communion, the sacrament, the holy sacrament. {{uses(holy communion)}} {{has_representation(Jesus Christ)}} host, bread of life, Body and Blood of Christ. {{has_subtype(holy communion)}} {{part_of(bread + wine)}} communion under both species. celebration, high celebration; asperges[obs3]; consecration; consubstantiation, transubstantiation; real presence; elements. matrimony &c. R903; burial &c. R363; visitation of the sick. {{member_of(sacrament)}} seven sacraments. {{has_subtype(sacrament)}} confirmation; extreme unction; viaticum. impanation[obs3], subpanation[obs3], invocation of saints, transfiguration; processional; thurification[obs3], aspersion. {{has_subtype(sacrament)}} confession, auricular confession. {{has_subtype: canonization}}. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(sacred object)}} censer, thurible, urceus[obs3]. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(sacred object)}} {{has_representation(Jesus Christ): @P2.3.1.3.7, cross, crucifix, rood; relic; holy water}}. {{&uses}} {{has_subtype(sacred object)}} incense. Holy Grail, Sangraal[obs3]. {{&contained_in(host)}} pax[Lat], pyx. {{&contained_in(relic)}} reliquary. {{has_property}} ritualism, ceremonialism; sabbatism[obs3], sabbatarianism[obs3]. {{performed_by}} ritualist, sabbatarian[obs3]. {{&has_temporal_location}} {{has_subtype(day, @R108)}} holyday. {{has_subtype(holyday): feast day, @R138}}. {{has_subtype(holyday)}} [Christian holy days] Sabbath; Pentecost; Epiphany; agape, Ascension Day; Good Friday; Holy Thursday; Lammas, Martinmas, Michaelmas. {{has_subtype(holyday): Christmas, All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day; Easter, Easter Sunday, Whitsuntide}}. {{part_of(holyday)}} Advent; Lent; Passion week, Holy week. {{part_of(holyday)}} [Moslem holy days] Ramadan, Ramazan; Bairam. {{part_of(holyday)}} [Jewish holy days] Passover; Hanukkah, Chanukkah, Feast of Lights. {{has_subtype(holyay)}} [Jewish holy days] Yom Kippur, Day of Atonement; Rosh Hashana, New Year; Purim, Feast of lots; Shabuoth. {{has_location: R1000, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.1, temple, church}}. <-- , patera[obs3]; eileton[obs3] --> <-- ordinance, function, duty; form. ?? --> V. {{hperforms(clergy, R996)}} [ritual actions of clergy] perform service, do duty, minister, officiate. give the sacrament, administer the sacrament. {{has_subtype(administer the sacrament)}} {{result_of(baptism)}} baptize, dip, sprinkle. {{has_subtype(administer the sacrament)}} {{result_of(confirmation)}} anoint, confirm, lay hands on. {{has_subtype(administer the sacrament)}} administer extreme unction. {{has_subtype(administer the sacrament)}} {{result_of(confession)}} hear confession, administer holy penance, shrive. {{has_subtype(officiate)}} {{result_of(excommunication)}} excommunicate, ban with bell book and candle. {{has_subtype(worship, R990)}} {{performed_by(worshiper, R997)}} [ritual actions of believers] attend services, go to church. {{has_subtype(go to church)}} attend mass, go to mass, hear mass. {{has_process(go to mass)}} {{hperforms(worshiper)}} take the sacrament, receive the sacrament, receive communion, attend the sacrament, partake of the sacrament, partake of communion, communicate. {{has_subtype(rite)}} {{hperforms(worshiper)}} receive extreme unction; confess, go to confession, receive penance; anele[obs3]. {{hperforms(clergy, R996)}} {{has_subtype(preach, @R537)}} [teaching functions of clergy] preach, sermonize, predicate, lecture. Adj. ritual, ritualistic; ceremonial; baptismal, eucharistical; paschal. Phr. "what art thou, thou idol ceremony?" [Henry V]. M9.6.5.3 ECCLESIASTICAL ATTIRE #999. Ecclesiastical attire. N. {{may_wear(clergyman)}} {{has_subtype(costume, @R225)}} vestment, liturgical vestment, canonicals, vestment, ecclesiastical attire[collective]. {{has_subtype(robe, @R225)}} robe, gown, Geneva gown, frock, pallium, cassock, pall, dalmatic[obs3], scapulary[obs3], cope, mozetta[obs3]. {{has_subtype(tunic)}} surplice, tunicle[obs3]. {{has_subtype(robe)}} {{property_of(color[val=white])}} alb, alba[obs3]. scarf, chasuble, stole, amice. {{&has_part(robe)}} {{has_subtype(headwear)}} cowl, hood, capouch[obs3]. bands; vagas[obs3], vakas[obs3], vakass[obs3]. apron, lawn sleeves. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(headpiece, @P2.3.1.3.5.2)}} miter, tiara, triple crown; shovel hat, cardinal's hat; biretta; skullcap, calotte, calote[obs3]. {{has_subtype(staff, @R215)}} crosier; pastoral staff, thurifer[obs3]. {{may_wear(nun)}} habit. {{has_subtype(haircut): tonsure}}. <-- fanon[obs3], fannel[obs3] , pontificals[obs3] --> <-- R1000 temple moved to structures P2.3.1.3.10.2.2.1 TEMPLE, CHURCH --> <-- [[endthes]] =========================================================================== ** END OF REORGANIZED THESAURUS ** =========================================================================== ************************************************************************** --> <-- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= REFERENCES =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The following sources were used to verify definitions and classifications: [1] Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Ninth and Tenth Editions (Referred to as MW9 and MW10) Definitions in the tenth edition are treated as authoritative for most purposes in this classification Tenth Edition: Editor-in chief is Frederick C. Mish (Springfield, Mass., Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1993) [2] Webster's New World Dictionary, Third College Edition Victoria Neufeldt and David Guralnik, Editors Webster's New World Dictionaries Division, Simon and Shuster, New York, 1988. [3] Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language Noah Porter D.D., Ll.D., Ed. G & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, Mass. U.S.A. (1913) (An 1890 dictionary revised in 1913) (For older definitions missing from recent dictionaries, this dictionary is particularly useful). [4] Modern Biology J. Otto and Albert Towle Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, New York, 1985. (For biological classifications) [5] A Field Guide to the Mammals of Africa T. Haltenorth and H. Diller William Collins Sons, London, 1980. [6] What's What: A visual glossary of everyday objects - from paper clips to passenger ships. Reginald Bragonier, Jr. and David Fisher, Eds. Ballantine Books, New York, 1981. This pictorial dictionary is especially valuable for identifying parts of picturable objects. [7] D. Lenat and R. Guha. Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems (Addison-Wesley , Reading Mass. 1990) Some ideas about higher categories such as "process" were adapted from Lenat and Guha's book on the CYC project. [8] Some proverbs were added. Some of these were taken from the book: Dictionary of Quotations and Proverbs: Everyman Edition compiled by D. C. Browning. (Cathay Books, London, 1989) Referred to as DQP. [9] George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1980) [10] John F. Sowa. Distinctions, Combinations, and Constraints. in Proceedings, IJCAI Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, held in conjunction with IJCAI-95, Montreal, AUgust, 1995. [11] Edmund Fuller. 4800 Wisecracks and Epigrams. [PC1] V. desire, want, wish, wish for; be desirous &c. adj.; have a longing &c. n.. {{conceptual_part_of: hope &c. R858}}.