<-- ************************************************************************* ** FACTOTUM(R) SemNet Version 0.56 ** ** Parts 1 and 2 ** ************************************************************************* Copyright (C) MICRA, Inc. 1998. FACTOTUM(R) is a registered Trademark of MICRA, Inc., Plainfield, NJ "In natural science, I have understood, there is nothing petty to the mind that has a large vision of relations, and to which every single object suggests a vast sum of conditions."[The Mill on the Floss, George Eliot, 1860]. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= For inquiries regarding commercial use of the FACTOTUM(R) Semantic Network, contact Patrick Cassidy at MICRA, Inc. 735 Belvidere Ave. Plainfield, NJ, 07062 (908) 668-5252 cassidy@micra.com =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The FACTOTUM(R) SemNet (in files fsn1.doc and fsn2.doc) is a hierarchically-organized semantic network in thesaurus format, derived by reorganization and supplementation of the version of Roget's Thesaurus published in 1911. The new organization is intended to permit more accurate use of inheritance, using ISA and other semantic relational markers. When the first reorganization of the Roget is completed, every word will be either in a defined location in the type hierarchy, or related to a node in the hierarchy by a defined semantic relation. These semantic relations at present are only suggestive English words, and to be useful in reasoning still need to be defined either by axioms or procedural code. The ultimate goal is to have a semantic network which has, in logically defined and computer-usable format, all of the "facts" about words which would be found in a typical dictionary, plus some other more basic "facts" about concepts which are essential for computer understanding of language, but would usually be so basic as to be left out of a dictionary produced for human use. This goal, however, would probably require over a hundred person-years, and the immediate goal of the reorganization of Roget is much more modest. This work is envisioned as being performed in two stages, the first being a simple reorganization of the Roget. The purpose of the first reorganizational stage is twofold: (1) to find the semantic relations implied by the organization of words in clusters under "main entries". We expect that these implied semantic relations will form the minimum necessary to describe those relations between words which are sufficiently salient to be used in understanding the words as used in normal communications. This set will probably form a subset of the semantic relations needed to provide definitions of words comparable in detail to normal dictionary definitions; and (2) to produce an "improved" Roget, in which words within each main entry which are subtypes of the entry headword are distinguished from other words, related by other semantic relations, and to explicitly denote the semantic relations involved. The resulting skeletal semantic network will need to be tested in comparison to other semantic networks in language-understanding tasks, such a disambiguation, to determine which parts may be useful and which need modification. We wish to specify in as precise a format as possible the meanings of words, but because words are used with great frequency in flexible, even novel ways, often metaphorically, and may vary slightly in meaning depending on the context of use, it is impossible to specify precisely all of the meanings which these words may have. What we hope to capture in a semantic network of this kind is primarily the central meanings of the most easily distinguishable senses. Any program using this network for interpretation will need to have a mechanism for adjusting the meanings to accommodate potential variant uses. Another type of flexibility in language is the frequent use of a more general term when a more precise term (one lower in the hierarchy) could be used. Awareness of this possibility on the part of an interpreting program is essential, particularly since the division and subdivision of words is to some extent arbitrary, and for convenience in classification we have sometimes inserted phrasal concepts which are seldom or never actually used in linguistic communication. This increases the potential that the hierarchical distance will not accurately reflect conceptual distance. Such insertions will not prove troublesome if conceptual distance takes into consideration not merely the number of hierarchical nodes which must be traversed from one concept to its supertype, but also the total number of nodes subordinate to the higher node. The logical relations between concepts (semantic relations) specified in this text-format file may be extracted by a parser and indexer (Thespars) written by Dr. Aleksandr Gelbukh (in Moscow), and the index is used by a viewer (Thesview), also written by Dr. Gelbukh. A list of the relations used, and their explanation, is contained in a companion file "relation.doc". The hierarchy is based exclusively on the nouns at present. The verbs and adjectives will nevertheless in most cases be in their proper hierachical order, since the entries, including those whose concepts are primarily verbal or adjectival, have been ordered by the nominalized forms. At the highest and most abstract levels, the hierarchy in some cases will not appear to be a proper type hierarchy, as for example, with M7, volition. The "subtypes" are not actually subtypes of volition itself, but form a cluster of concepts related to volition. This problem could be cured by simply labeling the concept "volition" as "concepts related to volition" or "volitional phenomenon". For the present, this has not been done, but after the completion of first reorganization, such questions will be reviewed to decide if such a relabeling is appropriate. So at present the topmost categories are sometimes more general than their labels would appear. In reality, therefore, at present the strict hierarchy tends to start at the node with one number (e.g. P2), or one level below that (e.g. M7.1). When the first reorganization is completed, the higher levels may be relabeled to bring a stricter inheritance capability up to the top levels. Inheritance will in general be more accurate with the physical concepts. In order to construct a reasonably accurate inheritance hierarchy, it has been necessary to create certain phrasal concepts, such as "powered land vehicle," which do not occur in real text. This is harmless, and a small price to pay for the convenience of efficient inheritance. Since this thesaurus is intended to be used in language understanding and generation, there can and should be a general rule in any generation system which excludes the use of words or phrases which have not previously been observed in text, unless the demands of the situation require use of the "novel" word. This will prevent odd-sounding text from being generated. For understanding, any phrase in this network which is not ecnountered in text will have zero or minimal impact on the performance of the system. Additions of missing words to supplement the original 1911 Roget have been entered only when their absence has been noticed in the course of the reorganization into a hierarchy; as yet no attempt at systematic additions has been made, to bring the coverage up to level of a modern dictionary. However, a few lists of plants from the Wordnet system (from the Princeton group of Prof. Miller) have been incorporated. Many phrases which are simply combinatorial, rather than idiomatic, have been included, since they were included or implied in the Roget. Those which are simple combinations, including verb-particle combinations, should be dissociated at some point, after procedures to regenerate such combinations in a combinatorial manner during language understanding have been constructed. Meanwhile, because this thesaurus will be incorporated into the lexicon, they serve to allow direct and efficient recognition of such combinations in text. USE OF THIS NETWORK This semantic network can serve as an outine for construction of a full lexicon for natural language understanding. At the present stage (version 0.55) the number of links per node (about 1, not counting inherited links) is many times fewer than would be needed to provide the essential chracteristics of words sufficient to construct a dictionary definition. Even when complete, as a simple network of nodes and links, it will merely provide a set of logical relations which tie together the linguistic symbols used to label the nodes. To provide actual language understanding, the semantic relations and the primitive concepts underlying the linguistic symbols must be defined by a procedural code which will create the logical structure to represent any linguistic input. According to the approach we favor, the main language-understanding routines will be associated with the "primitive" concepts of the network. Most of the headword concepts in this network are at least in part "primitive" (i.e. the concepts are not fully defined in terms of other concepts), and we presume that the coding of procedures to interpret these primitives will commence with the most general (highest in the hierarchy) and continue down the hierarchy, as time permits. After the first several hundred primitives have been encoded (in addition to a few hundred semantic relations), it may be feasible to test the network for its utility in language understanding. A program using only this network with a few hundred defined primitives may be able to obtain a "vague" understanding of the actions and objects encountered in text, but will lack the ability to distinguish many details (and therefore make certain inferences), especially on technical subjects. We expect that, as detail is added, more precise understanding will develop, without developing serious computational bottlenecks. Each word-concept in this semantic network will contain many of the essential elements of a definition (in most cases, with the genus, but without all of the differentia found in a typical dictionary definition). The first revision of the thesaurus to conform to a hierarchical network will only attempt to specify the relations within each main entry to the first level, i.e. it will distinguish the subtype relation from other types of semantic relations. There are many blocks of words (paragraphs), related to a headword by only a single semantic relation (usually subtype). Many of these have no other semantic relations to other words specified, and therefore are indistinguishable from each other by the logic of this network. For the same reason, those words listed only as subtypes must by default be treated as synonyms of the headword. Additional work, at a later stage, will be needed to add the detailed relations which would allow one to distinguish words which should be distinguished, and thus extract a complete definition for each word from this semantic network. For the simple purposes of distinguishing subtype from other relations, a simple linear-text format is sufficient, and, when organized in about 2000 main headings, analogously to the Roget, it has the advantage of placing many related concepts within a single window, allowing the editor to obtain a broad view of the context for each word. We find such a broad contextual view helpful in deciding the proper placement of words in the hierarchy. At the present time we have no mechanism to extract and display graphically all of the relations of a single concept to other concepts in the network. Such relations can be extracted by the ThesParse routines, and presented in files for use by other programs. For later work, after much more detail has been filled in, a graphically oriented display (and editing tool), although not essential, may prove more convenient. We expect that one of the knowledge-maintenance tools already created by other groups will prove suitable, and expect that the data in this semantic network will be transferrable to such a system. The difference between this file and the CYC project is, in addition to the much larger size of CYC, that CYC is attempting to formally specify all of the concepts in an encyclopedia, describing the objects and actions primarily in the physical world. We are trying to specify the concepts in a thesaurus, whose subject is the language itself. The difference is primarily one of emphasis, but this semantic network should have a larger proportion of "mental" (including linguistic, social and abstract) concepts than an encyclopedia, and much less technical content, as well as a much smaller set of relational predicates. In addition, the expressive power required to describe real-world phenomena will be greater than that required to merely specify relations between words. For any given verb or adjective, for example, at some time that verb or adjective has been predicated of some object in the real world, and therefore the number of assertional predicates about real world objects in an assertional database can be expected to equal the number of non-synonymous verbs and adjectives, unless some of those verbs or adjectives can be defined in terms of other concepts. For an assertional database such as CYC, extensions to this terminological notation relations will certainly be required. Accuracy and Completeness At the present time, representing only a few person-years of work, this semantic network will necessarily contain only a small part of the linguistic information commonly used by people in everyday communication. The number of specified semantic relations in this network is estimated to be between one percent and ten percent of those needed to define words sufficiently for understanding at the level required to form new concepts (i.e., to learn by use of language). Anyone who notices missing relations is encouraged to call them to our attention. For many concepts, especially among the physical objects and interactions of physical objects, this network has been, up to this point, deliberately left sketchy. In part, this is due to the need to concentrate first on the outline of the semantic network, leaving details for later. In addition, it is due to a recognition of the large amount of work that has already been done by others to define physical concepts, and the desire to avoid duplication of such effort. After the initial outline has been completed, we hope to be able to fill in details by reference to such other work. Nevertheless, to test the limits of this simple notation, occasionally definitions of physical concepts have been attempted. Anyone who notices errors or inadequacies in such definitions is encouraged to bring that to our attention. There are important conceptual relations still not treated by this simple notation. One is the "contingency" relation. For example, we may want to classify certain animals as egg-laying. So we might say {{exhibits(egg-laying animal): produce[obj=egg]}}. But this is true only of mature females. We have no simple way to include that contingency, and this must be done in order to make this network actually useful. For the moment such relations as "exhibits" can only be interpreted as meaning the the "exhibited" action occurs under certain unspecified conditions, i.e. that it is a potential action, not always observed. Aside from incompleteness, at this stage (version 0.55), there are very likely a number of outright errors (internal inconsistencies). In addition, because other workers may disagree as to the meanings of individual concepts or individual semantic relations, others may disagree as to the use of certain relations between concepts, even though they are internally consistent. The simplest way to decide if the relations defined here are consistent with one's own interpretations of linguistic usage, is to scan a list of all of the uses of one semantic relation (which can be generated by the ThesParse program), to see how that relation is used here. We also welcome comments pointing out errors or suggesting different interpretations of either words or semantic relations, or suggesting additional semantic relations not used here. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- History: Last edit 1998-Jan-09. The first scan of the entire thesaurus has been completed. Numerous reference words still have ambiguous or incorrect references. Disambiguation of references started Oct 12, 1995. Using HP4 printer driver, This first file has 615 total pages, of which 13 are the introduction. September 20, 1994: All Roget numbers now have an associated hierarchical number. August 13, 1994. In file B, at P 50 of 381; 331 remaining. August 8, 1994. In file A, at P 470 of 470. Part B has 366 pages. Thus, (excluding header) done 470, with 366 remaining. Section margins 0.5" at each edge (8-1/2 x 11") August 8, 1994. Completed shifting of most individual Roget categories to new positions, but the initial internal reorganization has only reached M3.1.1.3 (ca. 50 per cent done). July 20, 1994: To avoid the inability of MS-Word to handle the current-sized file, we divided the single file into two files; part A contains abstract and physical concepts, and part B contains mental concepts. A nuisance, but manageable until we get a word processor that can handle a 3+-megabyte file. June 23, at 385 out of 719 = 334 remaining??? Pagination?? June 23, 1994: The MS-word program has begun to bomb with a message "not enough memory", presumably due to too large a file (or too many bookmarks?). Removed the original Roget classification at the bottom of the thesaurus, and put it in a file called "rtoutlin.doc". As of June 6, 1994: at Page 357 out of 773 = 416 remaining. April 1994: added some detailed sections from the living organism sections of Wordnet 1.4. Most organisms from Wordnet were left out. Feb 5-7, 1994: The syntactical errors found by Sasha's parser have been removed. June 1993: Began modifications to conform more closely to the UMLS semantic network in the "organism" section. Began to search and remove syntactical errors. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= NOTATIONS =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-===-= This thesaurus is organized, like the Original Roget's by major word categories, of which there are about 1100. Each main entry has words semantically related to the headword, and organized in subsections. The first subdivision of the main entry is the paragraph. All the words in any paragraph have the same semantic relation to the headword. A main entry may be headed by a Roget-entry number (a number prefixed by a "#" symbol), or by a hierarchical entry number (a number prefixed by a "A", "P", or "M"). Within each paragraph will be one or more synonym groups, separated by semicolons. Within a synonym group may be one or more phrases, which will be composed of one or more words. A phrase may be enclosed in quotation marks, and this will in most cases be solely to contain a phrase with a number or some special symbol (such as numbers or letters from European alphabets), to avoid confusing the automatic parser. The quotation marks should not be construed as indicating any special meaning. There are varying degrees of synonymy, and the synonym groups located between colons are intended to be synonymous in the normal sense that the "synonyms" may be substituted for each other in at least one particular context. If the "synonym" is in fact synonymous in only one particular phrase or context, we try to specify that phrase or context by use of the contxtual relation "{[in_frame]}". However, this level of detail has not been achieved with the entire text. One implied relation not usually explicitly defined concerns adjectives. The default interpretation of the first synonym-group among the adjectives should be equivalent to the relation {[concerning(x)]} where "x" is the headword of the main entry. This is intended to be approximately equivalent to the commonly used lexical device in dictionaries, "of or related to". ROGET-NUMBERED ENTRIES The 1911 Roget category numbers have been retained, and subdivided in some cases with a, b, c, where significant parts of a Roget entry are broken out into a separate entry. This numbering serves merely as a temporary cross-reference to other entries, until all Roget entries have been assigned a hierarchical number. It also serves to indicate the origin of most of the entries. Eventually most Roget entries (with some exceptions) should have at least one hierarchical entry number, but as of the last edit this has not been completed. HIERARCHICAL NUMBERING The hierarchical numbering is in 3 groups: abstract, Physical, and Mental, in which the hierarchy numbers are preceded with an A, P, or M, repectively. Subdivisions are preceded by decimal points separating the hierarchical levels (segment numbers), as in "P2.3.2.3.5". A word in the hierarchical noun segment of each subgroup should be a proper subtype of all of the higher categories. If necessary for some implementation, a single top level called "concept" could be added. Within a paragraph, words which are approximately synonymous are grouped together, separated by commas; each synonym-group is separated by a semicolon (";") from other words which have a lot of similarity, but are not so closely synonymous. All paragraphs begin with a tab (indentation) and end with a period. The objective is to group within each paragraph words which have similar semantic categories, and a similar semantic relation to the headword. In some cases, in order to maintain the hierarchical numbering as strictly as possible, certain compound categories have been used for which there is no single word, and which comprise the sole phrase in the entry. For example, to divide entertainment devices, we created the entry: P2.3.1.3.13.1 NON-ELECTRONIC ENTERTAINMENT DEVICES N. non-electronic entertainment device. Although such categories may appear arbitrary, in most cases they are created in order to attach semantic relations which apply to a whole category, and thereby to maintain modularity and minimize redundancy, so as to make the database more easily maintainable. RELATIONAL ENTRIES Certain main entries are not included in the main hierarchy, i.e., they are not simply a subtype of some other entry, but are indexed by their relation to another entry. In such cases, the Hierarchical number will contain an "R" at some point within the numbering system, indicating a relational entry. For example, "trophy" is include within the section on "success", M7.4.1.1 (which includes victory), and is numbered M7.4.1.1.R1. To a certain extent such entries have something of the character of "Roles" in KL-ONE-like systems, i.e., they are defined by virtue of their relation to something else. (for more about roles and role names, see Note10, below at R9). Other examples of relational entries are parts of physical objects. IN this case, as well as in the case of a "trophy", the entries are in fact physical objects, and could have been included directly in the hierarchy under physical objects. However, this would have been contrary to the guiding principle of this network, which is to classify concepts within the categories to which they are mentally most closely related. The logical relations will be the same regardless of what the hierarchical number is, but it should be easier to comprehend, build, and modify the network by collecting the closely related entries in one place. This is, of course, the reason for adopting a Roget-like structure to the text representation of the network. SYNONYMS AND SUBTYPES There may be several paragraphs under each main heading. Within the first paragraph the first synonym set in general contains words which are synonymous to the headword. The remaining synonym groups of the first paragraph contain words which share a lot of similarity in meaning to the head entry word. This is equivalent to an implied {{similar_to}} relation. Other paragraphs within the set of nouns, unless marked with different semantic relations, are implied subtypes of the headword. OTHER SEMANTIC RELATIONS [[semrel]] Words which are not synonymous or subtypes, but have other semantic relations to the headword, are contained in paragraphs with a semantic relation indicated in a double curly bracket heading the paragraph. These other semantic relations are to be interpreted as default conditions, to which there may be exceptions. Exceptions may be noted by a symbol pair "!:" within a relation, overriding the same previous relation(s) inherited from above. FOr example, a "conduit" usually has an opening (to transport physical substances), but an electrical wire is usefully thought of as a conduit for electricity, and the transported agents (electrons) need no opening thourhg twhich to pass, so we override the default hollow character of a conduit thus: {{!:not_has_subtype(opening, R260)}} {{has_subtype(conduit[for=electricity[2], @P2.6.1.1.2])}} {{has_subtype(wire, @R205)}} electrical wire. Initial comments in square brackets are generally either explanatory comments or semantic relations for which a well-defined semantic relation has not yet been formulated. Comments in square brackets after a word may be usage comments, or, used within semantic relations, may restrict the application of the relation. In general, between the beginning of a main entry and the "end-hierarchy" mark "$$", any paragraph not headed by a semantic relation has the default semantic relation of a subtype of the headword, i.e., part of the hierarchy proper. This may also be written explicitly as {{has_subtype(headword)}}. However, if there is a direct semantic relation (in double brackets) heading a paragraph, and containing no first argument (in parentheses) (e.g. {{has_part}}), this relation is assumed to be the only semantic relation of the headword to the paragraph words. Such "direct" semantic relations will not contain a parenthesis within the double curly brackets. In this case, if a group of words has a semantic relation in addition to the subtype relation, the subtype relation must be specified explicitly. (There is an exception, for the semantic relations dealing with quantity or intensity. These semantic relations imply a subtype relation, e.g. {{has_high_intensity}} is a direct semantic relation, but the words thus categorized will also be subtypes of the headword, although with a distinctive property differntiating them from other subtype words). In general, a semantic relation in which the first argument is some other word which does *not* have its primary definition in the same main entry does NOT nullify the subtype relation(for example, under Interpretation, R522, the paragraph: {{uses(mysticism)}} anagoge, anagogoy. shows that the words anagoge and anagogy, in addition to being subtypes of interpretation, are also devices employed in mysticism. Likewise, if the specified semantic relation is another subtype relation (i.e., if a subtype relation is specified which is not the headword, this subtype is also assumed to apply in addition to the subtype of the headword). A paragraph may have any number of relations listed, all of which apply to all the words in the paragraph. For example, under R85a, Computation: {{&used_in(number, R84)}} {{used_in(symbol)}} operation, mathematical operation; operator. Here operator and operation both use numbers and symbols, and both are a type of computation. The "&" in front of the semantic relation means "sometimes" or "may". In this case, the "sometimes" symbol is used because mathematical operations may operate on things other than numbers (but in this paragraph, the second relation states that a mathematical operation always uses symbols). The quantifier may be different in the reverse direction, and where this is to be indicated explicitly, there may be two qualifiers in front of a relation. Thus, in the entry of "interval", we note that an interval may be caused by the act of parting, but it may also be caused by other factors -- thus: {{&!caused_by(interval): @P2.6.1.2.4.4, parting}}. i.e., parting always causes an interval, but an interval is only sometimes caused by parting. The interpretation of combinations of relations is not yet well defined. One example of a combination is in the entry under "Smooth", where various methods of smoothing are given. Here, smoothing by abrasion and smoothing by cutting. In the verb section: V. smooth, smoothen[obs3]. [render smooth] {{has_subtype(smooth)}} {{has_method(abrade, @P2.4.2.4.3)}} file; polish, burnish. Interpretation: "to file is to smooth by abrasion" {{has_subtype(smooth)}} {{has_method(cut, R44)}} plane; mow; shave. Interpretation: "planing, mowing, and shaving are types of smoothing by cutting" Thus, in ordinary English, the "method" relation is usually expressed as "by". Another example is the relation between wood and sawdust. Of course, sawdust is composed of wood, but more specifically, we write: {{constitutes(wood)}} {{has_subtype(powder)}} {{forms(cut)}} {[with_object(wood)]} sawdust. This means that "cutting wood forms a powdery material composed of wood, called sawdust". # pound sign serves as the start of a Roget entry. The segment of the entry which is directly included in the hierarchy (as opposed to non-hierarchical semantic relations) is exclusively in the noun section, beggining with the N. symbol. $$ ends the hierarchical segment started by a "N." within an entry. This is a temporary device to allow recognition of paragraphs containing subtypes, even though non-subtytpe paragraphs have not been given their proper semantic markers. At present, only a few entries have this boundary explicitly marked. {{}} double curly brackets designate the defined semantic relation (see list in file "relation.doc") which the immediately following segment(paragraph) has to the immediately preceding hierarchically organized main entry. These brackets precede the word(s) being categorized, and the relation applies to all entries up to the end of the paragraph. For usage, see below. These relations are essentially predicate relations between two arguments. (where the relation does not contain a verb, the implied verb is "is", e.g. "part_of" actually means "[head word] is_part_of [following word]".). In the case where the first argument is not the main entry word(s) for that segment, the first argument will appear in parentheses behind the relation, thus "{{has_property(light): color}}" means that light has a property named color(and that color in this sense has its primary entry elsewhere). Where the relation is a property, the property may have a value, and in this case the value may also appear inside the relational markers. In this case, there will be a second set of colons within the relation, immediately preceding the value. If the second concept of the relation is outside the relational markers (a primary entry), there will be two colons immediately adjacent. Thus, for a primary entry: {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{property_of(number of sides):: six}} hexagon. and for a reference entry: {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{property_of(number of sides): hexagon: six}}. Another notation with similar purpose, used to provide additional detail in semantic relations, is to include a conceptual relation in square brackets after a word. For bicycle, we want to indicate that it must have two wheels, so we use: {{has_part(bicycle): wheel[num=2]}}. We can also use inequalities to express the idea of maximum or minimum: {{has_member(organization): person[num=>0]}}. Typically, the proper interpretation of the expression within such square brackets will be the task of the primitive routine assigned to interpret the modified word. Thus such routines must be able to interpret any modifier which is used in that fashion. A list of the different modifiers used in such square brackets is contained in the file "attribs.doc". ^ A further detail of the notation occurs where we want to express the concept that a property of some concept is quantitatively similar or different to the same quantity of another concept. We use the [val] as a modifier, and relate that to another concept. That other concept must also be a value. We use a short notation to indicate a property of a concept, the carat "^", which is interpreted as "of" applied in the reverse direction. Thus the age of a child is "child^age", and the child of a parent is parent^child, and we express the fact that the age of a father must be greater than the age of that father's child by: {{has_property: age[val=>parent^child^age]}} parent; father, sire, dad, papa. This carat mark must be interpreted as the "of" expressing therelation which is explicitly marked in this hierarchy. Because there is only one direct relation between parent and child, viz. "begets", the child "of" the parent is the child of the parent who creates that child. another example, would be where we want to say that "a chimney is taller than the building of which it is a part": {{{has_relative_val(height^chimney + height^building^chimney): ">1"}}}. This should have only one interpretation, since the only direct relation between the building and the chimney is the "has_part" relation. More explicit "of" relations are needed, and will be added. Universal quantifiers. In order to say things about all of a certain class of objects, one method is to use the "number" restriction with a value of "all". Thus to say that a regular polygon has all sides of equal length, we can use: {{has_subtype(polygon)}} {{has_part($side)}} regular polygon. &&{{has_property($side[num=all]): length[val=equal]}}. The "equal" in the value statement must be used with a relation which refers to some property of more than one object. & In cases where the semantic relation sometimes holds between the two words, and sometimes doesn't, an ampersand (&) is placed before the relation. This symbol is not symmetrical, i.e., it does not work the same way in both directions. For example, only some types of conversion are caused by radioactivity. But radioactivity always causes conversion of the radioactive element. Thus the non-symmetry: {{&result_of(conversion): radioactivity}}. {{has_result(radioactivity): conversion, transmutation}}. (read as: "conversion is sometimes the result of radioactivity", or "some types of conversion are the result of radioactivity"). {{&has_subtype(pathogen): virus; bacterium; protozoan}}. (read as: some viruses and some bacteria are pathogens) Without this symbol, the normal interpretation is that the relation will usually hold, and is to be considered a default, to be applied unless overridden. In certain cases, the existence of more than one argument for the target of a relation will have the same effect as a "sometimes" symbol. For example, if a physical object is "part_of" more than one whole object, the interpretation is that the part may be found in any one of those whole objects. Several arguments for "caused_by" means that any one of those could be a cause. If all "causes" are required to operate to produce an effect, they should be combined in one argument, with "+" signs between them. On the other hand, some relations are inherently symmetrical with respect to frequency. "requires" and its inverse, "required_for" express the same relation, and should have the same meaning of necessity in both directions. ! In cases where the semantic relation is a necessary condition, not overridable (except in unusual circumstances, such as metaphorical use), the exclamation point "!" is used. !! In order to create definitions which have both necessary and sufficient conditions (defined, rather than primitive concepts), the double asterisk is used prior to the relation name. Such definitions should be susceptible to automatic placement within the hierarchy. !: Used in front of a relation name to signify that this relation overrides all default relations of the same type. Used especially with subtypes. {{!:has_subtype(x): y}} means that other than the specific properties of the main entry, y inherits only from x and its supertypes, regardless of the supertype of the main entry in which it may be located. However, y will still inherit properties from the main entry in which it is located. {[]} Curly brackets followed by square brackets indicate a semantic relation which is one of usage in context. This includes usage of the type often indicated in dictionaries with the phrase "of ..." or "in ...", i.e., the specific meaning of a word when used in relation to a particular subject. In this sense, the relation "in_frame" is used, e.g. under "limit"... {[in_frame(gambling)]} maximum bet. In most cases, there will be only one word in parentheses, indicating the relationship of the following word to the headword. Occasionally, two words will be in p[arentheses, and in this case, the second word takes the place of the headword in the relationship. These relations may apply to the subject or object of a verb, the noun modified by an adjective, or an activity (such as gambling, above) in which the term is used. {} single curly brackets signify semantic relations in a manner similar to double curly brackets, but the semantic relations are not included in the defined list. Typically the semantic relations in single curly brackets are more complex than those in double curly brackets. [] square brackets contain explanatory comments, and in some cases may contain semantic relations which have not yet been classified. Brackets which appear at the head of a paragraph apply to all words in the paragraph, but brackets which appear at the end of a word or phrase apply only to that word or phrase. One type of comment, for example, is the context in which a word most often appears in the specific sense (e.g. MED means medical context, CHEM is chemistry, coll. means colloquial usage, etc.). Such comments appear after the relevant word. Although many of the notations have been standardized, any type of free-form comment may appear in square brackets, either at the head of the paragraph, or after a single phrase. A special comment in square brackets after a word is the Wordnet word-sense for that word. Such comments appear as a "wn" followed by a number, such as: plant[wn3] which means that this sense of the word "plant" is labeled as sense 3 in Wordnet. A bracket comment of the type [wfr-100] indicates that the labeled word is not actually obsolete, but is used much less frequently than a more common sense. Eventually, all lexical entries should have a frequency-of-usage count for each sense, to assist the interpreter to choose the correct sense. Until then, such "frequency" counts are entered only as estimates, where it is possible that common senses will be confused with rare senses. Another special use of square brackets is as a temporary notation to indicate words which can be used to generate additional word combinations by replacement of the indicated word with any of its subtypes. The comment which indicates this type of functionality is of the form: [replaceable=R191] where "replaceable=" is the keyword, and the reference indicates where the replaceable word has its primary entry. --> <-- In this file, comments which are not a proper part of the thesaurus itself are contained within arrow brackets thus: <-- comment -->. In some cases, the topic dealt with by such commnts have filled volumes of philosophical speculation, and the only function of the comment is to explain the reason for the classification used, not to assert that a compelling solution to each of these profound questions has been found. --> <-- ?? signifies locations where rearrangement or additions are needed / the forward slash in any grouping serves as an "or" function; any member of the group will serve in that location, or for that purpose. This is shortened equivalent of having several such relations expressed individually. @ References to numbers starting with "@" indicate that the reference or relation is to a word within the designated main entry, but the reference word is not the head word itself (or one of its synonyms). In this case, the reference word is usually a word semantically related to the head word, with its primary occurrence at that location. $ local concept mark. This is used in frame-like structures, to indicate identity of reference for certain concepts within the frame. Used with the following. && continuation mark: is used to create a frame-like object by tying together several assertions. (We use "frame" here to mean any structure containing more than one binary relation). The assertions may contain a word which is prefixed by a dollar sign ("$"). This dollar sign is a signal that the following word is to be treated as a unique but unnamed concept, defined locally. That is, the properties specified are relevant only within that specific frame. All identical words prefixed by the dollar sign are to be treated as a single object (concept), connected to the other concepts of that frame. If the "word" prefixed by a dollar sign is a single letter, this is to be treated as an undefined variable. Otherwise, the concept of the $-prefixed word is identical to (in that it inherits the properties and definition of) the concept specified by the same ordinary word. For example, under "rodent", to indicate that the bristles of a porcupine (a large rodent) are stiff, we use the notation: {{part_of($bristle)}} {{property_of(large)}} porcupine. &&{{has_property($bristle): stiff}}. In this case, the property "stiff" applies only to the bristle of the porcupine, and not to any other bristle. Another use for the "&&" notation is where a word may occur in several senses in the same main entry. In this case, the continuation implies that the sense referred to is the one in the same "frame", e.g. (where "ounce" and "pound" have different meanings in different weighing systems): {{has_units(avoirdupois weight)}} ounce; pound, lb; hundredweight, cwt; ton, short ton; long ton. &&{{{has_relative_value(pound+ounce): "16"}}}. &&{{{has_relative_value(hundredweight+pound): "100"}}}. Alternatively, instead of using a continuation or a specially-marked concept, it is also possible to tie together assertions without the "$", where a unique concept (occurring only once a a primary word) is defined and named. In this case, all relations specified will apply to that unique concept. For example, in the above case we could define a subtype of bristle, a "porcupine bristle". Then the frame would look like: {{property_of(large)}} porcupine. {{has_part(porcupine)}} {{has_subtype(bristle)}} porcupine bristle. {{has_property(porcupine bristle): stiff}}. In such cases one must take care not to create a new concept with that name, which will lead to ambiguity. Both methods of creating frames have been used in this thesaurus. The assertions connected by "&&" must follow sequentially, with the "&&" occupying the first characters after a tab, as above. Neologisms In order to find a conceptual path without excessive addition of new relations, it was sometimes necessary to use a derivative word not found in a typical dictionary, but easily recognizable: e.g. "pulverizability" in the grouping: {{has_requirement(pulverization)}} pulverizability. {{has_high_intensity(pulverizability)}} friability. Similarly, phrases may be used for that purpose. ------------------------------------------------------------- End of Special symbol list -------------------------------------------------------------- Example of usage of relational brackets: The default usage is that the relation links the main entry to the following words. If the related words are outside the brackets, the related words have their primary definition at this location, and these related words are counted as a separate sense (primary entry) of the words. If the related words are inside the brackets, the relation is followed by a colon, and this appearance of the related words is not counted as a separate sense (the word is a reference entry). If the symbol "@" appears as the first entry of a relation, then all subsequent words in that paragaph will be found at the referenced entry, and all are reference-entries. If the first word of the relation is not the primary entry word, the first word of the relation is included in a parenthesis following the relation. This notation is used where the first word of the relation is not a primary entry word, and has its primary definition (in that specific sense) within the same main entry. Entry word: pattern. {{is_a: group[of characteristics]}}. {{has_member}} characteristic, property, feature. {{has_subtype}} disposition, arrangement, array. {{has_property: order, A4.1}}. {{has_property(characteristic/property/feature)}} value. {{analogous_to: vector}}. (note that what this says is that a property may have a property called a value!) NOTE that because "characteristic" in this sense has its primary definition here, the has_property relation on that word is also located in this entry. Where several words in their primary locations all have an is_a relation to another word, the inverse relationship is used for convenience. Thus a mimeograph is_a copy, but for convenience this is included with other writings which are copies, i.e. Entry word: Writing (Document) {{has_subtype(copy, R21)}} mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint; photo offset. and, correspondingly, under Copy, R21: {{has_subtype(writing): mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint; photo offset}}. In many cases, specific subtypes of a concept which are simply combinations of words are included explicitly, e.g. for "critic" are listed specific types of critic (music critic, drama critic). Although these concepts could be easily derived from the individual concepts, the purpose of having such combinations explicitly included is to make it easier for a parser to recognize the combinations as a single defined unit, making errors of interpretation less likely. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Notes on individual relations: For a complete explanation, see the file "relation.doc". Closely related, almost synonymous concepts are marked as {{similar_to:}}. This indicates a closer similarity than [ref: ]. An intermediate degree of similarity is marked with the "sometimes, somewhat" operator "&", as in {{&similar_to:}}. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= DICTIONARY GENERATION =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The goal is to organize this thesaurus so that a dictionary outline of meanings (without glosses, pronunciation, etc.) can be generated automatically by a scan of the thesaurus; a large part of the semantically important information about a word should be derivable from its location in this hierarchy. Each word in a specific sense should appear only once in its proper location in the hierarchy. References to that word in that specific sense should be contained within brackets. The dictionary-outlining program will classify words which are not within brackets by their location in the hierarchy, and each new occurrence of a particular such word will be considered as a different sense from all others. Words within brackets are not be considered as a new sense of a particular word, although the indexing program will index them. As a longer-term project, the inclusion of more detail for each word will eventually allow a human-usable definition to be generated from each word in the thesaurus. Conversely, a properly constructed interpreter will allow the thesarus to be generated from a human-readable dictionary, provided that the definitions in that dictionary conform to well-defined conventions that can be handled by the parser/interpreter. We are also beginning construction of such a formatted dictionary to be used as an aid in construction of the semantic network. In many cases in this thesaurus, especially where conceptual_part and has_case relations are defined for a headword, the generation of a proper definition for subtypes of that headword will require unification of the headword with the subtype, to match the general cases defined for the headword with the specific cases denoted for each subtype of the headwrod. The second argument of each semantic relation may occur inside or outside of brackets, depending on whether the second argument of the semantic relation contains the prime sense of that word. A common example of words for which the prime location contained within a semantic pointer would be parts of machines which are peculiar to that specific machine; that is, in this thesaurus, component parts of objects for which the primary function is to serve specifically as part of that object will be classified together with the object itself in the hierarchy, within a has_part relational group. One useful element in the dictionary would be the length of the hypernym path, and the number of hyponyms, derived from this semantic network. This information will be useful in heuristic routines which may need to decide whether to expand a word's path in order to resolve references. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The individual numbered entries of this thesaurus were originally derived from the 1911 Roget's thesaurus. The following differences will be noted between this version and the original edition of the printed 1911 thesaurus: (1) the space-saving abbreviations in the original, using hyphens to represent common words, prefixes or suffixes, have been expanded into the full words or phrases. (2) the side-by-side format for words and their opposites has been abandoned. Words are listed in order of their entry number. (3) each Roget main entry (1035 entries) has a pound sign "#" in front of the number to facilitate computerized search. Some entries have been divided into two or more, with the original Roget number, plus letters to indicate their origin. (4) greek words and phrases are transliterated and marked as a foreign language word, thus: hysteron proteron[Grk]. (5) where italics occurred in the original, italics are used in the Microsoft Word(R) format file. In the plain ASCII file, this formatting is lost. (6) in the original book, words which were obsolete (in 1911) were marked with a dagger. In this version, those words are marked with an "obsolete" notation: "[obs1]". There are over 300 of these. Some of the words which were still current in 1911, but are no longer found in a current college-size dictionary (presently obsolete words), or which are no longer used in the specific indicated sense, have been marked with an "obsolete" notation: "[obs2]". However, this marking process is purely opportunistic, with no systematic attempt to cover the entire thesaurus; only a small portion of the words which are now obsolete have been thus marked. Most though not all of the foreign-language phrases are now obsolete. The "obsolete" notation [obs3] indicates that the previous word (or some word in the previous phrase) is (1) not recognized by the word processor's spelling checker, and (2) is either NOT in a modern college-sized dictionary, or is noted there as being "ARCHAIC". (7) This file contains only the main body of the thesaurus. Neither outline nor index are contained here. The outline of the original thesaurus with an overview of the organization of the concepts is contained in a separate file, "outline.doc", on the distribution disk. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= This is a very small-scale (individual) project, which is not competitive with academic or commercial efforts such as the CYC project, or the Wordnet system, but is intended to provide a convenient resource primarily for our own programs, but also for experimentation in natural-language processing by individuals or small groups with no access to more complete systems. This is only one of many projects in industry or academia attempting to build a semantic network for use in intelligent computer programs (But I resisted calling it YASN, "yet another semantic network"). We view its virtues as being (1) accessible to anyone. Although copyrighted, it will be widely distributed for research use, and we actively solicit contributions and comments from any interested party; and (2) organized somewhat differently from many other semantic networks, with an emphasis on language, as opposed to an assertional network with an emphasis on use in database or expert systems. This network is likely to have some structures, relations or concepts not present in other systems. Anyone who is currently engaged in or contemplating a similar thesaurus or dictionary project, who would be willing to collaborate on this project, is encouraged to contact us, so that unnecessary duplication of effort can be avoided. We would also appreciate being notified of typos, errors, or omissions in any version. Send inquiries or comments to: Patrick Cassidy MICRA Inc. 735 Belvidere Ave. Plainfield, NJ 07062-2054 internet: cassidy@micra.com voice: (908) 668-5252 fax: (908) 668-5904 (If no one answers, please leave a message.) ========================================================================== --> <-- Plan of Classification: the three major categories are not themselves included within an ISA hierarchy. If necessary for some implementation, a single top level called "thing" "class" "type" "top" or "concept" could be used. The "top" category would be semantically empty within this system, though it might have significance at a meta-level in discussing the system. In some cases, real semantic content (counted as slots that can be inherited) does not begin until the third level down. The first (top) level of the ISA hierarchy starts with the categories designated by capital letters. the top three categories are A: abstract relation P: physical concept M: mental concept all categories begin with one of these letters. In general, a concept in the Physical or Mental categories may be a subtype of one in the abstract category, but the reverse wll not be true. Similarly, a concept in the "Mental" category may be a subtype of one in the "physical" category, but the reverse will not be true. Thus these three categories form a relatively natural grouping. The actual one-dimensional organization of the text obviously cannot accurately represent the multi-dimensional organization of the conceptual relations, and some elements of surface organization will be arbitrary, as when one concept has multiple hypernyms. Some concepts will have only a very abstract direct hypernym, such as "process", but will be arranged here, as in the original Roget, closer to other concepts more commonly associated in linguistic usage. This proximity assists in building the semantic network by presenting several related concepts to the editor together on the same screen. Nevertheless, with all of the proper relations specified, the underlying logical structure will be the same as if a different one-dimensional organization were selected. As the number of relation specified increases, and the relations begin to take up most of the display space, this presentation will become less useful, and a different editing utility may be required, even though the logical organization does not much change. The reason for the three-category organization is based on the belief that people learn concepts primarily by sense interactions with the physical world. This provides the "grounding" which avoids the infinite regress otherwise resulting from an attempt to define concepts in terms of other concepts. Observations and interpretations of these interactions eventually cause the formation of abstract relational concepts, which are then applied in an analogical or metaphorical fashion to the more abstract mental constructs people use in interacting with each other. Thus the abstract relations first learned form the physical world are also applied to the mental world, and these relations form a distinct category of concepts. We feel that this distinction is worth preserving in a classification scheme. The remaining concepts are divided into physical, i.e. those that may be considered to exist independent of thinking agents to appreciate them, and mental concepts, those that are invented by or only significant to, thinking agents. (but see note 1) Lakoff and Johnson [9] use the terms "physical" and "cultural" to distinguish these two worlds. There are numerous cases where it appears somewhat arbitrary whether to classify concepts in the physical or mental worlds (sensation, physical science), but since this is a multiple-inheritance system, the logical relations can be preserved regardless of the formal location of a concept. The chosen division (physical or mental) is usually that which appears to allow easiest visualization of the largest number of relations for a concept. One guiding principle for reorganizing the Roget was to have the "abstract relations" category contain only those concepts which could apply to either physical or mental (social) concepts. Ideally, none of the abstract concepts should be a subtype of either a physical or mental concept, but physical and mental concepts are often subtypes of an abstract concept. There are some close calls, and it is sometimes tempting to make a physical or abstract concept a subtype of a mental concept. The "mental" category is intended to include all concepts created by the thinking actions of an intelligent agent. This includes communication, legal, social, financial, and religious concepts. It also has some elements of perception, in an attempt to distinguish the physical operation of the senses from their interpretation by intelligent agents. It is perception, at the interface between the physical and mental worlds, where the distinctions are most difficult to apply. Thus "mental" includes many concepts classified as "abstract" in some classifications, and some elements of perception, which might be under "physical" concpets. The "R" numbers refer to the main heading numbers (1 to 1000, with some subheadings, such as 615a) from the 1911 Roget's Thesaurus. Note 1: We classify mathematics within the abstract category, for convenience to associate it with numbers. This implies no position on whether mathematicians "invent" mathematics or "discover" it (in the Platonist sense). It just seems that mathematical concepts are naturally classified among relations. --> <-- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *************************************************************************** ** FACTOTUM THESAURUS ** ** A hierarchical thesaurus with inheritance ** ** MAIN TEXT OF THESAURUS ** *************************************************************************** [[thes]] --> <-- This hierarchy has three top levels, A, P, and M. If necessary, a single higher "top" level, called "concept" could be added (since this is intended as a conceptual hierarchy) --> A. ABSTRACT RELATION N. {{studied_in(mathematics, @R25/philosophy, M3.1.2.3.2.1/ontology, @R1)}} abstract relation. <-- "object, thing, entity" here will be something that can have a property. A property will not be a thing in this sense. The "existence" which these "things" possess can be abstract or fictional. Roget had mostly physical things in mind, but we need more abstract objects as well. The "object" here is the most abstract object; it is merely something that exists (in any sense) and can have a property. We have defined "something" as something which has the property existence. Therefore anything which exists is something. This is the most general (top) category, and is therefore essentially meaningless, except in asserting the existence of that "something". This means that properties and actions are also something, i.e. a property or an action exists. "Something" is not the same as the term "entity," which cannot include properties or actions. The other basic definition is that "something" affects a physical object. This means that something exists *only if* it affects a physical object. This is not an attempt to define away long-standing questions of ontology, but merely to form a logical system that is relatively self-consistent. Something must exist in order to affect any physical object (including a human brain). So, any idea at all by definition exists and is something because it affects at least one human brain. I know, I know! This seems like it is leading to a contradiction. We can define a set x as "the set of all things that don't exist". Now it seems that this set of things that don't exist affects our minds (mine and the readers), so by definition it does exist! Well, there are two ways out of this contradiction: (1) we may say that the set of things that don't exist itself exists (having been defined), even if the things in the set don't exist; or (2) we can say that what actually exists is the phrase "the set of things that don't exist", and this phrase may have no external referents. It exists only as a string of words. By this definition, unicorns exist. They may be hypothetical, mythical, or fictional, but since they impinged upon the minds of many people, they exist. Whether something exists in the "real world" is, of course an important question. In this network, things which are not believed to exist in the real world are usually labeled as mythical, mystical, hypothetical, or fictional. Even though this is only a terminological network, and in principle does not purport to present any assertions about whether things exist in the real world or not, it will in general be assumed that any physical object defined without a qualifying property of "mythical", etc., will exist or have existed at some time in the "real world". Note that an object is something that has a property. But a property is not an object. Also note that a type of object is a patient (object of an action) see R175. [[exist]] [[object]] --> A1 EXISTENCE (R1 TO R8) #3a. Existence. N. existence. {{required_for: act, @R170; react, @R277; affect, @R175; be affected, @R175}}. {{!!property_of}} conceptual entity. {{!!property_of}} object, entity, thing, item. {{!!affects(something): physical object, P2.3}}. <-- an object is something with a property. A "conceptual entity" may be an action or a property. Events may have properties, so events are considered "objects" in this sense. --> {{has_property(object): property, R79a}}. {{has_subtype(object): physical object, P2.3; event, R151}}. V. exist, be. <-- this is an abstract "have" as in have a property, have a state, have a part. Any object which is, has. --> {{has_action(object)}} {[with_object(property, R79a/part, R51)]} have. Pron. {{synonym_of(conceptual entity)}} something. {{member_of(something): everything, @R78}}. <-- [reality = real existence in the physical world, for abstract concepts. Existence of physical objects in space is at R186]. For this ontology, nothing exists unless it is created (at the big bang, if not later). Objects in other universes exist insofar are they are discussed by people in this universe. --> A1.1 ABSTRACT EXISTENCE #1. Abstract Existence. N. {{antonym_of(nonexistence, R2)}} existence, being, ens[Lat], esse[Lat], subsistence[obs2]. {{has_subtype}} substantiality, positiveness. {{studied_in}} ontology. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(physical object, P2.3): @A1.2, reality, actuality, real existence, sober reality, actual existence, existence in the real world}}. {{has_subtype: presence, R186}}. {{has_subtype: coexistence &c. R120}}. {{!caused_by: creation, R161}}. {{has_ending: destruction; death, P2.2.3.2}}. V. exist, have being, have existence. {{has_synonym(exist)}} be[inf], am[1st person sing], is[3rd person sing], are[pl], being[gerund]. {{has_past_tense(be)}} was[sing], were[pl], been[ppart]. abide, continue, endure, last, remain, stay. stand, obtain, be the case; have place, prevail. pass the time, vegetate. consist in, lie in; be comprised in, be contained in, be constituted by. {{has_subtype: occur &c. (event) R151}}. {{has_subtype(be)}}{[of(living organic object, P2.3.2.1)]} live, breathe, find oneself. {{has_subtype(be[mode=suboptimally, @R651])}}{[of(living organic object, P2.3.2.1)]} subsist. {{has_commencement}} come into existence, come into being. {{has_commencement: arise &c. (begin) R66; come forth &c. (appear) R446}}. {{has_subtype(come into existence): become &c. (be converted) R144}}. {{&caused_by}} actualize. {{caused_by: create, R161}}. Adj. existing, being, having existence; existent, under the sun; in existence. {[of(living organic object, P2.3.2.1): @R359, living, breathing]}. [continuing to exist] extant, surviving; still in existence, still around; afloat, afoot, on foot, current, prevalent; undestroyed. [pertaining to the physical universe] real, actual; positive, absolute; substantial, substantive; self-existing, self-existent; essential. {{similar_to(real): @R494, true, factual, authentic}}. well-founded, well-grounded. not potential; not imaginary, unimagined[ob2]; not idealized, unideal[obs3]. Adv. actually &c. adj.; in fact, in point of fact, in reality; as a matter of fact; indeed; de facto, ipso facto. Phr. ens rationis [Lat]; ergo sum cogito[Lat]; "thinkest thou existence doth depend on time?" [Byron]. A1.1.R1 NONEXISTENCE #2. Nonexistence. N. {{antonym_of(existence, R1)}} nonexistence, non-existence, nonsubsistence, non-being, inexistence[obs3]; nothingness, oblivion. <-- this "absence" is abstract, for absence of anything. The "absence" at R187 is specifically for absence of objects at locations in space --> {{has_subtype}} absence, lack. <-- almost anything can be absent in the abstract sense --> {{has_patient(absence)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a/attribute, @R79a/action, @A7/information, R527b)}} absent thing. {{has_subtype(absence): absence &c. R187}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(item, R3a)}} nonentity, nonexistent item, nil. {{property_of}} negativeness, blankness; nullity; nihility[obs3]. {{property_of}} {{antonym_of(reality, A1.2)}} unreality. {{has_subtype(nonexistent item)}} {{property_of(imaginary, @R515)}} fictitious item, imaginary item, fiction. {{has_subtype(imaginary item): figment, @R515}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary)}} abeyance. {{similar_to: unsubstantiality, R4}}. {{property_of: nothing, no such thing &c. @R4}}. {[of(desire)]} Nirvana, ku [Jap]. {{caused_by: destruction, R162, @A7}}. {{caused_by: @R162, annihilation, extinction, extinguishment, extirpation, obliteration}}. {{studied_in}} nihilism. V. not exist, not be, have no existence, be nonexistent. be null and void; be extinct. {{&has_commencement}} [intrans] cease to exist, pass out of existence, cease to be, pass from existence; melt away, dissolve, dissipate, evaporate, leave not a rack behind; go, be no more. {{has_subtype(cease to exist)}} pass away, perish. {{has_subtype(cease to exist)}} {[of(sort, R75)]} become extinct, die out. {{has_subtype(perish): die &c. R360}}. {{has_subtype(cease to exist): disappear &c. R449}}. {{caused_by: @R756, abrogate, render null, nullify}}. {{caused_by: @R162, destroy, annihilate, obliterate, extirpate}}. Adj. nonexistent, not existing, not extant, inexistent[obs3]. negative, blank; insubstantial, shadowy, spectral, visionary. {{has_property(absent thing)}} absent, lacking, missing. {{&consequence_of(absent)}} omitted. {{has_subtype(absent): absent &c. R187}}. unreal, potential, virtual; baseless, in nubibus[Lat]; unsubstantial &c. R4; vain. unborn, uncreated[obs3], unbegotten, unconceived, unproduced, unmade. perished, annihilated &c. v.; extinct, exhausted, gone, lost, vanished, departed; defunct &c. (dead) R360. {{has_subtype(nonexistent[mode=temporarily]): @R142, abeyant, in abeyance}}. PredAdj. gone with the wind, history. {{has_subtype: @R515, fabulous, ideal, imaginary}}. {{has_subtype: hallucinatory, @R503}}. {{has_subtype: supposititious &c. R514}}. Adv. negatively, virtually &c. adj.. Phr. non ens[Lat]; "Now he belongs to the ages." [Seward]. A1.2 CONCRETE EXISTENCE N. {{has_subtype(existence, R1)}} {{has_property(physical object, P2.3)}} concrete existence, reality, actuality, real existence, sober reality, actual existence, existence in the real world; not a dream, not a fantasy; no joke. {{has_conceptual_part(reality)}} fact, matter of fact, stubborn fact, hard fact, irreducible fact. {{has_subtype(fact)}} {{not_property_of(known[by=person, P2.3.2.3])}} unknown fact, previously undiscovered fact, previously unknown fact. {{conceptual_part_of: truth, R494}}. {{property_of: something, A1.2.R1}}. {{property_of: physical object, P2.3; universe, R318; space, R180; time, P1.1; time, R106}}. <-- [Totality of existences: universe, galaxy, world &c. R318] --> {{property_of}} plenum. {{has_subtype: @R359, life}}. <-- the following entries may duplicate their meaning in other locations [something that exists] --> <-- [something that does not exist] -- --> A1.2.1 NOTHING #4a. Nothing. N. {{property_of(inexistence, R2)}} nothing, naught, nil, nullity, zero, cipher, never a one, ne'er a one[contr]. {{synonym_of(nothing)}} [emphatic] nothing whatever, nothing at all, nothing on earth, not a particle, not a whit, not an iota. no such thing, none in the world. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} no one, nobody, none, not a soul. {{&has_manifestation}} hollowness, blank. {{topic_of}} tabula rasa[Lat], blank. {{has_subtype(blank): blank sheet, @R635c}}. {{has_subtype(blank)}} {{property_of(absence[of=text, @R590], R2)}} {{&has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} blank space. {{has_symbol(blank space)}} {{has_subtype(line)}} dotted line. {{part_of(blank space): application form, @R765}}. {{contents_of: void, @R187}}. inanity, fool's paradise. {{has_metaphor}} red herring; hen's teeth; mare's nest. {[in_frame(computer software)]} vaporware. {[in_subject(mathematics)]} null; the null set, the empty set. V. {{caused_by(nonexistence)}} vanish, evaporate, fade; dissolve, vaporize, melt away. {{has_subtype(vanish): disappear &c. R449}}. Adj. vacant, vacuous; eviscerated; blank, hollow; nominal; null. {{has_subtype(vacant): empty &c. R187}}. no, none of. [of assertions] inane. A1.2.1.R1 UNSUBSTANTIALITY #4. Unsubstantiality. N. {{similar_to(inexistence, R2)}} unsubstantiality[obs3], insubstantiality; nothingness, nihility[obs3]; no degree, no part, no quantity, no thing. {{property_of}} shadow. {{property_of: phantom &c. (fallacy of vision) R443; dream &c. (imagination) R515; ignis fatuus[Lat] &c. (luminary) R423}}. {{property_of}} air, thin air, vapor; "baseless fabric of a vision " [Tempest]; mockery. {{property_of}} all talk, moonshine, stuff and nonsense; matter of no importance, matter of no consequence; thing of naught, man of straw, John Doe and Richard Roe, faggot voter; nominis umbra[Lat], nonentity; flash in the pan, vox et praeterea nihil[Lat]. {{property_of: bubble &c. R353}}. Adj. unsubstantial; baseless, groundless; ungrounded; without foundation, having no foundation. dreamy; shadowy; ethereal, airy; cloud built, cloud formed; gossamer, gossamery, illusory, insubstantial, unreal. {{has_subtype: imaginary, R515; immaterial, @R317}}. {{has_subtype: @R980, ghostly, spectral}}. Phr. there's nothing in it; " an ocean of dreams without a sound" [Shelley]; " such stuff as dreams are made of " [Tempest]. <-- The main purpose of this entry is to define "a", "some" [[something]] --> A1.2.R1 SOMETHING N. {{property_of(concrete existence)}} something. {{consists_of}} substance, stuff, material, substratum. {{has_subtype: P2.3, physical object, object, article; matter &c. R316}}. {{has_subtype(physical object)}} {{property_of(living): being, living being}}. {{has_subtype(substance): substance, P2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype(living being): @P2.3.2.3, somebody, someone, person, being, soul, flesh and blood, body}}. {{has_subtype(living being): @P2.3.2.1.1, animal, beast, creature, critter[coll]}}. {{property_of}} element, essential nature, groundwork, vital part. <-- classify as determiners? Roget called these "adjectives"--> Det. some, a, at least one. any, any one of. Phr. there exists at least one. A1.3 FORMAL EXISTENCE N. formal existence. <-- Internal conditions --> <-- Roget entry R5 includes the concept of character, nature (as applied to people or things). This is actually a set of characteristics. We idenitify the concept of an individual characteristric as a property, at R79a. --> A1.3.1 ESSENCE (R5) #5. Essence. N. {{manifestation_of(extrinsicality, R6)}} {{has_property(object, @R3a)}} essence, noumenon, nature, character, identity, quintessence, quiddity, inmost nature, inner reality, vital principle. {{property_of}} essential part, gist, pith, marrow, core, heart, fundamental part, intrinsic part, important part, basic part, vital part. {{has_manifestation: peculiarity, @R79a}}. {{has_property}} essentiality, inherence, essentialness[obs3]; intrinsicality[obs3], inbeing[obs3], inhesion[obs3]. subjectiveness. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} ego, egohood[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} sap, lifeblood, backbone, soul. {{has_subtype}} constitution, principle, type, quality, crasis[obs3], diathesis[obs3]. {{has_member(character): characteristic, R79a}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_property(object, @R3a)}} structure, structuring, organization, internal organization, architecture. {{has_conceptual_part(structure)}} {{has_subtype(essential part)}} {{property_of(incomplete, R53)}} {{property_of(basic)}} frame, framework, skeleton, outline. {{has_subtype(structure): form, R240}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): character; habit, R613; temperament, @M4.2.2.1; spirit, @M4.2.2.1]}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R157, endowment, capacity, capability}}. {{has_expression: idiosyncrasy, @R79a; oddity, @R79a; tendency &c. R176; diagnostics}}. {{similar_to: pattern, A2.6.1.2}}. {{conceptual_part_of: normality, R80}}. <-- , incarnation --> {{causes(intrinsicality): durability, @R110}}. V. be in the blood, run in the blood; be born so; be intrinsic &c. adj.. Adj. essential, basic, fundamental; intrinsic, inherent, intrinsical[obs3]. natural; derived from within, subjective; innate, ingrained, inwrought. {{has_consequence: @R82, normal, usual}}. {{has_subtype(innate): @P2.6.4.2, inherited, genetic, incarnate, hereditary, inborn, inbred, immanent, congenital, connate, running in the blood, indigenous, bred in the bone, instinctive, infused, implanted}}. virtual. {{has_property(core): @R221, inward, internal}}. {{has_consequence(essential): characteristic, @R79}}. {{has_consequence(essential): @R465b, characteristic, diagnostic}}. invariable, incurable, incorrigible, ineradicable, fixed. Adv. intrinsically &c. adj.; at bottom, in the main, in effect, practically, virtually, substantially, au fond; fairly. Phr. " character is higher than intellect " [Emerson]; "come give us a taste of your quality "[Hamlet]; magnos homines virtute metimur non fortuna [Lat][Nepos]; non numero haec judicantur sed pondere [Lat][Cicero]; " vital spark of heavenly flame " [Pope]. <-- characteristic was removed from this category and transferred to R79a, which also had characteristics under specification --> <-- External conditions --> A1.3.2 EXTRINSICALITY (R6) #6. Extrinsicality. N. {{antonym_of(essentiality, @R5)}} extrinsicality[obs3], extraneousness. {{property_of}} accident, extrinsic property, accidental property. {{similar_to: extraneousness &c. R57}}. {{required_for}} objectiveness, non ego. {{property_of: appearance, phenomenon &c. R448}}. Adj. {{antonym_of(essential)}} extrinsic, derived from without, derivative, incidental, accidental, nonessential, extrinsical[obs3]. modal, adventitious; ascititious[obs3], adscititious[obs3]; contingent, fortuitous. objective. {{similar_to: extraneous &c. (foreign) R57}}. {{&causes: transientness, @R111}}. {{consequence_of}} implanted, ingrafted[obs3]; inculcated, infused. {{similar_to: @R220, outward, external}}. Adv. extrinsically, nonessentially, incidentally. accidentally, fortuitously, contingently. A1.4 MODAL EXISTENCE N. modal existence. <-- Absolute --> A1.4.1 STATE (R7) #7. State. N. {{has_property(object, R3a/system, @M3)}} state, condition, status. {{has_subtype}} mode, modality, schesis[obs3]. {[in_frame(change of state)]} {{has_subtype}} initial state; final state. {{has_subtype(change[of=state], A6)}} {{has_difference(initial state + final state)}} change of state. {{follows(final state): initial state}}. {{has_subtype: @A7.7, phase, period}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(abnormal, @R83)}} abnormal condition. {{property_of}} {{has_part(process, A7.7)}} stage, step. {{has_subtype(stage)}} developmental form. {[of(physical object)]} {{has_conceptual_part: form &c. (shape) R240}}. {{conceptual_part_of: frame, fabric &c. R329}}. {{affected_by: circumstance, R8}}. {{has_property: @R448, aspect, appearance}}. <-- states as applied to humans are listed separately under properties of humans --> {{has_subtype: human condition, R7b, P2.2.3.5.1}}. V. be in a state, possess a state, be in a mode, have a status, have a state, exhibit a state. enjoy a state, labor under a state, labor under a condition; be on a footing, do, fare; come to pass. Adj. conditional, modal, formal. structural, organic. Adv. conditionally. formally, modally. as the matter stands, as things are; such being the case, in that situation; in this situation. <-- Relative --> <-- This entry is for situation generally. Situation of a physical object is a subtype, at R183a. Large parts of this section were moved to R183a, at P1.2.3.1.2. [[situation]] --> A1.4.2 CIRCUMSTANCE (R8) #8. Circumstance. N. circumstance, context, place, point. {{affects}} situation, position, posture, attitude. {{has_subtype(situation): situation, R183a}}. {{has_subtype: @R475, contingency, dependence}}. {{affects: causation, R153}}. {{has_subtype: attribution, R155}}. {{affects: state, R7}}. {{affects: action, R680}}. {{property_of: phase, @A7.7}}. Adj. circumstantial; given, conditional, provisional; critical; modal; contingent, incidental. Adv. in the circumstances, under the circumstances, under the conditions; in this situation, in that situation, under these circumstances; under those circumstances. thus, in that way, in such wise. conditionally, provided, if, in case; if so, if so be, if it be so. <-- the abstract concepts of possibility and contingency were placed by Roget in the "evidence" section, clearly related to human reasoning. We need something more independent of the mind. [[possibility]] --> A1.4.3 POSSIBILITY N. possibility. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} {{property_of(possible)}} possible event. {{conceptual_part_of}} conditionality. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} condition. {{has_case(condition)}} {{has_subtype(target, @R9)}}{{has_subtype(possible event)}} conditional event. {{has_subtype(condition): cause, @R153}}. {{has_subtype(relation, A2.1.1)}} {{conceptual_part_of(conditionality)}} {{has_conceptual_part(causality, @R153)}} contingency, dependence, dependency, causal relation. {{has_subtype(dependency): influence, R175}}. <-- "possibility" at R470 is not a strict subtype --> {{conceptual_part_of: possibility, R470; probability, R472}}. {{antonym_of}} impossibility. {{antonym_of(dependence)}} independence. V. be possible. be contingent, depend. Adj. possible; in the cards[coll]. {{has_property(conditional event)}} contingent, conditional, conditioned, dependent. {{antonym_of(dependent)}} independent, unconditional. Conj. {{has_marker(contingency)}} if. <-- [[RELATION]] --> A2 RELATION (R9 TO R24) N. relation. A2.1 ABSOLUTE RELATION N. absolute relation. <-- a 'relation" is a concept connecting two other concepts, here called "origin" and "target". Relation is be a primitive concept, and we distinguish it here from "relatedness", which is a property of related objects. This is the most general relation, of which all semantic relations are subtypes. It is a primitive concept. Most relations are directed (see R9). An undirected relation might be, for example "connection", which merely states that two objects exist, withour distinguishing the two. "directionality" here is very abstract, merely indicating a relation between two objects which are distinguishable by order of precedence. In fact, the origin may also *be* the target in a directed relation. A symmetrical relation only has the two arguments, and the order is unimportant. The fact that there is more than one object does not mean that those multiple object are necessarily distinct. In logic, an example would be "self-identity" --> A2.1.1 RELATION (R9) #9. Relation. N. relation, relationship, bearing, connection, concern, cognation. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} related object[num=>1]. {{has_property(related object[num=>1])}} relatedness. {{has_subtype}} binary relation. {{has_case(binary relation)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a): related object[num=2]}}. {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} {{property_of(directionality)}} directed relation. {{has_case_x(directed relation)}} {{has_subtype(related object)}} origin; target. {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} transitive relation. <-- this type of symmetry needs to be carefully defined --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(symmetrical, R242)}} symmetrical relation. {{has_case(symmetrical relation): $origin; $target}}. &&{{has_property($origin)}} origin name. &&{{has_property($target)}} target name. &&{{identical_to(origin name): target name}}. &&{{not_identical_to($origin): $target}}. <-- Note10: Here "role" is a specialized term, designating a type of relation name. The difference between a "role" and other binary relations is that a "role" is not only the name of a relation, but also the name of one of the related objects, specifically the target (e.g. father, capital, lover, synonym), whereas the general "relation" is a relation name, and the name of the related objects are different. In general, when a role name is followed by "of" the next word should be the name of the origin. In the case where a role is a purpose, the semantic marker word would normally be "for". This usage is not accurate with respect to inheritance functions. The "role" of a "father" is actually the concept "fatherhood". The word "role" itself, or its supertype "relation" cannot be used in the same way as those subtypes (such as "father") which we are designating as "roles". What we actually need is a relation such as "has_label" relating a role such as "fatherhood" with the word used to label the target of that role. Thus "has_role" is to be considered as a temporary (version 0.55) shorthand, until the proper better-defined semantics for "role" is developed. Meanwhile, those words defined as "roles" behave in other ways very similarly to ordinary words, and are treated as ordinary words for most purposes. This "role" designation will be replaced by a property called "roleness". This property holds for words which occur in phrasal patterns "role of X" or "X's role", where the X is a strongly typed object (or group) that stands in a relation to the "role" word. Typical example, "father" of X, "president" of X. Although strongly typed, the object standing in that role need not be unique. This is as much a lexical property as it is conceptual. It may be designated thus: {{has_property(y): roleness[to=X]}} where X designates the object to which y stands in a role-relation. Such relations should come in pairs, designating the inverse role. --> {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{has_subtype(target)}} role. {{has_property(role)}} roleness. {{has_case(role)}} {{has_subtype(origin)}} role origin. {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} {{has_subtype(role)}} symmetrical role. {{has_subtype(relation)}} function. {{has_case(function)}} {{has_subtype(related object): mathematical set[num=>1]}}. {{has_subtype(function)}} quantitative relation. {{has_case(quantitative relation)}} {{has_subtype(related object): number, A5}}. <-- although a "pointing" may not necessarily involve time, since it can be static or abstract, the relationship between origin and target in a directional relationship is analogous to time precedence, i.e, origin comes "before" target. So we use that "precedes" relation --> {{precedes(origin): target}}. {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} {{property_of(directed)}} pointer, directed link. {{has_property(pointer)}} {{has_subtype(order, @R60)}} direction, directionality, pointing, directedness. {{has_subtype(pointer)}} reference. {{has_subtype: correlation &c. R12}}. {{has_subtype: @R17, @A2.3, analogy, similarity}}. {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} self-other relation. {{has_case(self-other relation)}} {{has_subtype(origin)}} self. {{has_case(self-other relation)}} {{has_subtype(target)}} other. {{has_subtype(directed relation): if-then relation}}. {{has_subtype}} link, tie, bond of union. {{has_subtype}} affinity, homology, alliance, homogeneity, association. {{has_subtype}} filiation[obs3] &c. (consanguinity) R11. <-- {financial relation: interest}[ref: ownership, possession, R777, M9.2.1] --> {{has_subtype: @R644, utility, relevancy}}. {{has_subtype: agreement, R23}}. {{has_subtype: causal relation, dependency}}. {[in_frame(space)]} spatial relation, relative position. {[of(line)]} {[in_frame(space): linear orientation, P1.2.2.2.2]}. {{similar_to: comparison &c. R464}}. {{has_subtype: kinship, @R11}}. {[of(numbers)]} {[in_frame(mathematics): @R84, ratio, proportion; product; sum; difference]}. {{conceptual_part_of: R197, nearness; approximation, @R17}}. V. be related, have a relation, relate to, have to do with, refer to; bear upon; pertain to, appertain to. belong to, answer to. [transitive] regard, concern, touch, touch upon. {{has_subtype: affect, @R175}}. {{has_subtype: interest, @R457}}. bring into relation with, bring to bear upon; connect, associate, draw a parallel. {{exhibits(pointer)}} point, point to. {{conceptual_part_of: link, R43}}. Adj. relative, cognate, relating to, pertaining to; relative to, in relation with, referable to, referrible to[obs3]. belonging to; appurtenant to, in common with. {{has_subtype: correlative, R12}}. related, connected; implicated, associated, affiliated, agnate, allied to; en rapport, in touch with. approximative[obs3], approximating; proportional, proportionate, proportionable; allusive, comparable. applicable, equiparant[obs3]. in the same category, of the same type, of the same class. {{has_subtype: like &c. R17}}. {{has_subtype: @R23, relevant, pertinent, germane}}. {{has_property(directed link)}} {{has_subtype(ordered, @R60)}} {{nominalization_of(directionality)}} directed. {{has_property(pointing/direction)}} {{similar_to(directed)}} {{nominalization_of(directionality)}} directional. Adv. relatively. {{similar_to: pertinently &c. R23}}. thereof; as to, as for, as respects, as regards; about; concerning &c. v.; anent; relating to, as relates to; with relation, with reference to, with respect to, with regard to; in respect of; while speaking of, a propos of[Fr]; in connection with; by the way, by the by; whereas; for as much as, in as much as; in point of, as far as; on the part of, on the score of; quoad hoc[Lat]; pro re nata[Lat]; under the heading of, under the rubric of, under the category of, under the name of, under the title of; in the matter of, in re. Prep. {{has_symbol(directionality)}} {{has_symbol(origin)}} from. {{has_symbol(directionality)}} {{antonym_of(from)}} {{has_symbol(target)}} to, toward, in the direction of. {{has_marker(role origin)}} of. Phr. "Really, universally, relations stop nowhere, and the exquisite problem of the artist is eternally but to draw, by a geometry of his own, the circle within which they shall happily appear to do so."[Henry James, 1909]; "thereby hangs a tale " [Taming of the Shrew]. <-- [Want, or absence of relation.] --> A2.1.2 UNRELATEDNESS #10. unrelatedness. N. unrelatedness, irrelation, non-relation, lack of relation, independence, dissociation, unconnectedness, lack of connection, disconnection, misrelation[obs3], inconnection[obs3]. {{has_consequence}} {{&has_consequence(lack of influence, R175a)}} irrelevancy, impertinence, inapplicability, nihil ad rem[Lat], non-pertinence. {{has_subtype}} multifariousness; inconsequence; incommensurability. {{similar_to: extraneousness, R57}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R24, intrusion, irreconcilableness, disagreement}}. {{conceptual_part_of: nonuniformity, @R16a; heterogeneity, @R16a; unconformity, @R83}}. {{property_of: inclusion, @P2.1.4}}. V. be unrelated, have no relation to, be unconnected, have no connection to; have no bearing upon, have no concern with; have no business with; not concern; have no business there, have nothing to do with. {{conceptual_part_of: intrude &c. R24}}. bring in head and shoulders, drag in head and shoulders, lug in head and shoulders. Adj. unrelated; unconnected, disconnected; independent, unallied. irrelative[obs3], irrespective, regardless. adrift, isolated, insular. extraneous, extrinsic. strange, alien, foreign, outlandish, exotic. arbitrary, random. uncorrelated, orthogonal[math.]. {{antonym_of(uncorrelated/orthogonal): correlated, @R12}}. not comparable, incommensurable. heterogeneous. {{&has_consequence: unconformable &c. R83}}. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(relevant, @R23)}} irrelevant. {{similar_to(irrelevant): @R645, irrelevant, inapplicable}}. not pertinent, not to the point, not to the purpose; impertinent, inapposite, beside the mark, a propos de bottes[Fr]; aside from the purpose, away from the purpose, foreign to the purpose, beside the purpose, beside the question, beside the transaction, beside the point. {{conceptual_part_of: misplaced &c. (intrusive) R24}}. traveling out of the record. remote, far-fetched, out of the way, forced, neither here nor there, quite another thing; detached, segregate; disquiparant[obs3]. multifarious; discordant &c. R24. incidental, parenthetical, obiter dicta, episodic. Adv. independently. parenthetically, by the way, by the by, incidentally, en passant[Fr]; irrespectively &c. adj.; apropos of nothing; without reference to, without regard to; in the abstract; a se. <-- R11 Consanguinity is moved to human relations [HREL] P2.3.2.3.6.2 --> <-- in Roget 1911, the technical concept of correlation is mixed in with reciprocity. Here we break out reciprocity to a new category, R12a --> <-- [interrelation.][[correlation]] The "move" in "move together" here refers to values of attributes or physical parameters --> A2.1.3 CORRELATION (R12) #12. Correlation. N. correlation, interrelation, association, connection, link, mutuality, mutual relation. {{manifestation_of}} interdependence. {{&manifestation_of: causality, @R153}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R17, similarity, analogy}}. {{antonym_of: irrelation, @R10}}. V. correlate, be correlated; be interrelated. {{has_subtype(be correlated)}} change together, move together, move in tandem. Adj. correlated, correlative, interrelated, closely related; alternate; interdependent, intertwined; complemental, complementary. international. {{antonym_of: unrelated, uncorrelated, @R10}}. <-- here we define a "reciprocal relation" which designates the name of a relation between two objects (or people), such that if one has that title relative to another, the other has the same title relative to the one. e.g. two mates are each a mate of the other. Any example of this relation should be usable in the sense that, where "rr" is the name of the reciprocal relation: "x is a rr of y" implies that "y is a rr of x" --> A2.1.4 RECIPROCITY (R12A) #12a. Reciprocity. N. reciprocity, reciprocation; mutuality. {{property_of(reciprocity)}} reciprocal relation, mutual relation, symmetrical relation. {{has_subtype(reciprocal relation): mate, @R374a; co-worker, @R711; partner}}. {{has_subtype}} reciprocalness[obs3], mutuality. {{performed_by}} reciprocator, reprocitist. {{has_method: interchange, R148}}. {[in_frame(action, R680)]} give and take. {{similar_to: complement, adjunct, R39}}. {{conceptual_part_of: interchange &c. R148}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R794, exchange, barter}}. V. reciprocate; give in return. exchange, alternate; counterchange[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: interchange &c. R148}}. Adj. reciprocal, reciprocative, mutual, commutual[obs3]. interchangeable. Adv. reciprocally, mutually. vice versa; in return; each other, one another. mutatis mutandis[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of: by turns &c. R148}}. Phr. " happy in our mutual help " [Milton]. <-- identify in the sense of discover the identity (identify, recognize) is under R465b, (identification), and R465 discrimination (operation of the intellect). This entry is the "identity" which is the topic of identification. The distinction between this and "equality" at R27 is subtle. Identity is the situation of two intensional concepts referring to the same extensional object. Equality is identity only of the value some property of an object. e.g. two things may be "equal" in height or weight or power. This "identity" is also used for identity of essence, which includes substance, i.e. if an object is made of diamond, its composition is identical to that of a diamond. ote that "identification" mean assignment to a category, so that if one "ienditfies" a gem as a diamond, this is consistent with this meaning of "identity" being identity of essence. There is a spearate meaning, identity of individual, when we identify a person as a certain individual.--> A2.1.5 IDENTITY (R13) #13. Identity. N. {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} {{has_extreme(similarity, R17)}} identity, oneness, sameness, selfsameness, selfness[obs3]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9)}} reference object. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(target, @R9)}} identical object. {{has_subtype}} self-identity. {{has_subtype(identity[of=value, @R79a]): equality, R27}}. {{property_of}} same; self, very same, one and the same. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} genuine article, real thing, very thing, actual thing, real McCoy, no other, one and only, none other, no imitation, no phony, no fake. {{has_subtype(real thing)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} the flesh. {{&result_of: coalescence, R48}} {{&result_of: coincidence, R178}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_high_level(similarity, R17)}} {{has_subtype(equality, @R27)}} {{has_conceptual_part(purpose, R615)}} convertibility, interconvertability, interchangeability, indistinguishability, practical identity, identity for a purpose. {{caused_by(indistinguishability)}} lack of contrast, absence of contrast, lack of difference. {{purpose_of(discover[obj=identity]): identification, R465b}}. {{has_consequence(identity[of=series^element[num=all], R69]): @R104, monotony}}. {{has_consequence(identity[of=assertion, R535]): @R104, tautology}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M1.1, self]}. {{alternative_to: copy, R21}}. {{has_subtype}} homoiousia[obs3]. {{causes: exactness, R494}}. {{conceptual_part_of: alter ego, @P2.3.2.3.6.4.17}}. V. be identical, be the same, be one, be one and the same; coincide, coalesce, merge. treat as the same, render the same, render identical. lack contrast, lack variety, lack heterogeneity. {{topic_of: identify, R465}}. Adj. identical, one, same, one and the same, selfsame, homoousian[obs3], self[obs2]. {{has_subtype: @R82, authentic, genuine, true, real, regular, bona fide, unquestionable, faithful, valid}}. coincident, coalescent, coalescing; no difference, tweedle dee and tweedle dum; much the same, of a muchness[obs3]; unaltered. {{has_subtype}} {{has_high_level(similarity, R17)}} {{has_conceptual_part(purpose, R615)}} {{has_subtype(equivalent, @R27)}} convertible, interconvertible, interchangeable, indistinguishable, identical for a purpose. Adv. identically. convertibly, interconvertibly, interchangeably, indistinguishably. {{has_subtype(identically)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} in the flesh. on all fours. Pron. ilk [Scottish]. {{property_of(identity)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M1.1, oneself]}. Phr. six of one and half a dozen of the other; "a distinction without a difference"; "not a dime's worth of difference between them" [George Wallace]. <-- [Noncoincidence.] --> A2.1.6 CONTRARIETY (R14) #14. Contrariety. N. {{has_high_level(difference, R15)}} contrariety, oppositeness, opposition, contrast. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(binary relation)}} {{has_subtype(physical object/person, P2.3.2.3)}} foil. {{has_high_level}} polarity, antithesis. {{property_of}} opposites[pl], the opposite, the reverse, the inverse, the converse, the antipodes[pl], the antithesis, the other extreme. {{property_of}} contradiction; clashing, repugnance. {[of(meaning)]} antonymy. {{property_of(antonymy)}} {{has_subtype(word, R562)}} antonym. {[of(goal): antagonism &c. (opposition) R708]}. {{&caused_by: inversion &c. R218}}. {{has_subtype(opposites)}} action and reaction; yang and yin, yang-yin. {{&has_manifestation: antagonism, R179}}. {{result_of(polarity)}} {{increased_by(polarity)}} polarization. {{reduced_by(polarity)}} {{inverse_of(polarization)}} depolarization. V. be opposite, be contrary, be opposed, be contrasted, be in contrast. be polar, be antithetical. contrast with, oppose; differ toto coelo[Lat]. {{&caused_by}} invert, reverse, turn the tables; turn topsy-turvy, turn end for end, turn upside down, turn inside out. contradict, contravene. {{caused_by(be polar)}} polarize. {{has_subtype(be opposite[in=effect, R154/action, @R170]): antagonize &c. R708}}. Adj. contrary, opposite, counter, dead against, polar, contrarious[obs3], contrariant[obs3]. converse, reverse; opposed, antithetical, contrasted, contrasting, antipodal, antipodean, antagonistic, opposing. conflicting, inconsistent, contradictory. at cross purposes; negative; hostile &c. R708. differing toto coelo[Lat]; diametrically opposite, diametrically opposed; as opposite as black and white, as opposite as light and darkness, as opposite as fire and water, as opposite as the poles; as different as night and day; " Hyperion to a satyr"[ Hamlet]; quite the contrary, quite the reverse; no such thing, just the other way, tout au contraire[Fr]. Adv. contrarily, contra, contrariwise, per contra, on the contrary, nay rather; vice versa. antagonistically, oppositely, conflictingly. conversely. contrastingly. on the other hand &c. (in compensation) R30. Phr. " all concord's born of contraries " [B. Jonson]; "Thesis, antithesis, synthesis" [Marx]. <-- note difference, here is not the same as dissimilar, R18. The concept in the Roget grouping, "difference", seems to be more of an individual difference, difference in one respect, rather than an overall difference, which is considered as dissimilarity. For this classification, we treat difference as a meronym of dissimilarity. [[difference]] --> A2.1.7 DIFFERENCE (R15) #15. Difference. N. {{antonym_of(similarity, R17)}} difference, divergence; distinction. {{has_case}} area of difference. {{&caused_by}} variance, variation, variety; diversity, contradistinction, discrepancy; alteration, alterity. {{&caused_by: permutation, @R148}}. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(morphology, @R562): @R562, moods and tenses]}. {{has_subtype}} nice distinction, fine distinction, delicate distinction, subtle distinction; shade of difference, nuance; differentia. {{has_high_quantity: dissimilarity, R18}}. {{has_high_intensity}} far cry. {{has_extreme: contrariety, opposition R14}}. {{property_of}} different thing, something else, apple off another tree, another pair of shoes; horse of a different color; this that or the other. {{&caused_by: change, R140}}. {{required_for: discrimination &c. R465}}. {{has_subtype(difference[of=opinion/belief]): disagreement &c. R24}}. {{has_subtype(difference[of=quantity/quality]): disparity &c. (inequality) R28}}. V. be different, be dissimilar, differ, vary, ablude[obs1], not match, mismatch. {{has_high_level}} be very different, differ greatly, differ by a wide margin, be a far cry. {{has_high_level}} {[in_frame(comparison, R464)]} contrast. divaricate. {{has_high_level}} differ completely, differ totally, differ toto coelo[Lat], differ longo intervallo[It], be like black and white, be like night and day, have no resemblance. {{&caused_by(differ): vary, modify &c. (change) R140}}. {{required_for(difference): discriminate &c. R465}}. Adj. {{antonym_of(similar, R17)}} differing, different, distinguishable, dissimilar, unlike, unalike, not alike. contrasting; diverse, heterogeneous, multifarious, polyglot; varied, modified; diversified, various, divers, all manner of, all kinds of; variform[obs3] &c. R81; daedal[obs3]. other, another, not the same; unequal &c. R28. unmatched. {{has_high_level(different)}} widely apart, poles apart, distinctively different, markedly different, differing widely. {{has_consequence(distinctively different): @R79, distinctive, characteristic, discriminative, distinguishing}}. incommensurable, incommensurate. Adv. differently. diversely, heterogeneously. Prep. {{has_marker(area of difference)}} in, with respect to. Phr. il y a fagots et fagots. A2.2 CONTINUOUS RELATION N. continuous relation. <-- This uniformity if of a continuous nature. The "normality" at R80 may be of a periodic regularity. [[Uniform]] --> A2.2.1 UNIFORMITY #16. Uniformity. N. {{has_subtype(similarity[of=parts[num=all], R51], R17)}} uniformity, homogeneity, homogeneousness, consistency, connaturality[obs3], connaturalness[obs3]. {{has_case: domain, @A8}}. {{has_subtype}} accordance; consonance, uniformness. {[of(action, P2.4): @R136, regularity, constancy, even tenor, routine; monotony, continuousness, steadiness]}. {{&causes: normality &c. R80; agreement &c. R23}}. {{&conceptual_part_of: perfection @R650}}. V. be uniform, be homogeneous; run through. become uniform, become homogeneous. {{&causes: accord with &c. R23; be normal, @R80}}. {{&caused_by}} render uniform, homogenize; assimilate, level, smooth, dress. {{has_subtype(render uniform)}} {{antonym_of(polarize)}} depolarize. Adj. uniform, homogeneous, homologous[obs2]. of a piece, consistent, connatural[obs3]; monotonous, even; regular, unchanged, unchanging, undeviating, unvaried. continuous, unsegmented. {{has_high_level}} totally uniform, invariable, unvarying, invariant. {{has_subtype(totally uniform): flawless @R650}}. {{has_conceptual_part: in harmony with &c. (agreeing) R23}}. {[of(action, P2.4): @R136, regular, constant, routine; monotonous, steady]}. Adv. uniformly, homogeneously, unvaryingly, invariantly. {[of(action, P2.4): @R136, continually, steadily, constantly, regularly, with regularity, continuously, monotonously, routinely]}. Prep. uniformly with &c. (conformably) R82. Phr. ab uno disce omnes[Lat]. <-- these relations of normality and variety were located later in Roget under " CATEGORICAL ORDER" But they are too close to R16 and R16a, to keep so far apart. Some of the words under R16 appear to continuous objects or non-grouped objects, and R80 and R81 mostly apply to discontinuous objects such as groups, rather than within a single object. Difficult distinction? N. within-group relation, relation within a group. 80. Normality 81. multiformity 82. Conformity 83. Unconformity "Normality" will be an important concept in programming the understanding functions for a NLU system. The system needs to know in all cases what is normal and what variations from normal might be expected. !#! [[normal]] --> A2.2.1.1 NORMALITY (R80) #80. Normality. N. {{has_property(member)}} normality, normalcy, normalness[obs3], usualness. {{property_of}} familiarity, naturalness. {{entailed_by: commonness (frequency) R136}}. {{property_of}} default. {{property_of}} rule; standard, norm. {{consequence_of: genuineness (conformity) R82; custom (habit) M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. {{property_of: standard}}. {{has_subtype(standard): pattern (prototype) R22}}. {{has_subtype: uniformity &c. R16}}. {{&result_of}} normalization, standardization. V. be normal. {{&caused_by}} normalize, standardize. {{&caused_by}} default, default to. Adj. normal, natural, unexceptional, default; standard; typical, commonplace. {{entailed_by: @R136, common, usual, frequent}}. {{has_subtype: undamaged, intact, healthy}}. {{consequence_of: conforming, @R82}}. <-- [ref: true, genuine, authentic, @R82]. --> Adv. {{has_consequence(frequently, @R136)}} normally, naturally; true to form, true to type, as per form; in absence of contrary information. typically, commonly, usually, as usual. {{has_high_level}} as always, invariably. {{has_conceptual_part(as always): always, @R78}}. {{has_consequence(invariably): inevitably, @R601}}. <-- conformity to some idea, rule, or standard is often expressed as "true to". The truth-concepts are in a cluster at M4, properties of ideas R494 Truth R495 Error, 543. Veracity.. 544. Falsehood 545. Deception 546. Untruth [[instance]] --> A2.2.1.2 CONFORMITY (R82) #82. Conformity. N. {{antonym_of(unconformity, R83)}} {{has_conceptual_part(normality, A2.2.1.1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(agreement, R23)}} {{has_subtype(similarity[to=norm, @R80], R17)}} conformity, conformance. {{has_case: prototype, R22}}. {{has_case: type, A2.6.1.1}}. {{property_of}} {{has_member(type, A2.6.1.1)}} instance, example, specimen, sample. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(example)}} case, case in point; object lesson; elucidation. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(adjusting, @R60)}} conforming, reconciliation, harmonizing. {{has_subtype(example)}} quotation. {{topic_of(example): @R522, exemplification, illustration}}. {[of(behavior): conventionality &c. (custom) M7.3.5.1.2.1]}. {{&mcaused_by}} observance; habituation. {{has_subtype(conformity[of=person][to=nationality])}} naturalization. {{conceptual_part_of}} rule, nature, principle; law; order of things; normal state, natural state, ordinary state, model state, normal condition, natural condition, ordinary condition, model condition; standing dish, standing order. {{has_subtype(conformity[of=identity, R5 + expected identity])}} genuineness, authenticity, bona fides, validity. {{property_of(genuineness): @R13, genuine article, real thing}}. {{topic_of}} Procrustean law; law of the Medes and Persians; hard and fast rule, unwavering rule, unbending rule. V. {{caused_by(conformity)}} conform, conform to. conform to rule; accommodate oneself to, adapt oneself to; rub off corners. be regular &c. adj.; move in a groove; follow observe the rules, go by the rules, bend to the rules, obey the rules, obey the precedents; comply with, tally with, chime in with, fall in with; be guided by, be regulated by; fall into a custom, fall into a usage. {{has_subtype(conform[to=custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1])}} {{has_subtype(adhere to custom, @M7.3.5.1.2.1)}} follow the fashion, follow the crowd, follow the multitude; pass muster, do as others do, hurler avec les loups [Fr]; stand on ceremony; when in Rome do as the Romans do; go with the stream, go with the flow, swim with the stream, swim with the current, swim with the tide, blow with the wind; stick to the beaten track; keep one in countenance. exemplify, illustrate, cite, quote, quote precedent, quote authority, appeal to authority, put a case; produce an instance &c. n.; elucidate, explain. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(adjust, @R58)}} bring into conformity, reconcile, harmonize. {{has_subtype(bring into conformity)}} {[in_frame(accounting, @R811)]} balance the books. Adj. conforming. adapted, accommodated. conformable to rule; according to regulation, according to rule, according to Hoyle, according to Cocker, according to Gunter; en regle [Fr], selon les regles[Fr], well regulated, orderly. {{has_subtype(conforming[to=precedent, R64])}} of daily occurrence, of everyday occurrence; in the natural order of things; ordinary, common, habitual, usual, everyday, workaday, typical, normal, nominal; canonical, orthodox. {{has_subtype(conforming[to=precedent, R64]): conventional &c. (customary) M7.3.5.1.2.1; regular &c. R138}}. {{has_large_quantity(conforming[to=precedent, R64]): frequent, R136}}. in the order of the day; naturalized. formal. sound, strict, rigid, positive, uncompromising, Procrustean. secundum artem[Lat], shipshape, technical. exempIe[Fr]. illustrative, in point. {{has_subtype(conforming[of=identity, R5 + expected identity])}} true, real, genuine, authentic, regular, bona fide, unquestionable; faithful, valid. {{similar_to(genuine): true, R494}}. {{similar_to: pure, unadulterated, R652}}. <-- symmetric &c. R242.??? relation? --> Adv. conformably; accordingly. by rule; in conformity; as usual, ad instar[Lat], instar omnium[Lat]; more solito[Lat], more-majorum. {{has_subtype(truly, R494)}} authentically, genuinely, truly, really, unquestionably. for the sake of conformity; as a matter of course, of course; pro forma[Lat], for form's sake, by the card. invariably &c. (uniformly) R16. for example, exempli gratia[Lat], "e.g."[abbr]; inter alia[Lat], among other things; for instance. Prep. conforming to, in accordance with, according to, in conformity with, in accordance with, in keeping with, uniformly with. consistent with, consistently with. agreeably to. {{{has_marker(instance + type, A2.6.1.1)}}} of. Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr]; ex pede Herculem[Lat]; noscitur a sociis [Lat]; ne e quovis ligno Mercurius fiat [Lat][Erasmus]; "they are happy men whose natures sort with their vocations" [Bacon]; "The nail that sticks up will get hammered down" [Japanese saying]; "Stick your neck out and it may get cut off". <-- [Absence or want of uniformity.] --> A2.2.2 NONUNIFORMITY #16a. Nonuniformity. N. {{antonym_of(uniformity)}} {{has_subtype(complexity, R59a)}} nonuniformity, diversity, irregularity, unevenness, non-uniformity. {[of(surface, R220): roughness &c. R256]}. {{caused_by}} dissimilarity, dissimilitude, divarication, divergence. {{has_subtype: multiformity &c. R81}}. {{has_conceptual_part: unconformity &c. R83}}. {{&caused_by: @R651, imperfection, flaw}}. {[of(group, R72)]} {{has_subtype(nonuniformity, R16a)}} {{antonym_of(homogeneity, @R16)}} heterogeneity. <-- heterogeneity is more of a logical consequence than a result of differences. Relation?? --> {{caused_by(heterogeneity): difference[between=members[of=group, R72], A2.5.5.2.2], R15}}. Adj. nonuniform, diversified, varied, irregular, uneven. multifarious; of various kinds; all manner of, all sorts of, all kinds of. {{has_subtype: multiform &c. R81}}. {{has_subtype: rough &c. R256}}. {{&caused_by: @R651, imperfect, flawed}}. {{has_subtype: amorphous, @R241}}. Adv. irregularly. variously, in all manner of ways, here there and everywhere. <-- the distinction between this "variety" and the variety at R16a is subtle. This applies to defined groups! [[variety]] --> A2.2.2.1 VARIETY (R81) #81. Variety. N. {{&has_property(group)}} {{has_subtype(heterogeneity, @R16a)}} {{conceptual_part_of(difference, R15/dissimilarity, R18)}} variety, diversity; multiformity, omniformity[obs3]; irregularity; multifariousness &c. adj.; varied assortment. {{property_of}} grab bag; hodge podge, hotch potch. {{has_conceptual_part: non-relation &c. R10}}. {{manifestation_of: essence, R5}}. {{&mcaused_by: choice, M7.R1}}. V. {{caused_by(variety)}} mix and match. {{&mcaused_by: choose, M7.R1}}. Adj. varied, heterogeneous, diverse, mixed, various, different, dissimilar, assorted, mingled, odd, divers, diversified, variform[obs3]; manifold, many-sided. variegated, motley, mosaic, eclectic; epicene, indiscriminate, desultory; all manner of; of every description, of all sorts and kinds; et hoc genus omne[Lat]; and what not; de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis [Lat]. polymorphous, multiform, multifold, multifarious, multigenerous[obs3], multiplex. {{has_high_intensity}} inharmonious, unmatched, unrelated. jumbled, confused, mixed up, discordant; nonuniform, irregular. omniform[obs3], omnigenous[obs3], omnifarious[obs3]. {{&consequence_of: protean (form) R240}}. Phr. "harmoniously confused" [Pope]; " variety's the very spice of life" [Cowper]. A2.2.2.2 EXCEPTION (R83) #83. Exception. N. {{has_conceptual_part(variety, A2.2.2.1)}} {{property_of(dissimilarity[to=norm, @R80], R18)}} exception, peculiarity, something exceptional, something unusual. {{has_property}} {{antonym_of(conformity, R82)}} {{has_subtype(dissimilarity[to=norm, @R80], R18)}} nonconformity, nonconformance, unconformity, disconformity. {{has_property}} {{antonym_of(normality, A2.2.1.1)}} abnormality, anomaly, abnormity[obs3], oddness, anomalousness, unnaturalness. <-- these words can be both the property and the thing --> {{has_subtype}} oddity, curiosity, rarity; freak, freak of Nature, mutant, bizarrerie[obs3], je ne sais quoi[Fr]; rouser, snorter [U.S.]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(ugly, @R846/malformed, @R243)}} monster, monstrosity. {{has_subtype(nonconformity): @M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1, nonconformity, unconventionality, idiosyncrasy}}. {{has_subtype}} original, nondescript, character, nonesuch, nonsuch[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} prodigy, wonder, miracle. {{has_metaphor}} flying fish, black sheep, black swan, lusus naturae[Lat], rara avis[Lat], queer fish. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(animal[1], R366): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.2, mongrel, random breed; half-caste, half-blood, half-breed; crossbreed, hybrid, metis[Lat], mulatto, half blood}}. {{has_subtype(crossbreed[between= horse + donkey])}} mule; hinny. {{has_subtype(crossbreed[between= zebra + donkey])}} zebrule; zebrinny. {{has_subtype}} aberration; irregularity; variety; singularity; exemption. {{has_subtype: @R469, exception, salvo, qualification}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(animal[1], R366)}} {{property_of(mythical, @R515)}} mythical animal. {{has_subtype(mythical animal)}} phoenix; chimera; hydra; sphinx; minotaur; griffin, griffon; centaur, saggittary[obs3]; kraken; cockatrice; wyvern; roc; dragon; sea serpent; mermaid[fem.], merman[male], merfolk[collective]; unicorn; Cyclops, "men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders" [Othello]. {{studied_in(monster)}} teratology. {{has_subtype(exception[to=surroundings])}} fish out of water; neither one thing nor another, neither fish nor fowl, neither fish flesh nor fowl nor good red herring. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(rarity)}} one in a million, one in a way, one in a thousand. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} outcast. {{has_subtype(outcast): outlaw}}. {{has_subtype: impurity, contamination, adulteration, R653}}. {{has_metaphor}} odd duck; island. {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(pleasant)}} oasis. {{causes(nonconformity[of=part, R51]): heterogeneity, @R16a}}. {{conceptual_part_of: nonuniformity, R16a}}. {{has_subtype: hermaphrodite, @R374a}}. <-- [ref: imitation, copy &c. R19]. [ref: phony, sham &c. R545; falseness, R544]. --> V. be exceptional, be uncomformable. have no business there; baffle all description, beggar all description. {{&caused_by}} leave the beaten track, leave the beaten path. {{&caused_by}} infringe a law, break a law. {{&caused_by}} infringe a usage, infringe a custom, break a usage, break a custom, violate a law, violate a usage, violate a custom. {{&caused_by}} break a habit, infringe a habit. {{has_metaphor(infringe a custom)}} drive a coach and six through; stretch a point. <-- abnormalize[obs3] --> Adj. exceptional, nonconforming, atypical, unconformable. abnormal, abberrant, abnormous[obs3]; anomalous, anomalistic; peculiar, exclusive, eccentric, egregious. unusual, unaccustomed, strange, uncustomary, unwonted, uncommon; rare, extraordinary, out of the ordinary; unexpected; unaccountable; outre[Fr], out of the way; queer, quaint. odd, strange, funny, curious. remarkable, noteworthy. irregular, arbitrary. {{has_high_level(unusual)}} fantastic, bizarre; outlandish, exotic, tombe des nues[Fr], preternatural; nonesuch, none such, sui generis[Lat], nondescript[obs2]. unnatural. out of order, out of place, out of keeping, out of tune, out of one's element; beyond the pale, out of the pale. lawless, informal, stray, wandering, wayward, wanton; out of the beaten track, off the beaten track, out of the common, out of the common run; misplaced. {{has_subtype: @R243, grotesque, monstrous}}. {{has_subtype: wonderful &c. R870}}. {{has_subtype: unfashionable, @R851}}. {{has_consequence: heterogeneous, @R16a}}. {{conceptual_part_of: asymmetric, @P1.2.4.1.2}}. {{property_of: P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.2, half blood, hybrid, mongrel}}. {{has_subtype: @R374a, bisexual, hermaphrodite}}. singular, unique, one-of-a-kind. original, unconventional, unheard of, unfamiliar; undescribed, unprecedented, unparalleled, unexampled. {{has_subtype(exceptional): @R123, newfangled, novel, non-classical}}. {{&similar_to: impure, contaminated, adulterated, R653}}. {{&has_consequence(exception): qualified &c. R469}}. denatured[Biochem.], denaturalized[obs3]. heteroclite[Gram], amphibious, epicene; adelomorphous[obs3], monoclinous[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} androgynous, androgynal[obs3]. Adv. exceptionally, unconformably. abnormally, abberrantly, anomalously; peculiarly, eccentrically, egregiously; queerly, quaintly. unusually, uncommonly. unconventionally, unprecedentedly; indescribably, undescribably. {{has_extreme}} singularly, uniquely. irregularly, arbitrarily. lawlessly, informally, wantonly. oddly, strangely, funnily, curiously. unnaturally. unaccustomedly, uncustomarily, unwontedly. {{has_high_level(unusually)}} rarely, extraordinarily. unexpectedly; unaccountably. remarkably, noteworthily. {{has_high_level(unusually)}} fantastically, bizarrely; outlandishly, exotically. {{has_high_level(unusually)}} once in a blue moon, once in a million years. Prep. except, except for, aside from, save, other than, barring, beside, without, save and except, let alone, with the exception of. excepting, leaving out, leaving off, not including, not counting, not considering, setting aside. {{has_extreme(with the exception of)}} with the sole exception of. Conj. unless. however, yet, but. Int. "what on earth!", "what in the world!", "What the devil!"; "Holy cow!"; "Can you top that?"; Sacre bleu [Fr]. Phr. never was seen the like, never was heard the like, never was known the like. I could hardly believe it; I saw it, but I didn't believe it. A2.3 PARTIAL RELATION N. partial relation. A2.3.1 SIMILARITY (R17) #17. Similarity. N. similarity, resemblance, likeness, similitude, semblance. {{has_subtype}} affinity, parallelism; analogy, analogicalness[obs3]; homology; correspondence, parity, homoiousia[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(nearness)}} approximation. {{has_property(approximation)}} approximateness, nearness, closeness. {{has_subtype}} connaturalness[obs3], connaturality[obs3]; brotherhood; family likeness, family resemblance. {{has_high_level}} cookie-cutter similarity. {{property_of(homology)}} homologue, homolog. {{property_of(analogy)}} analogue, analog. {{&caused_by: imitation, R19, A2.3.3}}. {{has_subtype: agreement &c. R23}}. {{property_of(similarity[of=pronunciation, @R582])}} {[in_frame(speech, @R582):alliteration, rhyme, pun]}. {{&result_of: repetition &c. R104}}. {{has_extreme: @R13, identity, sameness}}. {{has_subtype(similarity[of=parts[num=all], R51]): uniformity &c. R16}}. {{has_measure(similarity[of=measured value][to=true value])}} {{has_conceptual_part(measurement[1], R466)}} accuracy. {{has_high_level(accuracy)}} high accuracy, accurateness. {{affected_by(accuracy)}} {{has_measure(similarity[of=measured value][to=repeat measurement])}} {{has_property(measuring instrument)}} precision. {{has_high_level(precision)}} high precision, preciseness. {{has_subtype}} isogamy[obs3]. {{property_of}} the like, such. {{property_of}} match, pendant. {{property_of}} parallel; close resemblance, striking resemblance, speaking resemblance. {{property_of: simile, @R521}}. {{has_extreme}} perfect match. {{property_of: @R556, representation, faithful likeness, faithful resemblance}}. {{property_of: photograph, R556a}}. {{conceptual_part_of: metaphor, R521}}. {{has_consequence(similarity[of=series^element[num=all], R69]): @R104, monotony, tautology}}. {{trait_of: twin, mate @P2.3.2.3.6.4.17}}. {{has_extreme(similarity): equality, R27}}. {{has_subtype(similarity[of=form])}} isomorphism[1]. {{has_subtype(relation)}} {{property_of(isomorphic)}} isomorph. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(set theory)]} isomorphism[2]; homomorphism. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(topology): homeomorphism, @R85a]}. V. be similar. be analogous; be homologous, be parallel. resemble, look like, bear resemblance to, take after, approximate, seem like; smack of, savor of; bear a semblance to, parallel, match, rhyme with; favor, span [U. S.]. {{has_high_intensity(resemble)}} bear a striking resemblance to, be alike as two peas in a pod. {{&caused_by: imitate &c. R19}}. look similar, look alike. {{&caused_by}} render similar, render alike; assimilate, bring near; connaturalize[obs3], make alike; rhyme, pun. Adj. similar, like, alike; twin. resembling, similar to, approximating, looking like, reminiscent of, suggesting, suggestive of, seeming like, smacking of, recalling, calling to mind. analogous; analogical, analog; homologous; parallel, of a piece; such as, so; homoiousian[obs3]. {{has_subtype(similar[mode=superficially])}} seeming. such, suchlike. connatural[obs3], congener, allied to. a show of; mock, pseudo, simulating, representing. lifelike, faithful; true to nature, true to life, the very image, the very picture of; for all the world like, comme deux gouttes d'eau[Fr]; as like as two peas in a pod, as like as it can stare; instar omnium[Lat], cast in the same mold, ridiculously like. {{has_subtype(similar[in=value, @R79a])}} {{conceptual_part_of(nearness)}} approximate, near, close. {{has_consequence(approximate)}} imprecise. <-- the "precise" at R494 (truth) will be left as a qualitative property of an assertion, and here the word refers to preciseness as a relation to a true value. This type of "precision" should have its own entry??? --> {{conceptual_part_of(almost identical)}} {{antonym_of(imprecise)}} {{similar_to(precise, @R494)}} precise, exact. {{has_high_level}} cookie-cutter. <-- ""approximately equal" connotes greater precision than "approximate"! --> {{has_high_level(close)}} about the same, approximately equal, almost identical. {{has_high_level(approximately equal): @R27, equivalent}}. {{has_subtype(similar[in=form])}} isomorphic. Adv. similarly. [[of(quantity, R25)]} approximately, nearly; sort of, kind of, around. {{has_subtype(approximately)}} on the order of, of the order; in the ballpark of. {{has_subtype(approximately)}} give or take a little, plus or minus. as if, so to speak; as it were, as if it were; quasi, just as, veluti in speculum[Lat]. et cetera, etc, "&c."; and the like, and so forth. much the same, something like, sort of, in the ballpark, such like. [of meaning] to that effect. Prep. similar to. Phr. et sic de similibus[Lat]. [of people] tel maitre tel valet[Fr], like master, like servant; tel pere tel fils[Fr], like father like son, the fruit doesn't fall far from the tree, a chip off the old block. "a distinction without a difference". <-- in this classification, the entry "difference" will be considered as one element (part) of "dissimilarity" --> A2.3.2 DISSIMILARITY (R18) #18. Dissimilarity. N. {{has_large_quantity(difference, R15)}} dissimilarity, dissimilaritude[obs3]; unlikeness, diversity, disparity, dissemblance[obs3]; divergence, variation. {{&caused_by: change, R140; variation, A2.3.4}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R20, novelty, originality}}. V. {{has_large_quantity(differ, R15)}} be unlike, be dissimilar, be disparate. {{has_extreme}} bear no resemblance to, differ toto coelo[Lat]. break new ground. {{&caused_by}} render unlike, render dissimilar. {{&caused_by: vary &c. (diversify) R140}}. {{&caused_by: change, R140}}. Adj. dissimilar, unlike, disparate; divergent; of a different kind, of a different sort, of a differeent class, of a different feather; unmatched, unique. {{has_subtype: @R20, new, novel, original, patented, ground-breaking, pioneering, non-imitation}}. creative, imaginative. patentable, non-obvious, unobvious. {{has_subtype: unprecedented &c. R83}}. nothing of the kind; no such thing, quite another thing; far from it, cast in a different mold, tertium quid[Lat], as like a dock as a daisy, "very like a whale " [Hamlet]; as different as chalk from cheese, as different as Macedon and Monmouth; lucus a non lucendo[Lat]. diversified &c. R16a. Adv. otherwise. Phr. diis aliter visum[Lat]; " no more like my father than I to Hercules" [Hamlet]. <-- [[copy]] --> A2.3.3 IMITATION (R19) #19. Imitation. N. {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} imitation, imitating, copying, replicating, replication. {{forms: copy, R21}}. {{has_subtype}} repetition, duplication, reduplication; reproduction. {{&causes: duplication, R90}}. {{has_subtype}} transcription. {{has_subtype(copying)}} {{has_subtype(drawing, @R554)}} {{used_in(tracing paper)}} {{formed_by(tracing, @R556)}} tracing. {{has_subtype(tracing)}} image tracing; relief tracing. <-- image tracing can use either transillumination or direct projection --> {{has_patient(image tracing)}} {{has_subtype(original, R22)}} {{has_subtype(picture, R556)}} original picture. {{requires(image tracing[ptnt=$original picture]): project[obj=projected image[of=$original picture], @P2.3.1.3.6][onto=tracing paper], P2.3.1.3.6}}. {{has_patient(relief tracing)}} {{has_subtype(original, R22)}} {{has_subtype(relief, @R557)}} traced relief. {{requires(relief tracing[ptnt=$traced relief]): contact[between= tracing paper + $traced relief], R199}}. {{has_subtype}} mockery, mimicry; simulation. {{has_subtype(imitation[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} impersonation, personation. {{causes}} semblance. {{method_for}} assimilation. {{has_subtype}} {{purpose_of(deception, R545)}} faking. {{has_subtype: representation &c. R554}}. {{has_subtype: @R856, parody, takeoff, lampoon, caricature}}. {[of(language): quotation, @R535]}. {[of(communication)]} paraphrase. {[of(original idea/text, @R590): plagiarism, @R791]}. {[of(organism, R357): reproduction, procreation; replication]}. {{has_subtype(copying[of=image, R448])}} {{similar_to(copying): @P2.3.1.3.6.2, photography, photocopying}}. {{similar_to: @R544, forgery, counterfeit}}. <-- imitator to person who ... P2.3.2.3.6.5.38 IMITATOR --> V. imitate, copy, replicate. reproduce, repeat. mirror, reflect, echo, reecho; do like, catch; transcribe; match, parallel. mock, mimic, ape, simulate, impersonate, personate; represent &c. R554; counterfeit. {{used_in(impersonate): act &c. (drama) R599}}. {{has_subtype: @R856, take off on, parody, travesty, caricature, lampoon, burlesque}}. follow in the steps of, tread in the steps, follow in the footsteps of, follow in the wake of; take pattern by; follow suit, follow the example of; walk in the shoes of, take a leaf out of another's book, strike in with; take after, model after; emulate. {{formed_by(tracing, @R556)}} trace. Adj. imitated &c. v.; mock, mimic; modelled after, molded on. paraphrastic; literal; imitative; secondhand; imitable; aping, apish, mimicking. {{has_consequence(imitation)}} {{has_property(copy, R21)}} imitation[2]. {{has_subtype(imitation[2]): @R545, counterfeit, bogus, phony, ersatz, fake[2]}}. Adv. literally, to the letter, verbatim, literatim[Lat], sic, totidem verbis[Lat], word for word, mot a mot[Fr]; exactly, precisely. Phr. like master like man; " like - but oh! how different! " [Wordsworth]; " genius borrows nobly " [Emerson]; " pursuing echoes calling 'mong the rocks " [A. Coles]; " quotation confesses inferiority " [Emerson]; "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery". <-- R20 refers mostly to the human trait "creativity", and might have its primary location under human traits. An essential element is "newness", involving time. So this has elements of the physical world and mental world, and we leave it here. --> A2.3.3.R1 ORIGINALITY (R20) #20. Originality. N. {{antonym_of(imitation, R19)}} {{conceptual_part_of(dissimilarity, R18 + newness, P123)}} originality, nonimitation, novelty[1], newness, non-imitation. {{property_of}} something new, a novelty, novelty[2], no imitation. {{property_of: invention[2], @R515}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M5.7.3, creativeness, creativity, inventiveness]}. {{&property_of: prototype, R22}}. Adj. original, new, novel. ground-breaking, pioneering. {{conceptual_part_of(original)}} creative, inventive; untranslated. {{manifestation_of}} {{has_subtype(uncommon, @R83)}} exceptional, rare, sui generis[Lat], uncommon, unexampled. {{has_consequence: unique, @R83}}. unimitated[obs3], uncopied[obs3]; unmatched, unparalleled. {{&has_consequence(new)}} {{required_for(new)}} patented. <-- This "copy" is mostly for objects [Result of imitation.] --> A2.3.3.R2 COPY (R21) #21. Copy. N. {{antonym_of(original, R22)}}{{property_of(posteriority, R117)}} {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} {{forms(copying, R19)}} copy, facsimile, replica, imitation, counterpart, effigies, effigy, form[2], likeness. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): original, R22}}. {{has_subtype}} model, representation, adumbration, study. {{has_property: resemblance[to=original, R22], R17}}. {{has_subtype}} duplicate, reproduction, replication. {{has_subtype}} {{has_member(set/run)}} replicate, rerun. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(accurate, @R494)}} exact copy, exact imitation, precise copy; servile copy, servile imitation. {{has_subtype(copy[of=image, R448])}} reflection, reflex, reflexion[Brit]. {{has_subtype(copy[of=sound, R402])}} echo. {{has_subtype: @R856, parody, caricature, burlesque, travesty, travestie[obs3]}}. {{has_subtype: @R556, portrait}}. {{has_subtype: @R554, representation, visualization, illustration, delineation}}. {{has_subtype(copy)}} {{conceptual_part_of(change, R140)}} {{property_of(different[from=original], R15)}} derivative, derivation, modification, expansion, extension, revision, variant, variation, form[2]. {{has_subtype(variant[of=statement, R535])}} paraphrase. {{has_subtype(variant[of=speech, R582])}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} transcript. {{has_subtype(variant)}} embodiment. {{has_subtype(variant[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} avatar, incarnation. {{has_subtype(variant)}} recording, scan[copy into a non-visual form]. {{has_subtype(variant): @R230, silhouette, outline}}. {{has_subtype(variant): shadow, @R421}}. {{has_subtype(writing): mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint; photo offset}}. {{has_subtype(variant[of=document, R590a])}} {{has_subtype(document, R590a)}} reprint, new printing; rechauffe[Fr]; apograph[obs3], fair copy; second edition &c. (repetition) R104. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{has_subtype: @R590, @M8.1.3.3.2.4, facsimile, reprint}}. {{has_subtype}} pasticcio[obs3]. {{has_subtype(replicate): @P2.3.1.3.6.5, cast, mold}}. {{has_subtype(replicate): @P2.3.1.3.6.1, print}}. {{has_subtype: @R545, counterfeit, fake}}. {{product_of}} copying, replication. {{product_of(transcript)}} transcription. {{similar_to(copying): duplication, R90}}. Adj. copied, reproduced. faithful; lifelike &c. (similar) R17; close, conscientious. unoriginal, imitative, derivative. <-- [Thing copied.] --> A2.3.3.R3 PROTOTYPE (R22) #22. Prototype. N. {{property_of(antecedence, R116)}} {{antonym_of(copy, R21)}} prototype, original, model, paradigm, pattern, precedent, standard, ideal, reference, scantling, type, exemplar, example; archetype, antitype[obs3]; protoplast, module, ensample[obs3]; lay-figure. <-- a protoype isn't always original in the sense menat in R20 --> {{&has_property: originality, R20}}. <-- is a mock-up a copy or a model? Usually, it comes before the real thing, so we classify it as a model --> {{has_subtype(model)}} mockup, mock-up. {{has_subtype(model): cartoon, @R230}}. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(comparing)]} known, known object. {{has_subtype: text, copy @R590, @M8.1.3.3.2.4}}. {{has_subtype(model)}} design; fugleman[obs3], keynote. {{has_subtype}} die, mold; matrix, last, plasm[obs3]; proplasm[obs3], protoplasm; mint; seal, punch, intaglio; stamp. {{has_subtype}} negative, photographic negative. V. be an example, set an example. set a copy. {{has_subtype(set an example)}} {[in_frame(behavior, R692): @R692, be a role model]}. Phr. a precedent embalms a principle [Disraeli]; exempla sunt odiosa[Lat]. A2.3.4 VARIATION (R20A) #20a. Variation. N. variation; alteration &c. (change) R140. {{has_subtype}} modification; discrepance[obs3], discrepancy. {[in_frame(language, R560)]} {[of(word[1], R562)]} moods and tenses. {{has_subtype: divergency[obs3] &c. R291}}. {{has_subtype}} aberration; innovation. {{has_measure}} {[in_frame(mathematics, @R25)]} variance; standard deviation; root mean square deviation, RMS, RMS deviation; standard error; deviation &c. R279. V. {{has_subtype(change, R140)}} {{caused_by(variation)}} vary. deviate &c. R279; diverge &c. R291; alternate, swerve. Adj. varied. modified. {{has_subtype: diversified &c. R16a}}. <-- "replicate" as used here differs somewhat from "copy". A copy is a duplication of an original, whereas a replicate is one of a number of items produced by a procedure (such as casting, printing; even an experiment) all of which are equally original. Thus it is an original and a copy at the same time! Russian distinguishes the two senses of "copy". One of a series of "originals" is an "exemplar"--> A2.4 GENERAL RELATION N. general relation. <-- note that the "agreement' here at R23 is an abstract concept. At R714 it is specifically a mental interaction between two intelligent agents. The concept of "appropriate, adapted" is also in here, but should be moved to the mental categories under means to a goal???. --> A2.4.1 AGREEMENT (R23) #23. Agreement. N. {{conceptual_part_of(relation, R9)}} agreement; accord, consistency, accordance; concordance, concert. {{has_subtype}} unison, harmony. {{consequence_of}} compatibility. {{has_subtype}} conformance; consonance, consentaneousness[obs3], consistency; congruity, congruence; keeping; correspondence, parallelism, apposition, union. {{conceptual_part_of: conformity &c. R82; uniformity &c. R16}}. <-- the following paragraph, originally here, was moved to R644, "utility" since these words relate mostly to fitness for a purpose --> {{has_subtype: @R644, fitness, aptness, appropriateness, applicability, relevancy, pertinence, aptitude[obs2]}}. {{has_subtype(agreement[to=rule, @R697]}} propriety, admissibility. {{property_of}} case in point. {[in_frame(comparison, R464)]} commensurability. {{&caused_by}} adaptation, adjustment, accommodation, adaption[obs3]; reconciliation, reconcilement; assimilation. {{has_subtype(adaptation)}} fitting together, coaptation[obs3]. {{has_subtype(adaptation[of=organism, R357][to=environment, R227])}} acclimatization. {{has_subtype(adaptation[of=genes, @P2.6.4.2])}} coadaptation. {{has_subtype(adaptation[of=person, P2.3.2.3])}} graduation. {{&causes(adaptation): utility, R644}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: @R714, concord, general agreement, mutual understanding}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{conceptual_part_of: @R762, consent, agreement, assent}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{conceptual_part_of: cooperation, R709}}. {{has_subtype: concurrence &c. R178}}. {{property_of}} right man in the right place, very thing; quite the thing, just the thing. V. agree, accord, harmonize, be accordant, be in agreement, be in accord. correspond, tally, respond; meet, suit, fit, befit, do, adapt itself to; fall in with, chime in with, quadrate with, consort with, comport with; dovetail, fit like a glove, fit to a tittle, fit to a T; match &c. R17; become one; homologate[obs3]. agree with, accord with, fit with, correspond to. {{&caused_by}} assimilate. {{&caused_by}} render accordant &c. adj.; fit, suit, adapt, acclimatize, acclimate, accommodate; graduate; adjust &c. (render equal) R27; dress, regulate, readjust. {{&caused_by}} reconcile, square, square with, fadge[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&mcauses: @R762, consent, assent}}. Adj. agreeing, suiting &c. v.; in accord, consistent, accordant, concordant, consonant, congruous, consentaneous[obs3], correspondent, corresponding. congenial; coherent; becoming; harmonious reconcilable, conformable; in accordance with, in harmony with, in keeping with, in unison with &c. n.; at one with, of one mind, of a piece; consistent, compatible, proportionate; commensurate; on all fours. apt, apposite, pertinent, pat; to the point, to the purpose; happy, felicitous, germane, ad rem[Lat], in point, on point, directly on point, bearing upon, applicable, relevant, admissible. {{has_subtype: @R644, fit, in loco, a propos[Fr], appropriate, seasonable, sortable, suitable, idoneous[obs3], deft}}. adapted, acclimatized. at home, in one's proper element. Adv. a propos of[Fr]; pertinently &c. adj.. Phr. rem acu tetigisti[Lat][obs3]; "if the shoe fits, wear it"; the cap fits; auxilia humilia firma consensus facit [Lat][Syrus]; discers concordia [Lat][Ovid]. <-- this Roget entry has a lot of different concepts mixed in, most of which belong in the mental section. This needs to be completely reworked, and perhaps distributed to other entries??? The headword is close to "dissimilarity". We use "disagreement" here to mean a consequence of some type of dissimilarity between two objects; "nonconformity" at R83 is a dissimilarity between one object and some norm. --> A2.4.2 DISAGREEMENT (R24) #24. Disagreement. N. {{conceptual_part_of(dissimilarity, R18)}} disagreement, disparity, mismatch, discrepancy, variance, divergence; dissimilitude, inequality. {{&mcauses}} {{has_expression}} discord, discordance; dissonance, dissidence; incongruity, incongruence[obs3]; discongruity[obs3], mesalliance; bickering, clashing, misunderstanding, wrangle. {{has_high_level}} irreconcilableness, irreconcilability, incompatibility. {{has_subtype(irreconcilability): hostility, @R889; antagonism, @R708; incompatibility, @R708}}. {{has_subtype: discord, R713}}. {{conceptual_part_of: opposition, R708}}. {{has_subtype}} disproportion, disproportionateness[obs3]; inharmonious; repugnance. {{has_subtype}} unfitness, inaptitude, impropriety, inappropriateness; inapplicability, unsuitability, unseasonableness; inconsistency, inconcinnity[obs3]; irrelevancy &c. (irrelation) R10. {{has_subtype}} incommensurability. {{has_subtype}} misjoining[obs3], misjoinder[obs3]; syncretism[obs3], intrusion, interference; concordia discors[Lat]. {{similar_to: unconformity &c. R83}}. {{has_metaphor}} fish out of water. V. disagree; clash; interfere, intrude, come amiss; not concern &c. R10; mismatch; humano capiti cervicem jungere equinam[Lat]. {{has_subtype(clash): jar, @R713}}. Adj. {{conceptual_part_of(dissimilar, R18)}} disagreeing, discordant, discrepant, at variance. jarring, clashing. {{has_high_level}} at war; hostile, antagonistic, repugnant, incompatible, irreconcilable, inconsistent with; intrusive, incongruous; disproportionate, disproportionated[obs3]; inharmonious, unharmonious[obs3]; inconsonant, unconsonant[obs3]; divergent, repugnant to. inapt, unapt, inappropriate, improper; unsuited, unsuitable; inapplicable, not to the point; unfit, unfitting, unbefitting; unbecoming; ill-timed, unseasonable, mal a propos[Fr], inadmissible. inapposite &c. (irrelevant) R10. uncongenial; ill-assorted, ill-sorted; mismatched, misjoined[obs3], misplaced, misclassified; unaccommodating, irreducible, incommensurable, uncommensurable[obs3]; unsympathetic. out of character, out of keeping, out of proportion, out of joint, out of tune, out of place, out of season, out of its element; at odds with, at variance with. Adv. in defiance, in contempt, in spite of; discordantly &c. adj.; a tort et a travers[obs3]. Phr. asinus ad lyram[Lat]. A2.5 INTERNAL RELATION N. internal relation. <-- [[simplicity]] --> <-- this sould be in a "properties" category?? --> A2.5.1 SIMPLENESS (R42) #42. Simpleness. N. {{antonym_of(complexity, A2.5.2)}} simpleness, simplicity. {{has_subtype}} purity, homogeneity. {{&caused_by}} elimination. {{&caused_by: purification &c. (cleanness) R652}}. {{&caused_by: @R60, sifting, sorting}}. {{&caused_by}} isolation; simplification; homogenization. {{has_excess(simplification)}} oversimplification. V. [transitive] render simple, simplify; homogenize. winnow, bolt, eliminate; exclude, get rid of, cull; clear; disentangle &c. (disjoin) R44. {{has_subtype(simplify): purify &c. (clean) R652}}. {{has_subtype(simplify): @R60, sift, sort}}. Adj. simple, uniform, of a piece, homogeneous, single, pure, sheer, neat. unmixed, unmingled[obs3], unblended, uncombined, uncompounded; elementary, undecomposed; unadulterated, unsophisticated, unalloyed, untinged[obs3], unfortified, pur et simple[Fr]; incomplex[obs3]. free from, exempt from; exclusive. Adv. simple &c. adj.; only. A2.5.2 COMPLEXITY (R59a) #59a. Complexity. N. {{antonym_of(simplicity, A2.5.1)}} complexity; complexness &c. adj.; complexus[obs3]; complication, implication, intricacy, intrication[obs3]; perplexity. {{property_of}} network, labyrinth; wilderness, jungle; involution, raveling, entanglement; coil &c. (convolution) R248; sleave[obs3], tangled skein, knot, Gordian knot, wheels within wheels; kink, gnarl, knarl[obs3]; webwork[obs3]. {[of(action, @R680)]} {{has_subtype: difficulty, R704}}. {[in_frame(traffic[2], @R266)]} {{property_of(complexity)}} {{has_subtype(obstruction[of=traffic[2], @R266], M7.3.4.R4.1)}} jam, traffic jam. {{has_high_intensity(traffic jam)}} gridlock. {{has_subtype: nonuniformity, R16a}}. V. complexify[obs3], complicate. Adj. complex, complexed; intricate, complicated, perplexed, involved, raveled, entangled, knotted, kinked, kinky, tangled, inextricable; irreducible. gnarled, knarled[obs3]. {{property_of}} {[in_frame(traffic[2], @R266)]} snarled, gridlocked, jammed. Phr. the plot thickens. <-- adhesion, here is a general sticking together, a more abstract concept than the more physically-oriented concept of tenacity at R327b. We moved the physically-related concepts to R327b [[adhesion, connect]] --> A2.5.3 CONNECTEDNESS (R46) #46. connectedness. N. {{antonym_of(unconnectedness, A2.5.4)}} connectedness, linkage, continuity[1]. {{has_representation: abstract graph, A2.5.3.R1}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} connected structure. {{!!has_part(connected structure)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} connected object[num=>1]. {{has_subtype(continuity[1])}} {{of[time, P1.1/period, R108])}} continuity[2], ceaselessness. {{has_subtype: @R69, succession[2], consecution, consecutiveness}}. {{caused_by}} coherence[1]. {{&caused_by(coherence)}} concretion, accretion; conglutination, agglutination, agglomeration; aggregation; consolidation. {{has_subtype}} {[of(discourse, @M8.1.3.2.2)]} coherence[2]. {{has_subtype(incoherence, R47)}} {{antonym_of(coherence[2])}} incoherence. {{&caused_by: attaching, R43}}. {{has_requirement: connection, A3.3.3.R1}}. {{has_extreme}} inseparability, inseparableness. {{&caused_by: joining, R43}}. {{property_of}} connection, link. {{&causes}} {{&has_manifestation: dependence, @A1.4.3}}. <-- put these in the physobj category! out of place here???--> {{property_of: path, R627}}. {{property_of: @P2.2.1.2, conglomerate, concrete}}. {{&caused_by: @R327b, adhesion, adherence, set, cementation, sticking, tenacity, soldering}}. {{&consequence_of(adhesion): @R327, stickiness, adhesiveness}}. V. [intransitive] connect[1], be connected, be linked, be tied together. continue. cohere, hang together. {{&caused_by(connect)}} agglomerate. {{&caused_by(connect)}} [transitive] connect[2], link, link up, hook together. Adj. {{has_property(connected object/connected structure)}} connected, linked. continuous; continual. cohesive, cohering. {{has_subtype: @R69, consecutive, successive}}. united, unseparated, unsessile[obs3]. {{has_extreme}} inseparable, inextricable, infrangible[obs3]. {{required_for: compact, @R321}}. <-- This entry is only for graphs with at least one connection. This is a very simlistic entry, primarily for defining some relations within a parse tree. [[graph]] --> A2.5.3.R1 ABSTRACT GRAPH N. {{has_representation(connectedness, A2.5.3)}} abstract graph, graph. {{!!has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} node, vertex, vertices[pl]. {{!!has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(connection, R45)}} link, edge. {{has_subtype_x(node)}} terminal node, leaf; non-terminal node. <-- terminal nodes connect to only one other node. Meaningful mostly in trees. --> {{!!connected_to(terminal node): node[num=1]}}. {{+has_conceptual_part}} {{location_of(non-terminal node)}} {{conceptual_part_of(link[num=>2])}} branch. {{{interconnects(link): node + $node}}}. {{&representation_of(link): relation, A2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} directed graph; undirected graph. {{has_part(directed graph)}} {{has_subtype(link, @R9)}} {{property_of(directed, @R9): directed link, @R9}}. {{has_subtype}} {{not_part_of(cycle)}} acyclic graph. {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(cycle)}} cyclic graph. {{has_subtype(directed graph)}} {{has_subtype(acyclic graph)}} directed acyclic graph. {{has_subtype(directed graph)}} tree-structured graph, tree. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(node)}} {{has_subtype(origin[of=line of descent])}} root node. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(series, R69)}} {{has_subtype(line, R69)}} line of descent[num=>0]. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(node)}} {{has_subtype(terminus[of=line of descent], R67)}} leaf. {{has_part(tree-structured graph)}} {{has_subtype(node)}} successor, successor node. {{has_reciprocal(successor node)}} parent node. {{isnota(root node): successor node}}. {{isnota(parent node): leaf}}. {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{has_result(parsing): parse tree}}. {{has_subtype(tree)}} {{uses(management, R693): chain of command, @R693}}. <-- [Want of adhesion, nonadhesion, immiscibility.] --> A2.5.4 UNCONNECTEDNESS (R47) #47. Unconnectedness. N. {{antonym_of(connectedness, A2.5.3)}} unconnectedness, incoherence, lack of connection, noncohesion; nonadhesion[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} looseness; laxity; relaxation; loosening, , slackening, relaxing; freedom; rope of sand. {{has_subtype}} graininess[2], granularity, state of division. {{consequence_of(unconnectedness[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1])}} immiscibility. {[in_frame(image)]} {{has_subtype(graininess[1]): graininess[2], resolution}}. {{similar_to: disjunction &c. R44}}. V. {{&caused_by}} make loose &c. adj.; loosen, slacken, relax; come unstuck; fall apart, crumble. {{&caused_by: @R44, separate, detach, unglue, disjoin}}. Adj. incoherent, unconnected. multipartite[obs3], abstract; disjunctive; secant. separate, unconnected, apart, disparate, insular, discrete, asunder, far between, loose, free, unattached, unannexed, unassociated. detached, loose, baggy, slack, lax, relaxed, flapping, streaming. {{&consequence_of}} {{antonym_of(adhesive, @R327)}} nonadhesive. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{consequence_of}} immiscible. {{has_subtype}} {{antonym_of(combined, @R48)}} uncombined, unconsolidated, unjoined. disheveled. {{has_subtype}} {{has_property(powder, R330)}} noncohesive, like grains of sand. {{has_subtype(noncohesive)}} {{has_property(grain, P2.3.1.3.2.13): granular, @R330}}. {{&has_consequence(noncohesive)}} crumbling, falling apart. {{&consequence_of: @R44, separated, segregated, detached, disjoined}}. <-- "unconnectedness", above is the generic term for any two things which are not connected (and perhaps never were, nor had any reason to be). Here, we refer to a series or a conceptually whole object which has some kind of discontinuity in it. [Interrupted sequence.] --> A2.5.4.1 DISCONTINUITY #70. Discontinuity. N. {{has_subtype(unconnectedness, A2.5.4)}} discontinuity[1], discontinuousness. {{caused_by}} discontinuity[2], interruption, break, anacoluthon[obs3]. {{has_subtype: disjunction, R44, A3.3.4}}. {{has_subtype(discontinuity[2])}}{[of(solid object): @P1.2.2.2.1.3.1, fracture, flaw, fault, crack, cut; solution of continuity, caesura; broken thread]}. {{has_subtype(discontinuity[2][of=time interval, R108])}}{{has_subtype(time interval, R108): @M7.3.4.3.R1, pause, intermission; episode}}. {{property_of}} patchwork, potpourri, pastiche, hodgepodge, mosaic, collage, nontage, composite, rhapsody[obs2]. {[of(discourse)]} aside, digression, parenthesis. {{has_subtype: deviation, R279}}. {{has_subtype: detour, circuit, R629, M7.2.3}}. {{has_subtype: alternation, @R63}}. {{conceptual_part_of: periodicity, R138}}. {[of(war[1], R722)]} {{has_subtype(pause[of=war[1], R722], @M7.3.4.3.R1)}} truce, cease fire; lull, dropping fire. {{similar_to: space, gap &c. (interval) R198}}. {{has_subtype: lacuna, @R53}}. V. be discontinuous &c. adj.; alternate, intermit, sputter, stop and start, hesitate. discontinue, pause, interrupt; intervene; break, break in upon, break off; interpose &c. R228; break the thread, snap the thread; disconnect &c. (disjoin) R44; dissever. Adj. {{has_subtype(unconnected, @R47)}} discontinuous, broken, interrupted, dicousu[Fr], disconnected, discrete, disjunctive, unsuccessive[obs3]. {{has_subtype(discontinuous[in=time flow, R109])}} {{conceptual_part_of(pause, @R142)}} intermittent, intermitting. {{has_subtype(intermittent)}} spasmodic, syncopated, desultory; occasional; alternating; alternate. {{has_high_level(intermittent): fitful &c. (irregular) R139}}. patchwork, hodgepodge. {{has_subtype: recurrent &c. (periodic) R138}}. Adv. discontinuously, intermittently, at intervals, by snatches, by jerks, by skips, by catches, by fits and starts, skippingly[obs3], per saltum[Lat]. alternately, in alternation, by turns, in turns. parenthetically. Phr. "like angel visits few and far between" [Campbell]. <-- [[PART]] --> A2.5.5 COMPOSITION #54. Composition. N. composition, constitution, makeup, crasis[obs3]. {{has_component}} component material. {{&formed_by}} inclusion, comprehension; admission, reception. {{&formed_by: combination &c. R48}}. {{has_conceptual_part: part, R51}}. {{result_of}} embodiment; formation. {{has_part: component, R56}}. V. be composed of, be made of; consist of, comprise, be formed of, be made up of, be resolved into. include &c. (in a class) R76; contain, hold, comprehend, take in, admit, embrace, embody. [transitive] involve, implicate; drag into. compose, constitute, form, make; make up, fill up, build up; enter into the composition of &c. (be a component) R56. Adj. containing, constituting &c. v.. <-- "indivisible" is an important concept, but is only one line of this entry. --> A2.5.5.1 WHOLE (R50) #50. Whole. N. {{property_of(completeness, R52)}} {{part_of(part[1], R51)}} whole, totality, entirety, integer, ensemble, collectiveness[obs3]. {{&has_property}} indivisibility, indiscerptibility[obs3]. {{&result_of}} integration; embodiment. {{has_property}} wholeness, integrity. {{has_property: unity &c. R87}}. <-- a complex is made up of parts that are different in type. We have no way to say that now [1-17-96] --> {{part_of(part[1][num=>1], R51)}} {{property_of(nununiform, @R81)}} complex, aggregate, ensemble, compages[obs3], complexus [obs3]. {{has_subtype}} all, the whole, total, one and all, gross amount, sum, sum total, tout ensemble, length and breadth of, " be all and end all ". {{has_metaphor}} Alpha and Omega; lock stock and barrel; the long and the short. {{&result_of(wholeness)}} {{&formed_by(whole)}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} {{has_subtype(assembling[2], @R72)}} {{has_subtype(joining[ptnt=part[num=all], R51], R43)}} assembling, integration, putting together, integrating. {{has_property: completeness, A2.5.5.3}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(indivisible)}} indivisible whole, indivisible unit, smallest unit. V. form a whole, constitute a whole; integrate, embody, amass; amount to, come to. {{&result_of(wholeness)}} {{&formed_by(whole)}} {{has_subtype(join[ptnt=part[num=all], R51], R43)}} {{has_subtype(assemble[2], @R72)}} assemble, integrate, put together. Adj. whole, total, integral, entire; complete &c. R52; one, individual. unbroken, intact, uncut, undivided, unsevered[obs3], unclipped[obs3], uncropped, unshorn; seamless; undiminished; undemolished, undissolved, undestroyed, unbruised. {{has_subtype}} indivisible, unresolvable, atomic, indissoluble, indissolvable[obs3], indiscerptible[obs3]. wholesale, sweeping; comprehensive. Adv. wholly, altogether; totally &c. (completely) R52; entirely, all, all in all, as a whole, wholesale, in a body, collectively, all put together; in the aggregate, in the lump, in the mass, in the gross, in the main, in the long run; en masse, as a body, on the whole, bodily[obs2], en bloc, in extenso [Lat], throughout, every inch. Phr. tout bien ou rien [Fr]. <-- here member is like a limb, not a member of a set. For the latter, see A2.5.5.2.2 . [[part]] --> A2.5.5.2 PART (R51) #51. Part. N. {{has_part(structure, @R5)}} {{has_part(whole, R50)}} {{has_subtype(role, R9)}} part[1], fraction, portion; subdivision, section. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): whole, R50}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(number, R84): fraction, R100a}}. {{has_subtype}} aliquot part, aliquot portion. <-- "has_partition" is used for dividing substances or spaces where the properties of the part are similar to the properties of the whole: an arbitrary partition --> {{has_partition(whole, R50)}} piece. {{has_subtype}} lump, bit, hunk, morsel, particle. {{has_subtype(piece)}} {{forms(breaking, @R328)}} fragment, chip, chipping, chunk, shard, collop[obs3]. {{has_subtype(piece)}} {{forms(cutting, P2.8.1)}} shiver, sliver, driblet, clipping, paring, shave, shaving. {{has_partition(piece)}} {{has_subtype(piece)}} subpartition, smaller partition, subfragment. {[of(abstract space, A8)]} {{has_partition(abstract space, A8)}} region, subspace, partition. {{has_subtype(region[of=ordinary space, @R180]): region, R181}}. {{has_subtype(part[of=territory, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1])}} {{has_subtype(region): @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1, division, section, sector, quarter, ward}}. {{has_part(part)}} subpart. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(concept, M3.1.1.1): case, @M3.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} segment. {{has_subtype(sample[of=material[2], @P2.1.1], @R82)}} sample. {{has_subtype(piece)}} {[of(fabric, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)]} {{has_subtype(sample, @R51)}} swatch. {{has_subtype}} dose; item, particular; aught, any; division; cantle, frustum; detachment, parcel. {{has_subtype}} cut, cutting, shaving, slice; scrap, scale. {{has_subtype}} small part. {{has_subtype}} installment, dividend. {{has_subtype: share, @R786}}. {{has_subtype: lamina &c. R204}}. {{has_subtype}} arm, wing, member, limb, lobe, lobule, branch, offshoot, ramification. {[of(plant, R367)]} scion, bough, joint, link; runner; leaf, leaflet; stump, rump. {{has_subtype(part[of=bush[1], @R367/tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3]): @P2.3.2.1.2, twig, sprig}}. {{has_subtype: component part &c. R56}}. {{has_subtype}} sarmentum[obs3]. {[of(text, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): article, passage]}. {{has_subtype}} debris, odds and ends, oddments, detritus, talus; excerpta[Lat]. {[of(text)]} chapter, clause, count, paragraph, verse. {[of(container)]} compartment. {[of(circle)]} sector. {[of(computer program)]} routine, subroutine; call; instruction. {[of(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5): department &c. (class) R75]}. V. {{&formed_by(part)}} {{has_subtype(disjoin, R44)}} part[2], divide. {{has_subtype(divide): @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1, break, divide}}. {{has_subtype(have[obj=part[1]])}} {{&has_action(object, @R3a)}} have a part. {{has_action(part[1])}} be a part; be part of, form part of, be a part of. {{has_subtype(divide): @R786, partition, apportion}}. Adj. fractional, fragmentary; sectional, aliquot; divided &c. v.; in compartments, multifid[obs3]; disconnected; partial. Adv. partly, in part, partially; piecemeal, part by part; by by installments, by snatches, by inches, by driblets; bit by bit, inch by inch, foot by foot, drop by drop; in detail, in lots. semi-. <-- "a part of" is part of a whole --> Prep. {[in_frame(part[1])]} {{has_marker(whole, R50)}} of. A2.5.5.2.1 COMPONENT (R56) #56. Component. N. {{has_component(whole, R50)}} component, component part, integral part, integrant part[obs3], element, constituent. {{component_of: composition, R54}}. {{has_subtype}} ingredient; part and parcel; contents; appurtenance; feature. {{has_subtype(ingredient)}} leaven. {[of(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5): member, @R51; personnel, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6]}. V. {{has_action(component)}} {{has_subtype(@R51, be part of)}} [intransitive] be a component, be a constitutent, be an element; enter into, enter into the composition of; belong to, appertain to; merge in, be merged in, be combined in; inhere in. {{result_of(be combined in)}} [transitive] combine, unite. {{has_subtype(be a component[of=action, R680])}} {{hperforms(agent, R690)}} be implicated in. {{has_subtype(be implicated in): @R778, share in, participate in}}. form, make, constitute, compose. Adj. forming &c. v.; inclusive. <-- [[member]] --> A2.5.5.2.2 MEMBER N. {{has_member(group, A2.6.1)}} member, element, group member. {{has_property}} membership. V. include, number among. Adj. {{has_property(member): included, @R76}}. including. <-- the following was included in "whole", A2.2.5.1. Note that the relation "major_component" is used for parts that are essential or important, and not necessarily the majority part. The relation "has_main_component" is used for the majority part. Thus majority part and "most important part" are both contined here -- perhaps they should be separated? [Principal part.] --> A2.5.5.2.3 MAIN PART N. {{has_major_component(whole, R50)}} main part, mass, core, principal part, best part, chief part, greater part, major part, bulk, body. {[of(diet, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.3)]} {{has_subtype(food, R298)}} staple. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(important, R642)}} {{has_subtype(framework, @R5)}} framework, skeleton. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(important, R642)}} {{has_subtype(essential part, @R5)}} trunk, torso, bole, hull, hulk. {{has_metaphor}} lion's share, Benjamin's mess. {{has_main_component(whole, R50)}} greater part, major part, bulk. {{has_main_component(whole, R50)}} most, nearly all, almost all, essentially all, substantially all. Adj. most of, the major part of. Adv. mostly; substantially, on the whole. A2.5.5.3 COMPLETENESS (R52) #52. Completeness. N. {{has_property(whole, A2.5.5.1)}} completeness, wholeness, allness[obs3]. {{similar_to: wholeness, R50}}. {{&caused_by: completion, R729}}. {{&required_for: perfection, R650}}. {{has_subtype}} entirety; solidity, solidarity; unity; all; ne plus ultra[Lat], ideal, limit. {{&requires}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} complement, supplement. {{has_subtype(supplement)}} make-weight, casting weight. {{&requires}} {{has_subtype(process)}} {{used_in(supplement)}} {{has_subtype(completion, R729)}} supplementation, complementation, supplementing, complementing, filling. {{result_of}} saturation, saturity[obs1]; impletion[obs3]. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4, high water, high tide, flood tide, spring tide}}. {{property_of}} fill, load, bumper, bellyful[obs3]; brimmer[obs3]. {{&required_for: sufficiency &c. R639}}. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88}}. {[of(status)]} {{has_requirement: circumstances, @R183a}}. V. be complete &c. adj.; come to a head. {{&requires}} {{&caused_by}} render complete. {{has_method(render complete)}} supplement, complement. {{has_method(render complete)}} fill, charge, load; fill up, fill in, fill to the brim, fill the measure of; make up, make good; piece out, eke out; supply deficiencies; saturate. {{has_subtype(fill[mode=again])}} replenish, refill. {{has_subtype(render complete): complete, @R729}}. go the whole hog, go the whole length; go all lengths. Adj. {{has_property(whole, R50)}} complete, entire; full, good, absolute, thorough, plenary; solid, undivided; with all its parts; all-sided. {{&has_consequence: perfect &c. R650}}. exhaustive, radical, sweeping, thorough-going; dead. regular, consummate, unmitigated, sheer, unqualified, unconditional, free; abundant &c. (sufficient) R639. brimming, brimmimg over, runnung over; brimful, topful, topfull; filled, chock full, choke full; as full as an egg is of meat, as full as a vetch; saturated, crammed; replete &c. (redundant) R641; fraught, laden; full-laden, full-fraught, full-charged; heavy laden; soaked, waterlogged. {{has_property(supplement)}} supplemental, supplementary, completing, suplementing, complementing, ascititious[obs3]. Adv. completely, entirely, utterly, altogether, outright, wholly, totally, in toto, quite, fully, stark. thoroughly, absolutely, exhaustively, throughout, through and through. {[of(effort, R686)]} to the full, to the utmost, all out, to the backbone, to the top of one's bent, as far as possible, a outrance[obs3]; with a vengeance, with a witness. over head and ears; effectually, for good and all, nicely, through thick and thin, head and shoulders; neck and heel, neck and crop; in all respects, in every respect; at all points, out and out, to all intents and purposes; toto coelo[Lat]; utterly; clean, clean as a whistle; heart and soul, root and branch, down to the ground. from first to last, from beginning to end, from end to end, from one end to the other, from Dan to Beersheba, from head to foot, from top to toe, from top to bottom, de fond en comble[Fr]; a fond, a capite ad calcem [Lat], ab ovo usque ad mala[Lat], fore and aft; every, whit, every inch; cap-a-pie, to the end of the chapter; up to the brim, up to the ears, up to the eyes; "as . . . as can be". on all accounts; sous tous les rapports[Fr]. Phr. falsus in uno falsus in omnibus [Latin: false in one thing, false in everything]; omnem movere lapidem[Lat]; una scopa nuova spazza bene [Italian]. A2.5.5.4 INCOMPLETENESS (R53) #53. Incompleteness. N. {{has_property(part)}} incompleteness, lack of completeness. {{has_case}} {{property_of(missing, @R2)}} something missing. {{has_subtype(something missing)}} missing piece, missing part, gap, hole, lacuna; deficit, deficiency[2]; shortage. {{has_subtype(something missing)}} omission. {{caused_by(omission)}} {{has_subtype(negligence, @R460)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} omission[2]. {{consequence_of: defect, @R651}}. {{has_subtype}} deficiency[1], absence, want, lack, short measure. {{property_of: shortcoming &c. R304}}. {{&causes: insufficiency &c. R640; imperfection &c. R651}}. {{has_subtype: immaturity &c. (nonpreparation) R674}}. {{&caused_by}} half measures. {{has_symbol(omission)}} {[in_frame(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): caret, @R550]}. {{&caused_by: break &c. (discontinuity) R70}}. {[of(action, @A7): noncompletion &c. R730]}. {{&caused_by}} missing link. V. be incomplete &c. adj.; fall short of &c. R304; lack &c. (be insufficient) R640; neglect &c. R460. Adj. incomplete. defective, deficient, wanting, lacking, failing. imperfect &c. R651; in default, in arrear, in arrears; short, short of; hollow, meager, lame, half-and-half, perfunctory, sketchy; crude &c. (unprepared) R674. {[of(action, @A7): @R730, unfinished, uncompleted]}. {{antonym_of: complete, R729}}. mutilated, garbled, docked, lopped, truncated. {[of(action, @A7)]} in progress, in hand; going on, proceeding. Adv. incompletely &c. adj.; by halves. Phr. caetera desunt[Lat]; caret. A2.5.5.5 EXCLUSION (R55) #55. Exclusion. N. {{has_subtype(separation[from=group], R44)}} exclusion, non-admission, omission, exception, rejection; exile &c. (seclusion) R893; noninclusion[obs3], preclusion, prohibition. <-- separation is a mutual exclusion ... what relation? --> {{has_subtype}} separation, segregation, isolation, quarantine, seposition[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} elimination, expulsion; defecation. {{function_of(exclude[obj=water, R337])}} {{has_subtype(barrier[to=water, R337], @M7.3.4.R4.1)}} cofferdam; diving bell. {{has_subtype(exclusion[from=obligation[to=obey[obj=law, R963/rule, @R741], R743], R926]): exemption, R777a}}. {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3): @M7.3.2, repudiation]}. V. [intransitive] be excluded from &c. v.. {{has_subtype(separate, R44)}} exclude, bar; leave out, shut out, bar out; reject; lay apart, put apart, set apart, lay aside, put aside. throw overboard; strike off, strike out; neglect &c. R460; banish &c. (seclude) R893. {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3): @M7.3.2, repudiate, blackball]}. except. pass over, omit; garble; eliminate, weed, winnow. relegate, segregate; quarantine. Adj. excluding, leaving out, barring. exclusive, only. excluded &c. v.; unrecounted[obs3], not included in; inadmissible. <-- the "exclusive" of exclusive right or possession is at R924 --> {{has_subtype(exclusive): exclusive, @R924}}. Prep. exclusive of, barring; except; except for, excepting, with the exception of; save; other than; bating. Phr. bar the door to. <-- these are the abstract versions of range, restriction, etc, of which the physical subtype are contained in the physical or mental sections. It applies to restrictions on the ability of objects to hold qualitative attributes as well as quanitative attributes. --> A2.5.5.5.R1 RANGE N. {{property_of(member, A2.5.5.2.2)}} {{conceptual_part_of(limit, R233)}} range, reach, sphere, scope, extent. {{has_subtype}} amplitude. {{has_case}} {{property_of(included, @A2.5.5.2.2)}} inside, interior. {{has_case}} {{property_of(excluded)}} outside, exterior. {{causes}} restriction, containment, limitation. V. range. restrict, confine. Adj. restricted, contained. internal; external. {{has_consequence(external): excluded, @R55}}. {{has_consequence(internal): included, @A2.5.5.2.2}}. Prep. inside, within; outside, beyond. A2.5.5.6 EXTRANEOUSNESS (R57) #57. Extraneousness. N. extraneousness, foreignness, alienness. {{has_subtype}} extrinsicality[obs3] &c. R6; alienage[obs3], alienism. {{has_subtype: exteriority &c. R220}}. {{property_of(extraneousness)}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} foreign body, foreign substance, foreign element. {{property_of(extraneousness): alien, stranger, P2.3.2.3.6.4.3}}. {{similar_to: irrelation, R10}}. {{caused_by: external origin}}. V. be extraneous, be extrinsic, not belong, be in the wrong place. Adj. {{has_subtype(unrelated, R10)}} extraneous, extrinsic, foreign, alien. tramontane, ultramontane. inadmissible; exceptional. {{&consequence_of: excluded &c. R55}}. {{has_subtype: @R220, ulterior, exterior}}. Adv. extraneously, extrinsically. in foreign parts, in foreign lands; abroad, beyond seas; over sea on one's travels. <-- Roget had a major category, "collective order" under "order" to express conceots relating to classes and relations within clases. This was to distinguish such concepts from parts of "compounds", which were under "continuous relation". However, the concepts are so related that this separation seems for ouir purposes to create more confusion, by putting similar words quite far apart. We have moved the group and class here, under "relation", and renamed it "group relation". --> A2.6 GROUP RELATION (R72 TO R74) N. group relation, relation within a group. <-- 72. Assemblage 73. Nonassemblage 74. Focus Dispersion --> <-- [[GROUP]] --> A2.6.1 GROUP #72. Group. N. group, cluster, assemblage[1], set. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(individual, @R87): @A2.5.5.2.2, member, element, group member}}. {{has_subtype(set)}} set[2], mathematical set. {{studied_in(mathematical set)}} set theory. {{has_subtype(set)}} {{property_of(ordered, @R60)}} partially ordered set, poset. {{has_subtype(partially ordered set): hierarchy, @A2.6.4}}. {{has_subtype}} batch, lot, pack. {{has_subtype(group[of=solid object[num=>1]])}} {{forms(collecting[2])}} collection[2]. {{has_subtype(group[of=number[num=>1], A5])}} numerical group, numerical grouping. {{has_subtype(quantity[of=physical object], R25, A3.1.1)}} {{property_of(greatness, R31)}} {{has_large_quantity(physical object)}} great quantity, huge amount; heap, pile, congeries; lump, load, rouleau[obs3]; mountain, mass; galaxy. {{has_subtype}} clump, pencil; budget, assortment; bunch; parcel; packet, package; bundle, fascine[obs3], fasces[obs3], bale. {{has_subtype}} group of fibers. {{has_subtype(group)}} {{member_of(animal, R366)}} group of animals. {{result_of(group of animals)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} {{has_subtype(convergence, @R290)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{formed_by(group of animals)}} [intransitive] assembling[1], gathering[1], assembly[1], ingathering[1], collecting[1], coming together. {{has_subtype(group of animals): human group, P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{result_of}} {{patient_of(physical object[num=>1])}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} {{antonym_of(dispersion, R73)}} assemblage[2], assembling[2]; collection[1], collecting[2], assembly[2], collocation, colligation[obs3]; compilation[1], compiling, levy, gathering, ingathering. {{has_subtype(gathering)}} {{location_of(center, @R222)}} centralization. {{result_of: @A2.6.4, grouping, clustering}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(multitude, R102)}} large group, quantity. {{has_subtype}} miscellany, collectanea[obs3]; museum, menagerie &c. (store) R636; museology[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} volley, shower, storm, cloud. {{has_subtype}} pyramid; bing[obs3]; drift; tissue; snowball, snowdrift. {{has_subtype: P2.3.2.3.5, human group}}. {{has_subtype(group): team; crew, gang, knot, squad, band, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): reunion, drawing room, at home; reception, conversazione[It] &c. (social gathering) R892}}. {{has_subtype(group): assembly, congress, meeting, levee; convention, conventicle; gemote[obs3]; conclave &c. (council) R696}}. {{has_subtype(group): posse, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): crowd, throng, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): bunch, drive, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {{has_subtype(group): @R712a, swarm, shoal, school, covey, flock, gaggle, herd}}. {{has_subtype(group): tribe}}. {{has_subtype(group): clan, brotherhood}}. {{has_metaphor}} Pleiades; constellation. {{has_subtype}} {{has_large_quantity}} multitude. {{has_subtype(group[of=attributes]): pattern A2.6.1.2}}. {{has_subtype}} agglomeration, conglomeration, , aggregation, conglomerate, acervation[obs3], cumulation; glomeration[obs3], conglobation[obs3]; coacervate[Chem], coacervation[Chem], coagmentation[obs3]; accumulation &c. (store) R636. {{property_of(density)}} concentration, congestion, omnium gatherum[Lat], spicilegium[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(concentration)}} black hole of Calcutta. {[of(vehicle, P2.3.2.3.16.2.2.1)]} {{affected_by(traffic flow, @R266): @R266, heavy traffic, bottleneck, traffic jam}}. {{has_subtype(group of fibers)}} fagot, wisp, truss, tuft; shock, rick, fardel[obs3], stack, sheaf, haycock[obs3]; fasces, fascicle ; seron[obs3], seroon[obs3]; gavel, hattock[obs3], stook[obs3]. {{has_part(body)}} {{has_subtype(group of fibers, @R72, A2.6.1)}} fascicle, fasciculus. {{has_part(book)}} fascicle, fascicule[obs3], fasciculus. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(well-defined)}} set, mathematical set. {{studied_in(mathematical set)}} {{has_branch(mathematics)}} set theory. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(well-defined)}} group, mathematical group. {{studied_in(mathematical group)}} {{has_branch(mathematics)}} group theory. {{has_symbol}} {{has_subtype(noun, @R567)}} collective noun. <-- ?? these should be in a separate category, usage is (quantity) of ... --> V. {{result_of(group)}} {{exhibits(animal[1], R366)}} [intransitive] assemble[1], collect[1], muster, come together, get together; meet, unite, join, rejoin; cluster, swarm; surge, stream, herd, crowd, throng, associate; congregate, conglomerate, concentrate; center round, rendezvous, resort; flock, flock together, pig together; forgather; huddle; reassemble; agglomerate, aggregate. precipitate. {{result_of(group)}} [transitive] assemble[2], muster, gather, bring together, get together, put together, draw together, scrape together, lump together, collect[2]; collocate, colligate[obs3]; get, whip in; hold a meeting; convene, convoke, convocate[obs3]; rake up, dredge; pack, put up, truss, cram; acervate[obs3]; compile; group, aggroup[obs3], concentrate, unite; collect into a focus, bring into a focus; collect in a dragnet; heap Ossa upon Pelion. {{has_subtype(collect[2]): amass, accumulate &c. (store) R636}}. heap, heap together, mass, pile, pile up, pile on. {{has_action(group): include, @R76}}. Adj. {{has_property(group)}} grouped, collected, assembled. clustered. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} flocked, herded, crowded, thronged, congregated, conglomerated, concentrated; gathered, gathered round, rendezvoused; come together, flocked together; huddled. associated. {{has_subtype(assembled[mode=closely, @R197])}} closely packed, dense, close-packed, serried. crowded to suffocation, teeming, swarming, populous. as thick as hops; all of a heap, cumulative. fasciculated. {[referring_to(mathematical set/set theory)]} set-theoretic. Adv. in a group. Suff. {{has_symbol(collective noun)}} "-ware"; "-stuffs". Phr. acervatim[Lat]; tibi seris tibi metis[Lat]. <-- a class is usually a group defined by their properties; a "set" in mathematics may be defined by enumerating its members, and they may have no common features. Here, a "set" is in the common sense of a set of similar things. The definitions here have not been conformed to the Ontolingua "Frame Ontology", but should be easily reconciled. [[class]] --> A2.6.1.1 CLASS (R75) #75. Class. N. {{has_subtype(group, A2.6.1)}} {{produces(classification, A2.6.4)}} class, division, category, categorema[obs3], kind, sort, type, variety. <-- for a class, a member is an instance --> {{!!has_subtype}} {{!!has_member}} {{has_subtype(member, A2.5.5.2.2)}} member, class member. {{has_subtype(class member)}} instance. {{has_subtype(definition[of=class], @R522)}} specification, conceptualization, conception, general conception, defining properties, necessary and sufficient conditions. <-- not every class has a subclass, but a "subclass" is a type of "class"! --> {{&has_subtype}} subtype, subclass. {{has_subtype(name[of=subtype], R564)}} hyponym. {{has_property(member): similarity &c. R17; relatedness, @R9}}. <-- we assume that a "class" is defined by some common property. This excludes classes defined by extension. DO we need to include those? If so, we must add a "&" to this "has_property" --> {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(property, @R79a)}} class property, common class property. {{is_a}} {{property_of(roleness)}} supertype[of=class member]. {{has_subtype(name[of=supertype], R564)}} hypernym. {{has_subtype(instance): example, @R82}}. <-- to "identify" may mean to assign to a class or category, as well as to refer to a specific individual. The former is to "identify as a" and the latter is to "identify as" --> {{topic_of(class): @R465b, classification, recognition, categorization, identification}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(known[by=person])}} known category, previously known category, previously recognized class. {{has_subtype(class[of=organism, R357])}} genus[1]; species[1]; family. {{has_subtype(species)}} {[in_frame(biology)]} biological species, species[2]. {{has_subtype(genus)}} {[in_frame(biology)]} biological genus, genus[2]. {[in_frame(biology)]} order; kingdom; race; tribe; breed, kit. {[in_frame(religion)]} sect. {{has_subtype}} assortment; feather, kidney. <-- this is for "set of dishes" etc. --> {{has_subtype}} set. {{has_part(set)}} subset. {{has_subtype}} range. {{has_subtype}} head, order; province, domain. {[of(human group)]} section; department, subdepartment. {[of(playing card): suit]}. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(sociology)]} {{has_subtype(human group): social class, @P2.3.2.3.5}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.3.2.3.6.2.R1, sept; clan]}. {{has_subtype: gender, sex, kin}}. {{has_subtype}} manner, description, denomination, designation, rubric, character, stamp, predicament. {{formed_by}} indication, particularization, selection, specification. {{has_property(member): inclusion &c. R76}}. V. {{result_of(class)}} classify. {{topic_of(class): @R465b, classify, recognize, categorize, identify}}. {{has_action(member): belong, @R76}}. Det. {{has_marker(class)}} a, a kind of, a sort of, a type of, a class of, a subtype of. Phr. "Really, universally, relations stop nowhere, and the exquisite problem of the artist is eternally but to draw, by a geometry of his own, the circle within which they shall happily appear to do so."[Henry James]. <-- pattern here is in the technical sense used for computerized pattern-matching. For this purpose a pattern is defined as a group(or set) of characteristics, each of which has a value. The values may be numerical, qualitative(finite multi-valued), or yes/no. In the abstract, a pattern is a group of elements with some characteristic internal relations. [[pattern]] --> A2.6.1.2 PATTERN N. {{has_subtype(group, A2.6.1)}} pattern. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(ordering, @R60)}} grouping, distribution, disposition, arrangement, array. {{has_subtype}} syntactic pattern; statistical pattern. {{has_property(statistical pattern)}} dispersion[1]. {{has_property(numerical group)}} {{has_subtype(dispersion[1])}} numerical dispersion, dispersion[2]. {{has_subtype(distribution)}} spatial distribution. {{has_property(syntactic pattern)}} syntactic patterning, syntactic ordering. {{used_for: identification, recognition}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} internal organization, internal relations. {{has_member: @A2.6.4.R5, characteristic, property, feature}}. {{has_property: multidimensionality; complexity}}. {{has_property: order, A4.1}}. {{has_representation}} {{&has_part(computer program)}} {[in_frame(computer program)]} {{has_subtype(linear array, A4.1.R2)}} vector, array. {{studied_in}} pattern matching. {{studied_in(syntactic pattern)}} parsing. {{has_subtype: traffic pattern, @R266; flight pattern}}. Adj. patterned. <-- dispersion may destroy a group. How to be more specific? --> A2.6.2 DISPERSION #73. Dispersion. N. {{antonym_of(assemblage, R72)}} {{conceptual_part_of(divergence, @R291)}} dispersion, dispersing; aspersion; scattering &c. v.; dissemination, diffusion, dissipation; spread, respersion[obs3], circumfusion[obs3], interspersion, spargefaction[obs3]; affusion[obs3]. {{has_conceptual_part: separation[of=part, R51][from=part, R51], R44}}. {{has_result(dispersion[ptnt=$group, R72]): destruction[2][ptnt=$group], @R162}}. {{&result_of}} nonassemblage. {{has_subtype}} {{member_of(transfer[1], A6.1.7)}} distribution, apportionment, distributing. {{has_subtype(distribution): apportionment, R786}}. {{has_subtype}} waifs and estrays[obs3], flotsam and jetsam, disjecta membra[Lat] [Hor.]; waveson[obs3]. V. disperse, scatter, disseminate, diffuse, shed, spread, bestrew, overspread, dispense, disband; dispel, dissipate; sow, broadcast, cast forth, draught off. disembody, dismember, distribute; apportion &c. R786; blow off, let out, spew; strew, straw, strow[obs3]; ted; spirtle[obs3], cast, sprinkle; issue, deal out, retail, utter; resperse[obs3], intersperse; set abroach[obs3], circumfuse[obs3]. turn adrift, cast adrift; scatter to the winds. spread like wildfire, disperse themselves. Adj. {[referring_to(distribution)]} distributive. {{has_consequence(disperse)}} dispersed, scattered, disseminated, diffused, shed, spread, bestrewn, overspread, dispensed, disbanded; dispelled, dissipated; sown, broadcast, widespread. unassembled, uncollected, unjoined; sparse, dispread, sporadic; adrift, stray; disheveled, streaming. {{has_subtype(widespread): epidemic, @R78}}. Adv. sparsim[obs3], here and there, passim. <-- [Place of meeting.] --> A2.6.3 FOCUS #74. Focus. N. {{has_conceptual_part(group)}} {{has_subtype(center, R222)}} focus[1]. {{has_subtype}} {{performed_at(convergence, R290)}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} point of convergence. {{has_subtype(point of convergence[of=human group])}} {{has_location(meeting)}} gathering place, resort, haunt, retreat; venue; rendezvous; rallying point; trysting place, place of assignation; place of meeting, place of resort; point de reunion. {{has_subtype(point of convergence[of=human group])}} headquarters, home, club; depot &c. (store) R636. {{has_subtype(focus[of=entering, R294]): entrance, @R294}}. {{has_subtype(focus[of=exiting, R295]): exit[2], @R295}}. {[of(distribution, @A2.6.1.2)]} {[in_frame(statistics)]} mode. {{has_subtype(focus[of=light ray[num=>1], @R420])}} {[in_frame(optics, @R420)]} focal point, focus[2]. {{has_location(focal point)}} {[in_frame(optical instrument)]} focal plane. {[in_frame(optical instrument)]} {{required_for(bring to a focus, @R74): @P2.3.1.3.6, focus, distinctness}}. {[of(ray, R244)]} corradiation[obs3]. V. {{location_of(focus[1])}} bring to a point, bring to a focus. {{metaphor_for}} bring to an issue. {{has_method(bring to a focus)}} {[in_frame(optical instrument)]} {[with_obj(optical instrument)]} [transitive] focus[3]. {{has_method(bring to a focus)}} {{used_in(optical instrument)}} {[with_obj(light ray)]} [transitive] focus[4]. Adj. focal. {{has_result(focus[3]/focus[4])}} focused, in focus. <-- [[classify]] --> A2.6.4 CLASSIFICATION (R75 TO R78) N. {{has_subtype(arranging, @A4.1.R2)}} {{has_subtype(ordering, @R60)}} {{has_subtype(segregation[ptnt=group, R72], @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1)}} classification[1], classifying, grouping, division, sorting, dividing into sorts, assortment, allotment, apportionment. {{&has_method(classifying)}} clustering. {{has_result(classifying)}} classification[2], system of classification. {{has_subtype(classification[2])}} {{has_subtype(directed graph, @A2.5.3.R1)}} {{has_subtype(partially ordered set)}} hierarchy. {{has_subtype(classification[2])}} taxonomy, grouping, taxis[obs2], syntaxis[obs3], graduation[obs2]. {{has_conceptual_part(classification): class, A2.6.1.1}}. V. {{has_subtype(arrange, @A4.1.R2)}} {{has_subtype(segregate[ptnt=group, R72], @P2.6.1.2.4.4.1)}} classify, class, group, assort, sort, divide into sorts. {{has_method(classify)}} cluster. Adj. classifying. classified. <-- 75. Class 77. Exclusion 76. Inclusion 79. Speciality 78. Generality --> A2.6.4.R1 INCLUSION (R76) #76. Inclusion. N. [Comprehension under, or reference to a class.] {{antonym_of(exclusion, R77)}} {{has_conceptual_part(classification, A2.6.4)}} {{has_action(whole, R50/group, R72/class, R75)}} inclusion, membership, subsumption, admission, comprehension, reception. {{has_patient}} included item. {{forms: member, A2.5.5.2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} containment, embrace, encirclement. {{forms(inclusion[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3][into=human group])}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(member, A2.5.5.2.2)}} group member, member. {{member_of(group member)}} {{has_subtype(human group)}} ins, in group, in crowd. {{conceptual_part_of: composition &c. (inclusion in a compound) R54}}. V. {{has_action(included item)}} be included, be included in, be contained, be contained in, be comprehended within, be comprised within, member among; come under, fall under, range under, range with; belong, belong to, pertain to; merge in. {{has_action(whole, R50)}} {{caused_by(be included in)}} {{has_subtype(have, @R3a)}} [transitive] include, contain, have. {{has_subtype(include)}} comprise, embody. {{has_subtype(include)}} {[with_object(part, R51)]} subsume, encompass, comprehend. {{&caused_by(include): @R296, admit, receive}}. {{has_subtype(include): @R227, embrace, encircle, bound}}. {{has_subtype: inclose &c. (circumscribe) R229; contain}}. reckon among, enumerate among, number among; refer to; place with, arrange with, place under. involve, take into account. Adj. {{has_property(class member)}} included, contained. {{has_subtype(included)}} within the bounds, within the range, inside the range, within the limits, inside the limits, inside the bounds. {{has_subtype(within the bounds)}} {[in_frame(ball game, @M8.2.2.2.2.2.1)]} {{&has_location(ball, @P2.3.1.3.13.1.2)}} in bounds. {{has_subtype(in bounds)}} {[in_frame(baseball, @M3.3.2.1.1.1.R3.3)]} {[when_modifying(baseball, @P2.3.1.3.13.1.2)]} fair. {{has_property(class, R75/container, P2.3.1.3.9/group, R72)}} including, containing, having. {{has_high_level(including)}} inclusive, catholic. {{has_high_level(inclusive): @R78, comprehensive, encyclopedic}}. {{has_property(class member)}} {{property_of(roleness)}} congeneric, congenerous, of the same class, of the same type, of the same sort. {{has_subtype(including): encircling, @R227}}. Adv. inclusively. {{has_high_level(inclusively)}} comprehensively, encyclopedically. and the like, and so forth, "etc.", et cetera. Phr. a maximis ad minima[Lat], et hoc genus omne[Lat], "&c.", "etc."; et cetera[Lat]. <-- Roget's comment: /The same set of words are used to express Exclusion from a class and Exclusion from a compound. Reference is therefore made to the former at R55. This identity does not occur with regard to Inclusion, which therefore constitutes a separate category/. --> <-- however, non-member can be used for class or group, but not for compound. So put it here. --> A2.6.4.R2 EXCLUSION (R77) #77. Exclusion. N. {{antonym_of(inclusion, R76)}} {{has_conceptual_part(classification, A2.6.4)}} {{has_subtype(exclusion[from=class], R55)}} exclusion, noninclusion. {{forms}} non-member, out, excluded member, excluded item. {{member_of(non-member)}} {{contrast_to(ins, @R76)}} outs[collective]. A2.6.4.R3 GENERALITY (R78) #78. Generality. N. {{antonym_of(speciality, R79)}} generality, generalization; universality. {{has_subtype}} catholicity, catholicism; miscellany, miscellaneousness[obs3]; dragnet; common run; worldwideness[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} prevalence, run. V. be general &c. adj.; prevail, be going about, stalk abroad. render general &c. adj.; generalize. Adj. general, generic, collective, broad, comprehensive, sweeping, ecyclopedic, encyclopaedic, encyclopedical[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: widespread &c. (dispersed) R73}}. universal; catholic, catholical[obs3]; common, worldwide; ecumenical, oecumenical[obs3]; transcendental; prevalent, prevailing, rife, epidemic, besetting; all over, covered with. Pan-American, Anglican[obs3], Pan-Hellenic, Pan-Germanic, slavic; panharmonic[obs3]. every, all; unspecified, impersonal. {{has_subtype(all[of=two objects]): both, @R89}}. customary &c. (habitual) M7.3.5.1.2.1. Adv. generally, in general, generally speaking; speaking generally. {{has_extreme}} universally. for the most part; in the long run &c. (on an average) R29. {[of(time, R113a)]} always, for better for worse. whatever, whatsoever; to a man, one and all. without exception. Pron. everything, all. {{has_subtype(all)}} {[of(people, @P2.3.2.3): @P2.3.2.3, everyone, everybody; all hands, all the world and his wife; anybody, N or M, all sorts]}. {{has_subtype(all[of=two objects]): both, @R89}}. <-- "Individuality" in ROget was a combination of concepts of "individual thing" and the characteristics which individuals may have. R5 intrinsicality! We leave main concept of individual (as opposed to all, the group) here, where class and inclusion concepts are. We break out trait, characteristic into its own entry and move the main entries from R5 to R79a. R79 retains the concept of specification, pointing to a particular item. [[pronoun]] --> A2.6.4.R4 INDIVIDUALITY (R79) #79. Individuality. N. {{antonym_of(generality, R78)}} individuality, speciality, particularity, specificity, specialness, individualness, uniqueness, specificness[obs3], specialite[obs3], individuity[obs1]. {{has_subtype}} esotericism. {{property_of: individual, @R87}}. {{has_conceptual_part: characteristic, R79a}}. {{has_high_level: singularity &c. (unconformity) R83}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} personality, mannerism. {{&causes: @M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1, peculiarity, idiosyncrasy, idiocrasy[obs3]}}. {{&causes: unconformity, R83}}. {{manifestation_of: character, R5}}. {[of(interpretation, R522)]} reading, version, lection; state. {{topic_of}} {{has_subtype(indicating, @R550)}} specification; deixis. {{property_of: self, M1.1}}. {{has_subtype(idiosyncrasy): tendency, R176}}. <-- [ref: type, idiotype]. --> V. specify, particularize, individualize, realize, specialize, designate, determine; denote, indicate, point out, select. descend to particulars, enter into detail, go into detail, come to the point. Adj. special, particular, individual, specific, proper, characteristic, original, private, respective, definite, determinate, especial, certain, partial, party, peculiar, appropriate, several, exclusive; singular &c. (exceptional) R83. {[of(knowledge, R527b)]} specialized, esoteric, technical, recondite, abstruse. <-- this "typical" mean "specific to this type" and is almost opposite of the usual meaning of "typical" (common) --> idiomatic, idiotypical, typical. {{has_high_level}} distinctive, discriminative, distinguishing. personal. {{has_subtype(characteristic[of=region, R181])}} endemic. {{has_subtype(distinguishing): diagnostic, @R465b}}. peculiar, idiosyncratic. Adv. specially, especially, particularly &c. adj.; in particular, in propria persona[Lat]; ad hominem[Lat]; for my part. each, apiece, one by one, one at a time; severally, respectively, each to each; seriatim, in detail, in great detail, in excruciating detail, in mind-numbing detail; bit by bit; pro hac vice[Lat], pro re nata[Lat]. namely, that is to say, for example, id est, exemplia gratia[Lat], "e.g."[abbr], "i.e."[abbr], videlicet, "viz."[abbr]; to wit. Pron. it; they. PersonalPron. {{property_of(individuality[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): @M1.1, I, I myself, myself, me}}. {{property_of(individuality[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): @M1.2, you, yourself, thee, thou, thyself, he, she, him, her, himself, herself, itself, theirselves}}. PossPron. my; your; his; her; its. mine; yours, thine[obs2]; hers. Art. the. DemonstrativePron. this; that; these; those; yon, yonder; this here [coll.]. InterrogativePron. who; which; what; whether. Phr. le style est l'homme meme[Fr]. <-- individual characteristic. Note that the "value" of the characteristic is an integral part of its definition; the word value did not occur in Roget in this sense, so it is listed here as its primary location for this sense. The use of this term "value" is exemplified by colors: {{has_property(cherry): color[val=red]}} In this case, the attribute is color, and the term "red" after the "=" sign is the name of the value. If the term after the "=" sign is a number, the value is a numerical value. The number may also have units: {has_property(chimney): height[val = 30 feet]}}, wich have their usual meaning. An attribute is a concept attached to an object. When attached to actions, an attribute is typically a mode for the action, i.e., an adverb. Not that in this notation, the "value" which comes after the equals sign is the name of the value. The value itself is a concept. In the case of numbers (a written number is a type of word), the name of the value is given by a number, but that number itself has to be evaluated to get the numerical value. So the "value" itself has a value! [[attribute]] [[characteristic]] --> A2.6.4.R5 ATTRIBUTE (R79A) #79a. Attribute. N. {{has_member(pattern, A2.6.1.2)}} {{has_conceptual_part(individuality, R79)}} {{has_conceptual_part(classification, A2.6.4)}} {{!!has_property(object, @R3a)}} trait, characteristic, property, feature, aspect, attribute, quality. {{has_case}} value. {{has_domain(value): word, R562; name, R564; dimensional magnitude}}. {{&has_property(value): numerical value, @A5; concept, R453}}. {{&has_unit(numerical value): unit of measure}}. {{&has_representation}} {{&has_case(value)}} {{has_subtype(abstract dimension, @A8)}} dimension. {{member_of: character, R5}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(distinctive, @R15)}} distinctive feature, distinctive characteristic, distinguishing characteristic. {{has_subtype(distinctive feature)}} {{property_of(unusual, R83)}} peculiarity, idiosyncrasy, oddity. {{has_subtype(peculiarity[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): idiosyncrasy, @M7.3.5.1.2.1.R1}}. {{causes(peculiarity): unconformity &c. R83}}. {{&conceptual_part_of: unit}}. {{has_subtype}} {{plural}} particulars, details, items, counts; minutiae. {{component_of}} {{plural}} differentia. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: R820, habitual affection}}. {{has_subtype(property[of=person, P2.3.2.3]): @P2.2.3.5.2, ability, endowment, faculty}}. V. {{has_action(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(have, @R3a)}} {[with_object(property)]} have a property. Adj. {{&has_property(attribute): @R465b, characteristic, diagnostic}}. {{has_property(attribute): @R79, special, particular, individual, specific}}. A3 QUANTITY R25 TO R57 [[QUANTITY]] N. quantity. {{has_conceptual_part: number, A5}}. <-- Absolute Relative --> <-- units of measure are located under their respective dimensions, e.g. length under length, volume under volume, etc. --> <-- [Absolute quantity.] --> A3.1 SIMPLE QUANTITY N. simple quantity. <-- [[quant]] [[math]] --> A3.1.1 QUANTITY #25. Quantity. N. quantity, amount, measure, simple quantity, absolute quantity. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(number, R84 + unit of measure)}} {{&has_value(property, R79a)}} magnitude, dimensional magnitude. {{has_subtype(magnitude)}} amplitude. {{has_subtype(magnitude[of=property[of=physical object], R79a])}} physical quantity. {{has_subtype}} mass; quantum. {{has_subtype(magnitude): size, P1.2.2.1.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{formed_by(addition, R37)}} sum, total, aggregate, bulk. {{assessed_by: measure, mensuration, R466, @M2.2}}. {{has_subtype}} intensive quantity; extensive quantity. {{has_measure(intensive quantity): @R159, intensity, strength, force}}. {{has_subtype}} load, lot. {{studied_in}} mathematics, math[informal], mathesis[obs3]. {{studies(mathematics)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} mathematical object. {{has_subtype(mathematical object): abstract space; number; mathematical set}}. {{has_branch(mathematics): @R85a, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, calculus, topology}}. {{conceptual_part_of(magnitude)}} {{has_subtype(mathematical object)}} vector. <-- the direction of an abstract link (at R9) is a binary-valued property, since that link is only between two objects. The direction of a vector in an abstract space can have many values. We therefore classify it as a subtype --> {{!!has_conceptual_part(vector)}} {{has_conceptual_part(abstract space)}} {{has_subtype(direction, @R9)}} direction. {{has_subtype}} [Definite or finite quantity.] armful, handful, mouthful, spoonful, capful; bundle; stock, batch, lot, dose; yaffle[obs3]. {{has_subtype: large quantity, R102}}. {{has_subtype: @R72, great quantity}}. {{has_subtype: @R32, small quantity, smallness}}. V. quantify, measure, fix, estimate, determine, quantitate, enumerate. Adj. quantitative, some, any, aught, more or less, a few. {{has_property(vector): directedness, @R9}}. {{has_property(intensive quantity)}} intensive. {{has_property(extensive quantity)}} extensive. Adv. to the tune of, all of, a full, the sum of, fully, exactly, precisely. Phr. "Math is tough." [Talking Barbie, 1993]. <-- [[degree]] [Relative quantity.] "degree" is one of the most fundamental concepts, and is dificult to find any other concept which forms a part of this. --> A3.1.2 DEGREE #26. Degree. N. {{&has_property(property, A2.6.4.R5)}} {{has_subtype(value, @R79a)}} degree, extent, intensity, strength. measure, amount. ratio. height, pitch. gradation, shade; tenor, compass; caliber; grade. rate; way; sort. point, mark; stint, standard. {{has_high_intensity}} high intensity, high degree. {{has_subtype: stage &c. (term) R71}}. {{has_subtype(intensity): greatness, R31}}. {[of(social status): station, rank, standing]}. Adj. comparative; gradual, shading off. Adv. by degrees, gradually, inasmuch, pro tanto[It]; however, howsoever; step by step, bit by bit, little by little, inch by inch, drop by drop; a little at a time, by inches, by slow degrees, by little and little; in some degree, in some measure; to some extent; di grado in grado[It]. A3.2 COMPARATIVE QUANTITY N. {{has_subtype(quantity)}} comparative quantity. <-- By Comparison with a Standard --> <-- 31. Greatness R32. Smallness --> <-- [Sameness of quantity or degree. Sameness of identity is under "identity" at R13] --> A3.2.1 EQUALITY (R27) #27. Equality. N. equality, parity, coextension. symmetry, balance, poise; evenness, monotony, level. equivalence; equipollence[obs3], equipoise, equilibrium, equiponderance[obs3]; par, quits, a wash; not a pin to choose; distinction without a difference, six of one and half a dozen of the other; tweedle dee and tweedle dum; identity &c. R13; similarity &c. R17. {{&caused_by}} equalization, equation; equilibration; coordination; adjustment. {{has_subtype(adjustment)}} readjustment. {{conceptual_part_of}} drawn game, drawn battle; neck and neck race; tie, draw, standoff, dead heat. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(symmetrical relation)}} match, peer, compeer, equal, mate; fellow, brother; equivalent. V. be equal &c. adj.. [transitive] equal, match, reach, keep pace with, run abreast; come to, amount to, come up to; be on a level with, lie on a level with; balance; cope with. amount to the same thing, come to the same thing. {{&caused_by(be equal)}} equalize, make equal, render equal, level, dress, balance, equate; strike a balance; establish equality, restore equality, restore equilibrium. {{has_method(equalize)}} trim, adjust, poise; fit, accommodate; adapt &c. (render accordant) R23; readjust; stretch on the bed of Procrustes. {{has_subtype(equalize)}} {[in_frame(competitive game)]} handicap, give points, spot points. Adj. equal. even, level, monotonous, coequal, symmetrical, coordinate; on a par with, on a level with, on a footing with; up to the mark; equiparant[obs3]. <-- there are apparently degrees of "equality". This "identical" (W10 sense 2) is not quite the same as the one at R13 (W10 sense 1) --> {{has_high_level}} exactly equal, precisely equal. {{has_extreme(equal)}} identical. {{has_low_level}} equivalent, tantamount; indistinguishable; quits; homologous; synonymous &c. R522; resolvable into, convertible, much at one, as broad as long, neither more nor less; much the same as, the same thing as, as good as; all one, all the same; equipollent, equiponderant[obs3], equiponderous[obs3], equibalanced[obs3]; equalized &c. v.; drawn; half and half; isochronal, isochronous isoperimetric[obs3], isoperimetrical[obs3]; isobath[Oceanography], isobathic[Oceanography]. {{has_low_level(equivalent): @R17, about the same, approximately equal}}. Adv. equally &c. adj.; pari passu[Lat], ad eundum[Lat], caeteris paribus[Lat]; in equilibrio[Lat]; to all intents and purposes. Phr. it comes to the same thing, it amounts to the same thing; what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander; "Not a dime's worth of difference between them." [george Wallace]. <-- [Difference of quantity or degree.] --> A3.2.2 INEQUALITY (R28) #28. Inequality. N. {{has_subtype(difference, R15)}} inequality, inequation[obs3]. disparity, unevenness, imparity; inclination of the balance, partiality, bias, weight; shortcoming. {{&mcauses: supplementation, @R52}}. {[of(probability, R472)]} odds. {{has_subtype: superiority &c. R33; inferiority &c. R34}}. {{has_subtype(difference[of=quantity, R25], R15)}} {{has_subtype(inequality[of=quantity, R25])}} margin. {{has_subtype(margin)}} {{in_frame(contest, R720)]} margin of victory. {{has_subtype(margin)}} margin of error. {{has_small_quantity(margin)}} thin margin, razor-thin margin. slender margin, narrow margin. {{has_subtype(margin): @R180, excess; margin for error, room for error; leeway}}. V. be unequal &c. adj.; countervail; have the advantage, give the advantage; turn the scale; kick the beam; topple, topple over; overmatch &c. R33; not come up to &c. R34. Adj. unequal, uneven, disparate, partial; unbalanced, overbalanced; top-heavy, lopsided, biased, skewed; disquiparant[obs3]. Adv. haud passibus aequis [Latin][Vergil]. <-- mean is both a quantity and a property --> A3.2.3 MEAN (R29) #29. Mean. N. {{has_subtype(middle[of=scale, @R69], R68)}} mean, average[1]. median; mode; balance, medium. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} averaging, taking an average. {{property_of: generality, R78}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} middle state. {{has_subtype(middle state)}} neutrality[1]. {{has_mean(alkalinity, @R392b + acidity, @R397)}} {{has_subtype(neutrality[1], @R29)}} neutrality[2], chemical neutrality. {[of(action, R680): @R174, middle course, golden mean]}. {[in_frame(negotiation, R770a): compromise, R774]}. {[of(skill, R698)]} mediocrity. least common denominator. {{topic_of: law of averages, @R156}}. V. {{result_of(mean)}} average[2], take an average, take the average, take the mean, reduce to a mean. [intransitive] average out. {{has_method(average[2])}} split the difference. strike a balance, pair off. Adj. {{has_subtype(middle, R68)}} mean, intermediate; average; neutral. mediocre, middle-class; commonplace &c. (unimportant) R643. Adv. on an average, in the long run; taking one with another, taking all things together, taking it for all in all; communibus annis[Lat], in round numbers. Phr. medium tenuere beati[Lat]. <-- ?? Where does this belong? Mostly refers to human affairs, purposive behavior. "balance, counterbalance" is relatively abstract. Leave that here? Part to restitution, R790, M9.2.2 --> A3.2.4 COMPENSATION #30. Compensation. N. {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} compensation, compensating. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(nullification[of=difference, R15], @R162)}} neutralization, equation, neutralizing, equating, balancing, counterbalancing. set-off, offset. {{uses(balancing)}} {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.1.3.2, counterpoise, ballast, counterbalance, tare}}. {{function_of: @R52, make-weight, casting-weight}}. reaction; measure for measure. {{has_method: equalization &c. R27; counteraction &c. R179; averaging, @R29}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R774, compromise[2], give and take}}. {{has_subtype(compensation[for=harm[1], R659a]): retaliation &c. R718}}. {{has_subtype: indemnification, @R973; restitution, R790}}. V. compensate, make compensation, make up for, compense[obs3]. indemnify, make good; counteract, countervail, counterpoise; balance; outbalance[obs3], overbalance, counterbalance; set off; hedge, square, give and take. cover, fill up, neutralize, nullify. {{has_subtype: redeem &c. (atone) R952}}. {{has_method: equalize, R27}}. Adj. compensating, compensatory; countervailing &c. v.. in the opposite scale. {{&has_consequence: equivalent &c. (equal) R27}}. Adv. in return, in consideration. on the other hand. Conj. but, however, yet, still, notwithstanding; nevertheless, nathless[obs3], none the less; although, though; albeit, howbeit; mauger[obs3]. at all events, at any rate. be that as it may, for all that, even so; on the other hand, at the same time, quoad minus[Lat], quand meme[Fr], however that may be; after all is said and done; taking one thing with another. Phr. " light is mingled with the gloom " [Whittier]; every dark cloud has a silver lining; primo avulso non deficit alter [Lat][obs3][Vergil]; saepe creat molles aspera spina rosas [Lat][Ovid]. <-- [[great]] [[very]] --> A3.2.5 GREATNESS #31. Greatness. N. {{antonym_of(smallness, R32)}} greatness, largeness, magnitude. might, strength, intensity, fullness; extremity. {{has_high_level(greatness)}} vastness, hugeness, immensity; enormity. {{property_of(intensity)}} {{not_conceptual_part_of(direction)}} tensor. {{property_of}} {{has_large_quantity(object, @R3a): multitude, R102}}. {{has_extreme: infinity, R105}}. {{property_of}} {{has_large_quantity(quantity, R25)}} large quantity, large amount, lots, lot, a lot, a quantity, a volume. {{synonym_of(large quantity)}} deal, great deal, pot, world, load[coll.], heap[coll.], heaps[coll.], shitload[vulg.]; power[dial.], sight[dial.]. {{property_of: @R72, mountain, mass, heap, assemblage[1]}}. {{&has_measure: size, P1.2.2.1.1}}. {{property_of: large size, R192}}. {{has_extreme}} maximum, upper limit. {{has_subtype(maximum): limit, P1.2.2.3.1.7}}. {{metaphor_for: importance &c. R642}}. {[of(supplies): abundance, @R639]}. {{property_of: @A2.5.5.2.3, principal part, chief part, main part, greater part, major part, best part, essential part, bulk, mass}}. <-- [ref: peck, bushel, load, cargo, (volume) R200b]. --> {{&result_of(maximum)}} maximization. {{&property_of: stock &c. (store) R636}}. {{property_of: flood, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2; spring tide, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4}}. {{&property_of: @R190, cartload, wagonload, shipload}}. {{conceptual_part_of: excess, R641; extravagance, @R818}}. V. be great &c. adj.; run high, soar, tower, transcend; rise to a great height, carry to a great height; know no bounds; ascend, mount. {{&caused_by: enlarge &c. (increase) R35}}. {{&caused_by: expand, @R194}}. {{&result_of(be great)}} maximize. Adj. great, large, big, huge. considerable, fair, above par; Herculean, cyclopean; ample; abundant &c. (enough) R639; full, intense, strong, sound, passing, heavy, plenary, deep, high; signal, at its height, in the zenith. {{has_high_level: greater &c. R33}}. {{has_high_level(great)}} vast, immense, enormous, humongous[coll.], extreme. {[of(size): large, R192]}. {{has_high_level(enormous)}} astronomical. world-wide, widespread, far-famed, extensive; wholesale; many &c. R102. goodly, noble, precious, mighty; sad, grave, heavy, serious; far gone, arrant, downright; utter, uttermost; crass, gross, arch, profound, intense, consummate; rank, uninitiated, red-hot, desperate; glaring, flagrant, stark staring; thorough-paced, thoroughgoing; roaring, thumping; extraordinary. important &c. R642; unsurpassed &c. (supreme) R33; complete &c. R52. august, grand, dignified, sublime, majestic &c. (repute) R873. {{similar_to(wasteful, R638, M7.2.2.1.1)}} inordinate, excessive, extravagant, immoderate, exorbitant, outrageous, preposterous, unconscionable, swinging. monstrous, overgrown. towering, stupendous, prodigious, astonishing, incredible; marvelous &c. R870. unlimited &c. (infinite) R105; unapproachable, unutterable, indescribable, ineffable, unspeakable, inexpressible, beyond expression, fabulous. undiminished, unabated, unreduced[obs3], unrestricted. absolute, positive, stark, decided, unequivocal, essential, perfect, finished. remarkable, of mark, marked, pointed, veriest; noteworthy; renowned. Adv. [in a great or high degree] very, very much. {{has_extreme(very): @R52, entirely, completely, utterly}}. {{has_extreme(very)}} extremely, in the extreme; infinitely, beyond measure, beyond all bounds, immeasurably; indefinitely, beyond compare, beyond comparison; incalculably. {{has_subtype(very)}} greatly, stupendously, prodigiously. [in a positive degree] truly &c. (truth) R494; decidedly, unequivocally, purely, absolutely, seriously, essentially, fundamentally, radically, downright, in all conscience; for the most part, in the main. {{has_subtype(greatly): abundantly &c. (sufficiently) R639}}. widely, far and wide. {{has_subtype(very)}} much, muckle[obs3], well, indeed, a deal, no end of, most, not a little; pretty, pretty well; enough, in a great measure, richly; to a large extent, to a great extent, to a gigantic extent; on a large scale; so; never so, ever so; ever so dole; scrap, shred, tag, splinter, rag, much; by wholesale. {{has_high_level(very)}} mighty, mightily, powerfully; with a witness, ultra[Lat], exceedingly, intensely, exquisitely, acutely, to a high degree, in a high degree. [in a supreme degree] preeminently, superlatively &c. (superiority) R33. {{has_excess(very)}} {{similar_to: wastefully, @R638, M7.2.2.1.1}} immoderately, monstrously, preposterously, inordinately, exorbitantly, excessively, enormously, out of all proportion, outrageously, with a vengeance. {{has_subtype(exceptionally, @R83)}} [in a marked degree] particularly, remarkably, singularly, curiously, uncommonly, unusually, peculiarly, notably, signally, strikingly, pointedly, mainly, chiefly; famously, egregiously, prominently, glaringly, emphatically, kat exochin[Grk], strangely, wonderfully, amazingly, surprisingly, astonishingly, incredibly, marvelously, awfully, stupendously, tremendously, extravagantly; severely. desperately, confoundedly, deucedly, devilishly, with a vengeance[postpositive]; a outrance[obs3], a toute outrance[Fr]. [in a violent degree] furiously &c. (violence) R173. [in a painful degree] painfully, sadly, grossly, sorely, bitterly, piteously, grievously, miserably, cruelly, woefully, lamentably, shockingly, frightfully, dreadfully, fearfully, terribly, horribly. Phr. a maximis ad minima[Lat]; " greatness knows itself" [Henry IV]; " mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed " [B. Cornwall]; minimum decet libere cui multum licet [Lat][Seneca]; " some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them " [Twelfth Night]. <-- By Comparison with a Similar Object [[more]] --> A3.2.5.1 SUPERIORITY #33. Superiority. N. {{has_high_intensity(greatness, R31)}} superiority. advantage, dominance, ascendancy; pull; vantage ground, prevalence, partiality; personal superiority. {[of(number)]} plurality. {[of(part, R51): majority, A3.2.5.1.1]}. supremacy. {[of(social status, @M3.3.2.1.6): nobility, @R875]}. {{trait_of: champion, P2.3.2.3.6.4.19.1}}. {{trait_of: expert, P2.3.2.3.6.4.19}}. supremacy, preeminence; lead. {[of(quantity)]} more; higher; larger. {{has_excess(more): excess, R641}}. {{has_extreme(larger)}} maximum. record; trikumia[Grk], climax; culmination &c. (summit) R210; transcendence; ne plus ultra[Lat]. lion's share, Benjamin's mess. {{conceptual_part_of: importance, R642}}. V. be superior &c. adj.. [transitive] exceed, excel, transcend; outdo, outbalance[obs3], outweigh, outrank, outrival, out-Herod; pass, surpass, get ahead of; over-top, override, overpass, overbalance, overweigh, overmatch; top, o'er-top, cap, beat, cut out; beat hollow; outstrip &c. R303; eclipse, throw into the shade, take the shine out of, outshine, put one's nose out of joint. have the upper hand, have the whip hand of, have the advantage; turn the scale, kick the beam. prevail; precede, take precedence, come first; come to a head, culminate. beat all others, outrank all others, surpass all others; bear the palm; break the record; take the cake [U.S.]. {{&caused_by: @R194, become larger, render larger, expand}}. {{&caused_by: increase, R35}}. Adj. superior, greater, major, higher. exceeding, surpassing, transcending, outranking; overmatching, outrivaling; great &c. R31; distinguished, ultra; vaulting; more than a match for. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} high class, top-notch. {{similar_to: first-rate &c. (important) R642}}. {{similar_to: excellent, R648}}. supreme, greatest, utmost, paramount, preeminent, foremost, crowning; unrivaled peerless, matchless; none such, second to none, sans pareil[Fr]; unparagoned[obs3], unparalleled, unequalled, unapproached[obs3], unsurpassed; superlative, inimitable facile princeps[Lat], incomparable, sovereign, without parallel, nulli secundus[Lat], ne plus ultra[Lat]; beyond compare, beyond comparison; culminating &c. (topmost) R210; transcendent, transcendental; plus royaliste que le Roi[Fr], more catholic than the Pope. increased &c. (added to) R35; enlarged &c. (expanded) R194. Adv. more, beyond, over. over the mark, above the mark; above par; upwards of, in advance of; over and above; at the top of the scale, at its height. [in a superior or supreme degree] exceedingly, extremely, eminently, egregiously, preeminently, surpassing, surpassingly, prominently, superlatively, supremely, above all, of all things, the most, to crown all, kat exochin [Grk], par excellence, principally, especially, particularly, peculiarly, a fortiori, even, yea, still more. {{similar_to: to a high degree, @R31}}. Phr. " I shall not look upon his like again " [Hamlet]; deos fortioribus addesse [Lat][Tacitus]. <-- This entry is for majority as meaning more than half of something [[majority]] --> A3.2.5.1.1 MAJORITY N. {{has_subtype(superiority)}} {{has_subtype(plurality, @R33)}} {{has_subtype(part, R51)}} {{has_subtype(fraction, R100a)}} majority, largest part; more than half. preponderance, preponderation. {{has_measure: number, A5}}. {{has_units: percent[val=>50], @A5}}. {{property_of: larger[than =minority]}}. {{property_of: larger[than =half]}}. {{antonym_of: minority}}. {{used_in}} election. {{has_high_quantity(majority)}} large majority. {{has_units(large majority): percent[val=>60], @A5}}. {{has_high_quantity(large majority)}} overwhelming majority. {{has_units(overwhelming majority): percent[val=>90], @A5}}. {{has_subtype(large majority)}} almost all, almost everything. {{has_metaphor(almost everything)}} everything but the kitchen sink. V. preponderate, predominate. Adj. most, most of, the majority of, more than half of. {{has_property(almost everything)}} almost all, almost every. Adv. mostly, in the majority. for the most part. <-- ?? to a limited degree should be broken out to a section near to qualification R469 " Almost" is moved to R34, near less --> A3.2.6 SMALLNESS #32. Smallness. N. {{antonym_of(greatness, R31)}} smallness &c. adj.; tenuity; paucity; fewness &c. (small number) R103; mediocrity, moderation. {[of(size): small size, R193]}. {{has_subtype: @R643, meanness, insignificance, unimportance}}. finiteness. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} small quantity, small amount, little bit. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} modicum, trace, hint, mite, bit, morsel, jot, iota, ace; minutiae[pl], details[pl]; soupcon, dab, dight[obs3], whit, tittle; touch, cast; granule, globule, sup, sop, spice, sprinkling, dash, morceau[obs3], screed, smack, smidgin, tinge, tincture; inch, patch, scantling, tatter, cantlet[obs3], flitter, gobbet[obs3], crumb, seed, fritter, shive[obs3]; snip, snippet; snick[obs3], snack, snatch, slip, scrag[obs3]. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} {{has_subtype(piece, @R51): chip, chipping; shiver, sliver, driblet, clipping, paring, shave, shaving; fragment}}. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} {{has_subtype(measure, @R466)}} thimbleful, spoonful, handful, capful, mouthful. {{property_of}}{{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} {{has_subtype(measure, @R466)}} grain, scruple, minim. {{has_extreme(small quantity)}} minimum, lower limit; vanishing point. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(quantity[of=liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1], R25)}} drop, droplet; sip. {{has_metaphor(small quantity)}} drop in the bucket, drop in the ocean; atom, particle, molecule, corpuscle; look, thought, idea; material point, point, speck, dot, mote; shade, shadow; spark, scintilla, gleam; hair. nutshell. {{&property_of}} {{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} finite quantity. {{has_subtype(small quantity)}} mere nothing, next to nothing; hardly anything; just enough to swear by; the shadow of a shade. {{&property_of: trifle &c. (unimportant thing) R643}}. {{&result_of: contraction, R195}}. V. be small &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell. {{&caused_by: diminish &c. (decrease) R36}}. {{&result_of: contract, R195}}. Adj. small, little; diminutive &c. (small in size) R193; minute; fine. inconsiderable, paltry &c. (unimportant) R643. {[of(energy, R171): faint, @P2.6.1.1.1.R2]}. slender, light, slight, scanty, scant, limited; meager &c. (insufficient) R640; sparing; few &c. R103; low, so-so, middling, tolerable, no great shakes; below par, under par, below the mark; at a low ebb; halfway; moderate, modest; tender, subtle. inappreciable, evanescent, infinitesimal, homeopathic, very small; atomic, corpuscular, microscopic, molecular, subatomic. mere, simple, sheer, stark, bare; near run. {[of(intelligence, R498)]} dull, petty, shallow, stolid, ungifted, unintelligent. Adv. [in a small degree] to a small extent, on a small scale; a little bit, a wee bit; slightly &c. adj.; imperceptibly; miserably, wretchedly; insufficiently &c. R640; imperfectly. {[of(energy, R171): faintly, @P2.6.1.1.1.R2]}. passably, pretty well, well enough. [in a certain or limited degree] partially, in part; in a certain degree, to a certain degree; to a certain extent; comparatively; some, rather in some degree, in some measure; something, somewhat; simply, only, purely, merely; at least, at the least, at most, at the most; ever so little, as little as may be, tant soit peu[Fr], in ever so small a degree; thus far, pro tanto[It], within bounds, in a manner, after a fashion, so to speak. {{similar_to: almost, @R34}}. [in an uncertain degree] about, thereabouts, somewhere about, nearly, say; be the same, be little more or less. [in no degree] no ways, no way, no wise; not at all, not in the least, not a bit, not a bit of it, not a whit, not a jot, not a shadow; in no wise, in no respect; by no means, by no manner of means; on no account, at no hand. Phr. dare pondus idonea fumo [Lat][Persius]; magno conatu magnas nugas [Lat][Terence]; " small sands the mountain, moments make the year " [Young]. A3.2.6.1 INFERIORITY #34. Inferiority. N. inferiority, minority, subordinacy; shortcoming, deficiency; imperfection; lower quality, lower worth. minimum. {{similar_to: smallness &c. R32}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): commonalty &c. R876]}. V. be inferior, be wanting; fall short of, come short of; not pass, not come up to; want. hide its diminished head, retire into the shade, yield the palm, play second fiddle, be upstaged, take a back seat. {{&caused_by: @R36, decrease, become smaller, render smaller}}. {{&caused_by: contraction, R195}}. Adj. inferior, smaller; small &c. R32; minor, less, lesser, deficient, minus, lower, subordinate, secondary; second-rate &c. (imperfect) R651; sub, subaltern; thrown into the shade; weighed in the balance and found wanting; not fit to hold a candle to, can't hold a candle to. least, smallest; lowest. {{superlative_of(least): little, @R193}}. {{superlative_of(smallest): small, @R193}}. diminished &c. (decreased) R36; reduced &c. (contracted) R195; unimportant &c. R643. Adv. less; under the mark, below the mark, below par; at the bottom of the scale, at a low ebb, at a disadvantage; short of, under. {{similar_to(insufficiently, @R640, M7.2.2.1)}} almost, nearly, well-nigh, short of, not quite, all but, just short of; near upon, close upon; peu s'en faut[Fr], near the mark; within an ace of, within an inch of; on the brink of; scarcely, hardly, barely, only just, no more than; "close, but no cigar". <-- Most of the head words are processes, but similar words are used of the results of the process. We leave alloy, compound here as abstract properties. Elsewhere as physical entities [[combination]] --> A3.3 COMBINING (R48) #48. Combining. N. {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} combining, combination[1]. union[1], unification, uniting, synthesis, incorporation, amalgamation, embodiment, coalescence, coalescing, fusion, fusing, blending, crasis[obs3]. absorption. {{has_subtype(blending[of=color, R428])}} suffusion. {{has_subtype: joining, R43}}. {{has_subtype: mixing, R41}}. {{has_result}} combination[2]. {{has_subtype(combination[2]): mixture[2], @R41}}. {{has_subtype(combination[2])}} alloy, compound, amalgam, composition, tertium quid[Lat]; resultant. impregnation, seeding. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88}}. {{&caused_by: centralization}}. V. combine, unite, incorporate, amalgamate, embody, absorb, reembody[obs3], blend, blend together, blend in, merge, fuse, dissolve, melt into one, consolidate, conjoin, coalesce, centralize, impregnate; put together, lump together; cement a union, marry. Adj. combined &c. v.; impregnated with, ingrained; imbued inoculated. miscible, soluble. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} azeotropic [chem.]. [of solids] eutectic [chem.]. <-- 41. Mixture 42. Simpleness --> A3.3.1 ADDITION (R37) #37. Addition. N. addition. incrementation; annexation, adjection[obs3]; superposition, superaddition, superjunction[obs3], superfetation; accession, reinforcement; increase &c. R35. {{has_patient}} increment, supplement. {{has_subtype(supplement): additive, R39}}. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88; interposition &c. R228; insertion &c. R300}}. {{similar_to: attachment, junction &c. R43}}. <-- putting something back that was lost or taken away. This is the parent type of repair. This entry is used for objects. For restoration of qualities, such as function, "wholeness" or health, use "repair" at M7.3.5.4.1.5. Repair procedes by substitution (the other sense of "replacement") --> {{has_subtype}} restoration, replacement, putting back, adding back. {{follows(replacement): loss, R776; removal, @R38}}. {{has_patient(replacement)}} {{has_patient(loss, R776/removal, @R38)}} something lost. &&{{has_patient(replacement)}} something replaced. &&{{identical_to(something lost): something replaced}}. {{is_a(something replaced/something lost): object, @R3a; quality, R79a}}. {{has_subtype(restoration[obj=quality])}} {{used_in(substitution, R147): repair, M7.3.5.4.1.5}}. V. add, annex, affix, superadd[obs3], subjoin, superpose; clap on, saddle on; tack to, append, tag, tag on; graft, graft on, graft onto, ingraft[obs3]; saddle with; sprinkle; introduce &c. (interpose) R228; insert &c. R300. become added, accrue; advene[obs3], supervene. replace, put back, restore, add back. reinforce, reenforce, restrengthen[obs3]; swell the ranks of; augment &c. R35. Adj. added &c. v.; additional; supplemental, supplementary; suppletory[obs3], subjunctive; adjectitious[obs3], adscititious[obs3], ascititious[obs3]; additive, extra, accessory. Adv. au reste[Fr], in addition, more, plus, extra; and, also, likewise, too, furthermore, further, item; and also, and eke; else, besides, to boot, et cetera, "&c."; and so on, and so forth; into the bargain, cum multis aliis[Lat], over and above, moreover. with, withal; including, inclusive, as well as, not to mention, let alone; together with, along with, coupled with, in conjunction with; conjointly; jointly &c. R43. Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit[Lat]. <-- [[mix]] --> A3.3.1.1 MIXING (R41) #41. Mixing. N. mixing, mixture[1], admixture, commixture, commixtion[obs3]; commixion[obs3], intermixture, alloyage[obs3], matrimony. {{similar_to: junction &c. R43; blend, combination &c. R48}}. miscegenation. {{causes: complexity, A2.5.2}}. {{has_result(mixing)}} {{property_of(complexity)}} mixture[2]. {{has_subtype(mixture[2]): solution; suspension; aerosol, sol}}. impregnation; infusion, diffusion suffusion, transfusion; infiltration; seasoning, sprinkling, interlarding; interpolation &c. R228; adulteration, sophistication. {{has_subtype(mixing[mode=thoroughly, @R729])}} blending. {{used_in(blending): combining, @R48}}. {{has_part(mixture[2])}} ingrediant. {{has_subtype(ingredient)}} tinge, tincture, touch, dash, smack, sprinkling, spice, seasoning, infusion, soupcon. <-- specific alloys, amalgams to Processed natural materials, P2.3.1.2.3.1 --> {{has_subtype(metal, P2.3.1.2.3)}} alloy, amalgam. [person whose parents are of different races] mixed-blood, mulatto. V. {{has_subtype(join, R43)}} {{has_subtype(combine, R48)}} mix, admix. {{has_subtype(mix[mode=thoroughly, @R729])}} blend. commix, immix[obs3], intermix; mix up with, mingle, mix in; commingle, intermingle, bemingle[obs3]; pound together; hash up, stir up; knead, brew; impregnate with; intertwine, interweave &c. R219; associate with; miscegenate[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{caused_by(disorder, R59)}} mix up. {{has_subtype(mix up): shuffle &c. (derange) R61}}. be mixed &c. v.; get among, be entangled with. interlard &c. (interpolate) R228. instill, imbue; infuse, suffuse, transfuse; infiltrate, dash, tinge, tincture, season, sprinkle, besprinkle, attemper[obs3], medicate, blend, cross; alloy, amalgamate, compound, adulterate, sophisticate, infect. Adj. mixed &c. v.; implex[obs3], composite, half-and-half, linsey-woolsey, chow-chow, hybrid, mongrel, heterogeneous; motley &c. (variegated) R440; miscellaneous, promiscuous, indiscriminate; miscible. Adv. among, amongst, amid, amidst; with; in the midst of, in the crowd. <-- [Thing added] --> A3.3.1.R1 ADDITIVE (R39) #39. Additive. N. {{!!has_patient(addition, R37)}} {{has_subtype(object, R3a)}} adjunct, additive, something added, addition, additament[obs3]; additum[Lat], affix, appelidage[obs3], annexe[obs3], annex. augment, augmentation; increment, reinforcement, supernumerary, accessory; garnish, sauce; adjective, addendum; continuation. {[in-frame(arithmetic)]} addend. complement, supplement. mate, match. {{conceptual_part_of: appurtenance, accompaniment &c. R88}}. {{similar_to: reciprocity, R12}}. rider, offshoot, episode, side issue, corollary; piece; flap, lappet, skirt, embroidery, trappings, cortege; tail, suffix &c. (sequel) R65; wing. V. complement, supplement, be complementary; match, mate. Adj. complementary, supplementary; additional &c. R37. winged, alate[obs3], alated[obs3]. Adv. additionally, in addition, as an addition. as well, on top of that. <-- "item" used as marker for items in a list --> {{has_marker}} item. <-- [[subtract]] a process --> A3.3.2 SUBTRACTING (R38) #38. Subtraction. N. subtraction, subtracting, deducting, deduction, retrenchment, subduction[obs2]. {{has_subtype(subtraction[of=object, @R3a][from=object, @R3a/group, R72])}} removing, removal, withdrawal, taking away. {{has_conceptual_part: decrement, R40a}}. {{has_subtype(removal)}} ablation, sublation[obs3]. {{result_of(removal): abrasion, @P2.4.2.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(taking away): taking, R789; stealing, R791}}. {{has_subtype(removal)}} {{used_in(cutting, P2.8.1)}} amputation; excision, recision, abscission. garbling &c. v.; mutilation, detruncation[obs3]. curtailment &c. R201. {[in_frame(arithmentic)]} {{part_of: @R85a, @M3.1.2.2.1, subtraction}}. {{!causes: decrease &c. R36}}. {{&has_result: simplicity, A2.5.1}}. {{has_subtype(subtraction[ptnt=impurity]): purification}}. {[of(dirt, @R653)]} {{has_subtype: cleaning, R652a}}. {{has_subtype: extraction, R301}}. {{has_subtype(removal[ptnt=cover, R223/hat, @P2.3.1.3.5.2])}} taking off. {{has_subtype(removal[ptnt=physical object][from=surface, R220]): taking off}}. V. subtract, deduct, subduct[obs2], deduce[obs2]. remove, withdraw, take from, take away; detract. bate, retrench. garble, mutilate, amputate, detruncate[obs3]. {{has_method(remove)}} cut off, cut away, cut out; excise; pare; thin, prune, decimate; abrade, scrape, ablate, file. {{has_extreme(subtract)}} eliminate. {{has_subtype(remove[obj=sex organs]): @P2.6.4.8.3.1, geld, castrate, neuter}}. [intransitive] fall off, abscise, abscind[obs3]. {{causes(subtract): diminish &c. R36; curtail &c. (shorten) R201; deprive of &c. (take) R789}}. {{&causes(subtract)}} weaken. {{has_subtype(remove[ptnt=cover, R223/hat, @P2.3.1.3.5.2])}} take off. {{has_subtype(remove[ptnt=physical object][from=surface, R220]): take off}}. Adj. {{has_property(decrement, R40a)}} {[after(subtraction)]} subtracted, deducted. {{has_property(decrement, R40a)}} {[after(removal)]} removed, withdrawn, taken away. {{has_property(subtraction)}} subtractive. Adv. in deduction &c. n.; less; short of; minus, without, except, except for, excepting, with the exception of, barring, save, exclusive of, save and except, with a reservation; not counting, if one doesn't count. <-- [Thing remaining.] --> A3.3.2.R1 REMAINDER (R40) #40. Remainder. N. {{has_result(subtraction, R38)}} remainder[1], residue, rest, what is left, what is left over, residuum. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(persistence, R141)}} survival, surviving, remaining, survivance[obs3]. remains, remanent, remnant, relic; leavings. stubble, result, educt[obs3]; fag-end; alluvium. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=destruction, R162])}} ruins, rubble. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=damage, A7.4.R1.1])}} wreck. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=decay, R659]): skeleton, A2.5.5.2.3; skeleton, @R362}}. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=fossilization]): fossil, @R362}}. heeltap[obs3], odds and ends, cheesepairings[obs3], candle ends, orts[obs3]. {{has_subtype: dregs &c. (dirt) R653}}. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=use]): refuse, @R645}}. {{has_subtype(remainder[after=cutting, P2.8.1/toppling, @R306])}} {[of(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)]} {{has_part(tree, P2.3.2.1.2.3)}} stump, tree stump. balance, complement, expletive[obs2]; superplus[obs3], surplusage[obs3]. {{&caused_by: R641, superfluity, redundancy}}. {{has_subtype: @R641, surplus, overplus[obs3], excess}}. {{has_subtype: @R85a, remainder[2]}}. V. remain, survive, be left, be left over, be outstanding. exceed. {{&caused_by}} leave; leave behind. Adj. remaining, left; left behind, left over, surviving, residual, residuary; over, odd. unconsumed, sedimentary; net; exceeding, over and above; outlying, outstanding. {{has_subtype: cast off &c. R782}}. {{&consequence_of: @R641, superfluous, redundant, unnecessary}}. <-- [Thing deducted.] --> A3.3.2.R2 DECREMENT (R40A) #40a. Decrement. N. {{has_conceptual_part(subtraction, R38)}} decrement, discount, defect, loss, deduction; afterglow; eduction[obs3]. {[in-frame(arithmetic)]} subtrahend. waste. A3.3.3 JOINING #43. Joining. N. {{has_inverse(separating, R44)}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} joining, junction, connecting, attachment, attaching, ligation, ligating, alligation[obs3] &c. v.; joinder[Law], union, uniting, conjunction, conjugation, coupling, accouplement[obs3], compagination[obs3], vincture[obs3]; symphysis[Anat], anastomosis[Med]; astriction[obs3], infibulation[obs3], inosculation[obs3]. annexation, annexing, annexion[obs3], annexment[obs3]. confluence, communication, concatenation; meeting, reunion; assemblage &c. R72. {{causes: connection, link &c. R45}}. {{has_subtype: @R327b, cementing, gluing}}. {{&caused_by: adhesion, R327b}}. {{has_subtype(joining[of=person[num=2], P2.3.2.3]): marriage &c. (wedlock) R903}}. {{forms}} joint, juncture, joining point. {{has_subtype(joint)}} pivot, hinge, articulation, commissure[obs3], seam, gore, gusset; stitch; miter, mortise. {{has_subtype(stitch)}} {[in_frame(surgery, P2.6.4.8.3.1)]} suture. {{has_subtype(joint): weld, @R327b}}. {{has_result}} closeness, tightness. {{&has_result: coherence &c. R46; combination &c. R48}}. {[of(country[num=>1])]} {{desired_by}} annexationist. {{&property_of(attached[to=animal, R366]): @R253b, burr, bur}}. {{&property_of(attached[to=animal, R366]): @P2.3.2.1.1.1.3, remora}}. {[of(animal[1], R366): coition, copulation; sex, sexual congress, sexual conjunction, sexual intercourse, love-making]}. {{conceptual_part_of: accompaniment, R88}}. {{&uses(cementing, @R327b): cement, P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.2}}. {{&uses(gluing, @R327b): glue, P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.1}}. V. join, unite; conjoin, connect, marry; put together, lay together, clap together, hang together, lump together, hold together, piece together, tack together, fix together, bind up together together. associate; embody, reembody[obs3]; roll into one. attach, fix, affix, saddle on, fasten, bind, secure, clinch, twist, make fast &c. adj.; tie, string, strap, tie together; buckle; hitch, lash, truss; bandage; braid; splice; swathe, gird; picket; harness; chain, chain together. {{has_subtype(attach): @R751, restrain, fetter, tether, moor}}. lock, latch, belay, brace, hook, grapple, leash, couple, accouple[obs3], link, yoke, bracket; marry &c. (wed) R903; bridge over, span. {{has_subtype(attach): @R327b, glue, cement, weld}}. {{similar_to: cement, glue &c. R45}}. pinion; sew, lace, tat, stitch, tack, knit, button. braze; pin, nail, bolt, hasp, clasp, clamp, crimp, screw, rivet; impact, solder, set; weld, weld together, fuse together; wedge, rabbet, mortise, miter, jam, dovetail, enchase[obs3]; graft, ingraft[obs3], inosculate[obs3]; entwine, intwine[obs3]; interlink, interlace, intertwine, intertwist[obs3], interweave; entangle; twine round, belay; tighten; trice up, screw up. be joined &c. adj.; hang together, hold together; cohere &c. R46. Adj. joined &c. v.; joint; conjoint, conjunct; corporate, compact; hand in hand. {{has_subtype[mode=securely]}} firm, fast, close, tight, taut, taught, secure, set, intervolved [obs1]; inseparable, indissoluble, inseverable, insecable[obs3]. Adv. jointly, conjointly. in conjunction with &c. (in addition to) R37; fast, firmly, tautly &c. adj.; intimately. Phr. tria juncta in uno[Lat]. <-- [Connecting medium.] [[connection]] --> A3.3.3.R1 CONNECTION (R45) #45. Connection. N. {{has_requirement(connectedness, A2.5.3)}} {{causes(joining, R43)}} connection, link, bond, linkage, connective, vinculum. bond of union, copula, hyphen, intermedium[obs3]; bracket; bridge, stepping-stone, isthmus. {{function_of(join[obj=places])}}{{has_subtype: way, P2.3.1.3.10.5}}. {{has_subtype(connection): @P2.3.1.3.11.1.1, pin, nail, hook, clamp, tendon, fiber, cord, fastener}}. {{has_subtype(connection): @P2.3.1.3.11.1.1, cement, glue}}. shackle, rein &c. (means of restraint) R752; prop &c. (support) R215. V. bridge over, span; connect &c. R43; hang &c. R214. <-- the words in the following may express both the action of separating and the result, a separation (a state). Thus the same word may occur twice, in these twp senses. The main noun section should be interpreted as the action, not the result. Nouns expressing the action are marked as the cause. The verb also expresses the action. Note that spatial separation is a subtype (interval, R198) under space. [[separation]] --> A3.3.4 SEPARATING (R44) #44. Separating. N. {{has_inverse(joining, R43)}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} separating, separation[1], disconnecting, severance, disseverance, disjoining, dissociating, disengaging, dissociation[1]. {{forms}} interval, separation[3], degree of separation, remove. {{causes: unconnectedness, R47}}. &&{{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} separated object[num=2]. &&{{between(interval): separated object + separated object}}. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(state, A7)}} {{conceptual_part_of(interval)}} separation[2], disconnection, disjunction, state of separation, disunity, disunion, disassociation[2], disengagement; separateness &c. adj.; abjunction[obs3]; cataclasm[obs3]; inconnection[obs3]. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} separation[4], breakup. {{has_subtype}} fragmentation. {{forms(fragmentation): fragment[num=>2], @R51}}. {{has_subtype(separating)}} division, dividing; detachment, detaching, segregation, segregating; elision; compartmentation, compartition [obs1]; disruption, abruption[obs3]; fission. abstraction, abstractedness; isolation; insularity, insulation; oasis; island; severalty; disjecta membra[Lat]; apportionment &c. R786. {{has_subtype(separation[4][of=married couple]): end of marriage, M8.3.1.1.1.7}}. {{has_subtype(interval): spatial interval, R198; discontinuity[2], @R70}}. {{has_subtype(interval): @P1.2.2.1.3.1, fissure, break, breach, rent, split, rift, caesura, crack, fault, slit, physical separation, incision}}. {{has_subtype(separating): cutting, P2.8.1; dispersion, R73; dividing, P2.6.1.2.4.4.1; decomposition &c. R49}}. {{has_subtype: subdivision, classification, classifying}}. {[of(human group)]} {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} separatist. {{has_subtype(separating[ptnt=part, R51])}} modularizing, modularization, compartmentalizing, compartmentalization. {{has_purpose(modularizing[ptnt=$device, R633]): reliability[of=$device]; separation[2][of=subfunction[of=$device]]}}. {{has_subtype(compartmentalization): partitioning, @R228}}. {{purpose_of(modularization[ptnt=computer program, R626a]): object-oriented programming}}. V. {{has_result(separating)}} be disjoined, be separate, be separated, be disjoint. {{&caused_by(separation[2])}} separate, disjoin, disconnect. disengage, disunite, dissociate, dispair[obs3]; divorce, part, dispart[obs3], detach, cut off, rescind[obs2]. segregate, set apart, keep apart, insulate, isolate. unravel; disentangle. {{has_subtype(separate)}} {{caused_by(fragmentation)}} fragment. <-- this "compartmentalize" is abstract, and may be used for processes such as computer programming --> {{has_subtype(separate[ptnt=part, R51])}} modularize, compartmentalize. {{has_subtype(compartmentalize): partition, @R228}}. {{has_subtype(disconnect)}} {{inverse_of(glue, @P2.3.1.3.1.2.7.1)}} unglue, unstick. {{has_subtype(disconnect)}} {{inverse_of(fasten, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1)}} unfasten, pull part. {{has_subtype(disconnect)}} {{inverse_of(zip up, @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1)}} unzip. <-- this "separated" is distinguished from the generic "unconnected" at R47 in that this is the result of a process of separation --> Adj. {{has_consequence(separating)}} {{antomym_of(connected, R46)}} {{has_subtype(unconnected, R47)}} separated, detached, disjoined, disconnected. segregated, insulated, isolated, set apart, kept apart. distinct; adrift; straggling; rift, reft[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(separated): discontinuous &c. R70}}. {{has_requirement(separating)}} [capable of being cut] scissile[Chem], divisible, discerptible[obs3], partible, separable. Adv. separately &c. adj.; one by one, severally, apart; adrift, asunder, in twain; in the abstract, abstractedly. <-- ?? add references to chemistry here --> A3.3.5 DECOMPOSING (R49) #49. Decomposing. N. decomposing, decomposition, analysis, analysing, dissection, dissecing. resolution, catalysis[obs2], dissolution; corruption &c. (uncleanness) R653; dispersion &c. R73; disjunction &c. R44; disintegration. {[in_frame(chemical reaction): hydrolysis; disproportionation]}. {[in_frame(nuclear reaction): fission]}. V. decompose, decompound; rot; crumble into dust. [transitive] analyze, disembody, dissolve; resolve into its elements, separate into its elements; electrolyze[Chem]; hydrolyze [chem]; dissect, decentralize, break up, break apart, break into parts; disperse &c. R73; unravel &c. (unroll) R313. Adj. decomposed &c. v.; catalytic, analytical; resolvent, separative, solvent. A4 ORDER RELATION (R58 TO R83) N. {{has_subtype(relation, R9)}} order relation. <-- (Time = R106 to R139 has been moved to physical universe) [[ORDER]] --> A4.1 ORDERLINESS (R58 TO R61) #58. Orderliness. N. {{&has_property(group, R72)}} order, orderliness, regularity, uniformity. system, systematicity. symmetry, lucidus ordo[Lat]. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{property_of(mythological)}} music of the spheres. subordination; course, even tenor, routine. {{property_of: method}}. economy, discipline. {{property_of: series, R69}}. {{property_of(order, @A4.1): rank, place &c. (term) R71}}. {{property_of(order, @A4.1): pattern, A2.6.1.2 }}. {{property_of(order, @A4.1): arrangement, R60}}. {{has_subtype}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @M2.1.2.1, neatness, tidiness, correctness, method]}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(changing, @R140): @R60, adjusting, adjustment; ordering}}. V. be in order, become in order &c. adj.; form, fall in, draw up; arrange itself, range itself, place itself; fall into one's place, take one's place, take one's rank; rally round. {{caused_by(be in order)}} adjust, methodize, regulate, systematize. {{caused_by(be in order): @R60, order, set in order, arrange}}. <-- we will define this "organized, ordered" to mean any type of organization. The meaning of "ordered, sorted" is set at R60 (the result of an ordering process), and is considered a higher level of order than here --> Adj. ordered, orderly, organized, grouped. regular; in order, in trim, in apple-pie order, in its proper place. uniform, symmetrical, shipshape. {[when_modifying(action, R680)]} {{has_subtype: businesslike, systematic, methodical}}. {{has_subtype: @R61, unconfused}}. {{has_subtype: @M2.1.2.1, neat, tidy, en regle[Fr], well regulated, correct, methodical}}. {{&consequence_of: arranged &c. R60}}. Adv. in order; methodically &c. adj.; in turn, in its turn; step by step; by regular steps, by regular gradations, by regular stages, by regular intervals; seriatim, systematically, by clockwork, gradatim[Lat]; at stated periods &c. (periodically) R138. Phr. natura non facit saltum[Lat]; "order is heaven's first law" [Pope]; "order from disorder sprung" [Paradise Lost]; ordo est parium dispariumque rerum sua loca tribuens dispositio [Lat][St. Augustine]. <-- here we break up R59 into disorder (randomness), and R59a complexity. These are two different concepts. Note that simplicity, (entry R849) refers to affections or appearance, not internal complexity. We also need a corresponding entry for conceptual or organizational simplicity. --> <-- need to break R59 into lack of any order, and incorrect order (cart before the horse) --> <-- [Absence, or want of Order, &c.] --> A4.1.R1 DISORDER (R59) #59. Disorder. N. {{has_subtype(state, R7, @A1.1.4)}} {{property_of(complexity)}} {{antonym_of(order, A4.1)}} disorder, absence of order. {{&caused_by: derangement &c. R61}}. irregularity. {{has_conceptual_part: anomaly &c. (unconformity) R83}}. {[of(human group)]} anarchy, anarchism; disunion. {[of(human group): discord &c. R24]}. {{has_extreme}} randomness. {{conceptual_part_of(randomness): chance, R156}}. confusion, disarray, confusedness &c. adj.. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.2.5, mish-mash, mix, farrago, hodgepodge, jumble, medley, hash, huddle, litter, omnium gatherum[Lat]}}. {{property_of}} mess, mash, imbroglio, muddle, muss [U. S.]. {{property_of: mixture &c. R41}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: @M2.1.2.R1.1, want of method, untidiness, slovenliness}}. {{has_high_intensity}} chaos, tohubohu[obs3]. {{has_property: complexity &c. R59a}}. {{property_of: @R713, turmoil, tumult, riot, discord}}. [legal terms] disorderly person; disorderly persons offence; misdemeanor. {[of(morality)]} {{trait_of: @R962, rake, slattern, slut, libertine}}. V. be disorderly &c. adj.; ferment, play at cross-purposes. put out of order; derange &c. R61; ravel &c. R219; ruffle, rumple. Adj. disordered, disorderly, orderless, unordered, disorganized. out of order, out of place, out of gear; irregular, desultory; acephalous[obs3], deranged; aimless; straggling; unmethodical, immethodical[obs3]; unsymmetric[obs3], unsystematic. {{has_high_intensity}} chaotic, tohubohu[obs3]. untidy, slovenly; dislocated; out of sorts; promiscuous, indiscriminate. {[of(human group)]} anarchical. anomalous &c. (unconformable) R83. unarranged, unformed; unsized, unranked, ungrouped, unalloted, undistributed, undealt; unsorted; unsifted. confused; deranged &c. R61; topsy-turvy &c. (inverted) R218; shapeless &c. R241; disjointed, out of joint. {{antonym_of: arranged, R60}}. troublous[obs3]; riotous &c. (violent) R173. complex &c. R59a. Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits, by fits and snatches, by fits and starts; pellmell; higgledy-piggledy; helter-skelter, harum-scarum; in a ferment; at sixes and sevens, at cross-purposes; upside down &c. R218. Phr. the cart before the horse; hysteron proteron[Grk]; chaos is come again; "the wreck of matter and the crush of worlds " [Addison]. <-- [[arrangement]] These words are mostly nominalized verbs, but the process and result are intermixed. In the adjective section, "ordered" is considered a higher level of "ordered" than at R58. Here it is the result of deliberate arrangement. --> A4.1.R2 ARRANGING (R60) #60. Arrangement. N. arranging, arrangement[1], organization[1], ordering, organizing. {{!causes: order, A4.1}}. {{has_conceptual_part: element, @A2.6.1}}. disposal, disposition; collocation, allocation; distribution; collation. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(changing, @R140)}} adjusting, adjustment. {[in_frame(recording, M8.1.3.2.1.4): tabulation, @M8.1.3.2.1.4]}. analysis. {{has_subtype(arranging): classification, A2.6.4}}. {{has_result(arranging)}} {{property_of(order, R58)}} arrangement[2], organization[2]. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2])}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} array. {{has_subtype(array)}} {{property_of(one-dimensional)}} linear array, one-dimensional array. {{has_subtype(array)}} {{property_of(two-dimensional)}} two-dimensional array. {{has_subtype(two-dimensional array): @R86, table, matrix}}. {{has_subtype(linear array): series, R69}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=list, R86])}} {{property_of(ordered[by=alphabet, @R561])}} alphabetical arrangement, alphabetical order. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=list, R86])}} {{property_of(ordered[by=number, R84])}} numerical arrangement, numerical order. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2])}} formatting; format; syntagma[Gram.]. {{caused_by: ordering, reduction to order}}. {{caused_by}} arranging; sorting; sifting; sizing, ranking. {{has_result(sorting)}} sequence, ordered sequence. {{has_subtype(sorting[by=size])}} sorting by size. <-- [Result of arrangement] --> {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=information, R527b]): @R592, digest, compendium}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=maps, @P2.4.2.1.1]): atlas, @R554}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2]): file, @R86; organism, R357; architecture}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=text]): synopsis, @R596}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=information]): register, @R551}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2][of=data]): database, @M3.1.1.2}}. <-- [Instruments for sorting] --> {{&uses(sorting)}} sorter. {{&uses(sorting by size): @P2.3.1.3.12.7, sieve, riddle, screen}}. {{has_subtype(arrangement[2])}} {{property_of(order, R58): plan &c. R626; preparation &c. R673}}. V. {{caused_by(be in order, @R58)}} [transitive] order, arrange, organize, reduce to order, bring into order, set in order, introduce order into, put in order, place in order. dispose, place, form; set out, collocate, pack, marshal, parcel out, allot, distribute, deal; cast the parts, assign the parts; dispose of, assign places to; put to rights, set to rights, put into shape, put in trim, put in array. {[with_obj(human group)]} rally. methodize, regulate, systematize, coordinate, settle, fix. {{has_subtype(arrange)}} {{formed_by(class, R75): classify, A2.6.4}}. {{has_subtype(group[by=size])}} sift, riddle, range, size, rank. {{has_method(organize)}} divide; file, string together, thread; register &c. (record) R551; catalogue, tabulate, index, graduate, digest, grade; apportion. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(reduce[obj=disorder])}} unravel, disentangle, ravel, card; disembroil[obs3]; feaze[obs3]. {{has_method}} {{has_subtype(change, R140)}} adjust. Adj. {{has_high_level(ordered, @R58)}} {{has_consequence(arrange)}} arranged, ordered, organized. formed. collocated, parceled out, alloted, distributed, dealt. assorted, sorted. sized, ranked; sifted, riddled. {{has_subtype(arranged)}} {{&has_property(text)}} {[in_frame(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} formatted. embattled, in battle array; cut and dried; methodical, orderly, regular, systematic. Adv. by class, by type, by category, by sort. Phr. "In vast cumbrous array" [Churchill]. <-- [Subversion of Order; bringing into disorder.] --> A4.1.R3 DERANGEMENT #61. Derangement. N. derangement, disordering, deranging; evection[obs3], discomposure, disturbance; disorganization, deorganization[obs3]; dislocation. {{!causes: disorder, A4.1.R1}}. disruption, perturbation, interruption. involvement. {{caused_by(randomness, @R59)}} randomization. {{has_subtype(randomization): shuffling, @R148}}. {{has_subtype: inversion &c. R218; corrugation &c. (fold) R258}}. {{has_subtype: @R148, rearrangement, redistribution, interchange}}. V. derange, disorder, disarrange, mix up, misarrange[obs3]; discompose; deorganize[obs3], discombobulate, disorganize, confuse. randomize. {{has_subtype(randomize): shuffle, @R148}}. embroil, unsettle, disturb, trouble, jumble, tumble. displace, misplace; mislay. interrupt, disrupt, perturb. huddle, muddle, toss, hustle, fumble, riot; bring into disorder, put into disorder, throw into disorder &c. R59; muss [U.S.]; break the ranks, disconcert, convulse; break in upon. unhinge, dislocate, put out of joint, throw out of gear. turn topsy-turvy &c. (invert) R218; bedevil; complicate, involve, perplex, confound; imbrangle[obs3], embrangle[obs3], tangle, entangle, ravel, tousle, towzle[obs3], dishevel, ruffle; rumple &c. (fold) R258. litter, scatter; mix &c. R41. rearrange &c. R148. Adj. deranged &c. v.; syncretic, syncretistic[obs3]; mussy, messy; flaky; random, unordered; messed up, mussed up. <-- section 4.2 deals with sequence in genereal. An ordered sequence is in A4.2.4, Series. [[sequence]] hi? --> A4.2 SEQUENTIAL ORDER (R62 TO R71) N. {{has_subtype(order, R58)}} {{property_of(unidimensional)}} sequential order, linear order, order. gradation, progression. {{property_of}} sequence[1]. {{has_subtype(sequence[1]): series, R69}}. {{property_of: line, R244}}. <-- 62. Precedence 63. Sequence 60. Arrangement 61. Derangement 64. Precursor 65. Sequel 66. Beginning 67. End 68. Middle 69. Continuity 70. Discontinuity 71. Term --> <-- this "precedence" is abstract, for an abstract series; for precedence in time, see R116; for precedence in motion, see R280 --> A4.2.1 PRECEDENCE (R62) #62. Precedence. N. {{antonym_of(succession, R63)}} precedence, preceding, coming before, antecedence, antecedency[obs3], prevenance[obs3], prevenience[obs1], anteposition[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of: series, @R69}}. {{action_of}} the lead, le pas. {[in_frame(shape, R240): anteriority[obs3]]}. {[in_frame(time): @R116, antecedence, priority]}. {{&caused_by: preference, @R609}}. {[in_frame(motion)]}{{has_subtype: precession, R280}}. {{action_of: precursor &c. R64}}. {{&causes: importance &c. R642}}. {{&caused_by: superiority &c. R33}}. <-- epacme[obs3]. ?def? --> V. precede; come before. {{has_extreme}} come first, be first, be in the lead, be at the head, lead, head, take the lead, lead the way, introduce, usher in. {{has_subtype(lead the way)}} be in the vanguard; have the pas. {{has_subtype(lead the way)}} set the fashion &c. (influence) R175; take precedence, have precedence. {{has_subtype(lead the way): @R280, have the start, lead the dance, open the ball}}. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} [transitive] place before; prefix; premise, prelude, preface. Adj. preceding &c. v.; precedent, antecedent; anterior; prior &c. R116; before; former; foregoing; beforementioned[obs3], abovementioned[obs3], aforementioned; aforesaid, said; precursory, precursive[obs3]; prevenient[obs3], preliminary, prefatory, introductory; prelusive, prelusory; proemial[obs3], preparatory. Adv. before; in advance &c. (precession) R280. Phr. seniores priores[Lat]; prior tempore prior jure[Lat]. A4.2.1.R1 PRECURSOR (R64) #64. Precursor. N. {{property_of(precedence, A4.2.1)}} precursor, antecedent, precedent, predecessor. bellwether; herald, harbinger; foreboding; dawn. {{has_subtype: forebear, ancestor}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.16, preparer, forerunner, vancourier[obs3], avant-coureur[Fr], leader, pioneer, scout, prodrome[obs1], prodromos[obs3], prodromus[obs3], outrider}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.16, avant-courier, avant-garde, bellmare[obs3], forelooper[obs3], foreloper[obs3], stalking-horse, voorlooper[Afrikaans], voortrekker[Afrikaans]}}. {{has_subtype(text)}} prelude, preamble, preface, prologue, foreword, avant-propos[Fr], protasis[obs3], proemium[obs3], prolusion[obs3], proem, prolepsis[Gram], prolegomena, prefix, introduction; heading, frontispiece. {{&has_function: @R673, @M2.2.3, preparation, groundwork, spadework}}. overture, exordium[Lat], symphony; premises. prefigurement &c. R511; omen &c. R512. {[of(chemical): raw material, starting material]}. Adj. precursory; prelusive, prelusory, preludious[obs3]; proemial[obs3], introductory, prefatory, prodromous[obs3], inaugural, preliminary; precedent &c. (prior) R116. Phr. "a precedent embalms a principle" [Disraeli]. <-- the headword is the action of beginning. Beginning[2] is the point or part which forms the beginning of a series or object --> A4.2.1.R2 BEGINNING (R66) #66. Beginning. N. beginning[1], commencement, inception, initiation, opening, outset, incipience, origination, inchoation[obs3]. {{location_of}} beginning[2], starting point, origin. genesis, primogenesis[obs3], birth, nativity, cradle, infancy; start, inception, creation; dawn &c. (morning) R125; evolution. <-- &c. R293 --> onset, outbreak, advent, occurrence, brunt; alpha, initial; inauguration, debut, le premier pas, embarcation[Fr], rising of the curtain; maiden speech; initiative, move, first move; narrow end of the wedge, thin end of the wedge; fresh start, new departure. {{has_subtype(origin)}} {{location_of(outside, R220a)}} external origin. {{has_cause: origin &c. (cause) R153}}. {{has_cause}} source, rise. {{has_metaphor}} bud, germ &c. R153; egg, rudiment. {{&caused_by: precursor, R64}}. {{has_subtype(precursor, R64): van &c. (front) R234}}. {[of(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3): title-page; head, heading; caption, fatihah[obs3]]}. entrance, entry, ingress; inlet, orifice, mouth, chops, lips, porch, portal, portico, propylon[obs3], door; gate, gateway; postern, wicket, threshold, vestibule; propylaeum[obs3]; skirts, border &c. (edge) R231. first stage, first blush, first glance, first impression, first sight. rudiments, elements, outlines, grammar, first thing, alphabet, ABC's. V. begin, start, commence; open, dawn, set in, take its rise, enter upon, enter; set out &c. (depart) R293; embark in; incept[obs3]. [intransitive] inchoate, rise, arise, originate. {{caused_by}} [transitive] initiate, launch, inaugurate; conceive. {{!caused_by: cause, R153}}. {{caused_by}} usher in; lead off, lead the way; take the lead, take the initiative; head; stand at the head, stand first, stand for; lay the foundations &c. (prepare) R673; set up, set on foot, agoing[obs3], set abroach[obs3], set the ball in motion; apply the match to a train; broach; open up, open the door to. [intransitive] get underway, set about, get to work, set to work, set to; make a beginning, make a start. handsel; take the first step, lay the first stone, cut the first turf; break ground, break the ice, break cover; pass the Rubicon, cross the Rubicon; open fire, open the ball; ventilate, air; undertake &c. R676. come into existence, come into the world; make one's debut, take birth; burst forth, break out; spring up, spring forth, crop up, pop up, appear, materialize. begin at the beginning, begin ab ovo[Lat]. begin again, begin de novo; start afresh, make a fresh start, take it from the top, shuffle the cards, reshuffle the cards, resume, recommence. Adj. beginning &c. v.; initial, initiatory, initiative; inceptive, introductory, incipient; proemial[obs3], inaugural; inchoate, inchoative[obs3]; embryonic, rudimental; primogenial[obs3]; primeval, primitive, primordial &c. (old) R124; aboriginal; natal, nascent. first, foremost, leading; maiden. begun &c. v.; just begun &c. v.. Adv. at the beginning, in the beginning &c. n.; first, at first, firstly, in the first place, imprimis[Lat], first and foremost; in limine[Lat]; in the bud, in embryo, in its infancy; from the first, from the beginning, from its birth; ab initio[Lat], ab ovo[Lat], ab incunabilis[Lat], ab origine[Lat]. Phr. "let's get going!", "let's get this show on the road!", "up and at 'em!", aller Anfang ist schwer [Ger]; dimidium facti qui coepit habet [Lat][Cicero]; omnium rerum principia parva sunt [Lat][Cicero]. <-- Note the difference between posteriority (R117), which onlt means coming after in time, and succession, here, which means that one thing takes the place of another. Posteriority is included, but not sufficient. [[succession]] --> A4.2.2 SUCCESSION (R63) #63. Succession. N. {{antonym_of(precedence, R62)}} succession, coming after; going after &c. (following) R281; consecution. {{has_conceptual_part: posteriority, R117}}. {{conceptual_part_of: series, @R69}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(change, A6)}} {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, @R104)}} alternation, taking turns. {{has_property(alternation)}} alternateness, alternativeness, alternity[obs3]. {{has_subtype(succession)}} {{has_conceptual_part(alternation)}} turn, round. continuation, extension; postposition. order of succession; successiveness; paracme[obs3]. {{performed_by: @R167, @P2.6.4.1, line, lineage, posterity, descendent, heir, successor}}. secondariness[obs3]. {{&has_property: subordinancy, @R34}}. suffix, postfix. {[in_frame(motion)]}{{has_subtype: sequence, R281}}. {[in_frame(birth)]} {{property_of: @P2.3.2.2.3.2, afterbirth, placenta}}. V. succeed; come after, come on, come next; follow, ensue, step into the shoes of. {{has_subtype}} alternate, take turns. {{similar_to(add/attach)}} place after, suffix, append. Adj. succeeding &c. v.; sequent[obs3]; sequacious[obs3], proximate. next; subsequent, consequent. consecutive &c. (continuity) R69; alternate, amoebean[obs3]. later, latter; posterior &c. R117. Adv. after, subsequently; behind &c. (rear) R235. A4.2.2.R1 SEQUEL (R65) #65. Sequel. N. {{property_of(succession, A4.2.2)}} sequel[1], suffix, successor; tail, queue, train, wake, trail, rear; retinue, suite. {{has_conceptual_part: posteriority, R117}}. {{has_part(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(text)}} appendix, postscript; epilogue; codicil; colophon. {{has_subtype(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)}} continuation, sequel[2]; installment; part two; return of; son of. {{has_subtype(performance, @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.6.3)}} episode, next episode. {{&has_part(oration)}} {{has_temporal_location(end)}} peroration; tag, tag line, more last words. {{has_subtype(thought)}} afterthought, arriere pensee[Fr], second thoughts, treppenwoerter[Ger.]; outgrowth. appendage, aftercome[obs3], aftergrowth[obs3], afterpart[obs3], afterpiece[obs3], aftercourse[obs3], aftergame[obs3]. tail piece, heelpiece[obs3]. <-- [[end]] --> A4.2.2.R2 END (R67) #67. End. N. end[1], ending, close, termination; desinence[obs3], conclusion, finis, finale. {{location_of}} end[2], terminus, endpoint, term. {{has_subtype(end)}} extreme, extremity, last. {{has_metaphor(endpoint)}} omega; period. {{has_subtype(ending[of=right, R924])}} {{causes(ending[of=term, @R108]): lapse, @R776}}. {{has_subtype(end)}} {{has_part(P2.3, physical object): end; tail; edge; point, tip}}. tag; bonne bouche[Fr]; bottom dollar, tail end, rear guard. {[of(oration, R586): peroration, @R586]}. {[of(action, R680)]} consummation, denouement. {[of(action, R680): finish &c. (completion) R729]}. fate. {{has_metaphor}} fall of the curtain. goal, object, objective, destination. limit, determination; expiration, expiry[obs3], extinction, extermination; end of all things; finality. {[of(universe)]}{[in_frame(religion)]} Judgment day, last day, crack of doom, doom, doomsday, day of Judgment, day of reckoning, dies irae[Lat]. {{studied_in(Judgment day)}} eschatology. {[of(life): death, P2.2.3.2]}. {[of(existence, R3a): annihilation, @R162]}. break up, commencement de la fin, last stage, turning point; coup de grace, deathblow; knock-out blow; sockdolager [U.S.]. {{has_subtype(failure, R732)}} abortion; abend. V. end, close, finish, terminate, conclude, come to a close, come to an end, cometo a conclusion, draw to a close, draw to a finale. expire, run out, pass away, die. {{has_result(expire/bring to an end)}} be past, be over, be terminated, have run its course, be all over, be finished, be done, be done with. [transitive] bring to an end, bring to a conclusion, bring to a halt, bring to its finish; put an end to, make an end of. determine; get through. achieve &c. (complete) R729; stop &c. (make to cease) R142; shut up shop; hang up one's fiddle. {{has_subtype(fail, R732)}} abort; abend. {{has_subtype: die &c. R360}}. Adj. final, terminal, last, ultimate. {{has_subtype: rear &c. R235}}. definitive, penultimate[coll.]. caudal, hindmost, hindermost[obs3], vergent[obs3]. ending, terminating, finishing, concluding, closing. conterminate[obs3], conterminous, conterminable[obs3]. {{has_consequence(terminate)}} ended, terminated, fiished, concluded, at an end. settled, decided, over, played out, set at rest; conclusive. penultimate, last but one; last but two; last but three. unbegun, uncommenced[obs3]; fresh. {{has_subtype(finishing): crowning &c. (completing) R729}}. Adv. finally &c. adj.; in fine; at the last; once for all. Phr. "as high as Heaven and as deep as hell" [Beaumont & Fletcher]; deficit omne quod nascitur [Lat][Quintilian]; en toute chose il faut considerer la fin[Fr][obs3]; finem respice[Lat][obs3]; ultimus Romanorum[Lat]. A4.2.3 MIDDLE (R68) #68. Middle. N. {{property_of(precedence, A4.2.1)}} {{property_of(succession, A4.2.2)}} middle, midst, mediety[obs1], mean &c. R29; medium, middle term; center &c. R222; mid-course &c. R628; mezzo termine[It]; juste milieu[Fr] &c. R628; halfway house, nave, navel, omphalos[obs3]; nucleus, nucleolus. equidistance[obs3], bisection, half distance; equator, diaphragm, midriff; intermediate &c. R228. Adj. middle, medial, mesial[Med], mean, mid, median, average; middlemost, midmost; mediate; intermediate &c. (interjacent) R228; equidistant; central &c. R222; mediterranean, equatorial; homocentric. Adv. in the middle; midway, halfway; midships[obs3], amidships, in medias res. <-- Originally named "continuity" we reorganized and renamed "series." The "continuity" concept actually belongs no under A2.5.3 (connectedness). Although Roget notes that this is "uninterrupted sequence", he includes series and procession, etc. which deal with discontinuous items, and are therefore in a sense interrupted. The distinction from "Sequence", at A4.2, above, is somewhat fine. We leave in the interrupted sequences, but must note the relationship to "repetition", at R104.. [Uninterrupted sequence.] --> <-- This series is an ordered sequence -- ordered by some principle, not merely by being in sequence. A sequence which is not ordered by some principle (e.g. a set sequenced by random selection) is at 4.4 Here is where a set-theoretic definition would be useful. [[series]] --> A4.2.4 SERIES (R69) #69. Series. N. {{has_subtype(sequence[1], A4.2)}} {{property_of(linear order, A4.1)}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} {{has_subtype(directed graph, @A2.5.3.R1)}} series, ordered sequence, sequence[2], succession[1]. {{has_property}} succession[2], consecution, consecutiveness. {{has_subtype: list, R86}}. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(item, @R3a)}} element. {{has_subtype(element)}} {{has_subtype(beginning[2], @R66)}} {{has_subtype(first)}} {{rel_loc_of(beginning[2], @R66)}} beginning, head, first element. {{has_subtype(element)}} {{has_subtype(end, @R67)}} {{property_of(last)}} {{rel_loc_of(end, @R67)}} end, tail, last element. round, suite, progression, train, chain; gradation, course; constant flow, unbroken extent. {{formed_by}} {{has_subtype(joining, R43)}} concatenation, catenation. {{aformed_by: ordering, R60}}. {{has_subtype(ordered sequence[of=values, @R79a])}} scale. <-- in a numerical scale the ordering principle is the magnitude of the number. How to say that??? --> {{has_subtype(scale[of=numbers], A4.2)}} {{uses(measurement)}} {{conceptual_part_of(number)}} numerical scale. rank, row; file, column. line, range, tier, string, thread, team; colonnade. {[of(playing card): suit, @P2.3.1.3.13.1.2]}. {{has_property}} linearity; seriality; continuity; consecution, consecutiveness &c. adj.. {{has_extreme(continuity)}} ceaselessness. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, R104)}} procession, column; retinue, cortege, cavalcade, rank and file, line of battle, array. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, R104)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1.R1, pedigree, genealogy, lineage, ancestry, descent; line, line of ancestors; strain]}. {{has_metaphor: ladder}}. V. [intrans] be serial, be in series, be in a series, follow in a series, form a series, form a line. {{result_of(series)}} [intrans] get in line, fall in, fall into line, form a line[2]. {{result_of(series)}} arrange in a series, collate &c. n.; string together; file; thread; graduate; tabulate. {{result_of(series): @R60, organize, order, sort}}. {{result_of(series)}} serialize. Adj. {{has_subtype(linear)}} serial, successive; in a line, in a row, in series, lined up; consecutive. continuous, unbroken, continued, uninterrupted, unintermitting[obs3]. progressive, gradual; immediate, entire; @R604a, unremitting, unrelenting; perseverence, R604a; perennial, evergreen; constant. <-- "first" and "last" get a specialized meaning here --> {{has_property(first element)}} {{has_subtype(first, @R66)}} first. {{has_property(last element)}} {{has_subtype(last, @R67)}} last. Adv. in series, serially, seriatim; in a line &c. n.. continuously, uninterruptedly, without interruption, without a break. consecutively; in succession, in turn; running, gradually, step by step, gradatim[Lat], at a stretch; in file, in column, in single file, in Indian file. {{has_subtype: progressively, gradually}}. <-- the difference between a stage, here, and a state, at R7, is that a state describes an overall condition which can be part of a continuum, and is not necessarily well defined. A stage is a part of a sequence, often has a name, and is identifiably different from other parts in a sequence --> <-- ??? Break into 2 parts [[step]] --> A4.2.4.R1 STEP (R71) #71. Step. N. {{has_conceptual_part(series, R69/process, A7.7)}} step, stage. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(degree, R26)}} degree; grade, level. place, point, mark, pas, period, pitch. state, term. {{has_measure: @R44, interval, degree of separation, remove}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} scale. link, peg, notch, rung. stand, standing; footing, range. quantum level. {{has_property: state, R7}}. {{has_trait(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{has_subtype(step): @R873, rank, station, level, grade; class, form [Brit], round of the ladder, rung of the ladder, status, position}}. {{has_subtype(grade)}} black belt; brown belt. {{conceptual_part_of(rank): @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1, promotion, advancement[increase of grade], graduation}}. [decrease of grade] demotion, step down; drop back; regression, retrogression. V. hold a place, occupy a place, find a place, fall into a place &c. n.. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} hold a position, occupy a position, hold a rank. {{conceptual_part_of(hold a position): @M7.1.2.1.2.1.1, graduate, advance, progress[increase grade]}}. {{similar_to(rank): classify}}. [cause to advance] promote. [decrease grade] drop, drop down a notch, drop back, drop back a level; regress, retrogress. [decrease status] lose face. [cause to decrease grade] demote; bump; take down a notch. Adj. graded, graduated. ranked. stratified. Adv. stepwise, seriatim; by degrees. <-- This perhaps should be directly under quantity?? Is number a subtype of quantity? [[number]] --> A5 NUMBER (R84 TO R105) N. {{has_conceptual_part(quantity, A3)}} number. {{has_property}} {{has_subtype(value, @R79a)}} numerical value. <-- 84. Number 85. Numeration 86. List Note that the headword "number" is considered as an abstract entity, but the text we use as a number is the representtaion of that abstract entity. Note that the written representations of numbers are found at "word", and many of the words designating type of numbers are duplicated there. --> A5.1 ABSTRACT NUMBER (R84 TO R86) #84. Number. N. number[1], abstract number. {{has_representation}} {{has_subtype(written word, @R562): @R562, number[2], figure}}. {{has_part(number[2]): @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R5, numeral}}. {{has_subtype(numeral): @M8.1.3.2.2.1.R5, Arabic numeral, digit, cipher}}. {{has_subtype(Arabic numeral)}} "1"; "2"; "3", "4"; "5"; "6"; "7"; "8"; "9"; "0". {{used_in: computation, R85a, M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{used_by: @R85a, operation, mathematical operation, operator}}. real number. {{alternative_to(real number)}} imaginary number. {{part_of(imaginary number)}} complex number. counter; round number; formula. <-- we need a recursive function to define an integer --> integer. {{has_subtype}} {{numerical_value_of(">0")}} positive number. {{has_subtype(integer)}} {{has_subtype(positive number)}} positive integer, natural number. {{has_subtype(negative number)}} {{has_subtype(integer)}} negative integer. {{has_property(natural number)}} cardinality. {{has_subtype(number)}} {{numerical_value_of("<0")}} negative number. {{result_of: function, @M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{member_of}} {{has_subtype(series)}} arithmetic series; geometric series. {{has_subtype}}{[in_frame(computation, R85a, M3.1.2.2.1): operand; result]}. fraction, rational number; surd, irrational number; transcendental number; mixed number, complex number; complex conjugate; decimal, circulating decimal, repetend. {[in_frame(computer)]} fixed-point number; floating-point number; double precision number; quadruple precision number. common measure, aliquot part; prime number, prime; relative prime; prime factor; reciprocal; totient[obs3]. {{has_subtype(prime)}} {{property_of(duality)}} prime pair. binary number, octal number, hexadecimal number[Comp]. {{&conceptual_part_of}} variation. {{has_subtype(comparison[of=numbers], R464): division, @M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{has_result(division, @M3.1.2.2.1)}} ratio, proportion. progression, numerical progression; arithmetical progression. {{has_subtype(progression)}} {{conceptual_part_of(ratio)}} geometrical progression, harmonical progression[obs3]. {{has_subtype(ratio)}} percent, parts per hundred, percentage; permilage, parts per thousand. figurate numbers[obs3], pyramidal numbers, polygonal numbers. power, root, exponent, index, logarithm, antilogarithm; modulus, base. differential, integral, fluxion[obs3], fluent. {{&result_of: numeration, R85}}. {{measure_of: quantity, R25}}. {{used_in: measuring, R466}}. Adj. numerical, numeral[obs2]; complementary, divisible, aliquot, reciprocal, prime, relatively prime, fractional, figurate[obs3]. incommensurable. proportional, exponential, logarithmic, logometric[obs3], differential, fluxional[obs3], integral, totitive[obs3]. positive, negative; rational, irrational; surd, radical, real; complex, imaginary; finite; infinite; impossible. digital; discrete. quantitative. {{conceptual_part_of: quantity, R25}}. {{used_in: measurement, R466}}. binary; octal; hexadecimal; decimal. {{has_property(number): @R474, specific, definite}}. {{antonym_of(numerical)}} non-numerical, symbolic. {{antonym_of(quantitative)}} qualitative. {[when_modifying(computer)]} {{antonym_of(digital)}} analog. Adv. numerically, in numbers. digitally. proportionally; finitely; modulo. quantitatively. {{has_property(number): @R474, specifically, definitely}}. {{has_extreme(numerically)}} infinitely. <-- numeration and computation -- two different operations? In any case, belong with mental operations! Enumeration = counting. Make computation = R85a, and further subdivide into formal mathematics. --> A5.1.R1 NUMERATION #85. Numeration. N. numeration, enumeration, counting, recension[obs3]; numbering &c. v.. {{has_result}} tally, count, tale. {{has_subtype(measurement[ptnt=people], R466)}} muster, poll, census, capitation, roll call, recapitulation. {{used_in: list, R86}}. score. pagination, paging. <-- different kind of "poll" -- of opinion. We can use "^" here, but if parser will accept nested brackets, perhaps: --> {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(counting[of=voter preference]): election}}. {{similar_to(poll): vote, election}}. {{&similar_to: measurement, R466}}. {{&uses: computation, R85a}}. V. number, count, tally, tell, enumerate. call over, run over; take an account of, muster, poll, recite, recapitulate. paginate, page; affix numbers to. Adj. numeral, numerical. numerable. commensurable, commensurate. {{antonym_of(numerable)}} innumerable, unfathomable, infinite. {{antonym_of(measurable)}} immeasurable. {{antonym_of(commensurable)}} incommensurable, incommensurate. Adv. measurably; in numbers. A5.2 DETERMINATE NUMBER R87 TO R99 N. determinate number. <-- 87. Unity 88. Accompaniment 89. Duality 90. Duplication 91. Bisection 92. Triality 93. Triplication 94. Trisection 95. Quaternity 96. Quadruplication 97. Quadrisection 98. Five, &c. 99. Quinquesection --> A5.2.1 UNITY (R87) #87. Unity. N. {{antonym_of(plurality, R100)}} unity, oneness, individuality, singularity. <-- note that an "individual" has the properties of being a single unit of something, and having "individuality" in the sense of particularity, uniqueness. --> {{property_of}} {{property_of(individuality, @R79)}} unit, individual, one, ace. only one, none else, no other, nothing else. {{&has_property(unit)}} indivisibility. {{property_of(indivisibility)}} atom, atomic unit, indivisible unit. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_subtype: solitude, @R893}}. {{&caused_by: isolation, @R44}}. {{&caused_by: unification &c. R48}}. V. be one, be alone &c. adj.; dine with Duke Humphrey[obs3]. isolate &c. (disjoin) R44. render one. {{&caused_by: unite &c. (join) R43}}. {{&caused_by: unite &c. (combine) R48}}. Adj. one, sole, single, solitary, only, unitary. individual, apart, alone; kithless[obs3]. unaccompanied, unattended; solus[Lat], single-handed; singular, odd, unique, unrepeated[obs3], azygous, first and last. {{&caused_by(alone): isolated &c. (disjoined) R44}}. insular. lone, lonely, lonesome; isolated; desolate, dreary. {{has_property(atomic unit)}} indivisible, atomic, compact, primitive, unanalyzable, irresolvable[obs3], insecable[obs1], inseverable[obs3], indiscerptible[obs3]. monospermous[obs3]; unific[obs3], uniflorous[obs3], unifoliate[obs3], unigenital[obs3], uniliteral[obs3], unijocular[obs3], unimodal [statistics], unimodular[obs3]. one and a half, sesqui-. Adv. {{has_mode(no other)}} singly, alone, individually, by itself, per se, solo. only, apart, in the singular number, in the abstract; one by one, one at a time; simply. Phr. natura il fece [It], e poi roppe la stampa[It]; du fort au faible [obs3]; "two souls with but a single thought, two hearts that beat as one". A5.2.2 DUALITY (R89) #89. Duality. N. duality, dualism; biformity[obs3]; polarity, bipolarity. {{property_of}} {{member_of(object, @R3a)}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} two objects. duplicity; biplicity[obs3]. two; deuce, couple, duet, brace, pair, cheeks, twins; fellows; yoke, conjugation; dispermy[obs3]; doublet, doublets; dyad, span. {{has_example(twins)}} Romulus and Remus. {{has_example(star)}} Castor and Pollux, Gemini. {{has_example(person, P2.3.2.3)}} Siamese twins. {{has_example(building)}} {{location_of(New York City)}} Twin Towers. {{has_example(city)}} Twin Cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul. twinning [crystallography]. {{&caused_by: duplication, R90}}. V. [unite in pairs] pair, couple, bracket, yoke; conduplicate[obs3]; mate, span [U.S.]. duplicate. {{similar_to(duplicate): copy, R19}}. Adj. two, twin; dual, dualistic, double; binary, binomial; twin, biparous[obs3]; dyadic[Math]; conduplicate[obs3]; duplex &c. R90; biduous[obs3], binate[obs3], diphyletic[obs3], dispermic[obs3], unijugate[obs3]; tete-a-tete. bi-, di-. polar, bipolar. double, duplicate; twinned. coupled &c. v.; conjugate. {{has_subtype(all, @R78)}} both, both the one and the other. Pron. {{has_subtype(all, @R78)}} both. A5.2.2.R1 DUPLICATION (R90) #90. Duplication. N. {{has_subtype(repetition, R104)}} {{&has_result(imitation, R19)}} duplication; doubling &c. v.; gemination, ingemination[obs3]; reduplication. {{&caused_by: replication, R19}}. V. double, redouble, duplicate, reduplicate; geminate; repeat &c. R104; renew &c. R660. Adj. {{has_consequence(duplication)}} double, duplex; doubled, duplicated; twofold; disomatous[obs3]. bicipital[obs3], bidental[obs3], bilabiate, bivalve, bivalvular[obs3], bifold[obs3], biform[obs3]; bifarious[obs3], bifacial[obs3]; double-faced. two-sided, bilateral. double-headed, two-headed, bicephalous[obs3]. twin, duplicate, ingeminate[obs3]; second. Adv. {{has_subtype(again, @R104)}} once more, once again. {{has_consequence}} as much again, twofold; secondly, in the second place; for the second time; in duplicate. {{has_consequence(once more)}} twice, two times. <-- [Division into two parts.] --> A5.2.2.R2 BISECTION (R91) #91. Bisection. N. bisection, bipartition; dichotomy, subdichotomy[obs3]; halving &c. v.; dimidiation[obs3]. bifurcation, forking, branching, ramification, divarication; fork, prong; fold. half, moiety. V. bisect, halve, divide, split, cut in two, cleave, dimidiate[obs3], dichotomize, cleave in twain[arch.]. go halves, divide with, split up; split down the middle. separate, fork, bifurcate; branch off, out; ramify. Adj. bisected &c. v.; cloven, cleft; bipartite, biconjugate[obs3], bicuspid, bifid; bifurcous[obs3], bifurcate, bifurcated; distichous, dichotomous, furcular[obs3]; semi-, demi-, hemi-. polarized. equipartite. A5.2.3 TRIALITY (R92) #92. Triality. N. Triality[obs3], trinity; triunity[obs3]. three, triad, triplet, trey, trio, troika, ternion[obs3], leash; shamrock, tierce[obs3], spike-team [U.S.], trefoil; triangle, trident, triennium[obs3], trigon[obs3], trinomial, trionym[obs3], triplopia[obs3], triseme[obs3], triskele[obs3], triskelion, trisula[obs3]. {{has_subtype(number)}} third power, cube; cube root. {{conceptual_part_of: tripod, @P2.3.1.3.20; trireme, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.3.2.2; tricycle, @P2.3.1.3.16.2.2.2.2.1}}. Adj. three ; triform[obs3], trinal[obs3], trinomial; tertiary; ternary; triune; triarch, triadie[obs3]; triple &c. R93. Pref. tri-, tris-, ter-. Phr. tria juncta in uno[Lat]. A5.2.3.R1 TRIPLICATION (R93) #93. Triplication. N. triplication, triplicity[obs3]; trebleness[obs3], trine. V. treble, triple; triplicate, cube. Adj. triple; tern, ternary. triplicate, treble, threefold. trilogistic[obs3]; third; trinal[obs3], trine. Adv. three times, three fold; thrice, in the third place, thirdly; trebly &c. adj.. <-- [Division into three parts.] --> A5.2.3.R2 TRISECTION (R94) #94. Trisection. N. trisection, tripartition[obs3], trichotomy; third, one third, a third, third part. V. trisect, divide into three parts. Adj. trifid; trisected &c. v.; tripartite, trichotomous[obs3], trisulcate[obs3]; trimodal. triangular, tricuspid, tridentate, tridentiferous[obs3], trifoliate, trifurcate, tripolar, tripodal, trigonal[obs3], tricapsular[obs3], Triadelphous[obs3], tridental[obs3], trigrammic[obs3], trigrammatic[obs3], tripetalous[obs3], tripodic[obs3], triquetral[obs3], triquetrous[obs3]. <-- ?? relocate objects. note that square in the mathematical sense is more related to two than to four. Subdivide? --> A5.2.4 FOUR (R95) #95. Four. N. quaternity[obs3], four, tetrad, quartet, quaternion, square, quarter. [planar form with four sides] tetract[obs3], tetragon, quadrangle, rectangle. [three dimensional object with four surfaces] {{has_subtype(polyhedron)}} tetrahedron. {{cardinality_of}} {{has_subtype(group, R72)}} set of four, group of four. {{has_subtype(set of four)}} {{&has_part(beast, @R366)}} four legs, set of four legs. {{part_of(set of four legs)}} {{has_subtype(beast, @R366)}} quadruped. {{part_of(set of four legs)}} {{has_subtype(artifact, P2.3.1.3)}} tetrapod. quadrature, quadrifoil, quadriform, quadruplet; quatrefoil. [geographical area with four sides] quadrangle, quad[coll.]. [four fundamental studies] quadrivium. V. reduce to a square, square. Adj. four; quaternary, quaternal[obs3]; quadratic; quartile; tetract[obs3], tetractic[obs3], tetractinal[obs3]; tetrad, tetragonal; square, quadrate. A5.2.4.R1 QUADRUPLICATION (R96) #96. Quadruplication. N. quadruplication. V. multiply by four, quadruplicate, biquadrate[obs3]. Adj. fourfold, four times; quadrable[obs3], quadrumanous[obs3], quadruple, quadruplicate, quadrible[obs3]; fourth. quadrifoliate[obs3], quadrifoliolate[obs3], quadrigeminal[obs3], quadrigeminate[obs3], quadriplanar[obs3], quadriserial[obs3]. Adv. four times; in the fourth place, fourthly. <-- [Division into four parts.] --> A5.2.4.R2 QUADRISECTION (R97) #97. Quadrisection. N. quadrisection, quadripartition[obs3]; quartering &c. v.; fourth; quart; quarter, quartern[obs3]; farthing[obs3], fourthing[obs3]; quadrant. [electromagnetic object] quadrupole. V. quarter, divide into four parts. Adj. quartered &c. v.; quadrifid[obs3], quadripartite. rectangular. A5.2.5 MORE THAN FOUR (R98) #98. More than Four. N. {{has_subtype(number)}} more than four. five, cinque[Fr], quint, quincux[obs3]; six, half-a-dozen, half dozen; seven; eight; nine, three times three; dicker; ten, decade; eleven; twelve, dozen; thirteen, long dozen, baker's dozen; quintuplet; twenty, score; twenty-four, four and twenty, two dozen; twenty-five, five and twenty, quarter of a hundred; forty, two score; fifty, half a hundred; sixty, three score; seventy, three score and ten; eighty, four score; ninety, fourscore and ten; sestiad[obs3]. hundred, centenary, hecatomb, century; one hundred and forty-four, gross. thousand, chiliad; myriad; ten thousand, ban[Japanese], man[Japanese]; lac, one hundred thousand, plum; million; thousand million; milliard, thousand million, billion[1]; trillion, billion[2][Brit.]; gugol; gugol plex. <-- any other defined numbers should be entered here --> {{has_subtype(weight)}} hundredweight, "cwt.". {{has_subtype(time unit)}} decade; century; millennium, thousand years, grand[coll.]; ten thousand years, banzai[Japanese]. V. centuriate[obs3]; quintuplicate. enlarge to two-fold, double, udvoit'[Russ]. enlarge to three-fold, treble, triple, utroit'[Russ]. enlarge to four-fold, quadruple. enlarge to five-fold, pentuple. enlarge to ten-fold, udecyaterit'[Russ]. Adj. five, quinary[obs3], quintuple; fifth; senary[obs3], sextuple; sixth; seventh; septuple; octuple; eighth; ninefold, ninth; tenfold, decimal, denary[obs3], decuple[obs3], tenth; eleventh; duodenary[obs3], duodenal; twelfth; in one's 'teens, thirteenth. vicesimal[obs3], vigesimal; twentieth; twenty-fourth &c. n.; vicenary[obs3], vicennial[obs3]. centuple[obs3], centuplicate[obs3], centennial, centenary, centurial[obs3]; secular, hundredth; thousandth. <-- any fractions observed in written text should be entered here --> <-- ## in the next section five and higher numbers are all included. there should be some "variable" to represent these numbers, or possibly a recursive function?? --> A5.2.5.R1 DIVISION BY MORE THAN FOUR (R99) #99. Division by more than four. N. division by more than four, division by five &c. R98; quinquesection &c.. fifth; sixth; seventh; eighth; ninth. tenth; eleventh; twelfth; thirteenth; fourteenth; fifteenth; sixteenth; seveteenth; eighteenth; nineteenth. twentieth; thirtieth; fourtieth; fiftieth; sixtieth; seventieth; eighieth; ninetieth; hundredth. thousandth; millionth; billionth; trillionth; quadrillionth. decimation, reduction by one-tenth. V. quinquesect, divide into fifths. decimate. Adj. quinquefid, quinquelateral, quinquepartite; quinqevalent, pentavalent; quinquarticular[obs3]. octifid[obs3]. decimal, tenth, tithe; deci-. duodecimal, twelfth. sexagesimal[obs3], sexagenary[obs3]. hundredth, centesimal; centi-. thousandth, millesimal[obs3]; milli-. millionth, ten to the minus sixth, micro-. billionth, ten to the minus ninth, nano-. trillionth, ten to the minus twelfth, pico-. thousand trillionth, million billionth, ten to the minus fifteenth, femto-. million trillionth, billion billionth, ten to the minus eighteenth, atto-. A5.2.6 ZERO (R101) #101. Zero. N. zero, nothing; null, nul, naught, nought, void; cipher, goose egg; none; nichts[Ger.]; nada[Span.]; nixie[slang], nix[slang]; zilch[slang], zip[slang], zippo [slang]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} nobody, no one; not a soul; ame qui vive[Fr]. {{measure_of: absence &c. R2}}. insubstantiality &c. R4. Adj. not one, not a one, not any, nary a one [dial.]; not a, never a; not a whit of, not an iota of, not a drop of, not a speck of, not a jot; not a trace of, not a hint of, not a smidgen of, not a suspicion of, not a shadow of, neither hide nor hair of. <-- ?? what's this doing here? Opposite of alone-ness! Where else? Near addition, complement--> A5.2.7 ACCOMPANIMENT (R88) #88. Accompaniment. N. {{has_subtype(combination, R49)}} accompaniment. {{property_of}} appendage, appurtenance. {{property_of: adjunct &c. R39}}. {{property_of: context, @R8}}. {{property_of}} attribute. coexistence, concomitance, company, association, companionship; partnership, co-partnership; coefficiency[obs3]. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.3, concomitant, accessory[1], companion, buddy, attendant, fellow, associate, colleague, partner, co-partner, entourage, satellite, hanger on, fellow-traveller, shadow, escort, "cortSge"}}. {{property_of: friend, R890}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.81, consort, spouse, mate}}. {{conceptual_part_of: complement, @R52 (completeness)}}. V. accompany, coexist, attend; hang on, wait on; go hand in hand with; synchronize &c. R120. bear company, keep company; row in the same boat; bring in its train; associate with, couple with. appurtenant to. {{has_subtype: part, R87}}. Adj. accompanying &c. v.; concomitant, fellow, twin, joint; associated with, coupled with; accessory, attendant, obbligato. Adv. with, withal; together with, along with, in company with; hand in hand, side by side; cheek by jowl, cheek by jole[obs3]; arm in arm; therewith, herewith; and &c. (addition) R37. together, in a body, collectively. Phr. noscitur a sociis[Lat]; virtutis fortuna comes[Lat]. A5.3 INDETERMINATE NUMBER (R100 TO R105) N. indeterminate number. <-- 100. Plurality 100a. Fraction 101. Zero 102. Multitude 103. Fewness 104. Repetition 105. Infinity --> <-- [More than one.] --> A5.3.1 MULTIPLICITY (R100) #100. Multiplicity. N. {{antonym_of(unity, R87)}} multiplicity, plurality, more than one; a number, a certain number. one or two, two or three &c.; a few, several. {{has_subtype: majority, A3.2.5.1.1}}. {{property_of: multitude &c. R102}}. Adj. plural, more than one, multiple, upwards of; some, several, a few; not a few; certain; not alone &c. R87. Adv. et cetera, "&c.", "etc.". among other things, inter alia[Lat]. Phr. non deficit alter [Lat]. A5.3.1.1 MULTITUDE (R102) #102. Multitude. N. {{has_subtype(quantity, R25, A3.1.1)}} {{has_property: greatness, R31}} large quantity, multitude, great number, large number. {{has_property}} numerousness &c. adj.; numerosity, numerality; multiplicity. legion, host; round number, enormous number; a quantity, numbers, array, sight, army, sea, galaxy; scores, peck, bushel, shoal, swarm, draught, bevy, cloud, flock, herd, drove, flight, covey, hive, brood, litter, farrow, fry, nest; lots; all in the world and his wife. {[of(people): crowd &c. (assemblage) R72]}. multiple. {{caused_by(multiple): multiplication, @M3.1.2.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: profusion &c. (plenty) R639}}. {{has_subtype(mulitude)}} {{&causes(increase)}} greater number. {{has_subtype: majority, A3.2.5.1.1}}. V. be numerous &c. adj.; swarm with, teem with, creep with; crowd, swarm, come thick upon; outnumber, multiply; people; swarm like locusts, swarm like bees. Adj. many, numerous; profuse; several, sundry, divers, various, not a few; Briarean; a hundred, a thousand, a myriad, a million, a quadrillion, a nonillion, a thousand and one; some ten or a dozen, some forty or fifty &c.; half a dozen, half a hundred &c.; very many, full many, ever so many; numerose[obs3]; manifold, multiplied, multitudinous, multiple, multinominal, teeming, populous, peopled, crowded, thick, studded; galore. thick coming, many more, more than one can tell, a world of; no end of, no end to; cum multis aliis[Lat]; thick as hops, thick as hail; plenty as blackberries; numerous as the stars in the firmament, numerous as the sands on the seashore, numerous as the hairs on the head; and what not, and heaven knows what; endless &c. (infinite) R105. Adv. multiply, in large quantity, in profusion, in great numbers. in hordes, in bushels, by the truckload, by the carload. Phr. "their name is legion"; acervatim[Lat]; en foule[Fr]; "many-headed multitude" [Sidney]; "numerous as glittering gems of morning dew" [Young]; vel prece vel pretio[Lat][obs3]. <-- fewness, here, refers to few in number; infrequency at R137 refers to few repetitions in time. But there is a lot of overlap in usage. some of these words would require count nouns for proper agreement, but these distinctions have not yet been marked. --> A5.3.1.2 FEWNESS (R103) #103. Fewness. N. fewness &c. adj.; paucity, small number; small quantity &c. R32; rarity; handful, maniple; minority; exiguity. {{similar_to: scarcity, infrequency &c. R137}}. [Diminution of number] {{caused_by}} reduction; weeding &c. v.; elimination, culling, sarculation[obs1], decimation; eradication; loss. {{&caused_by: removal; destruction}} . [of living things] {{&caused_by: departure; death, P2.2.3.2; killing}}. V. be few &c. adj.. {{&caused_by}} [reduce the number][transitive] render few &c. adj.; reduce, diminish the number. {{has_method(render few)}} eliminate; weed out. {{has_subtype(render few)}} cull, thin, decimate. {{has_subtype(be few)}} be less than six. {{has_subtype(bbe less than six)}} may be counted on one's fingers; can be counted on the fingers of one hand. Adj. few; scant, scanty. thin, rare, scattered, thinly scattered, spotty, few and far between, exiguous; rari nantes[Latin]. {{has_high_intensity}} [count or mass nouns] hardly any, scarcely any, precious little, almost none, almost none at all. {{has_high_intensity}} precious few [for count nouns]. reduced &c. v.; unrepeated[obs3]. {{similar_to: @R137, scarce, infrequent}}. {{has_superlative: @R83, unique, singular, one-of-a-kind}}. Adv. rarely, here and there. {[of(event, R151): occasionally, infrequently, R137]}. <-- This "iteration, repetition" is the general term, and can specify as few as one repetition. Many repetitions at regular intervals are under "periodicity", R138. This is very basic, being an action considered as one of a series of actions, in many cases implying a prior action. note related concepts of multitude, frequency, periodicity, repetition, and habit are listed as separate main entries. Continuity at R69 is listed by Roget as an uninterrupted series --> A5.3.1.R1 ITERATION (R104) #104. Iteration. N. {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} {{property_of(multiplicity, A5.3.1)}} iteration, repetition, reiteration, harping, recurrence. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} prior action. {{!!follows($repetition): $prior action}}. &&{{similar_to($repetition): $prior action}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(natural number[of=repetitions], R84)}} number of repetitions. <-- this interval is abstract, not necessarily time --> {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(interval, @R44)}} interval between repetitions. <-- to qualify as "periodicity", we need at least 4 examples of an iteration to be able to measure the intervals between. --> {{part_of(iteration[num=>3])}} {{property_of(regular, @R138): periodicity, R138}}. {{member_of}} {{has_subtype(series[of=action, @A7], R69)}} series, succession, run, series of actions. {{&conceptual_part_of: continuity, R69}}. battology, tautology; rhythm &c. R138; diffuseness, pleonasm, redundancy. {{&mcauses}} monotony, tautophony. {[in_frame(music)]} chimes, repetend, echo, ritornello[obs3], burden of a song, refrain. rehearsal; rechauffe[Fr], rifacimento[It], recapitulation. cuckoo &c. (imitation) R19; reverberation &c. R408; drumming &c. (roll) R407. {{has_subtype(repetition[of=appearance[2], @R448])}} reappearance. reproduction. {{has_subtype(repetition[of=operation, @R85a])}} recursion [Computer]. revival, renewal. twice-told tale; old story, old song; second edition, new edition. {{&has_property: periodicity, R138}}. {{has_subtype: restoration, R660}}. V. repeat, iterate, reiterate, reproduce, echo, reecho, drum, harp upon, battologize[obs3], hammer, redouble. recur, revert, return, reappear, recurse [Comp]; renew &c. (restore) R660. rehearse; do over again, say over again; ring the changes on; harp on the same string; din in the ear, drum in the ear; conjugate in all its moods tenses and inflexions[obs3], begin again, go over the same ground, go the same round, never hear the last of; resume, return to, recapitulate, reword. Adj. repeated &c. v.; repetitional[obs3], repetitionary[obs3]; recurrent, recurring; ever recurring, thick coming; frequent, incessant; redundant, pleonastic. {{has_high_quantity(repeated): recurrent, @R138}}. monotonous, harping, iterative, recursive [Math, Comp], unvaried; mocking, chiming; retold; aforesaid, aforenamed[obs3]; above-mentioned, above-said; habitual &c. R613; another. Adv. repeatedly, often, again, anew, over again, afresh, once more; ding-dong, ditto, encore, de novo, bis[obs3], da capo[It]. again and again; over and over, over and over again; recursively [Comp]; many times over. time and again, time after time; year after year; day by day; month after month; week after week; many times, several times, a number of times; many a time, full many a time; frequently &c. R136. Phr. ecce iterum Crispinus[Lat]; toujours perdrix[Fr]; "cut and come again" [Crabbe]; "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" [Macbeth]; cantilenam eandem canis [Lat][Terence]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum sit prius [Lat][Terence]. <-- [Less than one.] --> A5.3.2 FRACTION (R100A) #100a. Fraction. N. {{has_subtype(part, R51)}} fraction, fractional part. fractionation[Chem.]. {{has_subtype(number): ratio}}. {{result_of: division, P2.6.1.2.4.4.1}}. {{has_subtype(division, P2.6.1.2.4.4.1): quinquesection &c. R99}}. V. {{result_of(fraction)}} divide into fractions. fractionate[Chem.]. Adj. fractional, fragmentary. {{similar_to: incomplete, R53}}. inconsiderable, negligible, insignificant, undetectable. infinitesimal. {{has_subtype(infinitesimal): microscopic}}. A5.3.3 INFINITY (R105) #105. Infinity. N. infinity, infinitude, infiniteness; boundlessness, limitlessness; innumerability. immeasurability, incalculability; inexhaustibility, unfathomable, unapproachable; exhaustless, indefinite. interminability. unmeasurability. perpetuity &c. R112. {{has_subtype}} countable infinity; uncountable infinity. {{has_symbol(countable infinity)}} {[in_frame(mathematics)]} aleph null. V. be infinite &c. adj.; know no limits, have no limits, know no bounds, have no bounds; go on for ever. Adj. infinite; limitless, endless, boundless, termless[obs3]; numberless, countless, sumless[obs3], measureless. immense; innumerable, immeasurable, incalculable, illimitable, inexhaustible, interminable, unfathomable, unapproachable; exhaustless, indefinite; without number, without measure, without limit, without end; incomprehensible; untold, unnumbered, unmeasured, unbounded, unlimited; illimited[obs3]; perpetual &c. R112. Adv. infinitely &c. adj.; ad infinitum. Phr. "as boundless as the sea" [Romeo and Juliet]. <-- R106 to R139 Time moved to P1.1 --> <-- [[CHANGE]] --> A6 CHANGE (R140 TO R152) N. change. {{has_subtype}} simple change, A6.1. <-- 140. Change 141. Permanence 142. Cessation 143. Continuance 144. Conversion 145. Reversion 146. Revolution 147. Substitution 148. Interchange --> <-- the concepts in A6.1 do not necessarily imply a time difference, although they are often used in that context: a transformation, for example, could be a mathematical operation and the original and transformed objects may coexist. The differences implied by these words are in general differences after some transforming operation, which could but does not necessarily require time in the physical universe. The next section, changeability, does more intimately imply a time factor. Change is not itself a process, but is caused by a process --> <-- The headword is not a process, but is not an event either. It is more abstract than either. The process is called "changing". [Roget definition: "Difference at different times". But we do not consider time to be a necessary part of this abstract concept, although in the physical world all changes take time. Nevertheless we use the "precedes" and "follows" relations.] --> A6.1 SIMPLE CHANGE (R140) #140. Change. N. change, simple change, alteration, mutation, variation. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} state before change; state after change. {{follows: state before change}}. {{precedes: state after change}}. <-- the definition of change is the difference before and after --> {{{has_difference(state after change + state before change): change}}}. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} changing, change[2], alteration[2]. {{!causes(changing): difference, R15; dissimilarity, R18}}. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(agent)}} modification, modulation. inflexion, mood; qualification; innovation; deviation, turn; evolution; diversion; break. deoxidization[Chem]; transubstantiation; transanimation[obs3], transmigration, metempsychosis[obs1]. {{has_subtype: @R144, transformation, transfiguration, transmutation}}. {{has_subtype: @R148, interchange, permutation, rearrangement}}. {{has_subtype: revolution}}. {{&has_process(life)}} metamorphosis. {{&has_process(cell)}} metastasis; mutagenesis[Genet]; differentiation; transformation. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(remedy, R662)}} alterative. {{has_subtype: conversion &c. (gradual change) R144}}. {{has_subtype: Reversion, R145}}. {{has_subtype: revolution &c. (sudden or radical change) R146}}. {{has_subtype: Substitution, R147}}. {{has_subtype: Interchange, R148}}. {{has_subtype: displacement &c. R185}}. {{has_subtype: inversion &c. (reversal) R218}}. {{has_subtype: transference &c. R270}}. changeableness &c. R149; tergiversation &c. (change of mind) 607. {{has_high_level}} sea change. {{&forms: variant, @R21}}. V. [t+i] change, vary, alter, modulate, mutate. qualify, tamper with; turn, shift, veer, tack, chop, shuffle, swerve, warp, deviate, turn aside, evert, intervert[obs3]; wax and wane; pass to, take a turn, turn the corner, resume. work a change, modify, vamp, superinduce; transform, transfigure, transmute, transmogrify, transume[obs3]. metamorphose, ring the changes. innovate, introduce new blood, shuffle the cards; give a turn to, give a color to; influence, turn the scale; shift the scene, turn over a new leaf. {{has_subtype: recast &c. R146; reverse &c. R218; disturb &c. R61; convert into &c. R144}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(increase[obj=complexity])}} diversify. Adj. changed, altered, varied, modified; transformed, transmuted, transmogrified, transfigured; metamorphosed; mutated. newfangled; transitional; modifiable; alterative. {{has_requirement: changeable, R149}}. Adv. mutatis mutandis[Lat]. Int. "quantum mutatus!"[Lat]. Phr. "a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; nous avons change tout cela [Fr][Moliere]; tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis[Lat]; non sum qualis eram [Lat][Horace]; casaque tourner[Fr]; corpora lente augescent cito extinguuntur [Lat][Tacitus]; in statu quo ante bellum[Lat]; "still ending and beginning still" [Cowper]; vox audita perit littera scripta manet[Lat]. <-- Changes in Quantity [[increase]] --> A6.1.1 INCREASE (R35) #35. Increase. N. {{has_subtype(change, R140, A6.1)}} {{antonym_of(decrease, R36)}} {{has_result(addition, R37)}} increase, increment, gain, augmentation. enlargement, extension. {[of(intensity, A3.1.2)]} {{&caused_by}} amplification. accretion. development, growth; aggrandizement, aggravation; rise; exaggeration; exacerbation. <-- this "acceleration" is not a rate of change, but a change in rate --> {{has_subtype(increase[of=rate, @P2.4.1])}} acceleration. {{has_metaphor: flood tide, @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2.4}}. {[of(distribution)]} {{has_subtype: @R73, spread, dispersion}}. {[of(altitude)]} {{caused_by: ascent, R305}}. produce, product, profit. {{has_subtype: expansion, R194}}. {{has_antonym}} {{has_subtype(stasis, P2.4.2.3.4.R1)}} nonincrease. V. [t+i] increase, become larger. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] augment, add to, enlarge, make larger, render larger. [intransitive] grow, wax. {{has_subtype(grow[in=size]): dilate &c. (expand) R194}}. gain strength; advance, get ahead; run up, shoot up; rise; sprout &c. R194. {{has_method(increase)}} {{has_subtype(add, @R37)}} accrete. {{has_subtype(increase[obj=altitude, @R206]): ascend &c. R305}}. {{has_subtype(increase[obj=rate, @P2.4])}} accelerate. {{&caused_by(increase)}} amplify. aggrandize; raise, exalt; deepen, heighten; strengthen; intensify, enhance, magnify, redouble; aggravate, exaggerate; exasperate, exacerbate; add fuel to the flame, oleum addere camino[Lat], superadd[obs3] &c. (add) R37; spread &c. (disperse) R73. Adj. increased &c. v.; on the increase, undiminished; additional &c. (added) R37. Adv. increasingly, crescendo. Phr. vires acquirit eundo [Lat][Vergil]. A6.1.2 DECREASE (R36) #36. Decrease. N. {{has_subtype(change, R140, A6.1)}} {{antonym_of(increase, R35)}} decrease[1], diminution, reduction. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} decreasing, lessening, reducing; abatement, declension; coarctation[obs1]. {{has_subtype(decreasing): shrinking &c. (contraction) R195}}. {{&result_of: subtraction &c. R38}}. {[of(length): shortening, R201]}. subsidence, wane, ebb, decline; ebbing, receding, recession; decrement, reflux, depreciation; anticlimax. {[of(height): descent &c. R306]}. {{has_subtype(decreasing[subj=quality, @R812a/utility, R644]): deterioration &c. R659}}. {{&caused_by: mitigation &c. (moderation) R174}}. V. {{result_of(decrease[1])}} [intransitive] decrease[2], diminish, lessen, fall, become smaller. drop off, fall off, tail off, taper off, peter out, dwindle, dwindle away; fall away; wane, ebb, recede, decline; subside; melt away, die away; retire into the shade, hide its diminished head, fall to a low ebb, run low, languish; shrink &c. (contract) R195. decay, waste, wear. crumble. {[of(height): descend &c. R306]}. {{caused_by}} [transitive] decrease[3], render smaller, bate, abate, dequantitate[obs1]; discount; depreciate; extenuate, lower, weaken, attenuate, cut back, cut down; mitigate &c. (moderate) R174; dwarf, throw into the shade. {{has_subtype(decrease[3]): reduce &c. R195; shorten &c. R201}}. {{&caused_by: subtract &c. R38}}. fritter away. Adj. decreased, diminished, lessened &c. v.. decreasing &c. v.; on the wane &c. n.. unincreased, undeveloped. Adv. decreasingly. Phr. " a gilded halo hovering round decay " [Byron]; " fine by degrees and beautifully less " [Prior]. <-- [Change from action to rest.] --> A6.1.3 CESSATION (R142) #142. Cessation. N. {{has_subtype(end, R67)}} cessation, discontinuance; stop; stopping &c. v.; closure, stoppage, halt; arrest. {[of(presence): departure]}. {{has_subtype(cessation[of=action, @A7]): desistance, M7.3.4.3.R1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(temporary, @R111)}} remission; suspense, suspension; interruption. postponement, delay, stay. {{has_temporal_location(postponement): before the start}}. {{causes(suspension)}} {{has_subtype(interval, @R108)}} {{property_of(transience, R111)}} pause, rest, lull. {{has_subtype(pause[of=action, @A7]): @M7.3.4.3.R1, respite, intermission, truce, drop, vacation, holiday, interregnum, abeyance, recess, break, coffee break, time out, timeout, down time, off time, time off, episode}}. dead stop, dead stand, dead lock; finis, cerrado[Sp]; blowout; burnout; meltdown; disintegration. {[in_frame(writing, R590)]} comma, colon, semicolon, period, full stop. {[of(life): death &c. R360, P2.2.3.2]}. V. [intransitive] cease, discontinue, halt, stop[1]. pause. stick, hang fire; burn out; blow out; melt down. {[with_object(work)]} knock off. time out. go out, die away; wear away, wear off; pass away &c. (be past) R122; be at an end. come to a stand, come to a standstill. {[of(computer)]} lock up, freeze, crash; come down. disintegrate, self-destruct. {[with_object(existence): die out, die, cease existence]}. {{&caused_by}} [transitive] stop[2], put an end to, put a stop to, put a period to; derail; turn off, switch off, power down, deactivate, disconnect, kill; bring to a stand, bring to a standstill; cut short, arrest, stem the tide, stem the torrent; pull the check-string, pull the plug on. {{has_subtype(stop[2])}} {[with_object(action, @R680): desist, stay; quit, break off, leave off; hold, stop, pull up, stop short; rest]}. {[with_object(equipment)]}{{has_subtype: disengage, @R44}}. [transitive] {[of(fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1)]} put out, extinguish. {{has_subtype(put out)}} blow out; stamp out; douse; smother. intromit, interrupt, suspend, interpel[obs3]; intermit, remit. {{has_subtype}} postpone, stay, delay. {{&caused_by(cease existence): destroy, R162}}. {{caused_by(departure): @R297, eject, remove, eliminate}}. {{caused_by(cease existence[ptnt=record, R551]): erase, obliterate, expunge, @R552}}. Adj. {{requires(interruption)}} interruptable, discontinuable, stoppable, suspendable. {{has_consequence(interrupt)}} interrupted, suspended, paused. discontinued. postponed, stayed, delayed. {{!has_consequence(postponed)}} in abeyance, abeyant. Adv. in abeyance, in suspension. Int. "hold!", "stop!", "hold it!"; "enough!"; "avast!"; "have done!"; "a truce to!"; "soft!"; "leave off!"; "tenez!"[Fr]. Phr. "I pause for a reply" [Julius Caesar]; "take five". <-- [[convert]] --> A6.1.4 CONVERSION (R144) #144. Conversion. N. {{has_subtype(change, R140)}} conversion, transformation. {{has_case: @R7, initial state, final state}}. {{has_patient: @R3a, object, entity}}. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(process, A7.7)}} converting, transforming. {{has_subtype}} processing. transition. reduction, transmutation, resolution; assimilation. evolution, sea change; change of state; assumption, assuming; transportation. progress, growth, lapse, flux. <-- passage; transit, (why??) ; transmigration, shifting &c. v..--> {{&has_part}} {{has_subtype(state, A7): phase, @A7.7}}. conjugation. {{has_obj_requirement}} convertibility. development [biol.], developing [photography]. {[of(citizenship[of=person])]} naturalization, change of citizenship. {[of(chemical substance, P2.3.1.3.4)]} {{studied_in: chemistry, P2.6.2; alchemy}}. {[in_frame(chemistry)]} {{uses}} crucible, alembic, caldron, retort. {[in_frame(chemistry)]} {{has_subtype}} derivatization [Chem.]. {{has_product(derivatization)}} derivative [Chem.]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{has_result(convert[obj=belief, R484])}} {{trait_of(converted)}} convert, pervert, renegade, apostate. {{&result_of: radioactivity}}. {{has_result(radioactivity): conversion, transmutation}}. V. become, turn into, be converted into, evolve into, develop into, turn to. come to, turn out, lapse, shift; run into, fall into, pass into, slide into, glide into, grow into, ripen into, open into, resolve itself into, settle into, merge into, emerge as; melt, grow, come round to, mature, mellow. be processed into. <-- "get" is "become" with an adjective as the object. Does anyone use "wax" in this sense except in the phrase "wax wroth"? --> {{has_subtype(become)}} get, wax. {{caused_by}} convert, transform, process; convert into, process into, resolve into, make, render; remodel, new model, refound[obs3], reform, reorganize; assimilate to, reduce to. {{has_subtype(convert): @R240, mold, form}}. assume the form of, assume the shape of, assume the state of, assume the nature of, assume the character of; illapse[obs1]. begin a new phase, start a new phase, assume a new phase, undergo a change. {{affected_by(belief, R484)}} bring to, persuade, move. Adj. converted, converted into &c. v.. {{has_obj_requirement}} convertible, resolvable into. transitional; naturalized. derivatized[Chem.]. Adv. gradually &c. (slowly) R275; in transitu[Lat] &c. (transference) R270. <-- Reversion = return to a former condition. Notice that a reversion can be either a deterioration or a restoration. This depends on what is considered the starting point, i.e. the perspective [[revert]] --> A6.1.5 REVERSION (R145) #145. Reversion. N. reversion, return. restoration, restoring. revulsion. {{has_beginning}} turning point. {{has_metaphor(turning point)}} turn of the tide, high water mark. {{has_subtype(turning point)}} {[in_frame(ballistics)]} {{property_of(high, @R206a)}} apogee. {{&has_result}} {{has_subtype(state, R7)}} {{property_of(original, R20)}} original state, status quo ante[Lat]; status quo ante bellum. calm before a storm. {{has_subtype(restoration): restoration &c. R660}}. {{&caused_by}} atavism. {{&caused_by: @R283, retreat, regression, retrogression}}. {{&caused_by: relapse, recidivism &c. R661}}. {{conceptual_part_of: alternation &c. (periodicity) R138}}. {{has_subtype: inversion &c. R218}}. {{has_subtype: recoil &c. R277}}. {{has_requirement}} reversibility, restorability, revertability. {{has_subtype(restorability): elasticity, R325}}. {{has_subtype(reversion): deterioration &c. R659}}. <-- ; vicinism[obs3]??. --> V. revert, turn back, regress; relapse &c. R661; recoil &c. R277; retreat &c. R283; restore &c. R660; undo, unmake; turn the tide, roll back the tide, turn the scale, tip the scale. Adj. returning, reverting &c. v.. regressive, revulsive, reactionary; retrorse[obs3]. {{requires(reversion)}} reversible. Adv. reversibly. a rebours[Fr]. <-- [Sudden or violent change.] --> A6.1.6 REVOLUTION (R146) #146. Revolution. N. {{has_subtype(change, A6)}} {{property_of(sudden, @R113)}} revolution, sudden change. {{has_metaphor}} clean sweep. {{has_conceptual_part: destruction &c. R162}}. radical change, sweeping change, organic change; quantum leap, quantum jump. jump, leap, plunge; jerk, start, transilience[obs1]. bouleversement, break up. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(change of state, @R144)}} {{has_subtype(change[of=state, A7]): @P2.6.1, change of state, phase change}}. <-- are these also used abstractly? --> {{has_metaphor}} {{property_of(violent, @R173)}} storm, earthquake, cataclysm; explosion; spasm, convulsion, throe, revulsion. {{conceptual_part_of: legerdemain &c. (trick) R545}}. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.40, revolutionary, radical}}. V. revolutionize, change suddenly. remodel, new model, recast; strike out something new, break with the past. change the face of, unsex. jump, leap. Adj. revolutionary. {{has_consequence}} unrecognizable. <-- this entry is an astract "transfer" which can be, for example, a tranfer of property rights or of information (ATRANS in Schank's primitive classification) as well as physical transfer (PTRANS=transportation, moving). Note that a physical transfer is a change of location, and this "location" is the physical concept of location in space. For an abstract "transfer," a property can be considered as moving between people. So for such concepts the "location" will be the person, and this seems adequate. Although no "time" is explicitly required, the states before and after transfer are ordered by the "follows" relation. This is essentially just a change of state, so the enabling actions of "giving" (or "sending") and "receiving" will be considered as subtypes of this type of change. [[transfer]] --> A6.1.7 TRANSFER N. transfer. {{&affects: location[of=object, @R3a], R183; abstract location[of=object, @R3a]}}. <-- abstract possesion is the state of owning, posessing, knowing, having a right or duty --> {{&affects}} {{has_subtype(state, R7b)}} {{possesses(legal person)}} abstract possession. {{has_subtype}} abstract transfer; physical transfer. {{has_case(physical transfer)}} {{has_subtype(location, R183)}} location before transfer. {{has_case(physical transfer)}} {{has_subtype(location, R183)}} location after transfer. {{follows(location after transfer)}} location before transfer. {{not_identical_to(location after transfer)}} location before transfer. {{has_subtype(physical transfer[ptnt=physical object]): motion, R264}}. {{has_subtype(abstract transfer[ptnt=information]): communication, R527}}. {{has_subtype(abstract transfer[ptnt=right, R924]): permission, R760; delegation, R755}}. {{has_case(abstract transfer)}} abstract location. {{has_subtype(abstract location): person, P2.3.2.3; document, R590a}}. {{has_subtype(abstract location)}} {{has_subtype(legal person)}} possessor before transfer. {{possesses(possessor before transfer)}} {{has_subtype(abstract possession)}} possession before transfer. {{has_subtype(abstract location)}} {{has_subtype(legal person)}} possessor after transfer. {{possesses(possessor before transfer)}} {{has_subtype(abstract possession)}} possession after transfer. {{follows(possession after transfer): possession before transfer}}. {{has_subtype(abstract possession): right, R924; duty, R926; information, R527b; ownership, R780a}}. <-- After an abstract transfer the transferrer may still have the thing transferred (e.g. information, a disease. In the case of ownership, the transferrer no longer has it. --> V. {{caused_by(abstract transfer)}} give. impart. {{has_subtype(give[obj=information, R527b]): tell, @R527}}. <-- [Change of one thing for another. The headword represents the process] --> A6.1.7.1 SUBSTITUTION (R147) #147. Substitution. N. substitution, substituting, replacing, supplanting. <-- [Thing substituted] --> {{uses}} {{property_of(roleness, @R9)}} substitute, replacement, alternative, quid pro quo. {{has_subtype(substitute)}} makeshift, temporary expedient, stopgap, jury-rigging, shift, pis aller[Fr], succedaneum, jury mast, locum tenens[Lat], warming pan[obs2]. {{has_subtype(substitute): ersatz, @R19}}. <-- [of words or linguistic expressions] --> {[in_frame(speech): @R521, metaphor, metonymy]}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9)}} thing replaced. {{has_subtype(substitute)}} dummy; double; changeling. {{has_subtype(substitute): scapegoat, @R952}}. {{has_subtype: palimpsest}}. {{has_subtype(substitution, R147): recruiting, @R707}}. {{has_subtype(substitute)}} {[in_frame(politics, R737b): stalking horse, @R737b]}. {{has_subtype(substitute): representative &c. (deputy) R759}}. V. substitute, replace[1], put in the place of, change for; make way for, give place to. {{causes}} [intransitive] replace[2], supply the place of, take the place of, supplant, supersede, cut out, serve as a substitute; step into the shoes of, stand in the shoes of. jury-rig, make a shift with, put up with; borrow from Peter to pay Paul, take money out of one pocket and put it in another, cannibalize; commute, redeem, compound for. Adj. substituted &c. v.; phony; vicarious, subdititious[obs3]. makeshift, substitute, ersatz; jury-rigged. Adv. instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr]. <-- [Double or mutual substitution.] --> A6.1.7.1.1 INTERCHANGE (R148) #148. Interchange. N. {{conceptual_part_of(substitution[num=2])}} interchange, exchange, swapping, swap, switch. {{has_conceptual_part: reciprocity, R12a}}. {{has_patient_x}} replaced item; replacement item. commutation, intermutation; reciprocation, transposition, switching. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{changed_by(order, R58)}} rearrangement, reorganization. {{has_subtype(rearrangement)}} {{property_of(random, @R156)}} {{has_subtype(randomization, @R61)}} shuffling, mixing up. alternation, reciprocity. {{has_subtype(rearrangement)}} {{changed_by(sequence[1], @A4.2)}} permutation. {[of(currency)]} conversion of currency, exchange of currency; exchange rate; bureau de change. castling [at chess]; hocus-pocus. interchangeableness[obs3], interchangeability. recombination. cross fire, battledore and shuttlecock; quid pro quo. {{has_part}} {[in_frame(violence, M7.3.5.1.2.5): tit for tat &c. (retaliation) R718]}. {{has_part}} {[in_frame(communication): answer]}. {{has_conceptual_part: replacement[num=2], R147}}. {{has_subtype(interchange[ptnt=article of commerce]): @R794, barter, trade}}. {{has_subtype: purchase, R795; sale, R796}}. <-- ; combination, R48 --> V. interchange, exchange, counterchange[obs3]; bandy, transpose, shuffle, change hands, swap, switch, permute, commute; give and take, return the compliment; play at puss in the corner, play at battledore and shuttlecock. {{has_part}} {[in_frame(violence, M7.3.5.1.2.5): retaliate &c. R718]}. [of gifts, favors] reciprocate. {[with_object(love)]} requite. rearrange, recombine. Adj. interchanged, exchanged, transposed, permuted &c. v.; reciprocal, mutual, commutative, interchangeable, exchangeable, intercurrent[obs3]. [in commerce] returnable. combinatorial[Math, Statistics]. recombinant[Biology, Genetics]. substituted &c. v.; vicarious, subdititious[obs3]. Adv. interchangably; reciprocally; instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr]. in exchange, vice versa, mutatis mutandis[Lat], backwards and forwards, by turns, turn and turn about; each in his turn, everyone in his turn. Prep. {{has_marker(replaced item)}} for. {{has_marker(replacement item)}} of. A6.2 COMPLEX CHANGE R149 TO R152 N. complex change. multiple change. <-- [[cycle]] --> A6.2.1 CYCLIC CHANGE N. cyclic change, cycle. {{has_part_x}} forward change; reverse change, restoration. {{has_beginning}} {{has_ending}} starting point. {{has_beginning(forward change)}} starting point. {{has_ending(forward change)}} maximum change. {{has_beginning(restoration)}} maximum change. {{has_ending(restoration)}} starting point. {{precedes(forward change): reverse change}}. {{has_subtype: round trip}}. V. cycle. Adj. cyclic, cyclical. <-- [[persist]] [Absence of change.] --> A6.R1 PERSISTENCE (R141) #141. Persistence. N. {{conceptual_part_of(time interval, R108)}} {{has_large_quantity(continuation, R143)}} {{antonym_of(change, A6)}} persistence, endurance. {{has_extreme}} permanence. durability; standing, status quo; maintenance, preservation, conservation; standing dish. {{has_conceptual_part: longevity, R110}}. {{has_subtype(persistence[of=matter]): stability, R150}}. {{&caused_by: conservation, @R670}}. {{antonym_of: transience, R111; changeability, R149}}. {{conceptual_part_of: stability &c. R150; quiescence &c. R265; obstinacy &c. R606}}. {{has_metaphor}} law of the Medes and Persians. V. {{has_large_quantity(continue, R143)}} persist, last, go on. {{has_large_quantity(persist): endure, stand, stay, remain, abide, brave a thousand years}}. [of people] tarry, rest; bide, abide, aby[obs3]. [of people] dwell, maintain, keep; subsist, live, outlive; survive, hold out. [of people] stand, stand still, stand fast; hold one's ground, keep one's ground, hold one's footing, keep one's footing; hold, hold on; hold good. let alone, let be, let it be, stet [copy editing]. Adj. persisting, enduring &c. v.; established; renewed; intact, inviolate; persistent; monotonous, uncheckered[obs3]; unfailing. {{has_extreme(persistent)}} permanent. {{antonym_of(changed, @R140)}} unchanged, unaltered, unmodified. stable, durable &c. R150. undestroyed, unrepealed, unsuppressed[obs3]; conservative, qualis ab incepto[Lat]; prescriptive &c. (old) R124; stationary &c. R265. Adv. in statu quo[Lat]; for good, finally; at a stand, at a standstill; uti possidetis[Lat]; without a shadow of turning. Phr. esto perpetua[Lat]; nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat][obs3]; j'y suis et j'y ereste[Fr]. <-- [in action] --> A6.R2 CONTINUANCE (R132) #143. Continuance. N. {{antonym_of(change, R140)}} continuance, continuity, continuation; run; perpetuation, prolongation; constancy. sustentation, sustention. {{property_of}} continuum. {{has_extreme: permanence, @R141}}. {[in_frame(music)]} continuo [mus.]. {{has_subtype: persistence &c. (perseverance) R604a}}. {{has_subtype: repetition &c. R104}}. V. continue, persist; go on, jog on, keep on, run on, hold on; abide, keep, pursue, stick to its course, take its course, maintain its course; carry on, keep up. sustain, uphold, hold up, keep on foot; follow up, perpetuate; maintain. {{conceptual_part_of: preserve &c. R604a}}. {{has_subtype: repeat, R104}}. keep going, keep alive, keep the pot boiling, keep up the ball, keep up the good work; die in harness, die with one's boots on; hold on the even tenor of one's way, pursue the even tenor of one's way. let be; stare super antiquas vias[Lat][obs3]; quieta non movere[Lat]; let things take their course. {[of(law)]} stare decisis [Lat: let the decision stand][Jurisprudence]. Adj. continuous; continued, continuing &c. v.; uninterrupted, unintermitting[obs3], unvarying, unshifting[obs3], without letup; unreversed[obs3], unstopped, unrevoked, unvaried; sustained; undying &c. (perpetual) R112; inconvertible. unceasing, everlasting, unending, incessant. Int. "keep it up!", "go to it!", "right away!", "right on!", "attaboy!". Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat]; vestigia nulla retrorsum [Lat][Horace]; labitur et albetur [Lat][Horace]. <-- NOte R149. Changeableness and R150. Stability moved to P2.2.1, properties of matter generally. Note: Present and future events, R151. Eventuality and R152. Destiny are moved to P2.4.1 Event (@P2.4 simple actions of physobjs) -- note that time and events generally have been shifted to the physical universe, and the concepts here (R149 and R150) of changeability and stability also often imply changes with respect to time. (doubtless the primitive concept of change formed from observations of change over time). IN distinction with the abstract concept of change, these specific references to change over time are therefore placed in the physical universe, as properties of matter, generally? As mentioned above, change may not necessarily imply an associated time element, but in the case of stability time is closely related. See [matprop] at P2.2.1 --> <-- R151, Event, and R152, Destiny moved to physical universe (simple actions of PO's) P2.4.1 --> <-- The concept of causation is closely tied to physical events, and it is tempting to put it in the physical universe, since most of the things we talk about with repect to cause are physical events. However, there are causes within the mental universe, also. Here we try to include the most abstract causal concepts. Not that action is listed as intimately associated within cause concept, as a "whole" of which cause is a part. This action is more abstract than the W10 sense 2, "bringing about a change by force or through a natural agency". That action is at R170, "agency". In Roget, all actions were very closely tied to physical concepts. Here we put an abstract concept of action which is very small in itself, and so does not have its own entry. The action here merely has a component of cause and a result "change". It may be as abstract as a mathematical operation. The physical actions, which include time, are a subtype of this abstract action, and are contained under action, P2.4, in the physical universe. Whether this "action" is really worth distinguishing from the "action" at R170 is debatable. This "action" is a supertype of action at P2.4 which is a supertype of event, R151. This abstract action is not classed as the only type of "cause" (i.e. a cause is not a subtype of or synonymous with action) because in language, sometimes states or properties are referred to as causes. These might be more accurately considered as preconditions, and this question is best left as a subject for discussion among the different groups building ontologies. Most of the "actions" referred to in language are actions of agents, which is found at R170 (agency) and for living agents (mostly people) at R680, "action" at M7.3.4 --> A7 CAUSATION R153 TO R179 N. causation. {{conceptual_part_of}} action. {{has_result(action): change, A6}}. {{has_subtype(action): action, P2.4}}. {{has_subtype(action): mathematical transformation}}. {{!has_subtype: action, R170; action, R680}}. <-- (Except for to biology R163 reproduction, R166 paternity R167 posterity and to volition R170 agency --> <-- Constant Antecedent Constant Sequent 153. Cause. 154. Effect [[cause]] --> <-- here cause means prime cause, and also has the concept of "source" and "origin" mixed in. Combinations of causes are treated in R178 Concurrence and R179, Counteraction, and influence R175. We define this cause with the logical if-then relation, meaning that if the cause occurs, the effect necessarily occurs. Perhaps this should be a subtype of cause, since most causes have some contingency in the real worlsd --> <-- [Constant antecedent] --> A7.1 CAUSE (R153) #153. Cause. N. cause, origin, source, principle, element, reason; occasioner, prime mover, primum mobile[Lat]; vera causa[Lat]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(directed relation)}} if-then relation. {{has_case(if-then relation)}} {{has_subtype(origin, @R9): $cause}}. &&{{has_case(if-then relation)}} {{has_subtype(target, @R9): $effect, A7.1.R1}}. &&{{causes($cause): $effect, A7.1.R1}}. {{has_lexpression(if-then relation): conditional assertion, @R476}}. etiology, aetiology[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of(cause): attribution, R155}}. <-- a trigger is the final impetus to something ready to happen --> {{has_subtype}} impetus. {{has_subtype(impetus)}} trigger, spark; leaven. mainspring; groundwork, foundation &c. (support) R215. {{has_subtype: agent, P2.3.2.3.6.5}}. {{has_subtype: producer, R164}}. {[in_frame(Law)]} proximate cause; contributory cause, contributory negligence. spring, fountain, well, font, wellspring; fountainhead, spring head, wellhead; fons et origo[Lat], genesis. {{has_subtype: R166, P2.6.4.1.1.2.1.R1, PArentage, paternity, ancestry}}. remote cause. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(partial)}} influence, partial cause. pivot, hinge, turning point, lever, crux, fulcrum; key; causa causans[Lat]; straw that breaks the camel's back. {{has_subtype(cause)}} {{conceptual_part_of(goal, R620)}} teleological cause. {{has_subtype(teleological cause)}} {{mcaused_by(action, R680)}} mental cause. {{has_subtype(teleological cause): biological evolution, P2.6.4.3}}. {{has_subtype(mental cause): @R615, motive, ground, reason, rationale, reason why, why and wherefore, occasion}}. {{has_subtype(reason): final cause &c. (intention) R620}}. les dessous des cartes [Fr]. radix, radical, rudiment. {{has_subtype}}{{has_subtype(beginning, R66): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, egg, germ, embryo, bud, seed, semen, sperm}}. root, etymon, nucleus, trunk, tap-root. nest, cradle, nursery, womb, nidus, birthplace, hotbed. {{conceptual_part_of}} causality, causation. {{conceptual_part_of}} origination. {{conceptual_part_of: production &c. R161}}. V. cause, occasion. sow the seeds of, kindle, suscitate[obs3]; be the cause of, be the source of, be the origin of; originate; give origin to, give rise to, give occasion to; bring on, bring to bring pass, bring about; produce, yield; set up, set afloat, set on foot; found, broach, institute, lay the foundation of; lie at the root of. {{has_subtype(cause[obj=existence]): create &c. R161}}. induce, evoke, entail, elicit, provoke; draw down, procure, open the door to, superinduce, operate. conduce to &c. (tend to) R176; contribute; contribute to, have a hand in, participate in, have a hand in the pie, have a finger in the pie; determine, decide, turn the scale; have a common origin; derive its origin &c. (effect) R154. Adj. caused &c. v.; causal, original; primary, primitive, primordial; aboriginal; protogenal[obs3]; radical; embryonic, embryotic[obs3]; in embryo, in ovo[Lat]; seminal, germinal; at the bottom of; connate, having a common origin. {{has_property(mental cause): teleological, @R620}}. Adv. causally. behind the scenes. Prep. {{has_marker(cause)}} if. {{has_marker(effect)}} then. Conj. {{has_marker(cause): because &c. R155}}. Phr. causa latet vis est notissima [Lat][Ovid]; felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas [Lat][Vergil], happy is he who knows the causes of things. <-- [[chance]] Second entry for chance. --> <-- [Absence of assignable cause.] --> A7.1.1 CHANCE (R156) #156. Chance. N. {{antonym_of(necessity, R601)}} chance, indetermination, unknown cause, indeterminacy, indeterminateness. {{property_of}} luck, random luck; accident, fortuitousness; contingence, contingency. {{causes: @R61, disorganization}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(event, P2.4.1)}} happenstance, happenchance, fortune, fortuity, hazard, hap, haphazard, chance medley, raccroc[obs3], casualty, adventure, hit. {{has_manifestation: possibility, R470; probability, R472; improbability; R473, @M5.3, Degrees of Evidence}}. equal chance. {{conceptual_part_of: @R621, lottery}}. {{has_metaphor}} toss up &c. R621; turn of the table, turn of the cards; hazard of the die, chapter of accidents, fickle finger of fate; toss of the dice, cast of the dice, throw of the dice; heads or tails, flip of a coin, wheel of Fortune; sortes[obs3], sortes Virgilianae[obs3]; tombola[obs3]. odds; long odds, run of luck; accidentalness. {{has_high_level(probability, M5.3.3/likelihood)}} high probability, main chance, odds on, good odds, good chance, favorable odds. {{conceptual_part_of: contingency, dependence (uncertainty) R475}}. {{affected_by: situation (circumstance) R8; circumstance, R183a}}. {{studied_in}} statistics, probability theory, theory of probability, theory of probabilities, theory of chances. {{used_in(statistics)}} assurance; actuarial calculations, actuarial tables; bookmaking. {{used_in(statistics): scientific research, @R461; statistical mechanics}}. {{used_in(statistics): speculation, gaming &c. R621}}. {{performed_by(actuarial calculations): actuary}}. {{job_of(statistics): statistician}}. {{has_manifestation(probability)}} law of averages, law of large numbers. {{property_of(randomness)}} random sample, blind sample, spot check. {{used_in(statistics)}} statistical analysis; clinical study, blind study, double blind study; sampling. {{has_manifestation}} uncertainty principle, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. {{has_low_level(probability, R472): @R473, low probability, small chance, poor chance, one-in-a-million chance, one-in-a-million shot, outside chance, off chance, outside shot, long shot, long odds, poor bet, remote possibility, slim chance, slim possibility, fat chance [coll.]}}. {{has_metaphor(low probability, @R473): @R473, a snowball's chance in hell, Chinaman's chance, dark horse}}. V. chance, hap, turn up; fall to one's lot; be one's -fate &c. R601; stumble on light upon; take one's chance &c. R621. {{has_metaphor}} Monte Carlo, lottery, Russian roulette. Adj. chance, casual, fortuitous, accidental, adventitious, causeless, incidental, contingent, uncaused, undetermined, indeterminate; random, statistical. unpredictable, unforseeable; inexplicable. unpredicted, unforseen. haphazard, hit or miss. [technical] stochastic, probabilistic. possible &c. R470; unintentional &c. R621. {{has_high_level(possibility): probable, likely, (probability) R472}}. {{has_low_level(possibility): improbable, unlikely, not likely, @R472}}. Adv. by chance, accidentally, by accident, adventitiously; casually; perchance &c. (possibly) R470; randomly, probabilistically; for aught one knows; as good would have it, as bad would have it, as luck would have it, as ill-luck would have it, as chance would have it; as it may be, as it may chance, as it may turn up, as it may happen; as the case may be. Phr. " grasps the skirts of happy chance " [Tennyson]; " the accident of an accident " [Lord Thurlow]; "There but for the grace of God go I". "In the field of observation, chance favors only the mind that is prepared." [Louis Pasteur] (This quotation is usually found in the form "Chance favors the prepared mind.") <-- [Constant sequent.] [[effect]] --> A7.1.R1 EFFECT (R154) #154.Effect. N. {{causes(cause)}} effect, consequence, contingency. {{has_subtype(effect[of=action, @A7/process, A7.7])}} result, outcome, aftermath, product[1], yield, aftergrowth[obs3], aftercome[obs3], resultant, offshoot, resultance[obs3]. {{has_metaphor(result)}} fruit, crop, harvest, bud, handiwork. derivative, derivation. {{has_subtype(result)}} sequel, corollary, aftereffect, development, outgrowth, ramification. {{has_subtype(aftereffect): aftershock, @P2.7.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(result)}} {{property_of(final, @R67)}} {{has_subtype(end[of=action, @A7/process, A7.7], R67)}} upshot, issue, denouement, end product, end result, final result. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} reaction. {{!caused_by(reaction): action, @A7}}. {{has_subtype(reaction): chemical reaction, @P2.6.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(unintended, @R621)}} unintended consequence, side reaction, side effect, unintended effect. {{has_subtype(side effect[of=medicating])}} adverse reaction[Med.]. {{has_subtype(transmission[of=attribute, R79a], R270)}} {{has_subtype(transfer[of=attribute, R79a], A6.1.7)}} inheritance. {{has_subtype(inheritance): heredity, @P2.6.4.2}}. {{has_subtype(result[of=creation, R161])}} creature, creation; production, produce, work; performance. {{has_product(production)}} product[2]. {{has_subtype(product[2])}} offspring; first fruits, firstlings, premices[obs3]. V. [transitive] affect, have an effect on. {{similar_to: influence, R175}}. be the effect of, be the consequence of; be the result of, be the outcome of, be the aftermath of, be the product of, be the offshoot of; be due to, be owing to; originate in, originate from; rise from, arise from, take its rise from, spring from, proceed from, emanate from, come from, grow from, bud from, sprout from, germinate from, issue from, flow from, result from, follow from, derive its origin from, accrue from; come to, come of, come out of; depend upon, be dependent on, hang upon, hinge upon, turn upon. take the consequences, sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. Adj. effective, effectual. owing to; resulting from &c. v.; derivable from; due to; caused by &c. R153; dependent upon; derived from, evolved from; derivative; hereditary; telegonous[obs3]. Adv. through, all along of, necessarily, eventually. Conj. {{has_marker(effect)}} as a consequence, consequently, in consequence, then, in that case, in which case, of course, it follows that, naturally, as a result. Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr], "thereby hangs a tale" [Taming of the Shrew]. <-- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1. Whewell History of the inductive Sciences, book xviii vol. iii. p. R397 (3d edit.). 2 The word Chance has two distinct meanings: the first, the absence of assignable cause, as above; and the second, the absence of design -- for the latter see R621 ?? must sort chance, here, and probability, R472, R473 at M5.3 DEGREES OF EVIDENCE (possibility) --> <-- agency here is general property of acting, not acting on someone else's behalf. For the latter see deputy, R759. Importantly, this is equivalent to the concept of function, which is the relation between cause and effect. What is considered a "cause" is typically a potential cause, and it only becomes and actual cause by virtue of its action, or agency. Many of the characteristics of "action" are also shared by "process", at R7.7. The main difference is that "process" can also be discussed as the agent of an action. This "action" is close to MW10 sense 2 " the bringing about of an alteration by force or through a natural agency." Agency is W10 sense 1 "the capacity, condition or state of acting or exerting power: operation". Except for the "capacity" part, this seems identical to "action" MW10 sense 2. [[agency]] [[action]] --> A7.2 AGENCY (R170) #170. Agency. N. {{caused_by(change, A6)}} {{has_subtype(action, @A7)}} agency, action, acting, operation, function, working, force. <-- this abstract action, unlike the action of sentient agents, @R680, can occur in the absence of an identifiable agent, i.e., can be caused by a process ("natural agency", as W10 puts it). A process is considered as a series of actions, unified by a single name. --> {{&action_of}} agent. {{has_patient: patient, @R175}}. {{requires: time interval, R108}}. {{!!has_result: event, R151}}. {{member_of(action): process, A7.7}}. {{is_a: directed relation[from=$cause][to=$effect], @A2.1.1}}. &&{{has_subtype($cause): $agent}}. &&{{has_subtype($effect): $action}}. &&{{caused_by($action): $agent}}. <-- a process may have causes of causes at work --> {{has_case}} {{member_of(cause, R153)}} mechanism, causal chain. {{has_subtype(agent): $agent, R690}}. {{case_of: causation &c. R153; influence &c. R175}}. {{has_subtype: instrumentality &c. R631}}. {{has_subtype: action, R680}}. {{has_method: modus operandi &c. R627}}. quickening power, maintaining power, sustaining power; home stroke. strain, office, maintenance, exercise, work, swing, play; interworking[obs3], interaction; procurement. V. act, operate, work, be in action, be operative. act upon, have effect on; perform, take effect, play, play a role, support, sustain, strain, maintain, quicken, strike. come play, come into operation; bring into operation; have play, have free play; bring to bear upon. Adj. {{has_property(action)}} acting, operative, working, functioning, efficient, efficacious, practical, effectual. at work, on foot; in operation, in force, in action, in play, in exercise; acted upon, wrought upon. {{has_subtype(acting): @R680, acting, doing}}. Adv. by the agency of, by the working of, by the operation of, through the operation of; by the exercise of; due to the operation of; through the office of, through the offices of, through the good offices of; through &c. (instrumentality) R631; by means of &c. R632. Prep. by, by way of; through. Phr. "I myself must mix with action lest I wither by despair" [Tennyson]. A7.3 CONNECTION BETWEEN CAUSE AND EFFECT (R157 TO R160) N. connection between cause and effect. <-- 157. Power. 158. Impotence Degrees of Power 159. Strength 160. Weakness --> <-- The original "power" contained the concepts of both efficacy and efficiency, as well as human ability. Efficiency to R157b, Human ability moved to trait, P2.2.3.5.6. This entry "power" is just the abstract concept of the ability or capacity of an agent to accomplish an action. Words indicating the measure of such ability are in the next entry, "strength" [[power]] [[able]]--> A7.3.1 ABILITY (R157) #157. Ability. N. ability, effectiveness, efficaciousness, productiveness, efficacy, capability, capacity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} competence, competency. adequacy; validity, cogency; vantage ground. {{has_high_level}} power; potency, potentiality; jiva[obs3]; puissance, might, force, energy; dint. right hand, right arm; prepotency, prepollence[obs1]. {{required_for: influence &c. R175}}. {{has_high_level(power): @R175, ascendency[obs3], control}}. {{has_subtype: physical energy, R171, P2.6.1.1.1}}. {{has_subtype: physical power, R157a, @P2.6.1}}. {{has_high_level(power)}} almightiness, omnipotence. pressure. {{causes(force)}} stress. {{&result_of}} empowerment, enablement[obs3]. {{has_subtype(capability): ability, faculty, quality, P2.2.3.5.2}}. {{conceptual_part_of: efficiency, R157b}}. V. be able, be capable. [transitive] {[with_object(action, R170)]} be capable of. {{has_high_level}} be powerful, have power, have influence. be efficient; be competent. {{required_for(be powerful)}} force; press. {{has_subtype(force): compel &c. R744}}. belong to, pertain to; lie in one's power, be in one's power. exercise power &c. n.. {{&result_of}} enable, empower; endow, indue[obs3], endue; arm. {{has_subtype(enable)}} {{has_subtype(remove[obj=obstacle, @R706], R38)}} unblock. {{has_subtype(empower)}} {[with_obj(person, P2.3.2.3)]} invest, give power, confer power. {{increased_by(be able)}} {{has_subtype(enable): strengthen &c. R159}}. ModalAux. {{synonym_of(be able)}} {{has_lexpression(ability)}} can, be able to. Adj. powerful, puissant; potential; capable, able, competent; equal to, up to; cogent, valid; efficient, productive; effective, effectual, efficacious, adequate. multipotent[obs3], plenipotent[obs3]. omnipotent; almighty. forcible &c. adj.; energetic &c. R171; influential &c. R175; productive &c. R168. Adv. powerfully &c. adj.; by virtue of, by dint of. Phr. a toute force[Fr]; dos moi pou sto kai kino ten gen[Grk]; eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis [Latin]; fortis cadere cedere non potest [Latin]. <-- Two concepts of strength are mixed up here: one is strength, power, the ability to do things; the other is strength, meaning resistance to action (such as force or breaking). Not yet distinguished.??? [Degree of power.] --> <-- [[strength]] --> A7.3.1.R1 STRENGTH (R159) #159. Strength. N. {{has_measure(power)}} strength. energy &c. R171; intensity, vigor, force; main force, physical force, brute force. soundness; spring, elasticity, tone, tension, tonicity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): strength, P2.2.3.5.3.6]}. {{has_metaphor}} adamant, steel, iron, oak, heart of oak; iron grip; grit, bone. strengthening, reinforcement &c. v.; invigoration, refreshment, refocillation[obs1]. [Science of forces] dynamics, statics. V. be strong &c. adj.; be stronger. {{result_of}} {{has_subtype(enable, R157)}} [transitive] strengthen, fortify, reinforce, reenforce, beef up[coll]; render strong &c. adj.; give strength to &c. n.. {{has_subtype(strengthen)}} invigorate, energize. {{has_subtype(strengthen)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): strengthen, @P2.2.3.5.3.6]}. sustain, harden, case harden, steel, gird; screw up, wind up, set up. {{similar_to(reinforce)}} restore, R660. Adj. strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible, hard, adamantine, stout, robust, sturdy, hardy, powerful, potent, puissant, valid. irresistible; proof against, impregnable. inextinguishable, unquenchable. sovereign. strengthened, reinforced. unweakened[obs3], unallayed, unwithered[obs3], unshaken, unworn, unexhausted[obs3]; in full force, in full swing; in the plenitude of power. {{&has_consequence(strong)}} {[in_frame(contest, R720): @R604a, indomitable, indomitable]}. Adv. strongly &c. adj.; by force &c. n.; by main force &c. (by compulsion) R744. A7.3.1.R2 WEAKNESS (R160) #160. Weakness. N. {{has_low_intensity(strength, A7.3.1.R1)}} weakness &c. adj.; debility, atony[obs3], relaxation, languor, enervation; impotence &c. R158; fragility; inactivity &c. R683; flaccidity. {{has_subtype: weakness, P2.6.1.1.1.R2}}. {{has_metaphor}} reed, slim reed, thread, rope of sand; house of cards. V. be weak &c. adj.; drop, crumble, give way, totter, tremble, shake, halt, limp, fade, languish, decline, flag, fail, have one leg in the grave. render weak &c. adj.; weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, shake, deprive of strength, relax, enervate, eviscerate; cripple; cramp, reduce, sprain, strain, blunt the edge of; dilute, impoverish; decimate; extenuate; reduce in strength, reduce the strength of; mettre de l'eau dans son vin[Fr]. Adj. weak, feeble, debile[obs1]; impotent &c. R158; relaxed, unnerved &c. v.; sapless, strengthless[obs3], powerless; limp, flaccid. {{has_metaphor(weak)}} anemic. frail, fragile, shattery[obs3]; flimsy, unsubstantial, insubstantial, gimcrack, gingerbread; rickety, creaky, creaking, cranky; craichy[obs3]; drooping, tottering &c. v.. {{&caused_by: deterioration, R659}}. unreinforced, unstrengthened[obs3] &c. R159; unsupported, unaided, unassisted; aidless[obs3], defenseless &c. R158; cantilevered (support) R215. on its last legs. Phr. non sum qualis eram[Lat]. A7.3.2 EFFICIENCY (R157B) #157b. Efficiency. N. {{conceptual_part_of(power, R157)}} efficiency, productivity. {{has_subtype(efficiency): cost-effectiveness, @R644}}. {{&assessed_by(cost-effectiveness): cost-benefit analysis, @R644}}. sway, authority &c. R737; strength &c. R159. Adj. effective, efficient, productive. Adv. effectively, efficiently, productively. A7.3.3 IMPOTENCE (R158) #158. Impotence. N. impotence, inability, disability, incapacity, incapability, impuissance. {{has_consequence: inutility, R645; failure &c. R732}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} imbecility; inaptitude, ineptitude, incompetence. {{&caused_by}} disablement. lack of productivity, unproductivity[obs3]; invalidity, disqualification. {{has_low_level}} {{antonym_of(efficiency, R157b)}} inefficiency, wastefulness. {{has_metaphor}} blank, blank cartridge, flash in the pan, vox et proeterea nihil[Lat], dead letter, bit of waste paper, dummy; paper tiger; Quaker gun; telum imbelle[Lat], brutum fulmen[Lat]. {{has_high_level(incompetence)}} helplessness &c. adj.; prostration, paralysis, palsy, apoplexy, syncope, sideration[obs1], deliquium[obs1], collapse, exhaustion, softening of the brain, inanition. {{&caused_by: @P2.6.4.8.3.1, emasculation, orchiotomy [Med], orchotomy[Med]}}. {{trait_of: cripple, old woman, creampuff; eunuch; wimp, P2.3.2.3.6.4.23}}. V. be impotent, be powerless. be incapable &c. adj.; not have a leg to stand on. vouloir rompre l'anguille au genou [Fr], vouloir prendre la lune avec les dents [Fr]. {{&caused_by}} collapse, faint, swoon, fall into a swoon, drop. {{&causes: fail, R732}}. render powerless &c. adj.; deprive of power; disable, disenable[obs3]; disarm, incapacitate, disqualify, unfit, invalidate, deaden, cramp, tie the hands; double up, prostrate, paralyze, muzzle, cripple, becripple[obs3], maim, lame, hamstring, draw the teeth of; throttle, strangle, garrotte, garrote; ratten[obs3], silence, sprain, clip the wings of, put hors de combat[Fr], spike the guns; take the wind out of one's sails, scotch the snake, put a spoke in one's wheel; break the neck, break the back; unhinge, unfit; put out of gear. unman, unnerve, enervate. {{&caused_by(be impotent): @P2.6.4.8.3.1, emasculate, castrate, geld, alter, neuter, sterilize, spay, fix}}. shatter, exhaust, weaken &c. R160. Adj. powerless, impotent. unable, incapable, incompetent; inefficient; inept; unfit, unfitted; unqualified, disqualified; unendowed, mismatched; inapt, unapt. {{has_subtype: @R175a, ineffective, effete}}. harmless, unarmed, weaponless, defenseless, sine ictu[Lat], unfortified, indefensible, vincible, pregnable, untenable. null and void, nugatory, inoperative, good for nothing; inadequate &c. R640. {{has_consequence: @R645, useless}}. {{has_subtype: ineffectual, @R732}}. {{consequence_of}} crippled, disabled &c. v.; armless[obs3]. {{consequence_of}} paralytic, paralyzed, helpless; palsied, imbecile; nerveless, sinewless[obs3], marrowless[obs3], pithless[obs3], lustless[obs3]; emasculate, disjointed; out of joint, out of gear; unnerved, unhinged; water-logged, on one's beam ends, rudderless; laid on one's back; done up, dead beat, exhausted, shattered, demoralized; graveled &c. (in difficulty) R704; unfriended[obs3], fatherless; without a leg to stand on; out of action, hors de combat[Fr]; laid on the shelf. {{similar_to: weak, R160}}. Adv. powerlessly &c. adj.. not worth the paper it's written on. Phr. der kranke Mann[Ger]; "desirous still but impotent to rise" [Shenstone]; the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. <-- POWER IN OPERATION [[create, produce]]--> <--- 161. Production 162. Destruction Almost all "production" words refer to both process and result.--> A7.4 CREATION (R161 TO R162) #161. Creation. N. {{antonym_of(destruction, R162)}} {{caused_by(existence, R1)}} {{has_subtype(process, @R151)}} production[1], creation[1], formation, generation, making, producing, creating, forming, bringing forth. {{performed_by: producer, R164, P2.3.2.3.6.5.32}}. {[of(inanimate object, P2.3.1)]} {{has_metaphor: birth, @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1}}. {[of(inanimate object, P2.3.1)]} fabrication, manufacture, manufacturing. {{has_product(fabrication)}} fabric, manufacture, manufactured item. {{has_result(creation, R161)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} creature, creation[2]; production[2], produce, work. {{has_result(creation, R161)}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} performance. {{has_product(production[1])}} product[2]. {[of(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)]} building, construction, constructing, erection, erecting, edification. {{increased_by(production[1])}} stimulation. {{paction_of(stimulation)}} stimulant. {{has_subtype(stimulant): catalyst, @P2.3.1.3.4; stimulant, @P2.3.1.3.4.1}}. {{has_product(construction): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, edifice, building, structure, erection, pile, tower}}. {{studied_in(construction)}} architecture. coinage; mitosis, karyokinesis[obs3], diaster[obs3]. nisus formativus[Lat]. {[with_object(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5/religion, R983/institution, M9.5/philosophy, M3.1.2.3.1)]} founding, establishment, organization, organizing, putting together, setting up. {{has_requirement: work, workmanship, performance; effort, R686}}. {{is_a: achievement &c. (completion) R729}}. flowering, fructification; inflorescence. {{produces(flowering)}} flower. {{produces(fructification)}} fruit. {{has_metaphor(product/result): flower; fruit}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, birth, parturition, birth-throe, childbirth, delivery, confinement, accouchement, travail, labor]}. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} {{follows(birth): gestation &c. (maturation) R673}}. assimilation; evolution, development, growth; entelechy[Phil]; fertilization, gemination, germination, heterogamy[Biol], genesis, generation, epigenesis[obs3], procreation, progeneration[obs3], propagation; fecundation, impregnation. {{follows}} gestation period, incubation period. {[of(organism)]} spontaneous generation; archegenesis[obs3], archebiosis[obs3]; biogenesis, abiogenesis[obs3], digenesis[obs3], dysmerogenesis[obs3], eumerogenesis[obs3], heterogenesis[obs3], oogenesis, merogenesis[obs3], metogenesis[obs3], monogenesis[obs3], parthenogenesis, homogenesis[obs3], xenogenesis[obs3][1]; biogeny[obs3]. {[of(writing, R590)]} authorship, publication; works, opus, oeuvre. dissogeny[obs3], xenogeny[obs3]; tocogony[obs3], vacuolization. V. {{caused_by(exist)}} create, make, produce, generate; form, construct; bring into being, call into being, bring into existence, actualize, engender; hatch, develop, bring up. {[with_object(organism, R357): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, reproduce, propagate; procreate; breed, multiply]}. {[with_object(animal[1], R366): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, beget, bear, give birth to, lay, whelp, bring forth, lie in, be brought to bed of, evolve, pullulate, usher into the world; teem, farrow, drop, pup, kitten, kindle]}. perform, operate, do, gar[obs1]. frame, contrive; manufacture. {[with_object(fabric)]} weave. {[with_object(iron object)]} forge. {[with_object(coin)]} coin. {[with_object(sculpture)]} carve, chisel. {[with_object(structure, P2.3.1.3.10)]} build, raise, edify[obs1], rear, erect, put together, set up, put up, run up. {[with_object(organization, P2.3.2.3.5.5/religion, R983/institution, M9.5/philosophy, M3.1.2.3.1)]} establish, found, constitute, organize, institute, setup, put together. compose. achieve, accomplish &c. (complete) R729. {{has_metaphor}} flower, bear fruit, fructify. make productive &c. R168. induce, superinduce; suscitate[obs1]; cause &c. R153; acquire &c. R775. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(partial): repair, M7.3.5.4.1.5}}. Adj. produced, made, created, formed, generated. {{has_subtype(produced)}} {[of(artifact)]} manufactured. {{has_subtype(manufactured)}} custom made; hand-made. {{antonym_of(custom made)}} off-the-shelf, stock. {{antonym_of(custom made)}} {{has_subtype(manufactured[mode=in large quantity, @R102])}} mass-produced. productive, creative; producing, making, creating, forming, formative, generating, productive of, generative, genetic, genial[obs2], genital[obs2]; fraught with, teeming. {{has_property(stimulant)}} stimulatory. {{has_subtype(stimulatory): catalytic, @P2.3.1.3.4}}. {{has_subtype(producing[while=incomplete])}} pregnant. {{has_subtype(pregnant)}} {[of(animal[1], R366)]} enceinte, big with, parturient, in the straw, brought to bed of, puerperal, puerperous[obs3]. {{has_high_level(productive): prolific &c. R168}}. digenetic[obs3], heterogenetic[obs3], oogenetic, xenogenetic[obs3]; ectogenous[obs3], gamic[obs3], haematobious[obs3], sporogenous[Biol], sporophorous[Biol]. {{has_subtype(manufactured[loc=home])}} homemade. {{has_subtype(homemade)}} {[of(plant, R367)]} homegrown. {{has_subtype(homemade)}} {[of(alcoholic beverage)]} homebrewed. {{has_subtype(homemade)}} {[of(cloth/clothing)]} homespun. architectonic. Phr. ex nihilo nihil[Lat]; fiat lux[Lat]; materiam superabat opus [Lat][Ovid]; nemo dat quod non habet [Latin: no one gives what he doesn't have]. <-- [Nonproduction.] [[destroy]] --> A7.4.R1 DESTRUCTION #162. Destruction. N. {{antonym_of(creation, R161)}} {{hperforms(destroyer, R165, P2.3.2.3.6.5.33)}} {{has_subtype(termination, R67)}} {{has_extreme(damage, A7.4.R1.1)}} destruction, destroying, waste. disruption, dissolution, breaking up, liquidation, diruption[obs3]. {{causes: nonexistence, R2}}. <-- can there be degress of destruction? --> {{has_high_degree}} extinction, annihilation, extinguishment, extirpation, obliteration, nullification. {{has_low_degeree}} disorganization. {{has_result}} {{has_subtype(event, R151)}} destruction[2]. {{has_subtype(destruction[2])}} fall, downfall, devastation, ruin[1], ruination, perdition, crash; eboulement[Fr], smash, havoc, delabrement[Fr], debacle; breakdown. prostration; knockout. {{has_subtype(destruction[2])}} desolation, bouleversement[Fr], cataclysm; washout. {[of(ship)]} wreck, wrack, shipwreck, sinking. doom, crack of doom. {{&caused_by}} knock-down blow. {{has_result(destroy[obj=building, P2.3.1.3.10.2])}} {{&has_developmental_stage(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2)}} {{property_of(useless, @R645)}} ruin[2], ruins. {{has_subtype: destruction of life &c. R361}}. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(use, R677)}} consumption, depletion. demolition, demolishment; overthrow, subversion, suppression; biblioclasm[obs3]; sacrifice; ravage, razzia[obs3]; inactivation; incendiarism; extirpation &c. (extraction) R301; beginning of the end, commencement de la fin[Fr], road to ruin; sabotage. abolition &c. (abrogation) R756. revolution &c. R146. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(gradual, @R275/partial): @R659, dilapidation, deterioration}}. V. [intransitive] be destroyed, perish; fall to the ground; tumble, topple; go to pieces, fall to pieces, fall apart, break up, liquidate; crumble to dust; go to the dogs, go to the wall, go to smash, go to shivers, go to wreck, go to pot, go to wrack and ruin; go by the board, go all to smash; be all over, be all up, be all with; totter to its fall, be extinguished. {{has_high_level}} be annihilated, be obliterated. break down. {{caused_by}} [transitive] annihilate, extinguish, extirpate, obliterate. {{caused_by}} [transitive] destroy; do away with, make away with; nullify; sacrifice, demolish; tear up; overturn, overthrow, overwhelm; upset, subvert; do in, do for, dish[coll], undo; break up, cut up; break down, cut down, pull down, mow down, blow down, beat down; suppress, quash, put down, do a job on; cut short, take off, blot out. {{caused_by}} [transitive] dispel, dissipate, dissolve. {{has_subtype(destroy[by=use, R677]): consume, @R677}}. {{has_subtype(destroy[by=fire, P2.6.1.3.3.1]): consume, @R677}}. {{has_termination(destroy)}} finish off, put paid to [Brit.], seal the doom of, put an end to. {{has_subtype: annull &c. R756}}. [t & i] smash, crash, quell, squash, squelch, crumple up, shatter, shiver. {{has_subtype(smash[mode=completely])}} [transitive] batter to pieces, tear to pieces, crush to pieces, cut to pieces, shake to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces, tear to rags, tear to tatters, laniate[obs3]; crush to atoms, knock to atoms. ruin, wreck; nip; strike out; throw over, knock down over; fell, sink, swamp, scuttle, shipwreck, engulf, ingulf[obs3], submerge; lay in ashes, lay in ruins; sweep away, erase, wipe out, expunge, raze; level with the dust, level with the ground; waste; atomize, vaporize. deal destruction, desolate, devastate, lay waste, ravage; gut; disorganize; dismantle &c. (render useless) R645; devour, swallow up, sap, mine; blast, bomb, blow to smithereens, drop the big one on; confound; exterminate; quench; snuff out, put out, stamp out, trample out; lay in the dust, trample in the dust; prostrate; tread under foot; crush under foot, trample under foot; lay the ax to the root of; make short work of, make clean sweep of, make mincemeat of; cut up root and branch, chop into pieces, cut into ribbons; fling to the winds, scatter to the winds; throw overboard; strike at the root of, sap the foundations of, spring a mine, blow up, ravage with fire and sword; cast to the dogs; eradicate &c. R301. {[with_object(structure)]} flatten. Adj. destroyed. annihilated, extinguished, extirpated, obliterated. perishing &c. v.; trembling to its fall, nodding to its fall, tottering to its fall; in course of destruction &c. n.; extinct. all-destroying, all-devouring, all-engulfing. {[has_sub_requirement(destroy)]} destructive, subversive, ruinous, devastating; incendiary; deleterious, deletory[obs1]; destroying &c. n.; suicidal; deadly &c. (killing) R361. {{has_subtype(destroyed)}} {{property_of(partial): damaged, R659a}}. beyond repair; out of action, hors de combat[Fr]. [colloquial] smashed to smithereens. [vulgar] fucked up; FUBAR, fucked up beyond all repair. Adv. with crushing effect, with a sledge hammer. Phr. delenda est Carthago[Lat]; dum Roma deliberat Saguntum perit [Lat]; ecrasez l'infame [Fr][Voltaire]. <-- analogous to the relation of creation and repair, damage is a partial destruction. This may seem to be more appropriate under the section on goals, since damage is usually relative to some purpose (e.g. the intended function of an artifact), but we can speak of damage to a circle, by removing a part, which makes it less perfect a circle, which is relatively abstract. Thus this abstract "damage" is a loss or change of some part of an object which makes it less ideal from some viewpoint, not necessarily the viewpoint of utility. Other type of damage will be subtypes of this. Most words in the entry "damage", (M71.2.1.2.2.2), refer to physical objects. And the entry "deterioration", (P2.6.4.1.2.3), refers to health of a living organism. The headword is a process (nominalized verb) --> A7.4.R1.1 DAMAGE N. {{has_subtype(changing)}} {{has_subtype(destruction, A7.4.R1)}} {{property_of(partial)}} damage[1], partial destruction, impairment[1], mutilation[1], damaging, impairing, mutilating. {{causes}} damage[2], impairment[2], mutilation[2]. {{causes: imperfection}}. {{has_subtype: physical damage, M71.2.1.2.2.R1.2}}. {{has_subtype: deterioration, P2.6.4.1.2.3}}. V. {{has_subtype(change/alter)}} damage, impair, mutilate. Adj. damaged, impaired, mutilated. <-- (163,166,167 to P2.3.2.1 - vitality generally) Note: R164. Producerand R165. Destroyer to person 168. Productiveness 169. Unproductiveness 170. Agency 171. Energy 172. Inertness 173. Violence 174. Moderation --> A7.4.R2 PRODUCTIVENESS (R168) #168. Productiveness. N. {{has_measure(creation)}} productivity; productiveness &c. adj.. [of commercial activity] profitability. {{has_low_level}} low productivity. {{has_extreme(low productivity): unproductiveness, A7.4.R3}}. {[of(animal[1], R366): @P2.6.4.1.1.2.1, fecundity, fertility, luxuriance, uberty[obs1]]}. {[of(living organism)]} {{caused_by: reproduction, P2.6.4.1.1.2.1}}. {{has_metaphor}} milch cow, rabbit, hydra, warren, seed plot, land flowing with milk and honey; fertile ground. {{has_manifestation}} second crop, aftermath; aftercrop, aftergrowth[obs3]; arrish[obs3], eddish[obs3], rowen[obs3]. {{caused_by}} protoplasm; fertilization. V. make -productive &c. adj.; fructify. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} procreate, generate, fertilize, spermative[obs3], impregnate; fecundate, fecundify[obs3]; teem, multiply; produce &c. R161; conceive. Adj. productive; prolific. [of commercial activity] profitable. [of living things] prolific; teeming, teemful[obs3]; fertile, fruitful, frugiferous[obs3], fruit-bearing; fecund, luxuriant; pregnant, uberous[obs3]. [of soil] fertile. [of living things] procreant[obs3], procreative; generative, life-giving, spermatic; multiparous; omnific[obs3], propagable. parturient &c. (producing) R161; profitable &c. (useful) R644. A7.4.R3 UNPRODUCTIVENESS (R169) #169. Unproductiveness. N. {{has_extreme(low productivity, @A7.4.R2)}} {{antonym_of(productiveness, A7.4.R2)}} unproductiveness. sterility. {[of(animal[1], R366)]} infertility, infecundity[obs3]. {{&caused_by: impotence, R158, A7.3.3}}. {[in_frame(business): unprofitableness, @R645]}. {{has_metaphor}} masturbation. {{has_metaphor: @P2.1.2.R1, waste, wasteland, desert, Sahara, wild, wilderness, howling wilderness}}. V. be unproductive, be unfruitful, have no effectiveness. {{has_metaphor}} hang fire, flash in the pan, come to nothing. {{caused_by}} disable, inactivate; sterilize. {{has_subtype(sterilize)}} {[with_obj(egg)]} addle. {{has_metaphor}} masturbate. Adj. unproductive, acarpous[obs3]. barren. inoperative, infertile, unfertile, arid, sterile, unfruitful; sine prole; fallow. null and void, of no effect. {[of(egg)]} addled. {[of(living organism)]} teemless[obs3], issueless[obs3], fruitless, infecund[obs3], unprolific[obs3]. unprofitable &c. (useless) R645. <-- the concepts of violence, uncontrollability, and moderation were here under "relation between caue and effect" but they are primarily characteristics of action, involving time, and are not as abstract as other concepts in this section. Thus have been moved to the physical world, to P2.5, properties of action --> A7.5 INDIRECT POWER (R175 TO R177) [[CONTROL]] N. indirect power. <-- 175. Influence 175a. Absence of Influence 176. Tendency 177. Liability --> <-- ?? valve, spigot, faucet have_property = control --> <-- influence has to be distinguished between physical and mental [[patient]] --> A7.5.1 INFLUENCE (R175) #175. Influence. N. {{has_subtype(dependence, @A1.4.3)}} influence, pull[coll.], effect; weight, pressure. {{has_patient}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a/event, R151)}} patient, object influenced. {{has_conceptual_part: importance[to=object influenced] &c. R642}}. {{has_high_level}} control, controlling influence, regulation, domination, dominion; governance, government, dominance, reign; preponderance, prevalence, sway; predominance, predominancy[obs3]; ascendency[obs3]. {{has_method(influence[ptnt=person, P2.3.2.3])}} {{has_subtype(communication, R527): suggestion, R695; inducement[1], R616b; persuasion, M8.1.1.6.1.1.R1; bribe, @R784; threat, R909; praise, R931a; criticism, R932a}}. {{applies_to}} {{has_subtype(abstract space)}} sphere of influence, range, domain, area under control, territory. {{property_of}} control point, choke point. {[in_frame(society): authority, prestige &c. R737]} protection, patronage, auspices. capability &c. (power) R157; effect &c. R154; interest. synergy (cooperation) R709. {{has_metaphor}} tower of strength, host in himself. {{has_method}} footing; purchase &c. (support) R215; play, leverage, vantage ground. {{has_metaphor}} wire-pulling, pulling strings; power behind the throne, grey eminence, eminence grise. {{has_subtype}} {[in_frame(legislation/government): lobbying, @M8.1.1.6.1.1]}. {{performed_by(lobbying, @M8.1.1.6.1.1): lobbyist, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.1.3.1}}. {{function_of}} regulator. {{has_subtype: tendency, R176}}. V. influence, affect, exert influence on; have influence, wield influence, have an effect, exert an effect, be influential, be effective; carry weight, weigh, tell. have a hold upon, magnetize, bear upon, gain a footing, work upon; take root, take hold; strike root in. {{has_high_level(influence)}} control, govern; regulate. {{has_high_level(influence)}} pervade, prevail, dominate, run through, predominate; outweigh, overweigh; override, overbear; gain head; rage; be -rife &c. adj.; spread like wildfire; have the upper hand, get the upper hand, gain the upper hand, have full play, get full play, gain full play. {{causes(affect)}} [intrans] be affected, be influenced. be recognized, be listened to; make one's voice heard, gain a hearing, weigh in; play a part, play a leading part, play a leading part in; take the lead, pull the strings; turn the scale, throw one's weight around, throw one's weight into the scale, tilt the balance; set the fashion, lead the dance; call the tune. {[in_frame(organization)]} {{has_commencement(control)}} seize control, take over. Adj. influential, effective; important &c. R642; weighty, telling. controlling, prevailing &c. v.; prevalent, rife, rampant. dominant, regnant, predominant, in the ascendant, hegemonical[obs3]. Adv. with telling effect. Phr. tel maure tel valet[Fr]. A7.5.1.R1 ABSENCE OF INFLUENCE #175a. Absence of Influence. N. {{conceptual_part_of(impossibility, A1.4.3)}} {{has_subtype(impotence &c. R158)}} lack of influence, powerlessness. {{&caused_by: inertness &c. R172}}. {{causes: irrelevancy &c. R10}}. {{!causes: uselessness, R645}}. ineffectiveness, ineffectuality. {{trait_of: wimp, P2.3.2.3.6.4.23}}. V. {{has_subtype(be powerless, @R158)}} have no influence, have no effect. be ineffectual, be ineffective, lack effect, not work. {{has_metaphor(be ineffective)}} shoot blanks. Adj. {{has_subtype(powerless, R158)}} uninfluential. ineffective, ineffectual, effete. inconsequential, nugatory; unconducing, unconducive, unconducting to[obs3]. {{has_consequence: irrelevant &c. R10}}. {{!has_consequence: useless, R645}}. <-- many of these words apply to people, and are also found under "affective propensity" at M4.2.1, but enough are of general meaning to be included here --> A7.5.2 TENDENCY (R176) #176. Tendency. N. {{has_subtype(influence)}} tendency, proneness, proclivity, inclination, propensity, bias, tendence[obs3]. {{conceptual_part_of}} quality, nature. {{has_subtype: habit, R613; predisposition, M3.3.1}}. {{has_subtype: affective propensity, M4.2.1}}. {{has_subtype: predisposition, @R820}}. {{has_metaphor: drift, @R278}}. {{similar_to}} conatus[Lat], nisus[Lat]. {{caused_by}} conduciveness, conducement[obs3]. <-- Roget has "susceptibility" as almost identical to tendency, but there is a significant difference, as "susceptibility" means that soething will go in a certain direction only when given an impetus. But there is some element of "tendency" in "susceptibility" --> {{has_conceptual_part: susceptibility, R177}}. V. tend, dispose, incline, verge, bend to, trend, have an inclination, have a tendency. contribute, conduce, lead, affect, carry. lean toward, redound to, bid fair to, gravitate towards. promote &c. (aid) R707. Adj. tending, inclining, leaning, trending. conducing, conducive, working towards, in a fair way to, calculated to. {{has_conceptual_part: liable &c. R177}}. Adv. for, whither. <-- ability to be influenced by something --> A7.5.3 LIABILITY R177) #177. Liability. N. {{conceptual_part_of(possibility, A1.4.3)}} liability, susceptibility, sensitivity, sensitiveness, susceptivity[obs3], liableness[obs3]. {{has_subtype: exposure, risk}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.2.1.2, instability, physical susceptibility}}. {{has_conceptual_part: change, R140}}. {{conceptual_part_of: applicability, fitness, @R644; subservience, @R631}}. V. be liable, be susceptible, be subject. be sensitive to, be open to. {{caused_by}} incur, lay oneself open to; run the chance, stand a chance; lie under, expose oneself to, open a door to. Adj. liable, subject, susceptible, open, open to, exposed to, obnoxious to[obs2]; answerable; not exempt from, unexempt from[obs3]; apt to; dependent on; incident to. {{has_subtype: in danger &c. R665}}. at risk; at risk of. {{conceptual_part_of: subservient &c. (instrumental) R631; useful &c. R644; subsidiary &c. (helping) R707}}. A7.6 COMBINATIONS OF CAUSES (R178 TO R179) N. combination of causes. <--- R178. Concurrence 179. Counteraction This entry is for working together, but in an abstract sense. This can be for cooperativity of natuarla phenomena. The cooperation of agents is at R709, M8.2.2.2.1. --> A7.6.1 CONCURRENCE #178. Concurrence. N. {{has_subtype(combining, R48)}} concurrence, coincidence, conjunction. {[of(action, @R170)]} cooperativity, acting together, working together, coagency[obs3]. {{has_subtype(cooperativity): cooperation, R709}}. {{requires: agreement[of=action, R170], R23}}. {{&has_property(cooperativity)}} additivity [the sum of the individual actions]. {{&has_property(cooperativity)}} synergy [more than the sum of the individual actions]. {{has_manifestation(cooperativity)}} {{has_subtype(graph, @P2.3.1.3.6.8)}} s-shaped curve. {{property_of(synergy)}} synergist. {{has_subtype(synergist)}} adjuvant. {{has_subtype(concurrence[of=goal, R615]): @R109, common cause}}. {{has_subtype: cooperation, concert, R709}}. {{has_conceptual_part: joining &c. R43; combination &c. R48}}. consilience[obs3]. V. concur, conjoin, conduce, conspire, contribute. coact. {{requires: agree, R23}}. cooperate, join together, act together, unite, work together. keep pace with, run parallel; go with, go along with, go hand in hand with, coincide. {{has_subtype: cooperate, R709}}. Adj. concurring, conjoining, conducing, conspiring, concurrent, coinciding. cooperative, acting together. additive. {{has_property(synergist)}} synergistic, synergetic. Adv. in conjunction, together, as one. <-- we want the general concept of antagonism located here, but the specific human actions related to competition to be at M8.2.2.1.1.1, contest at R720 and opposition at R708 (M8.2.2.1.1). Roget refers to the R708 entry as "voluntary opposition ". The difference between contrariety R14, and antagonism is that contrariety is a property of the two things which are antagonistic, and therefore is listed here as a cause of antagonism. When antagonism is a visible result, it can also be said to be a manifestation of contrariety. --> A7.6.2 COUNTERACTION #179. Counteraction. N. {{has_subtype(contrariety[of=action, @R170], R14)}} counteraction, antagonism, opposition. {{!&caused_by: action, @R170}}. {{=!causes(reaction): @R30, compensation, neutralization}}. {{causes}} clashing, collision. {{causes}} interference, inhibition, resistance, renitency. {{has_subtype(resistence[to=motion]): friction, R331}}. <-- this "reaction" is more specific than that at R154, which is more abstractly like an effect, not necessarily countering the inducing action. This reaction counteracts the action. --> {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(reaction, @R154)}} {{&causes(action, @R170)}} reaction, retroaction. {{has_subtype(reaction): recoil, R277}}. {{&caused_by(reaction): @R172, inertia, vis inertiae[Lat]}}. {{has_subtype(reaction)}} counterblast. {{has_subtype(resistance): voluntary resistance &c. R719}}. {{&manifestation_of: contrariety, polarity, R14}}. {{exhibited_by: @R14, opposites, action and reaction, yang and yin, yang-yin}}. {[in_subject(chemistry/biochemistry/enzymology/molecular biology)]} inhibition, antagonism; competitive inhibition; non-competitive inhibition; uncompetitive inhibition. {[in_subject(biochemistry/enzymology)]} {{property_of(inhibition): inhibitor, antagonist}}. {{has_subtype: @R708, antagonism, opposition, voluntary opposition}}. {[in_subject(medicine)]} {{property_of}} antidote; remedy; antacid. {[in_subject(chemistry)]} {{property_of}} buffer, neutralizer. {{has_subtype: competition, M8.2.2.1.1.1}}. {{&has_conceptual_part: check &c. (hindrance) R706}}. V. counteract. run counter, clash, cross; interfere with, conflict with; contravene; jostle; go against, run against, beat against, militate against; stultify; antagonize, block, oppose &c. R708; traverse. {{&causes(counteract): withstand &c. (resist) R719; hinder &c. R706; repress &c. (restrain) R751}}. {{has_subtype: react &c. (recoil) R277}}. undo, neutralize; overpoise[obs3]. {{has_subtype: counterpoise, @R30}}. {[in_subject(chemistry/biochemistry/enzymology/molecular biology)]} inhibit, antagonize. Adj. counteracting, counteractive. interfering, clashing, antagonistic, conflicting, retroactive[obs2]. reactionary, reacting, resisting, renitent. {{has_subtype(resisting): contrary &c. R14}}. Adv. counteractively, reactively. although &c. R30; in spite of &c. R708; against. Phr. "for every action there is a reaction, equal in force and opposite in direction" [Newton]. <-- "process" as used here is an abstract and very primitive concept. It is considered a set (or series) of "actions" (see above at R170, A7.2), also termed "steps". Thus the main difference between "action" and "process" is that we know that a "process" can be divided into subprocesses (or actions). The "mechanism" of this action is located at "action", A7.2. Thus both process and action can cause an event. Although a process is a series of events, its distinctive characteristic is that it is typically discussed as a unit. By inheriting from "action", process may (but may not) have an "agent" (or multiple agents) as a case. Process is not explicitly labeled as a series because the consitituent actions may be concurrent rather than consecutive. By considering "process" as a series of actions it is more natural to use "process" when describing gradual, stepwise, or continuing changes over time. (W10 definitions 2a and 2b respectively, of "process"). An "event" is simply a type of change which requires time. The usual concept of "process" is under "physical process" at R151. Most processive verbs in their physical senses are subsumed implicitly under this category, but that subsumption is in general not explicitly marked in this semantic network. We expect to add an explicit mark when verb case frames and alternation patterns are systematically added to the semantic network. Since it involves time, this concept might be better located in the "physical universe" section, but it also applies to mental actions, so it is placed here, where it appears most natural. For physical processes, affecting physical objects, use "process" at R151. In Lenat and Guha[7], they assert that any part of a process is still a subtype of that process. But this doesn't seem correct for intermittent processes. It's not clear how they handle that. [Process, "nonviolent and usually gradual change to something different".]. [[process]] This definition subsumes W10 definitions 2a and 2b. --> A7.7 PROCESS N. {{has_subtype(series[of=action, R170])}} {{member_of(action, R170)}} {{required_for(time interval, R108)}} process. {{causes: change, A6}}. {{!has_result: event, R151}}. {{has_member}} {{has_subtype(action, R170)}} {{has_subtype(step, R71)}} step. {{has_part}} {{has_subtype(step)}} {{property_of(state, A7)}} phase, period, stage. {{has_ending(process): @R154, result, outcome}}. {{has_subtype(process): physical process, @R151}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(continuous, @R46)}} continuous process. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(intermittent, @R70)}} intermittent process, interrupted process. {{has_temporal_part(intermittent process)}} {{has_subtype(pause, @R142)}} process interruption, process pause. <-- a compound process has parts (not necessarily temporal parts -- they may be simultaneous) which have different names from the parent process. Presumably, the subprocess itself is also different. --> {{has_subtype}} {{part_of(subprocess)}} compound process. &&{{has_property($process)}} {{has_subtype(name)}} process name. &&{{has_property($subprocess)}} {{has_subtype(name)}} subprocess name. &&{{not_identical_to(process name): subprocess name}}. <-- all processes are divisible into some parts which can be considered the same process. If continuous, all parts are labeled by the same process name. If intermittent or compound, there are distinguishable parts not labeled by the parent process name. --> {{!has_temporal_part($continuous process): $continuous process}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(processing, R144): @R677, manipulation}}. V. run, be in progress, be happening, be occurring, be afoot, be under way, be on foot. undergo change. {{has_result(undergo change)}} be processed. Adj. running, in progress, happening, under way, going on, progressing, afoot. processing, processive, stepwise. {{has_consequence(be processed)}} processed. Adv. {{has_property(be in progress)}} progressively. stepwise, in steps, in stages. {{has_subtype(progressively): gradually, @R275; suddenly, @R113; by fits and starts, @R70}}. <-- we want to keep the physical notion of space within the physical universe section, but for some purposes we need an abstract notion of space, so this is added. This is also useful for certain broad and vague concepts, such as "domain of discourse" or "field of activity" --> A8 ABSTRACT SPACE N. abstract space, domain. {{has_conceptual_part: entity}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(dimension, @R79a)}} dimension, abstract dimension. {{has_subtype(abstract dimension): unit of measure}}. {{has_conceptual_part(dimension)}} {{has_subtype(mathematical object): line, @A4.2.4}}. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(dimension[num=>1])}} multidimensional space. <-- "any space can be represented by dimensions that are uncorrelated" --> <-- this concept needs a recursive function!? --> {{has_conceptual_part(multidimensional space)}} {{has_subtype(dimension): "$dimension1"; "$dimension2"}}. &&{{not_identical_to("$dimension1"): "$dimension2"}}. &&{{{has_relation("$dimension1" + "$dimension2")}}} orthogonal, perpendicular, uncorrelated. <-- "surface" and "volume" are actually in the "physical world" but the words there are indistinguishable in meaning from the abstract terms, at the naive level, so we make no distinction --> {{has_subtype(mathematical object)}} {{has_conceptual_part(multidimensional space): surface, P1.2.4.2.2; solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1}}. <-- sometimes spaces are represented by dimensions with correlation --> {{&has_conceptual_part(multidimensional space)}} {{has_subtype(dimension): "$dimension1"; "$dimension2"}}. &&{{not_identical_to("$dimension1"): "$dimension2"}}. &&{{{has_relation("$dimension1" + "$dimension2")}}} correlated, oblique. parallel. {{has_symbol(domain)}} {{has_subtype(case marker, @M3.1.1.1): "over="}}. {{has_subtype(line, line, @A4.2.4)}} {{part_of(real number)}} real line. <-- ------------------------------------------ [End of Abstract Relations] =============== P = PHYSICAL UNIVERSE ============================= [[physical]] --> P. PHYSICAL UNIVERSE N. physical universe. P1 DIMENSIONS OF EXISTENCE OF MATTER N. dimensions of existence of matter. P1.1 TIME (R106 TO R139) N. time. <-- 106. Time 107. Neverness Definite Indefinite 108. Period 109. Course R108a. Contingent Duration 110. Diuturnity 111. Transientness 112. Perpetuity 113. Instantaneity 114. Chronometry 115. Anachronism [[time]] --> <-- time in the abstract, point in time and time interval are intertwined here --> P1.1.1 ABSOLUTE TIME (R106 TO R115) N. absolute time. <-- Some elements of interval were included in R106 by Roget, but these have been moved to R108 (period). R106 is now only a point in time --> P1.1.1.1 POINT IN TIME #106. Time. N. {{property_of(non-dimensionality, R180a)}} time, point of time, point in time, time point. {{temporal_part_of: period, R108; course &c. R109}}. {{conceptual_part_of}} space-time. {{has_subtype: moment &c. (instant) R113}}. {{has_measure(time): chronometry, P1.1.1.4.R1, R114}}. {{has_subtype(cessation, R142)}} {{has_subtype(interval): pause, respite &c. R142}}. {{has_metaphor}} snap; blink of an eye. V. {{exhibits(time): elapse &c. R109}}. Adv. while, whilst, during, pending; during the time, during the interval; in the course of. then, at that point, at that point in time. in the time of, when. meantime, meanwhile; in the meantime, in the interim; for the time being, between now and then; ad interim, pendente lite[Lat]; de die in diem[Lat]. from day to day, day by day; from hour to hour; minute to minute; hourly, always; for a time, for a season. till, until, up to, till then. yet, as far as, by that time, so far, hereunto, heretofore, prior to this, up to this point. for good &c. (diuturnity) R110. hereupon, thereupon, whereupon; then; Anno Domini, "A.D."[abbr]; ante Christum; "A.C."; before Christ, "B.C."[abbr]; anno urbis conditae[Lat]; "A.U.C."[abbr]; anno regni[Lat], "A.R."[abbr]; once upon a time, one fine morning, one fine day, one day, once. Phr. time flies, tempus fugit [Lat.]; time runs out, time runs against, race against time, racing the clock, time marches on, time is of the essence; "time and tide wait for no man". ad calendas Groecas[Lat]; "panting Time toileth after him in vain" [Johnson]; "'gainst the tooth of time and razure of oblivion "[Measure for Measure]; " rich with the spoils of time" [Gray]; tempus edax rerum [Lat][Horace]; "the long hours come and go" [C.G. Rossetti]; "the time is out of joint" [Hamlet]; "Time rolls his ceaseless course" [Scott]; "Time the foe of man's dominion" [Peacock]; "time wasted is existence, used is life" [Young]; truditur dies die [Lat][Horace]; volat hora per orbem [Lat][Lucretius]; carpe diem[Lat: seize the day]. <-- "time" can have many dictionary definitions, especially with particular uses in phrases. Here we have a general "time" which is a subtype of point in time. This can be used in phrases "a good time to do it", "the right time to do something", as well as the time of day, "what time is it?". Note that "right time" at R118 does not mean "a propitious time", but only "the correct (accurate) time". This "time" at 113a is the time used in the phrases "right time", propitious time" at R134. --> <-- the following words refer to a specific point of time, not necessarily the present. The present time is at R118. These terms are the ones usually used to answer the question "when?" Note that in this entry, the components of a date: year, day, hour, minute, are considered as points of time rather than as intervals. This is a manifestation of a shift of viewpoint, specifically granularity, which is often not reflected in a change of the actual terms used. --> P1.1.1.1.1 SPECIFIC TIME #113a. Specific Time. N. specific time, time, occasion, particular time. {{has_subtype(specific time): @R118, present time, right time, true time, exact time, correct time}}. {{has_subtype(specific time): different time, R119}}. date; time of day, time of night. {{has_part(date)}} year; month; day. {{has_part(time of day)}} hour; minute; second. very minute, very day, very time, very hour. <-- this sense of epoch corresponds to Webster's Tenth, def 1. Def 3 (astronomy) is a technical subtype of this "epoch" --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(significant, @R642)}} epoch. {{conceptual_part_of: R134, opportunity, opportune time, proper time}}. Phr. "at that point in time"; "What time is it?". <-- shift includes the concept R108a (Contingent Duration.-- Adv. during pleasure,) from the 1911 Roget [work period] --> P1.1.1.2 SHIFT (R106a) #106a. Shift. N. {{has_subtype(interval, @R106)}} {{has_temporal_part(employment/work)}} shift, duty. {{property_of(alternation)}} turn; round. tenure. {{has_subtype(shift)}} {{property_of(alternation)}} split shift; swing shift; night shift; day shift. {{has_subtype(duty)}} guard duty. {{has_temporal_part(guard duty)}} watch. {[in_frame(military, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.44.1.1)]} hitch, enlistment, period of enlistment; tour of duty. V. take one's turn, work a shift; be on duty. spell someone, relieve someone. Adj. on duty, on. {{antonym_of(on duty)}} off duty, off. Adv. during pleasure, during good behavior; quamdiu se bene gesserit[Latin]. <-- we distinguish "timeless" referring to phenomena that do not exist in time (or space-time), and "neverness" meaning something that never occurs. These were conflated in Roget. --> P1.1.1.3 TIMELESSNESS N. timelessness; absence of time, no time. Adj. timeless, outside of time. {{has_consequence: eternal}}. Adv. timelessly. {{has_consequence: eternally}}. P1.1.1.3.1 NEVERNESS (R107) #107. Neverness. N. neverness; dies non. {{has_metaphor}} Tib's eve; Greek Kalends, a blue moon. {{property_of}} {{property_of(fictional, @R515)}} {{has_metaphor(absurdity, R497)}} {{has_subtype(place, R182)}} neverneverland, never-never land. Adv. never, ne'er[contr.]; at no time, at no period. {{has_metaphor}} on the second Tuesday of the week, a cold day in Hell, when Hell freezes over. on no occasion, never in all one's born days, nevermore; in no degree. {[in_frame(parliamentary procedure)]} without date, sine die. {{has_consequence(never): nonexistent}}. {{has_subtype(never)}} {{property_of(emphatic)}} never in a million years. <-- [Definite duration, or portion of time.] here "interim" differs from abstract time interval in that it is a peroid between two events, rather than just between two time points [[period]] --> P1.1.1.4 PERIOD (R108) #108. Period. N. {{temporal_part_of(time, R106)}} {{has_subtype(interval)}} period, time period, time interval, time, interval of time, interval, space, space of time, unit of time, span, span of time. {{has_measure}} duration. {{has_large_quantity: @R110, long duration, long time, long period}}. {{has_small_quantity}} short duration, short time, short period. {{has_subtype(duration[of=existence, A1.2])}} {{property_of(entire, R52)}} the whole time, the whole period. {{has_subtype(the whole time[of=living being, R357])}} lifetime. {{has_subtype(the whole time[of=event, R151/action, R680/right, R924/circumstance, @R183a])}} term, spell. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(cycle, A6.2.1)}} cycle, time cycle, rota, routine. {{conceptual_part_of(time cycle): periodicity, R138}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_temporal_part(process, A7.7/event, R151)}} stage. {{has_subtype(stage)}} {{preceded_by(process, A7.7/event, R151)}} before the start. {{has_measure(period): chronometry, P1.1.1.4.R1, R114}}. interim, intermediate time, intervention, intervening time, while, pendency[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{has_measure(lifetime)}} life expectancy. {{has_part(lifetime)}} {{requires(reproduction, R163)}} generation, average reproductive period, average time between generations. {{has_part(lifetime)}} time of life. {{has_subtype(interim)}} {{has_subtype(short period)}} intermission, intermittence; interregnum; interlude; meantime, meanwhile; interruption. {{has_subtype(interruption[of=speech, @R572]): syncope, @R572}}. {{has_large_quantity(time)}}{{has_temporal_part(the past, R122)}} age, era, epoch. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} eon. {{measures(chronometer, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}}{{measures(clock, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}} {{has_small_quantity(time)}} second; millisecond; microsecond; nanosecond, picosecond, femtosecond. {{measures(chronometer, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}}{{measures(clock, P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}} minute; hour. day; week; month, calendar month. {{has_temporal_part(day)}} {{property_of(brightly lighted, @P2.6.1.5)}} {{precedes(sunrise)}} {{follows(sunset)}} daytime. lunation[obs3], moon, lunar month. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} season; quarter; semester; trimester. {{has_subtype(season)}} winter; spring; summer; fall, autumn. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} year; fiscal year. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} decade, decenniumm; lustrum[obs3]; quinquennium; ghurry[obs3]. {{has_large_quantity(time)}} century, millennium; annus magnus[Lat]. {{has_instance(age)}} prehistory, prehistoric times. {{has_temporal_part(prehistory)}} stone age; iron age; bronze age. {{has_instance(age)}} Golden Age; middle ages, dark ages, medeival times; the rennaissance, the Italian renaissance; the enlightenment; the Age of Reason. {{{has_relative_value(year + month)}}} "12". {{{has_relative_value(week + day)}}} "7". {{{has_relative_value(decade + year)}}} "10". {{{has_relative_value(century + year)}}} "100". {{{has_relative_value(month + week): "4"; "<5"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(month + day)}}} "28"; "30"; "31"; "29". {{{has_relative_value(hour + minute)}}} "60". {{{has_relative_value(minute + second)}}} "60". {{{has_relative_value(day + hour)}}} "24". {{has_subtype(time cycle)}} indiction[medeival]. {{{has_relative_value(indiction + year)}}} "15". V. take time, take up time, fill time, occupy time. intervene. pass time, pass away time, spend time, while away time, consume time, talk against time; tide over; use time, employ time; seize an opportunity &c. R134. {{has_subtype(measure[obj=time interval], R466)}} [transitive] time. {{has_subtype(pass time): waste time, @R683}}. {{conceptual_part_of: @R141, continue, last, endure, go on, remain, persist, hold out}}. Adj. continuing &c. v.; on foot; permanent &c. (durable) R110. Adj. horary[obs3]; hourly, annual &c. (periodical) R138. {{property_of(long duration)}} extended, lengthy. Adv. the whole time, all the time; all along; throughout &c. (completely) R52. <-- [Estimation, measurement, and record of time?? Why record?.] --> P1.1.1.4.R1 CHRONOMETRY (R114) #114. Chronometry. N. {{has_subtype(measuring[obj=time, R106/period, R108], @R466)}} chronometry, time measurement, horology, horometry[obs3]. {{measures: time, R106; date, @R113a; period, R108}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.12.3.4, chronometer, clock}}. <-- ; epoch, @R113a; era, @R108 ?? --> {{uses}} almanac, calendar, ephemeris; register, registry. {{used_in: @M8.1.3.2.2.4.3.3.1, history, chronicle, annals, journal}}. {{used_in: @R551, diary}}. {{used_in}} {{has_manifestation(time, R108/date, @R113a)}} {{has_subtype(text, @R590)}} chronogram. {{performed_by: @P2.3.2.3.6.5.51, timekeeper, chronologer, annalist}}. {{used_in: chronology}}. {{measures}} {{has_subtype(year, @R108)}} calendar year; leap year. {{has_beginning(calendar year)}} {{has_subtype(day, @R108)}} "January 1". {{has_ending(calendar year)}} {{has_subtype(day, @R108)}} "December 31". {{alternative_to(calendar year)}} {{uses(bookkeeping, @R811): @R108, fiscal year}}. {{¬_has_beginning(fiscal year): "January 1"}}. {{uses}} {{has_subtype(calendar)}} Julian calendar; Gregorian calendar; Chinese calendar; Jewish calendar; perpetual calendar; Farmer's almanac. {{has_concern: accuracy, @R494}}. V. measure time. fix the time, mark the time; date. {{has_subtype(measure time[of=duration of event, @R108])}} {{used_in(chronometer@P2.3.1.3.12.3.4)}} [transitive] clock. register, chronicle; beat time, mark time; bear date. {{helped_by(chronometry)}} {{has_subtype(synchronize[ptnt=watch, @P2.3.1.3.12.3.4], @R120)}} synchronize watches. Adj. {[referring_to(time measurement)]} chronometrical[obs3], chronogrammatical[obs3]. {{&has_consequence(chronometry)}} {{has_subtype(ordered[by=time, R106], @R60)}} chronological. <--; cinquecento[Fr], quattrocento[obs3], trecento[obs3]. --> Adv. o'clock. chronometrically. {{has_subtype(in order, @R58)}} chronologically. synchronically. <-- [Indefinite duration.] --> P1.1.1.5 COURSE OF TIME (R109) #109. Course of time. N. course of time, flow of time, passage of time, succession of time, lapse of time, progression of time, time progression, time flow, time lapse, progress of time, procession of time, flux of time, stream of time, tract of time, current of time, sweep of time, vesta of time[obs3], tide of time, march of time, step of time, flight of time. {{!causes: time interval, R108}}. {{has_metaphor}} glass of time, sands of time, march of time, corridors of time, Father Time, ravages of time; arrow of time; river of time, whirligig of time, noiseless foot of time. {{has_symbol(Father Time): scythe}}. {{has_symbol: hourglass}}. <-- ; duration &c. R106 --> [Indefinite time] aorist[gram.]. V. elapse, flow, run, proceed, advance, pass. roll on, wear on, press on; flit, slip, slide, glide; run its course. {{has_subtype(elapse[mode=quickly])}} fly, fly by. out; go by, pass by. {{has_termination: @R67, expire, lapse}}. {{has_result(expire, @R67): @R67, be past, be over, be terminated, have run its course}}. Adj. elapsing, flowing, passing, running. ongoing, in progress, progressing, advancing, proceeding. aoristic[gram], aorist[gram.]; progressive. Adv. in due time, in due season; in due course, in due process, in the fullness of time; in time. Phr. labitur et labetur [Lat][Horace]; truditur dies die [Lat][Horace]; fugaces labuntur anni [Lat][Horace]; "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day" [Macbeth]. <-- "Long time", as with many quantitaive modifiers, is relative to the normal time for any activity. No inferences of absolute time periods can be drawn without context. the properties of longevity and transience are mixed with the concepts long time and short time, and need to be distentangled!??? --> <-- [Long duration.] --> P1.1.1.6 LONG TIME (R110) #110. Long Time. N. {{has_large_quantity(time interval, R108)}} {{has_conceptual_part(persistence, R141)}} long time, a length of time, long duration, a long time, long period, diuturnity[obs3]. an age, a century, an eternity. {{has_property}} longevity. {{has_conceptual_part: slowness[of=change], R275}}. {{has_extreme: perpetuity &c. R112}}. durableness, durability; endlessness, lastingness &c. adj.. {{property_of(continuity, R69)}} continuance, standing. {{conceptual_part_of: permanence &c. (stability) R150}}. survival, survivance[obs3]; distance of time. {{has_subtype}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): longevity, @R128]}. protraction of time, prolongation of time, extension of time; delay &c. (lateness) R133. {{has_metaphor}} blue moon, coon's age [U.S.], dog's age. {{&caused_by}} steadfastness, stubbornness. {{has_high_intensity: perpetuity &c. R112}}. V. {{has_high_quantity(persist, R141)}} endure, stand, stay, remain, continue. drag on, drag its slow length along, drag a lengthening chain. abide, brave a thousand years. {[of(presence, R186)]} {{&caused_by: @R133, linger, tarry}}. {{&caused_by}} protract, prolong, extend; spin out, eke out, draw out, drag out, lengthen out, stretch out, stretch, make something last. {{&caused_by}} temporize; gain time, make time, talk against time. {{similar_to(exceed, R33)}} {{result_of(remainder, R40)}} outlast, outlive; survive; live to fight again. {{similar_to}} go the distance, complete the course. Adj. {{has_property(long time)}} long, lengthy, of long duration, intransient[obs3], intransitive[obs2]. of long-standing; chronic, long-standing, intransmutable[obs3], persistent. lasting, enduring, abiding, continuing. {{&consequence_of(lengthy)}} protracted, prolonged, sustained, lingering, lengthened, spun out, dragged out, extended, drawn out, stretched out. {{has_high_quantity(lengthy)}} interminable, endless, no end of. {[def(requiring[obj=long time])]} {{&consequence_of(protracted)}} long-term. {{has_subtype(lengthy)}} {[when_modifying(speech, R582)]} prolix, long-winded, windy, sesquipedalian, macrocolous[obs3]. long-pending, long-winded. {{&consequence_of: slow &c. R275}}. {{requires(endure)}} durable. {[when_modifying(living thing)]} lifelong, livelong. {[when_modifying(living thing)]} long-lived, diuturnal[obs3], longeval[obs3]. {{&consequence_of(long-lived)}} {{has_property(macrobiotic diet)}} macrobiotic. {[when_modifying(plant, R367)]} evergreen, perennial, sempervirent[obs3], sempervirid[obs3]. {{property_of(continuity, R69)}} unrelenting, unremitting, unintermitting[obs3]. {{property_of(excessive)}} too long, overlong. {{has_extreme(lengthy)}} permanent, endless. {{has_extreme(lengthy): perpetual &c. R112}}. Adv. long; for a long time, for an age, for ages, for ever so long, for many a long day; long ago &c. (in a past time) R122; longo intervallo [It]. all the day long, all the year round; the livelong day, as the day is long, morning noon and night; hour after hour, day after day; week after week; month after month; year after year; for good; permanently &c. adj.. <-- [Short duration.] --> P1.1.1.7 TRANSIENCE (R111) #111. Transience. N. {{has_property(instant, @R113/interval, R108)}} transience, impermanence, temporariness, transitoriness, evanescence, brevity, fugacity[Chem], caducity[obs3], transientness[obs3]. {{similar_to: suddenness &c. R113}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(interval, R108)}} short time, span, span of time. {{has_extreme(short time): instant, @R113}}. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor}} spurt, flash, burst. temporary arrangement, interregnum. {[of(living being, R357)]} mortality, eventual death, prospect of death. {{has_high_level(mortality)}} short life. {{has_metaphor}} nine days' wonder, bubble; flash in the pan. {{has_metaphor(short life)}} Mayfly. {{property_of}} ephemeron, ephemera[Pl]. {{&caused_by: velocity &c. R274}}. {{&caused_by: changeableness &c. R149}}. {{trait_of: nomad; transient, transient boarder, transient guest P2.3.2.3.6.4.26}}. {{caused_by: instability, R149, @P2.2.1}}. V. be transient, be transitory, be temporary, be passing, be impermanent; flit, pass away, fly, gallop, vanish, fade, evaporate; pass away like a cloud, pass away like a summer cloud, pass away like a shadow, pass away like a dream. Adj. transient, transitory, temporary, passing, impermanent, temporal, transitive. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(purposive, @R620)}} ad hoc. {{has_high_level(transient)}} evanescent, fleeting, cursory, short-lived, ephemeral. fading, flying, evaporating, vanishing; fugacious, fugitive; shifting, slippery; spasmodic. {{has_extreme(transient)}} instantaneous, momentary, momentaneous[obs3]. provisional, provisory. {{&conceptual_part_of(temporary): makeshift, @R147}}. {{&caused_by}} precarious, unstable, insecure. {[when_modifying(leaf)]} deciduous. {[when_modifying(food)]} perishable. {[when_modifying(animal[1], R366)]} mortal. brief, quick, brisk, extemporaneous, summary; pressed for time &c. (haste) R684; sudden, momentary &c. (instantaneous) R113. Adv. temporarily &c. adj.; pro tempore[Lat]; for the moment, for a time; awhile, en passant[Fr], in transitu[Lat]; in a short time; soon &c. (early) R132; briefly &c. adj.; at short notice; on the point of, on the eve of; in articulo; between cup and lip. Phr. one's days are numbered; the time is up; here today and gone tomorrow; non semper erit aestas[Lat][obs3]; "eheu!"; fugaces labuntur anni[Lat]; sic transit gloria mundi[Lat]; "a schoolboy's tale, the wonder of the hour!" [Byron]; dum loquimur fugerit invidia aetas[Lat][obs3]; fugit hora[Lat]; all that is transitory is but an illusion [Goethe]. a burst of speed; a flash of genius. <-- [Endless duration.] --> P1.1.1.8 PERPETUITY (R112) #112. Perpetuity. N. {{has_extreme(longevity, R110)}} perpetuity, eternity, everness[obs3], aye, sempiternity[obs3], immortality, athanasia[obs3]; interminability[obs3], agelessness, everlastingness &c. adj.; perpetuation; continued existence, uninterrupted existence, perennity[obs3]. V. last forever, endure forever, go on forever; have no end. eternize, perpetuate. Adj. perpetual, eternal; everduring[obs3], everlasting, ever-living, ever-flowing; continual, sempiternal[obs3]; coeternal. endless, unending; ceaseless, incessant, uninterrupted, unceasing, interminable, having no end, indesinent[obs3]. evergreen, amaranthine, unfading[obs3]; never-ending, neverending[obs3], never-dying, never-fading. deathless, immortal, undying, imperishable. Adv. perpetually &c. adj.; always, ever, evermore, aye; for ever, for aye, till the end of the universe, forevermore, forever and a day, for ever and ever; in all ages, from age to age; without end; world without end, time without end; in secula seculorum[Lat]; to the end of time, to the crack of doom, "to the last syllable of recorded time" [Macbeth]; till doomsday; constantly &c. (very frequently) R136. Phr. esto perpetuum[Lat]; labitur et labetur in omne volubilis oevum [Lat][Horace]; "but thou shall flourish in immortal youth" [Addison]; "Eternity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought" [Addison]; "her immortal part with angels lives" [Romeo & Juliet]; ohne Rast [Ger][Goethe's motto]; ora e sempre[It]. <-- [[instant]] two concepts were mingled here. [Point of time] is now at R113a, below --> P1.1.1.9 INSTANTANEITY (R113) #113. Instantaneity. N. {{similar_to(transience, R111)}} {{has_superlative(speed)}} instantaneity, instantaneousness, immediacy; suddenness, abruptness. {{property_of}} moment, instant; second, minute; twinkling, trice, flash, breath, crack, snap, jiffy, coup, burst, flash of lightning, stroke of time. V. be instantaneous &c. adj.; twinkle, flash. Adj. instantaneous, momentary, sudden, immediate, instant, abrupt, discontinuous, precipitous, precipitant, precipitate; subitaneous[obs3], hasty; quick as thought, quick as lightning, quick as a flash; rapid as electricity. {{is_extreme_of: @R274, speedy, quick, fast, fleet, swift, lively, blitz, rapid}}. Adv. instantaneously &c. adj.; in no time, in less than no time; presto, subito[obs3], instanter, suddenly, at a stroke, like a shot; in a moment &c. n.; in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a trice; in one's tracks; right away; toute a l'heure[Fr]; at one jump, in the same breath, per saltum[Lat], uno saltu[Lat]; at once, all at once; plump, slap; "at one fell swoop"; at the same instant &c. n.; immediately &c. (early) R132; extempore, on the moment, on the spot, on the spur of the moment; no sooner said than done; just then; slap-dash &c. (haste) R684. Phr. touch and go; no sooner said than done. P1.1.1.10 DUMMY N. Dummy. <-- [False estimate of time.] --> P1.1.1.11 ANACHRONISM (R115) #115. Anachronism. N. {{has_subtype(error)}} anachronism, metachronism, parachronism, prochronism; prolepsis, misdate; anticipation, antichronism. {{caused_by}} disregard of time, neglect of time, oblivion of time. intempestivity[obs3] &c. R135. V. misdate, antedate, postdate, backdate, overdate[obs3]; anticipate. take no note of time, lose track of time; anachronize[obs3]. Adj. misdated &c. v.; undated; anachronistic. {{similar_to(lateness)}} overdue, past due. out of date; behind the times. before one's time, ahead of one's time. P1.1.2 RELATIVE TIME (R116 TO R135) N. relative time. P1.1.2.1 TIME RELATIVE TO SUCCESSION R116 TO R122 N. time relative to succession. <-- 116. Priority 117. Posteriority 118. Present time 119. Different time 120. Synchronism 121. Futurity 122. Preterition --> P1.1.2.1.1 ANTECEDENCE #116. Antecedence. N. priority, antecedence, anteriority, precedence, pre-existence. precession &c. R280; precursor &c. R64; the past &c. R122; premises. {{property_of: precedent, prototype, original, R22}}. V. precede, come before; forerun; go before &c. (lead) R280; preexist; dawn; presage &c. R511; herald, usher in. be beforehand &c. (be early) R132; steal a march upon, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start. Adj. prior, previous; preceding, precedent; anterior, antecedent; pre-existing, pre-existent; former, foregoing; aforementioned, before-mentioned, above-mentioned; aforesaid, said; introductory &c. (precursory) R64. Adv. before, prior to; earlier; previously &c. adj.; afore[obs3], aforehand[obs3], ere, theretofore, erewhile[obs3]; ere then, ere now, before then, before now; already, yet, beforehand; on the eve of. Phr. prior tempore prior jure[Lat]. <-- [[after]] --> P1.1.2.1.2 POSTERIORITY #117. Posteriority. N. {{has_subtype(futurity, P1.1.2.1.6)}} posteriority; succession; following; subsequence, supervention. successor. {{conceptual_part_of: sequel &c. R65; succession, R63}}. remainder, reversion. {{property_of: copy, R22}}. V. follow after, come after, go after. succeed, supervene; ensue, occur; step into the shoes of. Adj. subsequent, posterior, following, after, later, succeeding, postliminious[obs3], postnate[obs3]; postdiluvial[obs3], postdiluvian[obs3]; puisne[obs2]; posthumous; future &c. R121; after-dinner, postprandial. Adv. subsequently, after, afterwards, later, at a subsequent time; at a later period, at a later date. since, since then, thereafter, from that time, from that moment; ever after, from then on. {{has_subtype(subsequently)}} {{property_of(immediacy)}} next, immediately afterward, in the sequel, close upon, thereupon, upon which, eftsoons[obs1]. eventually, after a while, after a time, in the process of time. <-- [[present]] --> P1.1.2.1.3 THE PRESENT TIME #118. The Present Time. N. {{property_of(instantaneity)}} the present, the present time, the present day, the present moment, the present juncture, the present occasion; the times, the existing time, the time being; today. these days, our times, modern times, the twentieth century; nonce, the nonce. this epoch; this day; this hour; this minute. age, time of life. right time, true time, exact time, correct time. Adj. present, actual, instant, current, existing, extant, that is; present-day, up-to-date, up-to-the-moment; recent, the latest, the nonce. Adv. now, at present, at this time, at this moment, at this very moment, right now, just now, at this minute, even now, even as we speak, but now; at the present time, at the present moment, at this juncture, at this point in time, at this moment &c. n.; at hand. these days, nowadays, lately, recently; up to now, until now; to this day, to the present day. today; this week; this month; this year. at this time of day; already; on the present occasion; pro hac vice[Lat]; on the nail, on the spot; on the spur of the moment. {{temporal_part_of}} {{has_subtype(temporarily, @R111)}} for now, for the time being, for the nonce, for the moment, for the interim. Phr. "the present hour alone is man's" [Johnson]; "What time is it now?", "do you know the right time?", "Do you have the correct time?". <-- [Time different from the present.] --> P1.1.2.1.4 DIFFERENCT TIME #119. Different time. N. different time, other time, another time. [Indefinite time] aorist. Adj. aoristic; indefinite. Adv. at that time, at which time, at that moment, at that instant; then, on that occasion, upon; not now, some other time. when; whenever, whensoever; upon which, on which occasion; at another, at a different, at some other, at any time; at various times; some one of these days, one of these days, one fine morning; eventually, some day, by and by, sooner or later; some time or other. once upon a time. P1.1.2.1.5 SIMULTANEITY #120. Simultaneity. N. synchrony, simultaneity, synchronism, simultaneousness, co-occurrence, coexistence, contemporaneousness, isochronism, unity of time. {{has_antonym}} {{has_subtype(difference[in=time, R106/time interval, R108])}} asynchrony, difference in time. {[of(action, R170/process, A7.7/time interval, R108/event, R151)]} concurrence, concomitance, unity of interim. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(action, R170/process, A7.7/time interval, R108/event, R151)}} {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} concurrent thing[num=>1]. &&{{co-occurs_with($concurrent thing[num=all]): $concurrent thing[num=all]}}. {{has_subtype(concurrence): accompaniment, R88}}. coexistence, coincidence. {{property_of(contemporaneousness)}} {{has_subtype(person, P2.3.2.3)}} contemporary, coetanian[obs3]. {[of(action, R170)]} {{&caused_by}} synchronization. V. be synchronous, be simultaneous. coexist, co-occur, concur; accompany, go hand in hand; keep pace with. {{&caused_by(be synchronous)}} synchronize. Adj. simultaneous, coexisting, coexistent; synchronous, synchronal[obs3], synchronic, synchronical, synchronistical[obs3]. {[when_modifying(action, R170/process, A7.7/time interval, R108)]} concurrent, coincident, concomitant. {{has_subtype(concurrent): accompanying, @R88}}. {{alternative_to(concurrent): consecutive, @R69; alternating, @R70; asynchronous}}. coeval, coevous[obs3]; contemporary, contemporaneous; coetaneous[obs3]; coeternal; isochronous, isochronal. Adv. at the same time; simultaneously &c. adj.; together, in concert, during the same time; in the same breath; pari passu[Lat]; in the interim; as one. at the very moment &c. R113; just as, as soon as; meanwhile &c. (while) R106. <-- [Indefinite prospective time.] We moved the adverbs "soon, quickly" meaning "in the near future" here from R132 "early". [[future]] --> P1.1.2.1.6 FUTURITY #121. Futurity. N. future, the future, time to come; approaching time, coming time, subsequent time, after time; futurity, futurition. {{has_subtype: posteriority, P1.1.2.1.2}}. approaching age, coming age, subsequent age, after age; morrow, approaching days, coming days, subsequent days, after days; approaching hours, coming hours, subsequent hours, after hours; approaching ages, coming ages, subsequent ages, after ages; eventuality. approaching life, coming life, subsequent life, after life; approaching years, coming years, subsequent years, after years. millennium, doomsday, day of judgment, crack of doom, remote future. approach of time, advent, time drawing on, womb of time. {{has_subtype}}{{has_temporal_part}} {{property_of(near[dim=time])}} near future. [more definite prospective time]{{has_subtype: destiny &c. R152}}. {{co-occurs_with: @R167, @P2.3.2.1, heritage, heirs, posterity, descendant}}. prospect &c. (expectation) R507; foresight &c. R510. V. look forwards. anticipate &c. (expect) R507. foresee &c. R510; forestall &c. (be early) R132. be in the future, come on, draw on; draw near; approach, await, threaten. impend &c. (be destined) R152. Adj. future, to come; coming, upcoming, impending. {{has_property(near future)}} next, near; close at hand, just around the corner. eventual, ulterior; in prospect &c. (expectation) R507. {{has_property(near future)}} {{has_temporal_loc(event, P2.4.1)}} instant, at hand, near; near, close at hand; about to be, about to happen. {{has_property(near future)}} {{has_temporal_loc(event, P2.4.1)}} over hanging, hanging over one's head, imminent; brewing, preparing, forthcoming; in the wind, on the cards, in the cards, in reserve; that will, is to be; in prospect &c. (expected) R507; looming, looming in the distance, looming on the horizon; unborn, in embryo; in the womb of time, futurity; pregnant &c. (producing) R161. {{has_subtype: @R152, destined, fated}}. Adv. prospectively, hereafter, later, in the future; kal[obs3], tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. eventually, ultimately, sooner or later, in course of time, in process of time, in the fullness of time, some day; proximo[Lat]; paulo post futurum[Lat]; in after time; one of these days; after a time, after a while. {{has_subtype: @P1.1.2.1.2, afterwards, subsequently}}. from this time; henceforth, henceforwards[obs3]; thence; thenceforth, thenceforward; whereupon, upon which. {{has_property(near future)}} soon, shortly, right away, presently, anon, in the near future, betimes, rath[obs3]; in a minute, in a second; eft, eftsoons; ere long, before long; forthwith, incontinently, summarily, immediately, briefly, shortly, quickly, speedily, apace, before the ink is dry, almost immediately, presently at the first opportunity, in no long time, by and by, in a while, directly; "before one can say Jack Robinson", at short notice, extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion [Bacon]; at once; on the spot, on the instant; at sight; offhand, out of hand; a vue d'oeil[Fr]; straight, straightway, straightforth[obs3]. suddenly &c. (instantaneously) R113. {{has_subtype(soon): early, R132}}. on the eve of, on the point of, on the verge of, on the brink of; about to; close upon. Phr. quid sit futurum cras fuge quaerere [Latin][Horace]. <-- [Retrospective time.] --> P1.1.2.1.7 THE PAST #122. The Past. N. the past, past time; days of yore, times of yore, days of old, times of old, days past, times past, days gone by, times gone by; bygone days; old times, ancient times, former times; fore time; the good old days, the olden time, good old time; auld lang syne[obs3]; eld[obs1]. antiquity, antiqueness[obs3], status quo; time immemorial; distance of time; remote age, remote time; remote past; rust of antiquity. retrospect. {{topic_of: @M5.6.1.1, retrospection, looking back, memory}}. {{studied_in}} antiquarianism, archaism, medievalism, Pre-Raphaelitism; paleontology, paleography, paleology[obs3]; paleozoology; palaetiology[obs3], archaeology; paleogeography; paleoecology; paleobotany; paleoclimatology. <-- originally - preterition; priority &c. R116 --> {{performed_by(antiquarianism): antiquarian, P2.3.2.3.6.5.53}}. {{co-occurs_with}} ancestry &c. (paternity) R166. {{has_small_quantity(the past)}} recent past. V. be past &c. adj.; have expired &c. adj.; have run its course, have had its day; pass; pass by, go by , pass away, go away , pass off, go off; lapse, blow over. look back, trace back, cast the eyes back; exhume. Adj. past, gone, gone by, over, passed away, bygone, foregone. {{&caused_by(nonexistent)}} elapsed, lapsed, preterlapsed[obs3], expired, no more, run out, blown over, has-been, that has been, extinct, antediluvian, antebellum, never to return, gone with the wind, exploded, forgotten, irrecoverable; obsolete &c. (old) R124. former, erstwhile, previous, pristine, quondam, ci-devant[Fr], late; ancestral. foregoing; latter; over night; preterperfect[obs3], preterpluperfect[obs3]. {{has_small_quantity(past)}} recent. {{has_extreme(recent)}} last, latest, most recent. looking back &c. v.; retrospective, retroactive; archaeological &c. n.. Adv. hitherto, previously, heretofore, in the past, ere now, before now, a while back, a while ago, erstwhile[obs2]; once, at one time, once upon a time, time was when. ago. until now, up to now, till now, up to this time, up to the present. paleo-; archaeo-; formerly; of old, of yore; erst[Ger], whilom, erewhile[obs3], over; in the olden time &c. n.; anciently, long ago, long since; a long while, a long time ago; years ago, yesteryear, ages ago; some time ago, some time since, some time back. yesterday, the day before yesterday; last year, ultimo. retrospectively. no longer; from time immemorial, from prehistoric times; in the memory of man; time out of mind; already, yet; ex post facto. {{has_small_quantity(before now)}} recently, a short time ago, just now, just a while ago. {{has_small_quantity(before now): lately &c. (newly) R123}}. Conj. until, before. Phr. time was; the time has been, the time hath been; you can't go home again; fuimus Troes [Lat][Vergil]; fruit Ilium [Vergil]; hoc erat in more majorum[Lat]; "O call back yesterday, bid time return" [Richard II]; tempi passati[It]; "the eternal landscape of the past" [Tennyson]; ultimus Romanorum[Lat]; "what's past is prologue" [Tempest]; "whose yesterdays look backward with a smile" [Young]. P1.1.2.2 TIME RELATIVE TO A PERIOD (R123 TO R131) N. time relative to a period. <-- R123. Newness 124. Oldness 125. Morning 126. Evening 127. Youth 128. Age R129. Infant 130. Veteran 131. Adolescence [[ new]] --> P1.1.2.2.1 NEWNESS (R123) #123. Newness. N. newness, freshness, novelty, recency; gloss of novelty. {{causes}} immaturity. {{property_of: youth &c. R127}}. {{property_of}} modernism, modernity; latest fashion. {{caused_by}} innovation; renovation &c. (restoration) R660. {{has_metaphor}} mushroom. {{property_of: contemporaneousness}}. {{trait_of(modernity)}} modern, contempororary; parvenu, nouveau riche[Fr]. {{similar_to: originality, @R20}}. V. renew &c. (restore) R660; modernize. Adj. new, novel, recent, fresh, green; evergreen; raw, immature, unsettled, yeasty; virgin; untried, unhandseled[obs3], untrodden, untrod, unbeaten. {{has_subtype(new): young &c. R127}}. {{has_extreme(new)}} brand-new, fire-new, span-new, just out, latest. late, modern, modernistic, contemporary, neoteric, hypermodern, nouveau, non-classical; new-fashioned, new-fangled, newfangled. up to date, up to the minute, with it, fashionable, in fashion; in, hip [coll.]; of yesterday. vernal, sempervirent[obs3], sempervirid[obs3]. fresh as a rose, fresh as a daisy, fresh as paint. spick and span. renovated, updated, revamped; refreshed. {[when_modifying(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} revised. {[when_modifying(animal[1], R366)]} new-born, nascent, neonatal[med.], new-fledged. Adv. newly; afresh, anew, lately, just now, only yesterday, the other day; latterly, of late, these days. {{has_subtype: recently, @R122}}. not long ago, a short time ago. Phr. di novello tutto par bello[It]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum est prius[Lat]; una scopa nuova spazza bene[It]. <-- [[old]] --> P1.1.2.2.2 OLDNESS R124) #124. Oldness. N. oldness, age. {{has_high_quantity}} antiquity, ancientness. {{property_of(antiquity)}} ancient times. {{has_property(ancient times): oldness[val=>1500 years]}}. maturity; decline, decay. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{causes}} seniority, eldership; priority. {{factor_in}} primogeniture. thing of the past, relic of the past; megatherium[obs3]; Sanskrit. {{property_of: old custom}}. {{property_of: the past, R122}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{&co-occurs_with: senility &c. R128}}. V. be old. {{has_high_quantity}} be antique. have had its day, have seen its day; become old &c. adj.; age, fade, senesce. Adj. old. antique; of long standing, time-honored, venerable. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} elder, eldest; firstborn. {{has_high_quantity(old)}} {{has_property(ancient times)}} ancient. prime; primitive, primeval, primigenous[obs3]. {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} prehistoric, protohistoric[obs3]. {{has_extreme(old)}} primordial, primordinate[obs3]; paleolontological, paleontologic, paleoanthropological, paleoanthropic[obs3]; antemundane[obs3]. {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} antediluvian, diluvian[obs3]; paleocrystic[obs3]. paleozoic, fossil, paleozoolical, preglacial[obs3]. {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} paleolithic, stone age, stone-age. {{has_subtype(old): aboriginal &c. (beginning) R66}}. {[in_frame(United States History)]} antebellum[<1860]; colonial[1620-1781]; federal[1782-1820]; Victorian[1821-1900]. {[in_frame(South America/Central America)]} precolumbian[<1500 A.D.]. ancestral, patriarchal, preadamite[obs3]. archaic; classic; medieval; Pre-Raphaelite; black-letter. immemorial, traditional, age-old, prescriptive, customary, whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary; inveterate, rooted. {[in_frame(custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1)]} antiquated, out of date, stale, old-fashioned, behind the age, behind the times, old hat, out of fashion, out of it, of other times, rococo, of the old school, after-age; old-world; exploded; gone out, gone by; passe, run out; time worn; crumbling &c. (deteriorated) R659; secondhand. {{has_subtype}} {{has_low_level(useless, @R645): obsolete, @R614}}. {[&of(person, P2.3.2.3): senile &c. R128]}. old as the hills, old as Methuselah, old as Adam, old as history. <-- [geological eras (list, starting at given number of years bp)] --> {[in_frame(geology, P2.3.1.1.1.R1)]} {[referring_to(era)]} {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} Archeozoic[5,000,000,000]; Proterozoic[1,500,000,000]; Paleozoic[600,000,000]; Mesozoic[220,000,000]; Cenozoic[70,000,000]. <-- [geological periods (list)] --> {[in_frame(geology, P2.3.1.1.1.R1)]} {[referring_to(era)]} {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} Precambrian[>600,000,000]; Cambrian[600,000,000]; Ordovician[500,000,000]; Silurian[440,000,000]; Devonian[400,000,000]; Mississippian[350,000,000]; Pennsylvanian[300,000,000]; Permian[270,000,000]; Triassic[220,000,000]; Jurassic[180,000,000]; Cretaceous[135,000,000]; Tertiary[70,000,000]; Paleogene[70,000,000]; Neocene[25,0000,000]; Quaternary[1,000,000]. {{has_subtype(geological epoch)}} {{has_high_quantity(ancient)}} Paleocene; Eocene; Oligocene; Miocene; Pliocene; Pleistocene. {{has_subtype(geological epoch)}} {{not_property_of(old)}} Recent. Adv. in olden times, in olden days, anciently, a long time ago. since the world was made, since the year one, since the days of Methuselah. Phr. vetera extollimus recentium incuriosi [Lat][Tacitus]; according to Adam; cobwebs of antiquity. <-- [[morning]] --> P1.1.2.2.3 TIME OF DAY N. {{has_temporal_part(day, R108)}} time of day. P1.1.2.2.3.1 MORNING (R125) #125. Morning. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(midnight)}} {{follows(noon)}} morning, morn, forenoon, ante meridien[Lat], "A.M."[abbr], prime. {{has_beginning}} {{has_temporal_part(morning)}} early morning; the small hours, the wee hours of the morning. {{precedes(early morning)}} {{has_temporal_part(day)}} twilight, morning twilight, crepuscule. {{precedes(morning twilight)}} {{has_temporal_part(day)}} dawn, daybreak, break of day, sunup, sunrise, aurora, dayspring[obs3], foreday[obs3], peep of day; first blush of the morning, first flush of the morning, prime of the morning; cockcrow, cockcrowing[obs3]. {{metaphor_for}} spring; vernal equinox, first point of Aries. {{has_ending}} {{has_temporal_part(day): noon, R125a}}. {{metaphor_for}} summer, midsummer. Adj. morning, matin, matutinal[obs3]; vernal. Adv. at sunrise &c. n.; with the sun, with the lark, "when the morning dawns". Phr. "at shut of evening flowers" [Paradise Lost]; entre chien et loup[Fr]; "flames in the fore-head of the morning sky" [Milton]; "the breezy call of incense-breathing morn" [Gray]. <-- [[Noon]] --> P1.1.2.2.3.2 NOON (R125A) #125a. Noon. N. {{has_subtype(point of time)}} {{precedes(morning)}} {{follows(afternoon)}} noon; midday, noonday; noontide, meridian, prime; nooning[obs3], noontime. high noon. Adj. noonday. P1.1.2.2.3.3 AFTERNOON (R125B) #125b. Afternoon. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(noon)}} {{follows(evening)}} {{has_temoral_part(daytime, @P1.1.1.4)}} afternoon, "p.m."[abbr], "P.M."[abbr], postmeridian. <-- notice that twilight occurs at morning and evening. This may be a little confusing --> P1.1.2.2.3.4 EVENING (R126) #126. Evening. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(afternoon)}} {{follows(night)}} evening, eve; decline of day, fall of day, close of day; candlelight, candlelighting[obs3]; eventide, nightfall, curfew. {{has_temporal_part}} sunset, sundown; going down of the sun, cock- shut, dewy eve, gloaming. {{precedes(sunset)}} {{has_temporal_part(evening)}} twilight, crepuscule, shades of evening, cockshut time[obs1]. {{has_ending(twilight)}} {{has_temporal_part(twilight)}} dusk. {{precedes(dusk): night, R126a}}. {{has_metaphor}} eleventh hour. {{metaphor_for}} autumn; fall, fall of the leaf; autumnal equinox; Indian summer, "St. Luke's summer", "St. Martin's summer". Adj. vespertine, evening. autumnal. <-- [[night]] --> P1.1.2.2.3.5 NIGHT (R126A) #126a. Night. N. {{has_subtype(time interval)}} {{precedes(evening)}} {{follows(midnight)}} {{property_of(dark)}} night, nighttime; late night; bedtime. {{metaphor_for}} winter. {{has_metaphor}} killing time. {{has_ending}} {{has_temporal_part(day): midnight, R126b}}. {{has_temporal_part: midnight, R126b}}. Adj. nocturnal. Phr. "sable-vested Night" [Milton]; "this gorgeous arch with golden worlds inlay'd" [Young]. P1.1.2.2.3.6 MIDNIGHT (R126B) #126b. Midnight. N. {{has_subtype(point of time)}} {{precedes(night)}} {{follows(morning)}} midnight, "12 P.M.", "24:00", twenty-four hundred hours, dead of night, witching hour, witching hour of night, witching time of night. Phr. "midnight, the outpost of advancing day" [Longfellow]. <-- R127 Youth and R128 Age, R129 Adolescence to properties of humans (HPROP) P2.2.3.5.2 YOUTH P2.2.3.5.3 AGE, P2.2.3.5.4 ADOLESCENCE --> <-- R129, Infant and R130, veteran to character (person, P2.3.2.3 --> <-- "Time relative to a purpose" might have been palced in the "goals" section, but seems more closely related to physical time, than to the implied goals. --> P1.1.2.3 TIME RELATIVE TO AN EFFECT OR PURPOSE R132 TO R135 N. time relative to an effect or purpose. {{has_conceptual_part: purpose, R620}}. <-- R132. Earliness 133. Lateness 134. Occasion 135. Intempestivity This earliness refers to doing something early. Is the word so seldom use in other contexts? [[early]]--> P1.1.2.3.1 EARLINESS (R132) #132. Earliness. N. {{antonym_of(lateness, R133)}} earliness. {{property_of}} {{has_temporal_part(time interval)}} early part. {{property_of(very early): beginning}}. {[in_frame(day): morning, R125]}. {{required_for}} punctuality. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{has_subtype(activity, R682)}} promptness. {{&caused_by(promptness): haste, @R274}}. prematurity, precocity, precipitation; a stitch in time. {{conceptual_part_of: suddenness, @R113}}. {{has_subtype: near future, @R121}}. {{has_requirement(promptness): anticipation, M5.6.2.2}}. {{has_subtype(earliness)}} {{property_of(excessive)}} prematureness. V. be early &c. adj.; be beforehand, be ahead of time; keep time, take time by the forelock, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start; steal a march upon; gain time, draw on futurity; bespeak, secure, engage, preengage[obs3]. {{has_subtype(be beforehand)}} be too early, be premature. {{helped_by(be early): expedite &c. (quicken) R274}}. {{helped_by(be early): @R684, accelerate, make haste, hurry}}. Adj. early, prime, forward; prompt &c. (active) R682; summary. {{has_excess(early)}} premature, precipitate. precocious; prevenient[obs3], anticipatory; rath[obs3]. sudden &c. (instantaneous) R113; unexpected &c. R508; near, near at hand; immediate. Adv. early. beforehand; prematurely &c. adj.; precipitately &c. (hastily) R684; too soon; ahead of time, before its time, before one's time; in anticipation, in advance; unexpectedly &c. R508. {{has_subtype: @R121, in the near future, soon, shortly, right away, presently, anon, in a minute, in a second, ere long, before long, forthwith, summarily, immediately, briefly, shortly, quickly, speedily, apace, almost immediately, presently at the first opportunity, directly, on the spur of the moment, at once; on the spot, on the instant, at sight, straight, straightway}}. Phr. no sooner said than done, "immediately, if not sooner"; tout vient a temps pour qui sait attendre[Fr]. <-- lateness is a result of "inaction, M7.3.4.3", being related to volitional phenomena. But it is here because it is more of physical phenomen related to time. [[late]] [[delay]] --> P1.1.2.3.2 LATENESS (R133) #133. Lateness. N. {{antonym_of(punctuality, R132)}} {{&has_result(inaction, R681, M7.3.4.3)}} lateness, tardiness, unpunctuality, untimeliness. {{&caused_by: slowness, R275}}. {{&caused_by}} {{&has_result(inaction, R681, M7.3.4.3)}} delay, delation, delaying, cunctation, procrastination; deferring, deferral &c. v.; postponement, adjournment, suspension, prorogation, retardation, respite, pause, wait; protraction, prolongation; Fabian policy, medecine expectante[Fr], chancery suit, federal case; leeway; high time; moratorium, holdover. {{has_subtype(postponement)}} reprieve, stay of execution. {{performed_by(procrastination)}} procrastinator. V. be late, miss a deadline. miss an appointment, miss a meeting. table [parliamentary]. {{caused_by}} tarry, wait, stay, bide, take time; dawdle &c. (be inactive) R683; linger, loiter; bide one's time, take one's time; gain time; hang fire; stand over, lie over. {{caused_by}} defer, delay, put off, postpone, hold off; lay over, suspend, waive, retard, remand, adjourn, hold over. {{has_subtype(avoid[mode=temporarily])}} shift off, stave off, keep back, hold back, tide over. {{caused_by}} prolong, protract; spin out, draw out, lengthen out, stretch out; prorogue; let the matter stand over. {{caused_by}} procrastinate, dally, put things off, temporize; consult one's pillow, sleep on it, think things over, think it over, think about it. {{has_subtype(procrastinate)}} wait until the last minute, push to the last, drive to the last. {[in_frame(school)]} {{&causes(postpone[obj=studying, @R539]): cram, @R539}}. {{has_subtype(think it over)}} refer it to a committee. reserve &c. (store) R636. lose an opportunity &c. R135; be kept waiting, dance attendance; kick one's heels, cool one's heels; faire antichambre[Fr]; wait impatiently; await &c. (expect) R507; sit up, sit up at night. Adj. late, tardy, behindhand, behind, serotine[obs3], belated, slow, postliminious[obs3], backward, unpunctual, untimely. {{&consequence_of: @R142, delayed, postponed}}. {{&consequence_of: dilatory &c. (slow) R275}}. Adv. late; lateward[obs3], backward; late in the day; at sunset, at the eleventh hour, at length, at last; ultimately; after time, behind time, after the deadline; too late; too late for &c. R135. slowly, leisurely, deliberately, at one's leisure; ex post facto; sine die [parl.]. Phr. better late than never; "never put off until tomorrow what you can put off until the day after"; "too little and too late"; "he'd be late for his own funeral"; By the street of By and by one arrives at the house of Never[Spanish proverb]; nonum prematur in annum [Lat][Horace]; "against the sunbeams serotine and lucent" [Longfellow]; ie meglio tardi che mai[It]; deliberando saepe perit occasio [Lat][Syrus]. <-- ?? "timeliness" should be split off from the more abstract "occasion" [[opportunity]] --> P1.1.2.3.3 OPPORTUNITY #134. Opportunity. N. {{antonym_of(untimeliness, R135)}} {{affected_by(volition, M7)}} {{has_requirement(action, R680/complex action, M7.3.5)}} opportunity, occasion, timeliness, opening, room, good time, suitable time, proper time, right time, opportune time, propitious time, tempestivity[obs3]. high time; opportuneness &c. adj.; suitable season, proper season; event (eventuality) R151. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(favorable)}} nick of time; golden opportunity, well timed opportunity, fine opportunity, favorable opportunity, opening; clear stage, fair field; mollia tempora[Lat]; fata Morgana[Lat]; spare time &c. (leisure) R685. {{property_of}} crisis, turn, juncture, conjuncture; turning point, watershed, given time. {{has_metaphor(favorable opportunity)}} {{has_subtype(time interval, R108, P1.1.1.4)}} window, window of opportunity. {{has_ending(window of opportunity)}} {{has_subtype(time point)}} {{has_subtype(ending time, @P2.4)}} deadline. {{co-occurs_with(deadline): lapse, @R776; lapse, @R67}}. {{has_subtype(window of opportunity): option, @R777}}. V. seize an opportunity, take the opportunity, use an opportunity; use an occasion; improve the occasion. give an opportunity. suit the occasion &c. (be expedient) R646. seize the occasion, strike while the iron is hot, battre le fer sur l'enclume[Fr], make hay while the sun shines, seize the present hour, take time by the forelock, prendre la balle au bond[Fr]. Adj. opportune, timely, well-timed, timeful[obs3], seasonable. providential, lucky, fortunate, happy, favorable, propitious, ripe, convenient, auspicious; critical; suitable &c. R23; obiter dicta. Adv. opportunely &c. adj.; in proper course, in due course, in proper season, in due season, in proper time, in due time; for the nonce; in the nick of time, in the fullness of time; all in good time; just in time, at the eleventh hour, now or never. by the way, by the by; en passant[Fr], a propos[Fr]; pro re nata[Lat], pro hac vice[Lat]; par parenthese[Fr], parenthetically, by way of parenthesis, incidentally; while speaking of, while on the subject; extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion; on the spot &c. (early) R132. Phr. carpe diem[Lat] [Horace]; occasionem cognosce[Lat]; one's hour is come, the time is up; that reminds me, now that you mention it, come to think of it; bien perdu bien connu[Fr]; e sempre l'ora[It]; ex quovis ligno non fit Mercurius[Lat]; nosce tempus[Lat]; nunc aut nunquam[Lat]. "never put off until tomorrow what you can do today". {{manifestation_of(procrastination)}} "never put off until tomorrow what you can put off until the day after"[ironical]. P1.1.2.3.3.1 PUNCTUALITY (132A) #132a. Punctuality. N. punctuality, promptness, immediateness. V. be prompt, be on time, be in time; arrive on time; be in the nick of time. Adj. timely, on time, seasonable, in time, punctual, prompt. Adv. on time, punctually, at the deadline, precisely, exactly; right on time, to the minute; in time; in good time, in military time, in pudding time[obs1], in due time; time enough; with no time to spare, by a hair's breadth. Phr. touch and go, not a minute too soon, in the nick of time, just under the wire, get on board before the train leaves the station. P1.1.2.3.4 UNTIMELINESS #135. Untimeliness. N. {{antonym_of(timeliness, R134)}} untimeliness, intempestivity[obs3], unseasonableness, inexpedience. {{property_of}} bad time, wrong time, inappropriate time, not the right occasion, unsuitable time, inopportune time, inconvenient time, improper time; evil hour; contretemps; intrusion; anachronism &c. R115. unreasonableness &c. adj.. bad timing, poor timing. V. be ill timed, be untimely, be innopportune; mistime. intrude, come amiss, break in upon; have other fish to fry; be busy, be occupied. lose an opportunity, throw away an opportunity, squander an opportunity, waste an opportunity, neglect an opportunity; allow the opportunity to pass, suffer the opportunity to pass, allow the opportunity to slip, let the opportunity slip, cast aside the opportunity, suffer the opportunity to slip, allow the opportunity to go by, suffer the opportunity to go by, allow the opportunity to escape, suffer the opportunity to escape, allow the opportunity to lapse, suffer the opportunity to lapse, allow the occasion to pass, allow the occasion to slip by; waste time &c. (be inactive) R683; let slip through the fingers, lock the barn door after the horse is stolen; overlook an opportunity, disregard an opportunity. Adj. ill-timed, mistimed; ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred; untimely, unseasonable; out of date, out of season; inopportune, timeless, intrusive. untoward, mal a propos[Fr], unlucky, inauspicious, infelicitous, unbefitting, unpropitious, unfortunate, unfavorable; unsuited &c. R24; inexpedient &c. R647. unpunctual &c. (late) R133; too late for; premature &c. (early) R132; too soon for; wise after the event, monday morning quarterbacking, twenty-twenty hindsight. out of synch[coll.]. Adv. inopportunely &c. adj.; as ill luck would have it, in an evil hour, the time having gone by, a day after the fair. Phr. too little and too late; after death the doctor, after meat mustard. P1.1.3 RECURRENT TIME N. recurrent time. <-- (R136 to R139) [[frequency]] 136. Frequency 137. Infrequency 138. Periodicity 139. Irregularity --> <-- note related concepts of multitude(R102), frequency(here, R136), periodicity(R138), repetition, and habit are listed as separate main entries. The head concept here means "the quality of occurring frequently". The base definition of "frequency" as iterations per unit time is at R138 (periodicity). Thes two were intermingled by Roget. --> P1.1.3.1 FREQUENCY (R136) #136. Frequency. N. {{conceptual_part_of(repetition, R104)}} {{has_high_level(frequency, @R138)}} frequency, commonness, oftness[obs3], oftenness[obs3]. {{causes: normality &c. R80; example (conformity) R82}}. {{property_of: routine, custom, M7.3.5.1.2.1}}. routine &c. (custom) M7.3.5.1.2.1; formula; rule &c. (form, regulation) R697; keynote, standard, model; precedent &c. (prototype) R22; conformity &c. R82. {[of(action, P2.4)]} regularity, constancy, routine, monotony, continuousness, steadiness. {{has_metaphor: drumbeat, @R407}}. {{case_of: repetition, R104}}. {[in_frame(communication)]} cliche. <-- Roget's "punctuality" here means accuracy. The accuracy with which the intervals between iterations may be considered identical is a factor in deciding if a series is periodic. This is too remote a relation, and we leave this line out for now. punctuality &c. (exactness) R494. --> V. be frequent, occur frequently, happen frequently. continue. {{has_conceptual_part: recur &c. R104}}. do nothing but; keep, keep on. Adj. frequent, many times, not rare, thickcoming[obs3], thick; uniform, regular; customary &c. M7.3.5.1.2.1; regular (normal) R80; according to rule &c. (conformable) R82. {{has_high_level(frequent)}} continual, continuous, incessant, perpetual, steady, constant, invariable, consistent, unfailing, routine, clockwork, unceasing, monotonous. {{has_conceptual_part: repeated, recurrent &c. R104}}. {{has_conceptual_part: @R102, profuse, numerous, many}}. common, everyday, usual, ordinary, familiar; commonplace, ubiquitous. {[when_modifying(phrase)]} overused. old-hat, boring, well-known, well-worn, trivial. Adv. often, oft; ofttimes[Poet.], oftentimes; frequently; repeatedly &c. R104; more often than not, unseldom[obs3], not infrequently; in quick succession, in rapid succession, one after another; many a time and oft. daily, every day; hourly, every hour; every minute; many times a day; many times an hour. {{has_high_level(frequently)}} continually, continuously, perpetually, incessantly, constantly, steadily, always, invariably, without exception, without fail, consistently, unfailingly, with regularity, routinely, never otherwise, without ceasing, monotonously, at all times, at all times and in all places, at every moment, daily and hourly, night and day, day and night, day after day, morning noon and night, ever anon; by clockwork, with great regularity. most often. {{similar_to: @M7.3.5.1.2.1, unfailingly, invariably, commonly}}. often enough, when the mood strikes, again and again, toties quoties[Lat]. P1.1.3.2 INFREQUENCY (R137) #137. Infrequency. N. {{&has_property(event, R151)}} infrequency, seldomness[obs3], uncommonness. {{has_high_degree}} rareness, rarity. {{similar_to: fewness &c. R103}}. {{similar_to: unconformity &c. R83}}. V. be rare &c. adj.. Adj. {{&has_property(event, R151)}} infrequent, unfrequent[obs3]; uncommon, scarce. {{has_high_quantity}} almost unheard of, unprecedented, which has not occurred within the memory of the oldest inhabitant, not within one's previous experience; not since Adam[obs3]. few &c. R103. {{has_high_degree}} rare, one in a million, few and far between. {{has_superlative: @R83, unique, singular}}. Adv. seldom, infrequently, scarcely, hardly; not often, not much, unfrequently[obs3], unoften[obs3]. {{has_high_degree}} rarely, hardly ever, scarcely ever; once in a blue moon; once in a million years. sometimes, occasionally, on occasion, at times, now and then, from time to time, every now and then, only occasionally, on passing occasions, not too often; I've heard of such a thing, it has happened, there being times when. {{has_superlative}} once, only once; once for all, once in a way. {{has_null: never, @R107}}. Phr. ein mal kein mal[German]; pro hac vice[Lat]. <-- This entry is for a type of recurrence (R104) which occurs sufficiently often and with sufficient regularity to allow specification of a measure of "frequency". ?? specific holidays should be moved elsewhere and referenced here [[periodicity]] --> P1.1.3.3 PERIODICITY (R138) #138. Periodicity. N. {{has_subtype(recurrence, R104)}} periodicity, intermittence, regular recurrence. {{has_subtype}} beat; pulse, pulsation. {{conceptual_part_of}} {{property_of(regular, @R16)}} rhythm. {{has_subtype: oscillation, R314; alternation, @R63}}. <-- the next paragraph may be closer to R138 (periodicity, regularity) than to frequency, but we leave it where Roget put it --> {{requires(periodicity, R138)}} regularity, regularity of recurrence, uniformity, constancy, steadiness, even tenor. {{has_high_level(regularity)}} clock-work precision, clock-work regularity. system. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(cycle, A6.2.1): @R108, cycle, time cycle, rota, period, stated time, routine}}. <-- here periodicity is in its specific sense of frequency, i.e. recurrences per unit time --> {{has_measure}} {{{has_ratio(cycles, @R108 + time)}}} frequency, rate of iteration. {{has_units(periodicity[of=electromagnetic radiation])}} {{has_units(frequency)}} hertz, Hz, cycles per second, reciprocal seconds; cycles per minute; cycles per hour; kilohertz, kHz; megahertz, mHz; gigahertz, gHz. {{{has_relative_value(kilohertz + hertz): "1000"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(megahertz + kilohertz): "1000"}}}. {{{has_relative_value(gigahertz + megahertz): "1000"}}}. {{has_property(regularity of recurrence)}} punctuality. {{property_of}} bout, round, revolution, rotation, turn, say. {{property_of}} catamenia[obs3]; courses, menses, menstrual flux. {{has_subtype(time cycle): @R108, week, month, year}}. {{has_subtype(time cycle)}} weekly cycle; monthly cycle; yearly cycle. {{has_beginning(weekly cycle)}} days of the week[pl], day of the week. {{has_instance(day of the week)}} Sunday, the Lord's day; Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; Thursday; Friday; Saturday, Sabbath, the sabbath. {{has_subtype(day of the week)}} weekday, working day. {{has_beginning(monthly cycle)}} month of the year. {{has_instance(month of the year)}} January; February; March; April; May; June; July; August; September; October; November; December. {{has_representation(year): calendar, @R114}}. {{property_of(recurring)}} anniversary, jubilee; centenary, centennial; sequicentennial; bicentennial; tercentennial; holiday. {{has_subtype(anniversary)}} {{property_of}} golden anniversary, "50 years"; diamond anniversary, "75 years"; silver anniversary, "25 years". {{has_subtype(holiday)}} {{property_of(recurring)}} state holiday; national holiday; feast day, feast. {{property_of(recurring)}} {{has_subtype(holiday)}} bicentennial; birthday; Dewali; groundhog day [U.S.]; Halloween, Hallowmas[obs3]; Lady day; Midsummer day; Muharram; woodchuck day [U.S.]; natal day; yearbook; New Year's day; new year's eve; Fourth of July. {{property_of(recurring)}} leap year day. <-- ; bissextile[obs3] --> {{has_subtype(feast day)}} Allhallows, Allhallowmas[obs3], All Saints' Day; All Souls', All Souls' Day; Ash Wednesday; Christmas, Christmas day; Easter, Easter day; "St. Swithin's day"; Candlemas day, Candlemas, the Presentation. {{has_temporal_location(Candlemas): "February 2", "February 2nd"}}. {{has_temporal_location(Christmas): "December 25"}}. {{has_temporal_location(All Saints' Day): "November 1"}}. {{has_temporal_location(Halloween): "October 30"}}. {{has_temporal_location(New Year's Day): "January 1"}}. {{has_temporal_location(new year's eve): "December 31"}}. {{has_temporal_location(Fourth of July): "July 4"}}. {{temporal_part_of(Christmas day)}} yuletide, Christmastime. V. recur in regular order, recur in regular succession; return, revolve; come again, come in its turn; come round, come round again; beat, pulsate; alternate; intermit. Adj. periodic, periodical; cyclical, cyclic. regular, uniform. <-- "recurrent" as an adjective means frequently recurring, so it is here, as a separate sense from the indeterminate number of recurrences at R104 --> {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_high_quantity(recurrent, @R104)}} recurrent, recurring. rhythmic, rhythmical; serial; intermittent, remittent. alternate, every other, every second; every third; every fourth; every fifth; every sixth; every nth. {{has_subtype(nth): ordinal number}}. regular, steady, punctual, regular as clockwork. {{has_conceptual_part: repeated &c. R104}}. {{has_subtype(rhythmic)}} beating, pulsating. {[of(time)]} hourly; diurnal, daily, quotidian; tertian; weekly; biweekly, fortnightly; bimonthly; catamenial[obs1]; monthly, menstrual[Med.]. {[of(time)]} {{has_property(anniversary)}} yearly, annual. <-- a recursive function is needed here --> {[of(time)]} biennial; triennial; quadrennial. {[of(time)]} centennial, secular; paschal, lenten. <-- ; hebdomadal[obs1], hebdomadary[obs1] --> Adv. periodically, regularly, recurrently, cyclically, at regular intervals. at stated times; at fixed times, at established times; at established periods. punctually &c. adj.; de die in diem[Lat]; from day to day, day by day. by turns; in turn, in rotation; alternately, every other day, off and on, ride and tie, round and round. P1.1.3.4 IRREGULARITY OF OCCURRENCE (R139) #139. Irregularity of recurrence. N. irregularity, uncertainty, unpunctuality; fitfulness &c. adj.; capriciousness, ecrhythmus[obs1]. Adj. irregular, uncertain, unpunctual, capricious, desultory, fitful, flickering; rambling, rhapsodical; spasmodic; immethodical[obs3], unmethodical, variable. Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits and starts &c. (discontinuously) R70. <-- *** P1.2 SPACE *** --> P1.2 SPACE N. space. P1.2.1 SPACE GENERALLY N. {{part_of(place, R182, P1.2.1.1.2)}} {{part_of(region, R181, P1.2.1.1.1)}} space, three-dimensional space. <-- ABSTRACT SPACE...... 180a. Inextension 180. Indefinite 181. Definite Space Region 182. Limited Place (183 to R191 at P1.2.3 Location) --> <-- dimensions must be broken down separately. Here we treat "space" as 2- or 3-dimensional space [[space]] --> <-- [Indefinite space.] --> P1.2.1.1 SPACE (R180) #180. Space. N. {{conceptual_part_of(dimension[num=>1])}} space, extension, extent, superficial extent, expanse, stretch; room, scope, range, field, way, expansion, compass, sweep, swing, spread. three-dimensional space, ordinary space. {{has_subtype}} {{conceptual_part_of(dimension[num=>3])}} hyperspace. {{has_conceptual_part: dimension, length &c. R200; distance &c. R196}}. {{has_conceptual_part(three-dimensional space): spatial dimension[num=3], P1.2.2}}. {{has_measure: size &c. R192}}. {{has_conceptual_part}} {{has_subtype(linear coordinate, @R466)}} spatial coordinate, coordinate. {{has_subtype(spatial coordinate)}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} geographic coordinate. {{has_subtype(geographic coordinate)}} latitude, Earth latitude; longitude, meridian, Earth longitude. {{has_subtype(latitude)}} {{has_difference(latitude + equator)}} North latitude; South latitude. {{has_subtype(longitude)}} {{has_difference(longitude + Greenwich meridian)}} East longitude; West longitude. {{has_instance(latitude)}} equator; tropic of Cancer; Tropic of Capricorn. {{has_instance(longitude)}} Greenwich longitude. {{has_measure}} volume; hypervolume. latitude, play, leeway, purchase, tolerance, room for maneuver, elbow room. {{has_subtype(leeway)}} {{has_subtype(margin, @R28)}} margin for error, room for error. {{has_subtype(leeway)}} spare room, house room; stowage, roomage[obs3], margin; opening. open space, free space; void &c. (absence) R187; waste; wildness, wilderness; moor, moorland; campagna[obs3]. unlimited space; world; ubiquity &c. (presence) R186; length and breadth of the land. {{has_subtype: interval, R198}}. {{has_large_quantity: universe; infinity &c. R105}}. proportions, acreage. {{has_units}} acres, acres and perches, roods and perches, hectares, square miles; square inches, square yards, square centimeters, square meters; square yards, yards[cloth]; ares, arpents[obs3]. {{has_metaphor}} {[in_frame(computer)]} cyberspace. Adj. spacious, roomy, extensive, expansive, capacious, ample; widespread, vast, world-wide, uncircumscribed; boundless &c. (infinite) R105; shoreless[obs3], trackless, pathless; extended. Adv. extensively &c. adj.; wherever; everywhere; far and near, far and wide; right and left, all over, all the world over; throughout the world, throughout the length and breadth of the land; under the sun, in every quarter; in all quarters, in all lands; here there and everywhere; from pole to pole, from China to Peru [Johnson], from Indus to the pole [Pope], from Dan to Beersheba, from end to end; on the face of the earth, in the wide world, from all points of the compass; to the four winds, to the uttermost parts of the earth. <-- [[region]] --> <-- [Definite space.] --> P1.2.1.1.1 REGION (R181) #181. Region. N. {{has_part(space, R180)}} region. area, sphere, ground, soil, field, realm, province, domain, orb, circuit, circle. division, section. arena. {{has_part(woods/forest)}} clearing. compartment, department. {{has_subtype(region[of=Earth's surface]): @P2.3.1.1.6.2, geographical division, territory}}. {{has_subtype: @P2.3.1.1.6.4.1.4, town, street}}. {{property_of(nearness)}} neighborhood, vicinity, locality, precincts, environs, precinct, locale, ward, stomping ground[coll.], block, corner, enceinte, barrio[Sp]. range, walk, march, beat[of police]. {[in_frame(geographical area, P2.3.1.1.6.2)]} plot, patch, parcel, lot, tract. {{property_of(circumscription)}} inclosure, close, court, arena. {{property_of(circumscription)}} enclave, reserve, preserve, ghetto; reservation, pale &c. (limit) R233. {{has_subtype: field, @R344}}. {{location_of: abode, R189}}. {[in_subject(geography)]} clime, climate, zone; latitude; meridian, longitude; hemisphere. {[in_subject(geography)]} biosphere; lithosphere. {{has_metaphor}} {[in_frame(journalism)]} {{has_subtype(subject matter[of=reporter, @P2.3.2.3.6.5.6.2])}} beat[2]. {{has_metaphor(distance, R196)}} boondocks, sticks; outback. Adj. territorial, local, parochial, provincial, regional. {{has_subtype(regional)}} urban; suburban; rural. {{antonym_of(urban): rural}}. <-- here At R182 "location" is an unspecified location(place). This is the place itself, a point in space. This "place" is not necessarily immobile; it may be located, e.g. on a ship. At R183(P1.2.3) (position) is a specific location for some object, its place. There will be many words in common between the two concepts! At R184(P1.2.3) "location" is the act of locating, a verb nominalization. "point" here has two meanings, a general sense, and a single point. Note that because has_part is not always transitive, place is explicitly noted as a part of space, and also a part of region. Some of these words refer to a more abstract meaning of "place", as in a forum of commnunication. We try to specify them as metaphorical, where they are recognized.--> <-- [Limited space.][[place]] --> P1.2.1.1.2 PLACE #182. Place. N. {{has_part(space)}} {{has_part(region, R181, P1.2.1.1.1)}} {{property_of(immobile, @R150)}} place, lieu, spot, location, position, point. <-- a place is usually on the surface of the earth, but sometimes it is on a movable object, like a ship. We may need this distinction --> {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(immobile[rel_to=Earth's surface], @R150)}} geographical location, geographical place. {{has_subtype(geographical location): geopolitical division, P2.3.1.1.6.4.1}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(inextension, R180a)}} point, dot. {[in_frame(transportation/travel, P2.4.2.1): stop, station; origin, starting point, departure point; destination, terminus, arrival point; transfer point, junction]}. {{has_subtype(place)}} {{property_of(public)}} {{property_of(public access, @R760)}} public place. {{has_subtype(place)}} {{property_of(private)}} private place. {{has_property(public place): accessibility[for=public, @R372a], @R286}}. {{location_of(public place)}} {{has_subtype(action, R680)}} public activity, action in public. locality. compartment; premises, precinct, station; area, courtyard, square. niche, nook; hole; pigeonhole. ins and outs; every hole and corner. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(distant, R196)}} distant place. {{has_subtype(distant place)}} remote region; outpost, outskirt; foreign parts, ultima Thule[Lat], antipodes. {{has_subtype(distant place)}} {{property_of(inaccessible, @R471)}} inaccessible place. {{has_subtype(distant place)}} {{has_part(solar orbit)}} {{property_of(distant[from=sun], R196)}} aphelion, aphelia[pl]. {{property_of(distant, R196)}} {{has_subtype(line of separation[between=Earth's surface + sky], @R231)}} {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} horizon. {{{has_orientation(horizon + Earth's surface): parallel}}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_metaphor(distance, R196)}} left field. {{has_subtype: corner, R244}}. {{has_subtype: receptacle, R191}}. {{has_subtype: abode, R189}}. {{has_subtype: situation, R183}}. Adj. {{has_property(place)}} located, placed, fixed. {{has_property(public access, @R760)}} {{has_property(public place)}} {{case_of(public, @R372a)}} public, open to the public, open. {{antonym_of(public)}} {{property_of(private place)}} private, closed to the public. {{has_property(public place): accessible[for=public, @R372a], @R286}}. Adv. somewhere, someplace, in some place; wherever it may be, here and there, in various places, passim. {{has_property(action in public)}} publicly, in public, openly, in the open, out in the open. {{metaphor_for(publicly)}} {{property_of(publication, R531)}} in a public forum, in an open forum, by public means of communication. P1.2.1.3 INEXTENSION #180a. Inextension. N. non-dimensionality, lack of dimensionality, inextension[obs3], nonextension[obs3]. {{property_of}} point; dot. {{property_of: atom &c. (smallness) R32}}. {{has_subtype(point)}} {{has_requirement(perspective)}} {[in_frame(drawing/art/painting)]} vanishing point. {{has_subtype(point)}} {[in_frame(mathematics)]} mathematical point. P1.2.2 SPATIAL DIMENSION N. spatial dimension, extension. {{has_subtype: linear dimension, @R200}}. {{conceptual_part_of: space, R180}}. P1.2.2.1 DIMENSIONS GENERALLY (R192 TO R199) N. {{has_subtype(dimension, @P8)}} dimension, spatial dimension. <-- 192. Size 193. Littleness 194. Expansion 195. Contraction 196. Distance 197. Nearness 198. Interval 199. Contiguity [[dimension]] --> <-- "Size" R192 mixes size generally and largeness of size. We break out size generally as a separate category, and make largeness and smallness as subtypes. Largeness and smallness of size, here, are distingushable from largeness and smallness of quantity, in the abstract section (R31 and R32), but are nevertheless used commonly to refer to mental phenomena. In this classification, we have to consider the use of dimensional adjectives in the mental world as a metaphorical usage. This is not entirely satisfactory, but probably valid. [[size]] --> P1.2.2.1.1 SIZE N. {{has_subtype(quantity, R25)}} size, magnitude, dimension, bulk; largeness &c. adj.; amplitude; dimensions, proportion, proportions. mass. cordage; caliber, scantling. {{has_subtype: turgidity @R194}}. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} weight; height; corporation, flesh and blood, lustihood[obs3]. {{affected_by: change of shape, expansion, R194, @P2.4.2.4}}. {{affected_by: change of shape, contraction, R195, @P2.4.2.4}}. P1.2.2.1.1.1 LARGE SIZE (R192) #192. Large Size. N. {{has_subtype(greatness[of=size, P1.2.2.1.1], R31)}} {{has_large_quantity(size, P1.2.2.1.1)}} large size, largeness, hugeness, greatness, bigness. {{has_high_level}} enormity, immensity, monstrosity. {[of(physical object)]} massiveness. {[of(space)]} spaciousness. expanse &c. (space) R180. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} corpulence, obesity, embonpoint[Fr]; plumpness &c. adj.. {{property_of(hugeness): @P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.1, giant, colossus, monster, mammoth, whale, behemoth, leviathan, elephant, hippopotamus, Brobdingnagian, Antaeus, Goliath, Gog and Magog, Gargantua, Cyclops}}. {{property_of(hugeness)}} tun, ton, cord, lump, bulk, block, loaf, mass, swad, clod, nugget, bushel. {{property_of(hugeness)}} {{has_subtype(object, @R3a)}} thumper, whopper, spanker, strapper. {{property_of(hugeness)}} mountain, mound; heap &c. (assemblage) R72. largest portion &c. R50; full size, life size. {{has_subtype: volume, R200b}}. V. be large &c. adj.; become large &c. (expand) R194. {{assessed_by}} size; measure &c. R466. Adj. large, big; great &c. (in quantity) R31; considerable, bulky, voluminous, ample, massive, massy; capacious, comprehensive; spacious &c. R180; mighty, towering, fine, magnificent. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} corpulent, stout, fat, obese, plump, squab, full, lusty, strapping, bouncing; portly, burly, well-fed, full-grown; corn fed, gram fed; stalwart, brawny, fleshy; goodly; in good case, in good condition; in condition; chopping, jolly; chub faced, chubby faced. whopping, walloping, thumping, lubberly, hulky, unwieldy, lumpish, gaunt, spanking, whacking, thundering, hulking; overgrown; puffy &c. (swollen) R194. {{property_of(excessive)}} too large, outsized, oversized, oversize. {{has_high_level(large)}} huge, immense, enormous, mighty; vast, vasty; amplitudinous, stupendous; monster, monstrous, humongous, monumental; mammoth, elephantine, jumbo; gigantic, colossal, gigantean, giant, giant-like, titanic; prodigious, Cyclopean, Brobdingnagian, Bunyanesque, Herculean, Gargantuan. {{has_extreme(large)}} astronomical. large as life; plump as a dumpling, plump as a partridge; fat as a pig, fat as a quail, fat as butter, fat as brawn, fat as bacon. {{has_large_quantity(hugeness)}} of cosmic proportions; of epic proportions, the mother of all, the granddaddy of all. {{has_extreme(hugeness): infinite &c. R105}}. {{has_extreme(hugeness)}} immeasurable, unfathomable, unplumbed; inconceivable, unimaginable, unheard-of. P1.2.2.1.1.2 SMALL SIZE (R193) #193. Littleness. N. littleness, smallness, compactness, small size, inferiority in size; parvitude[obs3], parvity[obs3]. duodecimo[obs3]; Elzevir edition, epitome, microcosm; rudiment; vanishing point; thinness &c. R203. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} small object. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} {{property_of: @P2.3.2.3.6.4.2.3, dwarf, pygmy, midget, Liliputian, elf, runt}}. {{has_high_intensity}} minuteness, insignificance; intangibility, imperceptibility, invisibility, inconsiderableness, inextension[obs3]; triviality. scantiness, exiguousness, inadequacy, exiguity. {{property_of: @R200, minute length, hair, hair's breadth}}. {{property_of}} {{property_of(microscopic)}} microscopic object. {{property_of: animalcule, microbe, bacterium, bacteria, microzoa}}. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor(small object): monad, mite, insect, emmet, fly, midge, gnat, shrimp, minnow, worm, maggot; grub; mouse, small fry; millet seed, mustard seed; barleycorn}}. {{property_of}} {{has_metaphor(small object): pebble; grain, grain of sand; speck; molehill, button, bubble}}. {{property_of: point; atom &c. (small quantity) R32; fragment &c. (small part) R51; powder &c. R330; point of a pin, mathematical point; minutiae &c. (unimportance) R643}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(tree): @P2.3.2.1.2.3, bonsai, bonsai tree}}. {{measured_by(minute length): micrometer; vernier}}. {{measured_by(microscopic object): microscope, @R445}}. {{measured_by(microscopic object)}} microphotography, photomicrography, micrography[obs3]; microscopy. {{measured_by(microscopic object)}} photomicrograph, microphotograph. V. be little &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell. {{&caused_by: @R36, make small, decrease, reduce, contraction, R195}}. Adj. little; small &c. (in quantity) R32; minute, diminutive; microzoal; inconsiderable &c. (unimportant) R643; exiguous, puny, tiny, wee, petty, petit, petite, miniature. {{has_high_intensity}} microscopic. undersized; midget, pygmy, pigmy[obs3], elfin, minikin[obs3], dwarf, dwarfed, dwarfish, Liliputian. spare, stunted, limited; cramp, cramped; pollard[obs2], dapper[obs2], pocket; portative[obs3], portable; duodecimo[obs3]. dumpy, squat; short &c. R201. impalpable, intangible, evanescent; imperceptible, invisible, inappreciable, insignificant, inconsiderable, trivial; infinitesimal, homoeopathic[obs3]. {[of(powder)]} finely divided. {[of(suspension)]} colloidal. corpuscular, molecular; atomic, submolecular; subatomic. rudimentary, rudimental; embryonic, vestigial. scant, scraggy, scrubby, weazen[obs2]; thin &c. (narrow) R203; granular &c. (powdery) R330; shrunk &c. R195; brevipennate[obs3]. Adv. minutely, microscopically, imperceptibly, inappreciably, invisibly; on a small scale; infinitesimally; in a small compass, in a nutshell. P1.2.2.2 LINEAR PROPERTY (R200 TO R224) N. {{has_property(line)}} linear property, linearity. <-- 200. Length 201. Shortness 202. Breadth 203. Narrowness Thickness Thinness Note: 204. Layer 205. Filament to Form Relative length 206. Height 207. Lowness 208. Depth 209. Shallowness To: Orientation 212. Verticality 213. Horizontality 214. Pendency 215. Support 216. Parallelism 217. Obliquity 218. Inversion 219. Crossing Note: 210. Summit 211. Base to Location, NOTE: 220. Exteriority 221. Interiority 222. Centrality 223. Covering 224. Lining to P1.2.2.3 Centrical Dimensions --> <-- area, volume have separated listings, see R200a and R200b. [[length]]. These properties may refer to space or time, both of which are physical measures. hi? --> P1.2.2.2.1 LINEAR MEASURE N. linear measure. P1.2.2.2.1.1 ABSOLUTE LINEAR MEASURE (R200 - R203) N. abolute linear measure. <-- this "length" is the general concept of distance in a line . Longness is at R200d --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.1 LENGTH (R200) #200. Length. N. {{has_property(physical object)}} length, linear dimension, absolute linear measure. longness, longitude, span. {{measure_of: @R198, mileage, distance}}. {{has_large_quantity: lengthiness, R200d}}. {{has_property}} unidimensionality. {{measures}} spatial separation, spatial interval. {{property_of(smallness, R192)}} minute length, hair, hair's breadth. {{property_of: @R244, line, bar, rule, stripe, streak, spoke}}. {[of(circle)]} {{property_of: @R244, radius, diameter, circumference}}. {{affected_by: lengthening, expansion, @P2.4.2.4.1}}. {{has_units}} line, nail, inch, hand, palm, foot, cubit, yard, ell, fathom, rood, pole, furlong, mile, league; chain, link; arpent[obs3], handbreadth[obs3], jornada [obs3][U.S.], kos[obs3], vara[obs3]. {{has_units}} {[in_frame(astronomy)]} {{property_of(lengthiness)}} astronomical unit, AU; light-year; parsec. {{has_units}} {[in_frame(metric system)]} nanometer, nm, millimicron; micron, micrometer; millimeter, mm; centimeter, cm; decimeter, dm; meter, m; kilometer, km. {{{has_relative_val(kilometer + meter): "1000"}}}. {{measured_by: @P2.3.1.3.12.3.1, ruler, micrometer, caliper, calipers, vernier, vernier caliper, pedometer, perambulator[obs2], range finder}}. <-- isostichs are objects of similar type with the same length. Used in nucleic acid research. --> {{has_subtype(role, @R9)}} {{has_subtype($physical object[num=>1])}} isostich, isostichs[pl]. &&{{has_property($physical object[num=all]): length[val=equal]}}. V. extend, be unidimensional, be one-dimensional, be linear. {[in_frame(perspective)]} enfilade, look along, view in perspective. Adj. linear, one-dimensional, unidimensional. lineal; longitudinal. as long as my arm, as long as today and tomorrow; unshortened. <-- expand unshortened; see. (shorten &c. R201) --> aligned. Adv. lengthwise, linearly, at length, longitudinally, endlong[obs3], along; in tandem; in a line &c. (continuously) R69; in perspective. from end to end, from stem to stern, from head to foot, from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot, from top to toe; fore and aft. P1.2.2.2.1.1.2 BIDIMENSIONALITY (R200A) #200a. Bidimensionality. N. bidimensionality, two-dimensionality. {{has_subtype: P1.2.4.3.1.2, planarity}}. {{property_of(planarity)}} plane. {{property_of: surface, R220}}. {{has_units: square centimeter; square inch; square foot; square yard; square mile, @R200e}}. {{has_units: acre; hectare, @R200e}}. {{has_units}} square centimeter; square inch; square foot; square yard; square mile. {{has_units}} acre; hectare. {{property_of: area, R200e}}. {{property_of}} polygon; circle; ellipse. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} triangle, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, undecagon, dodecagon. {{has_subtype(rectangele)}} square; oblong. {{has_subtype(polygon)}} regular polygon. {{has_subtype(regular polygon)}} equilateral triangle; square; regular pentagon, regular hexagon. {{has_subtype(triangle)}} isosceles triangle. V. be bidimensional, be two-dimensional. Adj. bidimensional, two-dimensional, planar; square; quadratic. P1.2.2.2.1.1.2.R1 AREA #200e. Area. N. {{property_of(bidimensionality)}} area. surface area. {{has_units}} square centimeter; square inch; square foot; square yard. {{has_units}} {[of(land, R342, P2.3.1.1.6.2.1)]} acre; hectare; square mile. Adj. square. P1.2.2.2.1.1.3 TRIDIMENSIONALITY1 #200b. Tridimensionality. N. tridimensionality. {{property_of: solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1}}. {{property_of: volume, R200f}}. {{studied_in: solid geometry}}. {{studied_in: stereochemistry}}. {[in_frame(painting/drawing)]} perspective. Adj. three-dimensional, "three-D", "3-D", solid, cubic. stereoscopic. steric. <-- [[volume]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.3.R1 VOLUME #200f. Volume. N. {{property_of(tridimensionality)}} volume, capacity, cubic measure. bulk, tonnage, tunnage. {[of(ship)]} displacement. {{property_of: solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1}}. {{property_of}} load, cargo. {{has_units}} cubic inch; cubic foot; cubic yard, yard. {{has_units}} cubic centimeter, milliliter; liter; microliter, lambda. {{has_units}} bushel, peck. {{has_units}} truckload; wagonload; shipload; cartload[obs3]; busload; armload; fistfull. {{has_units}} {[in_frame(cooking, P2.8.7)]} pinch; spoonful; teaspoon, teaspoonfull; tablespoon, tablespoonfull; heaping teaspoon; cup. {{has_units}} {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} pint, quart, gallon. P1.2.2.2.1.1.4 HYPERVOLUME (R200C) #200c. Hypervolume. N. hypervolume. {{property_of: hypersolid}}. {{has_property}} multidimensionality. {{units_of}} hyperspace. <-- [[lengthy]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.5 LENGTHINESS (R200D) #200d. Lengthiness. N. {{has_large_quantity(length, R200)}} {{antonym_of(shortness, R201)}} lengthiness, longness, great length. {[of(time)]} {{has_extreme}} endlessness. {[of(time)]} longevity. {[of(age)]} longevity. {{&caused_by}} {{has_subtype(increase[of=length], R65)}} lengthening, stretching, elongation; prolongation, protraction; distension. {[of(width)]} great width. V. be long &c. adj.; stretch out, sprawl; extend to, reach to, stretch to; make a long arm, "drag its slow length along". {{&caused_by}} lengthen, extend, elongate; stretch; produce, protract; render long, render lengthy. {{&caused_by}} prolong, draw out, spin out[obs2], let out. {{&caused_by}} {[in_frame(speech)]} drawl. {{&caused_by: @R194, lengthen, distend, expand}}. Adj. long, lengthy; lengthened, elongated, extended, outstretched, wiredrawn[obs3], longsome[obs3]. {[of(period, R108): @R110, long, lengthy]}. P1.2.2.2.1.1.6 SHORTNESS #201. Shortness. N. {{antonym_of(lengthiness, R200d)}} shortness. a span. {[in_frame(speech)]} conciseness, compactness, brevity. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): littleness &c. R193]}. {{&caused_by}} shortening, abbreviation, curtailment, decurtation[obs1], abbreviature[obs3]. {{&caused_by}} compacting, squeezing, abridgment, concision, retrenchment. {{&caused_by: reduction &c. (contraction) R195; epitome &c. (compendium) R596}}. {[of(communication, R527)]} {{&caused_by: @R572, elision, ellipsis, truncation, conciseness}}. {[in_frame(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3)]} {{performed_by: abridger; summarizer, P2.3.2.3.6.5.79}}. {{property_of: summary, executive summary; outline}}. V. be short. {{&caused_by}} render short &c. adj.; shorten, curtail, abridge, abbreviate, take in, reduce; compress &c. (contract) R195; epitomize &c. R596. {{&caused_by}} retrench, cut short, obtruncate[obs3]; scrimp, cut, chop up, hack, hew; cut down, pare down; clip, dock, lop, prune, shear, shave, mow, reap, crop; snub; truncate, pollard. {{&caused_by}} stunt, nip, check the growth of, nip in the bud. {[in_frame(drawing)]} {{&caused_by}} foreshorten. Adj. short; compendious, compact; stubby, scrimp. short by. {[when_modifying(sphere)]} oblate. {{&caused_by}} shorn, stubbed; stunted. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} stumpy, thickset, pug; chunky [U.S.], decurtate[obs3]; retrousse[obs3]; stocky; squab, squabby[obs3]; squat, dumpy; little &c. R193. {{&caused_by}} truncated, shortened; cut, clipped, pruned. {{&caused_by}} reduced, compressed, squeezed, compacted. {[in_frame(time)]} brief. {[when_modifying(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/speech): @R572, concise, curt, summary]}. {[when_modifying(document, M8.1.3.2.2.4.3/speech)]} {{&consequence_of: @R572, abridged, summarized, abbreviated, condensed, distilled, outlined}}. {{&caused_by}} curtailed, curtailed of its fair proportions. Adv. shortly &c. adj.; in short &c. (concisely) R572. <-- As with length, thickness as an abstract concept and the property of being thick are separated and distinguished here by a relation of magnitude. [[width]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.7 BREADTH #202. Breadth. N. {{has_property(geometric object, @P1.2.4)}} {{has_conceptual_part(size)}} breadth, width, thickness. latitude, amplitude; superficial extent &c. (space) R180. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(chord, @P1.2.4)}} {{traversed_by(center, @P1.2.4)}} diameter. {{has_part(diameter)}} radius. {{has_subtype(radius[of=polymer])}} {[in_frame(solution, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} radius of gyration. {{{has_relative_val(diameter + radius): "2"}}}. {{has_subtype(diameter[of=cylindrical opening])}} bore, caliber. {{has_property: unidimensionality, @R200}}. {{has_large_quantity: thickness, R202a}}. {{has_small_quantity: thinness, R203}}. <-- note that the thinness of a plane or sheet is not distinguished here from other types of thinness, as of a rope. Perhaps it should be. --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.7.1 Thickness #202a. Thickness. N. {{has_large_quantity(breadth, R200)}} {{antonym_of: thinness, R203}} {{has_conceptual_part(size)}} thickness, broadness, wideness, crassitude[obs3]. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3): obesity, fatness, corpulence &c. (size) R192]}. {{&caused_by: dilation &c. (expansion) R194}}. V. be broad &c. adj.; become broad, render broad &c. adj.; expand &c. R194; thicken, widen. Adj. thick, broad, wide, ample. fanlike, discous[obs3]; outspread, outstretched; "wide as a church-door" [Romeo and Juliet]; latifoliate[obs3], latifolous[obs3]. {[when_modifying(person, P2.3.2.3)]} dumpy, squab, squat, thickset; thick as a rope. {[when_modifying(room)]} spacious, capacious, roomy, immense. {{caused_by}} distended, extended. <-- narrowness is not a linear measure, but exclusively a property, which is the antonym of thickness at R202a. Note that the thinness of a layer is not the same as the thinness of a rope. We may call a rope or thread slender, but in English there is no easy way to specify the thinness of a sheet or plane . The thinness of a plane is not usually referred to as narrowness, but a wall may be narrow. So we keep both together, as in Roget. [[thin, narrow]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.1.7.2 NARROWNESS (R203) #203. Narrowness. N. {{antonym_of(thickness, R202a)}} narrowness. fineness. thinness[1], narrow cross section, slenderness, slimness. thinness[2], planarity, tenuousness, tenuity[obs3], small thickness. <-- we try to define the "thinness" of a sheet here. It seems clumsy --> {{property_of(thinness[2])}} sheet form, planar form. {{has_property(sheet form): $width; $depth; $height}}. &&{{{has_relative_value($width + $height): ">50"}}}. &&{{{has_relative_value($depth + $height): ">50"}}}. &&{{has_orientation($width): horizontal}}. &&{{has_orientation($depth): horizontal}}. &&{{has_orientation($depth): vertical}}. {{&caused_by(slenderness): contraction, R195, P2.4.2.4.2}}. {{has_subtype}} {{similar_to(translucence): diaphaneity}}. emaciation, macilency[obs3], marcor[obs1]. closeness, exility[obs3]; exiguity &c. (little) R193. {{property_of}} monolayer. {{caused_by: epitaxial deposition[Engin]}}. {{property_of}} monolayer. {{has_subtype(slenderness)}} {[of(person, P2.3.2.3)]} emaciation, macilency[obs3], marcor[obs1]. {{property_of(slenderness)}} hair's breadth, finger's breadth; strip, streak, vein. {{property_of: line}}. {{property_of: @P1.2.4.2.3.1, R205, slip, filament, thread, fiber}}. {{property_of: @P1.2.4.2.3.1 , R204, layer, sheet, foil, film, shaving, slice}}. {{property_of: paper}}. {{has_subtype: constriction, narrowing, @P1.2.4.3.1.11 }}. {{property_of: skeleton, shadow, anatomy, lantern jaws, mere skin and bone}}. {{property_of: @R51, A3.4, slice, shaving}}. V. be narrow, be slim. become narrow, narrow, thin. {{has_subtype(become narrow): @P1.2.4.3.1.11, narrow, taper, constrict}}. contract &c. R195. render narrow &c. adj.; waste away. Adj. narrow, close; slender, thin, fine; gossamer; taper, slim, slight-made; scant, scanty; spare, delicate, incapacious[obs3]. contracted &c. R195. unexpanded, unenlarged, unincreased, undilated. {{has_high_level(thin)}} wafer-thin, razor-thin, thin as a hair, thinner than a hair; thin as a wafer; paper-thin. {[of(filament, R205)]} thread-like &c. (filament) R205. {[of(filament, R205)]} capillary, finespun[obs3]. {{has_high_level(slender)}} slender as a thread. {[of(person, P2.3.2.3/beast, @R366)]} lean, skinny; lank, lanky. {{has_high_level(skinny)}} meager, gaunt, weedy; scrawny, macilent[obs3]; slinky [U.S.]; emaciated, starved, bony, wasted, wasted away, starveling. {{has_metaphor}} herring gutted; worn to a shadow, lean as a rake [Chaucer]; thin as a rail, thin as a lath, thin as a whipping post; hatchet-faced; lantern-jawed. attenuated, shriveled, extenuated, tabid[obs3], marcid[obs1], barebone, rawboned. {{has_extreme}} {[of(layer)]} monomolecular. <-- linear measure relative to a surface. As with length, break away the abstract property from the property of being high. [[HEIGHT]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.2 RELATIVE LINEAR MEASURE (R206 - R209) N. linear measure relative to a surface. <-- we need to distinguish height as an interval of space, and as a property of a physical object. Thus we have a height which is a general term, and a height which is a property of a solid object(like length and width). This latter has its primary location at P1.2.4.2.3, "solid form". --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.1 HEIGHT (R206) #206. Height. N. {{has_subtype(spatial interval, R198)}} {{property_of(above[2][pobj=surface], @R206a)}} height[1], distance above a surface. {{has_subtype}} {{has_subtype(length, R200)}} {{has_property(solid object)}} {{property_of(above[2][pobj=supporting surface, P1.2.2.3.1.1], R206a): height, @P1.2.4.2.3}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(above[2][pobj=sea level], R206a)}} altitude, elevation. eminence, pitch. altimetry &c. (angel) R244; batophobia[obs3]. <-- "high" may be something on the ground or in the air; "tall" is usually on the ground. This entry is actually for "tall" --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.2 HIGHNESS (R206A) #206a. Highness. N. {{antonym_of(lowness, R207)}} {{has_large_quantity(height, R106)}} highness, loftiness. tallness; sublimity. stature, procerity[obs3]; prominence &c. R250. {{property_of: mountain, @R342}}. {{has_metaphor(mountain)}} Everest. {{property_of: colossus, @R192; giant; giraffe}}. {{property_of: @R342, highland, mount, mountain, peak, hill, alto, butte, promontory; ridge, dune, uplands; heights; bluff, cliff}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.10.4, tower, pillar, column, monument, steeple, spire, minaret, campanile, turret, dome, cupola}}. {{property_of: skyscraper, P2.3.1.3.10.2.2}}. {{property_of: obelisk, @P2.3.1.3.14.1}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(pole, @P2.3.1.3.1.1)}} {{orientation_of(vertical, R212)}} vertical pole, upright pole. {{has_subtype(vertical pole)}} pikestaff; maypole. {{has_subtype(vertical pole)}} {{function_of(display[obj=flag, @M8.1.3.2.1.1.1], @R525)}} flagstaff, flagpole. {{has_subtype(vertical pole)}} {{has_part(sailing ship)}} mast. {{has_subtype(mast)}} top mast, topgallant mast. {{property_of: @R223, roof, ceiling, covering}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2, high water, high tide, flood tide, spring tide}}. {{has_extreme(highness): flying, @R267a}}. V. be high, be tall, be lofty; tower, soar, command. cap, culminate; overhang, hang over, impend, beetle, bestride, ride, mount; perch, surmount; cover &c. R223; overtop &c. (be superior) R33; stand on tiptoe. become high &c. adj.; grow higher, grow taller; upgrow[obs3]; rise &c. (ascend) R305. render high &c. adj.; heighten &c. (elevate) R307. Adj. high, elevated, eminent, exalted, lofty, tall; towering, beetling, soaring, hanging [gardens]. gigantic &c. (big) R192; Patagonian; upper; highest &c. (topmost) R210; high reaching, insessorial[obs3], perching. {[of(land, R342)]} upland, moorland; hilly, knobby [U.S.]; mountainous, alpine, subalpine, heaven kissing; cloudtopt[obs3], cloudcapt[obs3], cloudtouching[obs3]; aerial. overhanging &c. v.; incumbent, overlying, superincumbent[obs3], supernatant, superimposed; prominent &c. R250. tall as a maypole, tall as a poplar, tall as a steeple, lanky &c. (thin) R203. Adv. on high, high up, aloft, up, above[1], aloof, overhead; airwind[obs3]; upstairs, abovestairs[obs3]; in the clouds; on tiptoe, on stilts, on the shoulders of; over head and ears; breast high. over, upwards; from top to bottom &c. (completely) R52. Prep. above[2], over. on top of, on. Phr. high as a kite; e meglio cader dalle finistre che dal tetto[It: it's better to fall from the window than from the roof]. <-- [[low]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.3 LOWNESS (R207) #207. Lowness. N. {{antonym_of(highness, R206a)}} lowness &c. adj.; debasement, depression, prostration &c. (horizontal) R213; depression &c. (concave) R252. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.2.1, molehill, lowlands}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.10.2, basement floor, ground floor, rez de chaussee[Fr], cellar, subbasement}}. {{has_part(ship, R273)}} {{property_of: @P2.3.1.3.16.3, hold, bilge}}. {{has_part(person, P2.3.2.3)}} {{property_of: feet, heels}}. {{property_of: @P2.3.1.1.6.1.2, low water, low tide, ebb tide, neap tide, spring tide}}. V. be low; lie low, lie flat; underlie; crouch, slouch, wallow, grovel; lower &c. (depress) R308. Adj. low, neap, debased; nether, nether most. {{rel_loc_of(below[loc=ground surface, @R342])}} underground, below ground. flat, level with the ground; lying low &c. v.; crouched, subjacent, squat. prostrate &c. (horizontal) R213. Adv. under; beneath, underneath; below; downwards; adown[obs3]; under foot, under ground; down stairs, below stairs; at a low ebb; below par. Prep. at the foot of; at the bottom of. Phr. Lower than a snake's belly. <-- "depth" is a measure below any surface --> P1.2.2.2.1.2.4 DEPTH (R208) #208. Depth. N. {{has_subtype(spatial interval, R198)}} {{location_of(below[obj=surface, R220])}} depth, deepness; profundity. {{property_of: @R252, depression, concavity, pit}}. {{property_of: opening, R260}}. {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} {{location_of(land, R342)}} {{property_of}} hollow, pit, shaft, well, crater. {{location_of(Earth's surface)}} {{location_of(land, R342)}} {{property_of}} {{property_of(mythological)}} bowels of the earth, bottomless pit, hell. {{property_of: gulf &c. R198}}. {{property_of}} subterranean feature. {{measured_by(subterranean feature): seismology; seismograph, seismometer}}. {[of(water)]} {{measured_by}} soundings, depth of water, water, submersion. {[of(ship's hull)]} draft, draught. {[of(water)]} {{measured_by}} bathymetry. {[of(water)]} {{measured_by}} {{has_subtype(measuring instrument, P2.3.1.3.12.3)}} sonar, side-looking sonar; bathometer; plummet, sound, probe; sounding rod, sounding line; lead. V. be deep &c. adj.; render deep &c. adj.; deepen. plunge &c. R310; sound, fathom, plumb, cast the lead, heave the lead, take soundings, make soundings; dig &c. (excavate) R252. Adj. deep, deep seated; profound, sunk, buried. {{property_of: submerged &c. R310}}. {[of(water)]} subaqueous, submarine. {[of(land, R342)]} subterranean, subterraneous, subterrene[obs3]; underground. {{has_high_level}} bottomless, soundless, fathomless; unfathomed, unfathomable; abysmal; deep as a well; bathycolpian[obs3]; benthal[obs3], benthopelagic[obs3]; downreaching[obs3], yawning. knee deep, ankle deep. Adv. beyond one's depth, out of one's depth; over head and ears; mark twine, mark twain. P1.2.2.2.1.2.5 SHALLOWNESS (R209) #209. Shallowness. N. shallowness; superficiality. {{property_of}} shoals; mere scratch. Adj. shallow; slight, superficial. skin deep, ankle deep, knee deep; just enough to wet one's feet; shoal, shoaly[obs3]. <-- [[hiatus]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3 INTERVAL (R198) #198. Interval. N. {{has_subtype(discontinuity, R70)}} {{has_subtype(interval, @R44)}} {{measure_of(length, R200)}} {{has_subtype(void, @R187)}} interval, space, spatial interval, distance, gap, separation, spatial separation, physical separation, interspace[obs3]. {{&!caused_by: @P2.6.1.2.4.4, parting}}. {{&!caused_by: @P2.8.1, cutting, rending, sawing}}. incompleteness &c. R53. hiatus, caesura. {{has_subtype(separation)}} {{property_of(incomplete): crack, P1.2.2.2.1.3.1}}. {{metaphor_of}} {[of(time): interim (time) R106; period, interlude &c. R108]}. {{metaphor_of}} {[of(time): @R108, interruption, interregnum; syncope]}. V. be apart, be separate; be at a distance, lie at a distance. {{has_subtype: gape &c. (open) R260}}. {{&caused_by(break/fissure/fracture)}} break, fissure, fracture. Adj. {{entails(be apart)}} unconnected, discontinuous, separated, with an interval; breachy[obs3], rimose[obs3], rimulose[obs3]. separated, apart, nonadjacent, noncontiguous, non-touching. {{has_high_degree(separated)}} far between, far apart. Adv. at intervals &c. (discontinuously) R70. longo intervallo[It]. <-- [[crack]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.1 CRACK N. {{has_subtype(imperfection, R651)}} {{has_subtype(hole, R260)}} {{has_subtype(interval, R198)}} crack, gap, opening, discontinuity, solution of continuity. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(solid object[num=2])}} separated object. crevice, cleft, cranny, chap, rift. breach, rent, rupture. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(fracturing, @P2.8.1)}} fissure, break, fracture, split. {{has_subtype}} {{causes(cutting, P2.8.1)}} rip, gash, cut, slit, slice, incision. broken thread; episode. interstice, lacuna, caesura, mesh. chink, rime, scissure[obs3]. fault, flaw. creek, leak, dike, ha-ha. {{has_subtype}} {{case_of(land, R342)}} {{property_of(wide, @R202a)}} {{has_subtype(geographical feature): @P2.3.1.1.6.2.4, canyon, gorge, chasm, defile, ravine, canon, crevasse, abyss, abysm; pass, notch; gully, gulch}}. {{has_subtype(discontinuity[of=shoreline, @R342]): gulf, R343; inlet, @R343; strait, R342b}}. {{has_subtype: furrow &c. R259}}. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(wide, @R202a)}} gaping crevice, gaping crack. {{has_metaphor(gaping crack)}} yawning gulf. <-- ; hiatus maxime[Lat], hiatus valde deflendus[Lat]; parenthesis &c. (interjacence) R228. --> V. crack, fissure. Adj. cracked, fissured. gaping. <-- R194, expansion, and R195, contractions are moved to P2.4.2.4, change of shape under motion, P2.4.2 --> <-- distance here is the property of being distant --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.2 DISTANCE (R196) #196. Distance. N. {{has_large_quantity(@R198, spatial interval)}} distance; remoteness, farness[obs3], far-cry to; longinquity[obs3], elongation; offing, background; removedness[obs3]; parallax; reach, span, stride. {{part_of: space, R180}}. {{property_of: remote region; outpost, outskirt; horizon; aphelion; foreign parts, ultima Thule[Lat], ne plus ultra[Lat], antipodes}}. long range, giant's stride. {{measure_of: dispersion &c. R73}}. {{has_measure: length &c. R200}}. cosmic distance, light-years. V. be distant &c. adj.; extend to, stretch to, reach to, spread to, go to, get to, stretch away to; range. remain at a distance; keep away, keep off, keep aloof, keep clear of, stand away, stand off, stand aloof, stand clear of, stay away, keep one's distance. [transitive] distance; distance oneself from. Adj. {{has_property(distant place)}} distant, far, far off, far away, remote, distal, wide of. stretching to &c. v.; yon, yonder; ulterior; transmarine[obs3], transpontine[obs3], transatlantic, transalpine; far out, way out, way out in left field; inaccessible, out of the way. tramontane; ultramontane, ultramundane[obs3]; hyperborean, antipodean; incontiguous[obs3]. unapproached[obs3], unapproachable. telescopic. Adv. far, far off, far away; afar, afar off; off; away; a long way off, a great way off, a good way off; wide away, aloof; wide of, clear of; out of the way, out of reach; abroad, yonder, farther, further, beyond; outre mer[Fr], over the border; out of hearing. far and wide; from pole to pole &c. (over great space) R180; to the uttermost parts, to the ends of the earth; nobody knows where, a perte de vue[Fr], out of the sphere of, wide of the mark; a far cry to. apart, asunder; wide apart, wide asunder; longo intervallo[It]; at arm's length. Phr. "distance lends enchantment" [Campbell]; "it's a long long way to Tipperary"; "out of sight, out of mind"; "over the hills and far away " [Gay]. <-- [[near]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.3 NEARNESS (R197) #197. Nearness. N. {{has_small_quantity(spatial interval, R198)}} nearness &c. adj.; proximity, propinquity; vicinity, vicinage; neighborhood, adjacency; contiguity &c. R199. short distance, step, short step; earshot, close quarters, stone's throw; bow shot, gun shot, pistol shot; hair's breadth, span. purlieus, neighborhood, vicinage, environs, alentours[Fr], suburbs, confines, banlieue[obs3], borderland; whereabouts. {{property_of: short cut, @R628}}. bystander; neighbor, borderer[obs3]. perihelion. {{has_extreme: contiguity, R199}}. {{caused_by: approach &c. R286; convergence &c. R290}}. V. be near &c. adj.; adjoin, trench on; border upon, verge upon; stand by, approximate, tread on the heels of. cling to, clasp, hug; huddle; hang upon the skirts of. hover over; burn[obs2]. hang about, hang around, haunt. touch &c. R199. bring near, draw near &c. R286; converge &c. R290; crowd &c. R72; place side by side &c. adv.. Adj. near, nigh, nearby; by, close by, close at hand, near at hand; close, neighboring; proximate, proximal; at hand, handy; near the mark, near run; home, intimate. {{has_extreme: @R199, bordering upon, contiguous, adjacent, adjoining}}. {[when_modifying(time)]} at hand, approaching, soon, imminent, upcoming, around the corner, just around the corner, just around the bend; next; last, most recent. {[of(group members, @R72)]} dense. Adv. near, nigh, nearby; hard by, fast by; close to, close upon; hard upon; at the point of; next door to; at hand, close at hand, handy; within reach, within call. within hearing, within earshot; within an ace of; but a step, not far from, at no great distance; on the verge of, on the brink of, on the skirts of; in the environs &c. n.; at one's door, at one's feet, at one's elbow, at one's finger's end, at one's side; on the tip of one's tongue; under one's nose; within a stone's throw &c. n.; in sight of, in presence of; at close quarters; cheek by jole[obs3], cheek by jowl; beside, alongside, side by side, "t^te-...-t^te"; yardarm to yardarm, at the heels of; on the confines of, at the threshold, bordering upon, verging to; in the way. closely, densely, close together, in close approximation. {{has_high_degree(near)}} very near, very close, within an inch of, within a hair's breadth of; as good as, well-nigh. about, approximately, around, approximatively[obs3]; hereabouts, thereabouts. {{has_subtype(approximately)}} {[with_object(number, R84)]} roughly, in round numbers. {{has_extreme: in juxtaposition &c. (touching) R199}}. <-- the concept of interval below is a spatial interval, which is a subtype of the abstract "disjunction, separation" at R44. But in speaking of spatial intervals, we may mean the separation itself, and sometimes the actual segment of linear space between separated points. Here we emphasize the separation aspect. This concept is the same as distance, but the "distance" of R196 refers to large distances. [[interval]] [[distance]] --> P1.2.2.2.1.3.4 CONTIGUITY #199. Contiguity. N. {{has_extreme(nearness, P1.2.2.2.1.3.3, R197)}} contiguity, contiguousness, contact, proximity, apposition, juxtaposition, coincidence. {{caused_by}} {{&has_result(approaching, @R286)}} coming in contact, making contact, coming together, meeting, contacting, coming into contact, abutment, osculation, appulse[obs3], rencontre[obs3], rencounter[obs3], abuttal[obs3]. {[of(heavenly body)]} syzygy[Astron]. {{has_subtype(coming into contact)}} {{&has_result(approaching[mode=quickly], @R286): collision}}. {{conceptual_part_of: adhesion &c. R327b}}. {{property_of: touching, @R379}}. {{property_of: borderland; frontier &c. (limit) R233}}. tangent; abutter. V. be contiguous, be in touch, be in contact, be adjacent; adjoin, join, abut on, march with; graze, touch, meet, osculate, coincide; coexist; adhere &c. R327b. {{caused_by}} {{&has_result(approach, @R286)}} come in contact, make contact, contact. {{&caused_by}}[transitive] juxtapose; contact. [transitive] {{&caused_by: join, connect (unite) R43; link (vinculum) R45}}. Adj. contiguous; touching, abutting, adjoining, grazing, in contact, in touch, in contiguity; conterminous, end to end, osculatory; pertingent[obs1]; tangential; adjacent, juxtaposed. {{antonym_of: @R198, nonadjacent, noncontiguous, separated, apart, non-touching}}. hand to hand; close to &c. (near) R197; with no interval &c. R198. <-- Linear orientation is a relation between lines or between a line and a surface. We use the terms "subject line" and "reference orientation" to describe the two directions being compared. [[orientation]] --> P1.2.2.2.2 LINEAR ORIENTATION (R212, R213, R216, R217) N. {{has_subtype(spatial relation, @R9, @A2.1)}} {{has_subtype(orientation, @P1.2.3.1.1)}} {{has_conceptual_part(angle, P1.2.4.2.1.2)}} {{has_property(line/direction)}} linear orientation, direction. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(line/direction)}} subject line. {{has_case}} reference orientation. P1.2.2.2.2.1 VERTICALITY #212. Verticality. N. {{property_of(perpendicular to a surface, @R216a)}} {{conceptual_part_of(gravity)}} verticality; erectness, uprightness. {{has_case}}{{has_subtype(reference orientation, P1.2.2.2.2): earth's surface}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(subject line)}} {{property_of}} vertical line. {{{has_orientation(vertical line + earth's surface): perpendicular}}}. {{has_conceptual_part: right angle, normal; azimuth circle}}. elevation, erection; square. {{measured_by}} {{orientation_of(vertical)}} {{has_subtype(line, @R205)}} plumb line, plummet. {{property_of: wall, precipice, cliff}}. V. be vertical, be upright, be erect, be standing, be perpendicular, be plumb, be normal; stand up, stand on end, stand erect, stand upright; stick up, cock up, point upward. [transitivr] render vertical; set up, stick up, raise up, put up, stand up, cock up; erect, rear, raise on its legs. Adj. vertical, upright, erect, perpendicular, plumb, normal, straight, bolt upright; rampant; standing, standing up, pointing upward; rectangular, orthogonal &c. R216a. Adv. vertically, upright, in an upright position, in an upright orientation; up, on end; up on end, right on end; a plomb[Fr], endwise; one one's legs; at right angles. <-- horizontality and flatness are different, but were combined in Roget. Horizontality is a property of a line or a plane, flatness is a property of a plane. So we separate them --> P1.2.2.2.2.2 HORIZONTALITY (R213) #213. Horizontality. N. {{property_of(parallel to a surface, @R216)}} {{conceptual_part_of(gravity)}} horizontality, levelness. {{has_case}}{{has_subtype(reference orientation, P1.2.2.2.2): earth's surface}}. {{{has_orientation(subject line, @P1.2.2.2.2 + earth's surface): parallel}}}. level, dead level. {{conceptual_part_of: @P1.2.4.3.1.2, R251, flatness, plane, dead flat, level plane}}. {{conceptual_part_of: stratum &c. R204}}. recumbency, lying down &c. v.; reclination[obs3], decumbence[obs3]; decumbency[obs3], discumbency[obs1]; proneness &c. adj.; accubation[obs3], supination[obs3], resupination[obs3], prostration; azimuth. {{property_of: plain, R344; floor, platform; billiard table; terrace, estrade[obs3], esplanade, parterre}}. {{property_of: bowling green; cricket ground; croquet ground, croquet lawn}}. {{has_subtype(plain, R344, P2.3.1.1.6.2.2)}} {{property_of: table land, plateau, ledge; butte; mesa}}. {{measured_by: level, spirit level; transit}}. V. be horizontal &c. adj.; lie, recline, couch; lie down, lie flat, lie prostrate; sprawl, loll, sit down. render horizontal &c. adj.; lay down, lay out; level, flatten; prostrate, knock down, floor, fell. Adj. horizontal, level, even, plane. {{similar_to}} flat &c. R251; flat as a billiard table, flat as a bowling green; alluvial; calm, calm as a mill pond; smooth, smooth as glass. recumbent, decumbent, procumbent, accumbent[obs3]; lying &c. v.; prone, supine, couchant, jacent[obs3], prostrate, recubant[obs3]. Adv. horizontally &c. adj.; on one's back, on all fours, on its beam ends. <-- pendency and support include both orientation (vertical in a gravitational field) and position (below, above) and also contact, connection --> P1.2.2.2.2.3 SUSPENSION (R214) #214. Suspension. N. {{conceptual_part_of(force field, @P2.6.1.2.3)}} suspension, hanging, dangling, pendency[obs3], dependency[obs2]. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(reference orientation): force field, @P2.6.1.2.3}}. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} suspending object. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} suspended object. {{property_of}} pedicel, pedicle, peduncle. {{property_of}} {{&has_part(clothing): tail, train, flap, skirt}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(hair style): pigtail, pony tail}}. {{property_of: pendulum}}. {{property_of}} hangnail. {{has_subtype(suspending object)}} {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.11.2.1.1, fastener, hook, peg, knob, button, nail, stud, ring, staple, tenterhook; spar, horse}}. V. be pendent &c. adj.; hang, depend, swing, dangle, droop; swag; daggle[obs3], flap, trail, flow; beetle. suspend, hang, sling, hook up, hitch, fasten to, append. Adj. pendent, pendulous; pensile; hanging, dangling, drooping; beetling, jutting over, overhanging, projecting; dependent; suspended &c. v.; loose, flowing. having a peduncle &c. n.; pedunculate[obs3], tailed, caudate. P1.2.2.2.2.4 SUPPORT (R215) #215. Support. N. support, ground, foundation, base, basis; terra firma; bearing, fulcrum, bait [U.S.], caudex crib[obs3]; point d'appui[Fr], pou sto[Grk], purchase footing, hold, locus standi[Lat]; landing place, landing stage; stage, platform; block; rest, resting place. groundwork, substratum, riprap, sustentation, subvention. floor &c. (basement) R211. supporter; aid &c. R707; prop, stand, anvil, fulciment[obs1]; cue rest, jigger; monkey; stay, shore, skid, rib, truss, bandage; sleeper; stirrup, stilts, shoe, sole, heel, splint, lap, bar, rod, boom, sprit[obs3], outrigger; ratlings[obs3]. staff, stick, crutch, alpenstock, baton, staddle[obs3]; bourdon[obs3], cowlstaff[obs3], lathi[obs3], mahlstick[obs3]. {{function_of}} {{property_of(verticality)}} {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): @P2.3.1.3.10.2, post, pillar, shaft, column, pilaster, pediment, pedicle, plinth, buttress, jamb, mullion, abutment, baluster, banister, stanchion, balustrade, upright, door post, jamb, door jamb}}. {{function_of}} headstone. {{function_of}} pedestal. {{function_of}} shank, leg, socle[obs3], zocle[obs3]. {{function_of}} {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): frame, framework, skeleton; scaffold, scaffolding; beam, rafter, girder, lintel, joist, corner stone, summer, transom; rung, round, step, sill; angle rafter, hip rafter; cantilever; crown post, king post; mantel, mantle piece}}. {{function_of}} backbone, spine, vertebra, vertebrae, columella[obs3]; keystone; axle, axletree; axis; arch, mainstay. {{function_of}} trunnion, pivot, rowlock[obs3]; peg &c. (pendency) R214; tiebeam &c. (fastening) R45; thole pin[obs3]. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, board, ledge, shelf, hob, bracket, trevet[obs3], trivet, arbor, rack, slab, console}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, counter, dresser, flange, corbel, table, trestle, shoulder, perch, horse, easel, desk, clotheshorse, hatrack, retable, teapoy[obs3], mantel, mantle piece}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, seat, throne, dais, divan, musnud[obs3], chair, bench, form, stool, sofa, settee, love seat, stall, booth, pew, arm chair, easy chair, elbow chair, rocking chair, couch, fauteuil[Fr], woolsack[obs3], ottoman, settle, squab, aparejo[obs3], faldstool[obs3], horn, long chair, long sleeve chair, morris chair, wing chair, lamba chauki[obs3], lamba kursi[obs3]}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, saddle, pannel[obs3], pillion, side saddle, pack saddle, pommel}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, bed, berth, pallet, tester, crib, cot, hammock, shakedown, trucklebed[obs3], cradle, litter, stretcher, bedstead, four poster, French bed, bunk, kip, palang[obs3], bedding, bichhona, mattress, paillasse[obs3], pillow, bolster, mat, rug, cushion}}. {{function_of: @P2.3.1.3.20, footstool, hassock, tabouret[obs3], tripod, monopod}}. {{performed_by: Atlas, Persides, Caryatides, Hercules}}. <-- "lift" here is in the sense used in aviation --> {{has_subtype(support)}} {{location_of(atmosphere, @R338)}} {{has_subtype(force, P2.6.1.2.3)}} lift. {{has_subtype(lift)}} {{required_for(motion, R264)}} aerodynamic lift. {{has_subtype(lift)}} {{required_for(buoyancy, P2.6.1.6.R1.1)}} buoyant lift. <-- here we use an entailment between support and touch. For this puroose, we intend "support" to be direct support. As for "carrying" in a box, that is indirect support. --> V. support, bear, carry, hold, sustain, shoulder; hold up, back up, bolster up, shore up; uphold, upbear[obs3]; prop; under prop, under pin, under set; riprap; bandage &c. R43. {{has_subtype(support)}} {{entailed_by(touch)}} direct support. {{has_subtype(support)}} {{alternative_to(direct support)}} indirect support. [intransitive] {{reciprocal_of(support)}} be supported, be borne, be carried, be held, be sustained, be held up, be upheld[obs2]. {{has_subtype(be held up)}} be shouldered, be shorn up, be propped up. {{reciprocal_of(support)}} [transitive] be supported by, be borne by, rest upon, be held up by, be shored up by, be sustained up by. lie on, sit on, recline on, lean on, loll on, rest on, stand on, step on, repose on, abut on, bear on, be based on; have at one's back; bestride, bestraddle[obs3]. give support, furnish support, afford support, supply support, lend support, give foundations, furnish foundations, afford foundations, supply foundations, lend foundations; bottom, found, base, ground, imbed, embed. maintain, keep on foot. {{metaphor_of: aid &c. R707}}. Adj. supporting, supported &c. v.; fundamental; dorsigerous[obs3]. Adv. astride on, straddle. P1.2.2.2.2.5 PARALLELISM (R216) #216. Parallelism. N. {{antonym_of(perpendicularity, R216a)}} parallelism; coextension[obs3]; equidistance[obs3]. {[of(action, @A7/individuality, R79): similarity &c. R17]}. parallelism to a line. {{has_case(parallelism to a line)}} reference line. parallelism to a surface. {{has_case(parallelism to a surface)}} reference surface. Adj. parallel; coextensive. equidistant at all points, equidistant. parallel to a surface. parallel to a line. Adv. alongside &c. (laterally) R236. P1.2.2.2.2.6 PERPENDICULARITY (R216A) #216a. Perpendicularity. N. {{antonym_of(paralellism, R216)}} perpendicularity, orthogonality. {{has_conceptual_part: right angle}}. perpendicularity to a surface. {{has_subtype(perpendicularity to a surface): verticality, R212}}. V. be perpendicular, be orthogonal; intersect at right angles, be rectangular, be at right angles to, intersect at ninety degrees; have no correlation. Adj. orthogonal, perpendicular; rectangular; uncorrelated. P1.2.2.2.2.7 OBLIQUITY #217. Obliquity. N. {{has_subtype(relation, R9)}} obliquity. {{has_case: $line[num=2]}}. &&{{has_property($line[num=2]): intersecting, @R219}}. {{property_of}} inclination, slope, slant, inclining, sloping, slanting, slopeness[obs3]. {{property_of}} leaning. {{has_case(leaning): $vertical line}}. &&{{has_case(leaning)}} leaning line. &&{{{has_orientation($vertical line + leaning line): oblique}}}. {{member_of}} crookedness. {{property_of}} bevel, tilt; bias, twist, swag. {{has_subtype(leaning)}} list, cant, lurch. {{similar_to: distortion &c. R243; bend &c. (curve) R245}}. {{property_of(leaning): Leaning tower of Pisa}}. {{property_of}} {{has_subtype(angle, @R244a)}} oblique angle. {{&has_part(land, R342)}} {[of(land, R342)]} acclivity, incline, slope, rise, ascent, gradient, khudd[obs3], rising ground. {{part_of(slope)}} hill, bank. {{&has_part(land, R342)}} {[of(land, R342)]} declivity, decline, declination, downhill, dip, fall, devexity[obs1]. {{has_subtype(slope)}} gentle slope, easy ascent, easy descent; steep slope, rapid slope. {{has_high_intensity(declination)}} steepness. {{has_high_intensity(steepness)}} precipitousness, near-verticality. {{property_of(steepness): @R342, bluff, escarpment, palisade}}. {{property_of(precipitousness)}} precipitous slope, precipitous decline. {{property_of(precipitousness): @R342, cliff, drop, dropoff}}. {{has_extreme(incline)}} sheer wall, cliff. shelving beach; talus; monagne Russe[Fr]; facilis descensus averni[Lat]. V. be oblique, lack parallelism. lean, slope, incline. {{&caused_by: intersect, @R219}}. Adj. oblique, glancing. inclining, sloping, slanting. {{&consequence_of: intersecting, @R219}}. Adv. obliquely, sidelong, sideways, at an oblique angle, at a glancing angle, sideling[obs2], like the move of the knight on a chessboard. P1.2.2.2.2.8 INVERSE [[REVERSAL]] [[INVERSE]] #218. Inverse. N. inverse, reverse, invert, reversal, retroversion. {{result_of}} reversion, inversion; eversion. subversion, introversion. {{similar_to: contraposition &c. R237; contrariety &c. R14}}. transposition, metastasis, transposal[obs3]; metathesis; hysteron proteron[Grk], parenthesis[obs2], anastrophy[obs3], hyperbaton[obs3], anastrophe[obs3], hypallage[obs3], synchysis[obs3], tmesis[obs3]. pronation and supination[Anat]. {{has_beginning(reversion)}} turn of the tide. {{property_of: palindrome, @R562}}. V. [intransitive] be inverted, be reversed. {{caused_by}} reverse, turn around, turn about. {{caused_by}} {{has_subtype(move, R264)}} turn to the right about, go round, go about, go to the right about, wheel round, wheel about, wheel to the right about. {{caused_by}} [transitive] reverse; invert, subvert, retrovert[obs3], introvert; culbuter[obs3]; transpose, put the cart before the horse; turn the tables. Adj. inverted, reversed, turned around. wrong side out; inside out; supine. inverse. {{has_consequence(reversed): reverse &c. (contrary) R14; opposite &c. R237}}. Adv. inversely &c. adj.; hirdy-girdy[obs3]; heels over head, head over heels. Phr. the tail wagging the dog. P1.2.2.2.2.9 CROSSING [[NETWORK]] #219. Crossing. N. {{conceptual_part_of(angle)}} crossing &c. v.; intersection, interdigitation; decussation[obs3], transversion[obs3]. convolution &c. R248. {{part_of(crossing[num=>2])}} network; lattice. {{has_subtype(network)}} {{part_of(crossing[num=>2])}} {{property_of(two-dimensional)}} grid, gridwork. {{has_subtype(network)}} two-dimensional network. {{has_subtype(grid)}} mesh, net, plexus, web, meshwork; plait, trellis, wattle, reticle. {{has_large_quantity(fiber)}} {{has_subtype(grid)}} weave, woven material. {{caused_by(network)}} reticulation; inosculation[obs3], anastomosis, intertexture[obs3], mortise. {{formed_by(weave)}} weaving, interweaving. {{has_subtype(weave)}} twill, skein, sleeve; mat, matting, tracery, fretwork, filigree; tissue, netting, mokes[obs3]. {{has_subtype(grid)}} grating, grille, gridiron. {{part_of(grid): graph, graph paper; coordinates}}. {{has_subtype(network)}} felt, lace; wicker. {{property_of}} cross, chain, wreath, braid, cat's cradle, knot; entangle &c. (disorder) R59. {{has_subtype(network)}} {{has_subtype(fiber material, P2.3.1.3.1.2.6)}} {{property_of(woven): cloth, fabric; linen, muslin, cambric}}. {{property_of: webfoot[web-footed animal] }}. {{&has_part(highway/road): level crossing}}. V. cross, decussate[obs3]; intersect, interlace, intertwine, intertwist[obs3], interweave, interdigitate, interlink. twine, entwine, weave, inweave[obs3], twist, wreathe; anastomose[Med], inosculate[obs3], dovetail, splice, link; lace, tat. mat, plait, plat, braid, felt, twill; tangle, entangle, ravel; net, knot; dishevel, raddle[obs3]. Adj. crossing, crossed, intersecting; entwining, intertwining; matted, twisted, interwoven; transverse. cross, cruciform, crucial; reticular, reticulated, retiform[obs3]; areolar[obs3], cancellated[obs3], grated, barred, streaked; textile; crossbarred[obs3], cruciate[obs3], palmiped[obs3], secant; web-footed. Adv. cross, thwart, athwart, transversely; at grade [U.S.]; crosswise. <-- Roget Name: CENTRICAL DIMENSIONS That is, dimensions having reference to a center --> P1.2.2.3 SOLID RELATIONS (R220 TO R224 AND R225 TO R239) N. solid relation. <-- Moved to here from linear dimensions: P1.2.2.3.1 EXTERIOR RELATIONS 220. Exteriority 223. Covering 1. General..... 225. Investment 227. Surroundings, Circumjacence 229. Circumscription 230. Outline 231. Edge 232. Enclosure 233. Limit 2. Special... 234. Front 235. Rear 236. Laterality 237. Contraposition 238. Dextrality 239. Sinistrality --> <-- to Interior: 221. Interiority 222. Centrality 224. Lining 228. Interjacence (exit?? ) 226. Divestment --> <-- the Roget "exteriority" had the concept of "surface, outside part" mixed with externality, which has the property of extraneousness (R57). We separate the two by making R220 be surface only, and adding R220a. A number of words (e.g. outside) have both senses. --> P1.2.2.3.1 EXTERIOR RELATION N. exterior relation. <-- this surface is the surface of a solid. THe plane is at "bidimensionality" --> P1.2.2.3.1.1 SURFACE (R220) [[SURFACE]] #220. Surface. N. {{antonym_of(interior, R221)}} {{has_part(solid, P1.2.4.2.3.1)}} {{location_of(edge, R231)}} surface, outside, exterior; superficies, superstratum[obs3]. {{location_of: skin &c. (covering) R223}}. face, facet; disk, disc; extrados[obs3]. {{has_subtype}} {{property_of(flat)}} flat surface. {{has_property}} superficiality, exteriority[obs3]; excentricity[obs3]; eccentricity. {{has_subtype(boundary line, @R233)}} {{property_of(interposition, R228)}} interface. {[of(liquid, P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)]} {{has_subtype(interface)}} meniscus. {{has_property: circumjacence &c. R227}}. {{location_of: @P2.3.1.3.6.7.1, surface pattern, design}}. {[of(room)]} {{has_subtype: wall; ceiling}}. {{has_subtype}} {{exhibited_by(support[obj=physical object], P1.2.2.2.2.4)}} {{orientation_of(horizontal)}} supporting surface. {{has_subtype(supporting surface): Earth's surface; ground}}. {{has_subtype(supporting surface)}} {{location_of(building): floor}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(body of liquid, @P2.3.1.3.1.1.1)}} {{rel_location_of(top)}} liquid surface. V. lie on the surface, lie on the outside. place exteriorly, place outwardly, place outside; put out, turn out. Adj. superficial, exterior, external, surface, on the surface; outer most; outward, outlying, outside. interfacial. skin-deep; frontal, discoid. extraregarding[obs3]; excentric[obs3], eccentric; outstanding; ecdemic[Med], exomorphic[obs3]. Adv. superficially, externally; out, with out, over, outwards, ab extra, out of doors; extra muros[Lat]. P1.2.2.3.1.2 EXTERIOR (R220A) [[EXTERIOR]] #220a. Exterior. N. {{property_of(extraneousness, R57)}} exterior, outside. {{location_of}} {[in_frame(hospital therapy): outpatient]}. {{property_of}} outlier. V. be exterior, be outside, be external. be situated externally. lie around &c. R227. Adj. {{has_subtype(extraneous, R57)}} outside, external, exterior, extralimitary[obs3]; apart, outlying. {{similar_to}} foreign. ulterior. {{has_subtype(outside[of=building, P2.3.1.3.10.2])}} outdoor; extramural. round about &c. R227. extramundane. Adv. externally. extraneously, extrinsically. {{has_mode(outdoor)}} extramurally. {{has_mode(outdoor)}} outdoors, outside, out-of-doors, in the open air, al fresco, sub Jove[Lat], sub dio[Lat], a la belle etoile[Fr]. <-- [[envelopment]] --> <-- R225. Investment, Clothing. Clothing Moved to physical objects, artifacts P2.3.1.3 Investment in the abstract belongs here --> P1.2.2.3.1.3 ENVELOPMENT (R225) #225. Envelopment. Investment. N. {{antonym_of(divestment, R225)}} envelopment, investment; wrapping. {{has_subtype: covering, R223}}. {{property_of: envelope; clothing; wrapper, @P2.3.1.3}}. V. invest; envelope, lap, involve; inwrap[obs3], enwrap; wrap. {{has_subtype: cover &c. R223}}. fold up, wrap up, lap up, muffle up; overlap; sheath, swathe, swaddle, roll up in, circumvest. <-- The headword "covering" is a physical object. The function "covering" is related. [[covering]]. The "investment, wrapping" at 223 is closely related. Needs a better division!??? Should we distinguish a complete wrapping from a simple covering on the top? These concepts are intertwined here --> P1.2.2.3.1.3.1 COVERING (R233) #223. Covering. N. {{rel_loc_of(surface, R220)}} covering[1], cover; blanket. {{has_case}} {{has_subtype(physical object)}} covered object. {{has_subtype}} {{connected_to(covered object)}} coating, shell, coat. {{has_subtype(coating)}} {{&has_part(protozoan)}} pellicle. cortex. {{has_subtype(coating[of=fruit])}} {{has_part(fruit)}} peel, rind. canopy. {{has_subtype(coating[of(ceramic, @P2.3.1.3.1)], P1.2.2.3.1.3.1): @R847, glaze, glazing}}. {{has_subtype(canopy)}} baldachin, baldachino[obs3], baldaquin[obs3]; tilt, awning, tent, marquee, tente d'abri[Fr], umbrella, parasol, sunshade. {{has_subtype: veil, @R424; shield &c. (defense) R717}}. {{has_part(building, P2.3.1.3.10.2): roof, ceiling, thatch, tile; pantile; tiling, slates, slating, leads}}. barrack [U.S.], plafond, planchment [obs3][U.S.]. {{has_subtype: shed &c. (abode) R189}}. {{has_subtype}} {{has_part(closed container): @R191, top}}. {{has_subtype(cover)}} {{property_of(small, A32)}} {{has_subtype(top, @R191)}} lid, covercle[obs1]; cap. door, operculum; bulkhead [U.S.]. {{has_subtype}} wallpaper. {[of(skin/wound)]} bandage, plaster, lint, wrapping, dossil[obs3], finger stall. {[of(bed)]} coverlet, counterpane, sheet, bedsheet, quilt, tarpaulin, blanket, comforter. {[of(floor)]} rug, carpet, drugget[obs3], throw rug; linoleum. {[of(mechanism)]} housing, casing, case. {[of(chair, @P2.3.1.3.20.1)]} antimacassar. {[of(pillow, @P2.3.1.3.20.2)]} pillowcase, pillowslip[obs3]. {{has_subtype(pillowcase)}} {{property_of(ornamental)}} sham. {{has_subtype(cloth)}} saddle cloth, blanket cloth; tidy; tilpah [obs3][U.S.], apishamore [obs3][U.S.]. {{&contains(pillow)}} eiderdown, numdah[obs3]. capsule; sheath, sheathing; theca[obs3]; elytron[obs3]; elytrum[obs3]; involucrum[Lat]; wrapping, wrapper; envelope, vesicle. {{has_subtype(sheath[of=corn, @P2.3.1.3.2.6])}} corn husk, corn shuck [U.S.]. conchology; testaceology[obs3]. {{has_subtype(