Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) Accounting Equity Ontology
Copyright (c) 2013 EDM Council, Inc. Copyright (c) 2013 Object Management Group, Inc.
FIBO Foundations is a set of business concepts which are intended to support the financial industry terms semantics presented in other FIBO specifications. The FIBO Foundations models define concepts which are not unique to the financial services industry. From these, financial industry terms in other FIBO specifications may be derived by extension. Terms are also included which may be referred to by properties of things in those specifications. FIBO Foundations therefore includes a number of basic terms about legal, contractual and organizational concepts, among others.
Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO)
Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) Foundations Specification
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The content that comprises the Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) is documentation, interpretable in formal logic, of the concepts represented by finance industry terms as used in official financial organization documents such as contracts, product/service specifications and governance and regulatory compliance documents.
This module contains ontologies of general accounting concepts including debt, equity, interest and so on, as well as currency amounts.
This ontology defines equity-related concepts for use in defining other FIBO ontology elements. These are based on basic accounting principles as they relate to equity, debt, assets and liabilities of a firm. Equity forms the basis for ownership of certain forms of corporate body.
This version of the FIBO Foundations Specification was revised primarily to reflect comments received at the March 2013 OMG Technical Meeting in Reston and reflected in the Errata discussed at the June 2013 OMG Technical Meeting in Berlin. Revisions to FIBO Foundations are managed per the process outlined in the Policies and Procedures for OMG standards, with the intent to maintain backwards compatibility in the ontologies to the degree possible. The RDF/XML serialized OWL for the Foundations ODM/OWL ontologies have been checked for syntactic errors and logical consistency with Protege 4 (http://protege.stanford.edu/), HermiT 1.3.7 (http://www.hermit-reasoner.com/) and Pellet 2.2 (http://clarkparsia.com/pellet/).
This version of the ontology was revised in advance of the September 2013 New Brunswick, NJ meeting, as follows: (1) to use slash style URI/IRIss (also called 303 URIs, vs. hash style) as required to support server side processing (2) to use version-independent IRIs for all definitions internally as opposed to version-specific IRIs (3) to change the file suffix from .owl to .rdf to increase usability in RDF tools (4) to use 4-level abbreviations and corresponding namespace prefixes for all FIBO ontologies, reflecting a family/specification/module/ontology structure (5) to incorporate changes to the specification metadata to support documentation at the family, specification, module, and ontology level, similar to the abbreviations.
An abbreviation is short form for a particular designation that can be substituted for the primary representation.
ISO 1087-1 Terminology work - Vocabulary
the document from which a given term (or its definition) was adapted; the range for this annotation can be a string (either xsd:string or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:text), URI (either xsd:anyURI or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:uri), or BibliographicCitation
Document from which a given definition was taken directly; the range for this annotation can be a string (either xsd:string or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:text), URI (either xsd:anyURI or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:uri), or BibliographicCitation
a note that provides additional explanatory information about a given concept
Identifies the organization or person responsible for making a change to an entity in the body of an ontology.
Identifies the date an entity in the body of an ontology was changed.
provides the means to document the name of the original term in the source referenced via termOrigin; the range for this annotation can be a string (either xsd:string or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:text), URI (either xsd:anyURI or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:uri), or BibliographicCitation
A synonym is another designation that can be substituted for the primary representation. It is a designation for the same concept.
Document from which a given term was taken directly; the range for this annotation can be a string (either xsd:string or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:text), URI (either xsd:anyURI or fibo-fnd-utl-bt:uri), or BibliographicCitation
a note that provides information about how a given concept is used in the FIBO context
Provides a mailing list or web page where questions, discussion, and issues can be raised
author identifies the individual or organization that originated the model or specification (range can be a dct:Agent or string)
a link to the core language and/or specification of the model/electronic file, for example, UML, OWL, SysML, BPMN, including linking to the version of the language in question
indicates the content type, for example, MOF metamodel, UML profile, UML model, SBVR or RDF vocabulary, OWL or CL ontology
an organization or individual that has made a significant contribution to the specification
Copyright statement for the specification version, content, or model/electronic file
the bibliographic reference for and/or URL of any electronic files or documents (e.g., document version URL if applicable) on which this specification or ontology depends; if the ontology contains multiple modules, then dependencies should reflect those of the ontology in question
Document used as a primary, direct source for content in developing this specification or model (range can be a string, URI, or BibliographicCitation)
OMG document number (for the document or file this metadata is associated with); note that a single OMG document number may be associated with many files, for example in the case of an archive containing all of the ontologies associated with a given FIBO specification
Document URL (for the specific document or model file this metadata is associated with)
an editor of this version of the specification, module, or individual file or ontology, which may include the primary contact organization from an OMG perspective, or RTF/FTF chair (organization), depending on where the specification is in the process
specification family abbreviation or acronym
abbreviation or acronym for the specification family
A short textual description of the family of specifications
specification family title (for example, Financial Industry Business Ontology)
URL where the specification family is published
Abbreviation or acronym for the file, such as a namespace prefix, if distinct from that of the specification
file version, if distinct from the specification or module version
name of the electronic document or file this metadata is associated with
a link to the latest published formal specification (document)
serialization format for the file in terms of its MIME Type, such as xmi, rdf/xml, owl/xml, etc.
informative reference, standard, or document
boolean value indicating whether or not the file is a normative component of a specification
keyword relevant to the specification, such as ontology, vocabulary, metadata, SKOS that are appropriate for this ontology
may appear more than once, as appropriate
Abbreviation or acronym for the module, if distinct from that of the specification
A short textual description of the module
module name, if distinct from the specification title
a short title for the component or module
module version, if distinct from the specification version
from an OMG perspective, a normative reference, standard, or document, cited in the specification documentation as well as in the ontology that references it
a link to the immediately preceding OMG formal specification version
a link to the immediately preceding version at the file level
the date this version of the specification was published
specification or standard (range can be xsd:string, xsd:anyURI, or BibliographicCitation)
Task force or working group responsible for the original RFP/RFC and specification adoption
Task force or working group responsible for this revision of the specification
short name for the specification or module
a short, commonly used, or preferred name, for a given specification or module
official abbreviation or acronym for the specification and related electronic files
A short textual description for the specification
the full (complete) formal title of the specification, without abbreviations
URL for the specification directory on the OMG web site
Status of this version of the specification from a process perspective, including whether or not it has been formally adopted or superseded by a newer version.
Explicit URI where the specification version is published
a contributor that is an OMG member, identified member of the submission team, and filed the requisite LOI, responsible for the content of the specification or model
Provides a link to the FTF or RTF report, if applicable
Technology area relevant to the specification, for example, analysis and design modeling, business process modeling, information exchange and interoperability, middleware, etc.
the version identifier for this version of the specification
topic or area of interest that this particular specification relates to, for example, real time, robotics
alternative label
Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel).
An alternative lexical label for a resource.
The range of skos:altLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties.
change note
A note about a modification to a concept.
definition
A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept.
editorial note
A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary.
example
An example of the use of a concept.
hidden label
A lexical label for a resource that should be hidden when generating visual displays of the resource, but should still be accessible to free text search operations.
The range of skos:hiddenLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
history note
A note about the past state/use/meaning of a concept.
note
A general note, for any purpose.
This property may be used directly, or as a super-property for more specific note types.
preferred label
A resource has no more than one value of skos:prefLabel per language tag, and no more than one value of skos:prefLabel without language tag.
The preferred lexical label for a resource, in a given language.
The range of skos:prefLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
scope note
A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept.
Selection of possible gender values that may be attributed to a person.
A textual element giving part of some postal address and referring to some physical aspect of the place to which the address refers
In computing, a uniform resource identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a name or a web resource. Such identification enables interaction with representations of the web resource over a network (typically the World Wide Web) using specific protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax and associated protocols define each URI.
This is used in some cases to identify publicly defined schemes (namespaces) for sets of identifiers or other publicly defined codes.
A basis point is a unit equal to one hundredth of a percentage point, or one part per ten thousand, 1/10000.
Basis points are used as a convenient unit of measurement in contexts where percentage differences of less than 1% are discussed. The most common example is interest rates, where differences in interest rates of less than 1% per year are usually meaningful to talk about. For example, a difference of 0.10 percentage points is equivalent to a change of 10 basis points (e.g., a 4.67% rate increases by 10 basis points to 4.77%). In other words, an increase of 100 basis points means a rise of 1%.
A number is a mathematical object used to count, label, and measure. In mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over the years to include such numbers as 0, negative numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers.
Where there are specific business reasons or business knowledge defining numbers with known limits such as maximum values, positive-only and so on, specific types will be defined accordingly.
In mathematics, a percentage is a number or ratio as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, %, or the abbreviation, pct.
A type defining a percentage specified as decimal from 0 to 1. A percentage of 5% would be represented as 0.05. The maximum value is 100%, i.e., 1.
In computing, plain text is the contents of an ordinary sequential file readable as textual material without much processing, usually opposed to formatted text and to binary files in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects (encoded integers, real numbers, images, etc.). The encoding has traditionally been either ASCII, one of its many derivatives such as ISO/IEC 646 etc., or sometimes EBCDIC. Unicode-based encodings such as UTF-8 and UTF-16 are gradually replacing the older ASCII derivatives limited to 7 or 8 bit codes.
Where there is a business requirement or business knowledge about restrictions to a piece of text, such as lengths or the specific inclusion or exclusion of line breaks, these should be added as more specialised types of this Type.
Something which has two states, interpreted as Yes and No in the context in which this is used.
The total of a companys shares that are held by shareholders. A company can, at any time, issue new shares up to the full amount of authorized share capital.
Nominal capital is an alternate term for authorized share capital. The maximum value of securities that a company can legally issue. This number is specified in the memorandum of association (or articles of incorporation in the US) when a company is incorporated, but can be changed later with shareholders approval. Authorized share capital may be divided into (1) Issued capital - par value of the shares actually issued, (2) Paid up capital - money received from the shareholders in exchange for shares, and (3) Uncalled capital - money remaining unpaid by the shareholders for the shares they have bought.
that context in which a contextually defined thing is defined
the instrument by which an entity is incorporated
This would normally be the country corresponding to the jurisdiction in which the body corporate is incorporated. For some primarily federal countries, the domicile is the country that makes up the federation while the jurisdiction under which the entity is registered would be that of some state in that federation.
the country in which the body corporate is officially domiciled
the legal jurisdiction under which the legal entity is incorporated
It is the laws of this jurisdiction that cause and allow the legal entity to exist and to incur debt and be sued at law as a legal entity.
A body incorporated by equity is incorporated through the issuance of some issued equity, which is a form of stockholders equity.
the formally constituted organization has some form of stockholders equity
the organization has some part which is formally defined as an Internal Entity, for example for reporting, management or accounting purposes
address at which the organization carries out its operations
The main address at which communications to the organization may be addressed; its headquarters address.
The organization has an address at which it is registered and at which legal papers may be served on it.
has a party which is authorized to sign contracts on behalf of the entity
The company has a branch, which is part of that company. This may be in another country or in the country in which that company is registered (incorporated).
The organization is a sub-unit of a formally constituted organization and has the role and function of being a formal part of that organization, such as a branch.
designates a party able to sign contracts on the part of the legal person
Equity always represents an interest in some business organization. This is the organization, company or venture in which the holder of the equity has a stake in by virtue of holding that equity
the currency in which the money amount is denominated
the currency in which the monetary amount is defined
has a notional value expressed as some monetary amount, that is a number and a currency in which that number is denominated
A region or country in which the currency is exchangeable for goods and services. Commonly referred to also as legal tender, however this definition does not hold literally in some countries e.g. Scotland.
links a person to their country of citizenship
added to support requirements in Business Entities, 2013-05-22
the contract sets out the terms for the something
identifies the jurisdiction governing the contract, as agreed by all parties. In a written contract this is generally identified, for example, as Governing Law, namely the jurisdiction in which any disputes arising from the contract are to be resolved.
As modeled, this relationship combines two slightly different senses in which a Jurisdiction may be named in some Contract: the jurisdiction under whose laws the contract is deemed to be in force, and the jurisdiction under which the parties agree to submit in the event of any dispute resolution. Scope Note: One thing to tease out is whether "Dispute Resolution" and other forms of "Governing Law" are one and the same thing or not. Dispute Resolution is uncontroversial, the question is whether there are other implications to Governing Law or if it's the same thing. For instance I may undertake to behave as though I were responsible to a particular authority i.e. a particular set of statutes.
refers to terms that are included in the contract but are not considered binding. In other words, a breach of such terms in the future would not be considered to be a breach of the contract.
identifies the main or principal party to a contract
identifies a set of terms that form part of the contract. These are generally grouped for convenience as definitions, such as debt repayment terms, and may or may not equate to a formal clause, section, paragraph or other textual construct of the contract.
identifies a party which is not signatory to the party but has some role in the overall context defined by the contract.
The or any earlier contract which this written contract supersedes, whether that earlier contract is written or verbal or implied.
indicates the jurisdiction in which a particular legal system applies
indicates the geopolitical entity (country, federal province or municipality) in which the jurisdiction has effect
identifies an entity that has some capability to carry out certain actions, or has certain rights or obligations
identifies an entity on which a given legal capacity has been conferred
This includes capacities specific to duties at law (such as those for corporate officers) as well as the ability or capacity to incur liability.
identifies the party that owns the asset
(1) to have (something) as one's own, possess, (2) to admit or acknowledge that something is the case or that one feels a certain way
identifies an independent party associated with an agreement, contract, policy, regulation, or other business arrangement
identifies a party acting in a specific role as related to the particular agreement, contract, policy, regulation, or other business relationship
identifies an agreement, contract, policy, regulation, or other business transaction that an independent party is associated with
provides a means for relating a person, organization, group, or other entity to a role that entity plays in some relationship and context
assigns a job or role to someone, selects or designates to fill an office or a position, fixes or sets by authority or by mutual agreement
typically requires having the capacity or authority to appoint
the relationship between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first; also, the relationship between a set of factors (causes) and a phenomenon (the effect)
arranges in classes; assigns to a category
includes, especially within a particular scope, is made up of
grants or bestows by virtue of some authority
exercises authoritative or dominating influence over; directs
The American Heritage(R) Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
determines or identifies the essential qualities or meaning of, discovers and sets forth the meaning of, fixes or marks the limits of, demarcates
represents, calls by a distinctive title, term, or expression
to name something officially or appoint someone to a position officially
is an expression of, or gives a tangible or visible form to (an idea, quality, or feeling), makes concrete and perceptible
prevails or has decisive influence over; exercises authority
As used in FIBO, this definition of has specifically excludes possession in the sense of ownership.
indicates that someone (or something) possesses something, as a characteristic, attribute, feature, capability, and so forth
provides a context in which something is defined, expressed, or represented
specifies a form of words that conveys the meaning associated with an entity
relates a concept (or something else, but typically a concept) to a representation or denotation for that concept
relates an individual or entity to a position, role, or other designation
provides a means for identifying something that fills a particular role
relates a jurisdiction or situation to a policy, rule, regulation or law that is currently in force in that situation or jurisdiction
relates an entity, typically a group or organization, to some discrete entity identified as a part (member) of that entity
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/
indicates any portion of a given entity, regardless of whether the portion itself is attached to the remainder or detached; cognitively salient or arbitrarily demarcated; self-connected or disconnected; homogeneous or gerrymandered; material or immaterial; extended or unextended; spatial or temporal
relates a concept to some textual or other symbol which is intended to convey the sense of that concept or to some form of words which sets out the meaning of that concept
is the relationship between an entity and something it possesses, or over which it exercises some ownership or control or has at its discretion the ability to dispose of it as it sees fit
is the relationship between an entity and another that provides a unique reference for it
(of a situation or event) includes (something) as a necessary part or result
indicates the individual or group that has assigned or appointed someone to an office or position
is the relationship between an event (the effect) and a second event (the cause), where the first event is understood as a consequence of the second; also, the relationship between a set of factors (causes) and a phenomenon (the effect)
indicates the classification scheme used to classify an entity
that on which the conferred thing is conferred
identifies the policy, rule, regulation, contract, or other thing that compels or obliges someone to act in some way
something that is possessed by and at least partially under the control of some entity, which can be used or acted on by the holder, regardless of ownership
provides a unique identifier for an entity
identifies a jurisdiction in which something (e.g. a law or policy) has effect
identifies an office or organization responsible for circulating, distributing, or publishing something
relates an entity to another entity that has some role in directing its affairs
relates a responsibility, capacity, or action to the entity that requires it
belonging, either individually or collectively, to a group
relates a given entity to another that it is some component or portion of, regardless of how that whole-part relationship is manifested, i.e., attached to the remainder or detached; cognitively salient or arbitrarily demarcated; self-connected or disconnected; homogeneous or gerrymandered; material or immaterial; extended or unextended; spatial or temporal; the most generic part relation, reflexive, asymmetric, and transitive.
relates an entity to another entity that has the ability to employ or deploy that entity as appropriate
relates an entity to another entity that it directs in some way
relates an entity (which is some textual or other symbol or some set of words) to some entity or concept that has the sense or meaning the representation is intended to convey
relates an entity to another entity that has the ability to employ it in some way
a predicate relating an economy to the geopolitical entity it refers to
has broader match
skos:broadMatch is used to state a hierarchical mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes.
has broader
Broader concepts are typically rendered as parents in a concept hierarchy (tree).
By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources.
Relates a concept to a concept that is more general in meaning.
has broader transitive
By convention, skos:broaderTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application.
skos:broaderTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:broader.
has close match
skos:closeMatch is used to link two concepts that are sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably in some information retrieval applications. In order to avoid the possibility of "compound errors" when combining mappings across more than two concept schemes, skos:closeMatch is not declared to be a transitive property.
has exact match
skos:exactMatch is disjoint with each of the properties skos:broadMatch and skos:relatedMatch.
skos:exactMatch is used to link two concepts, indicating a high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably across a wide range of information retrieval applications. skos:exactMatch is a transitive property, and is a sub-property of skos:closeMatch.
has top concept
Relates, by convention, a concept scheme to a concept which is topmost in the broader/narrower concept hierarchies for that scheme, providing an entry point to these hierarchies.
is in scheme
A concept may be a member of more than one concept scheme.
Relates a resource (for example a concept) to a concept scheme in which it is included.
is in mapping relation with
Relates two concepts coming, by convention, from different schemes, and that have comparable meanings
These concept mapping relations mirror semantic relations, and the data model defined below is similar (with the exception of skos:exactMatch) to the data model defined for semantic relations. A distinct vocabulary is provided for concept mapping relations, to provide a convenient way to differentiate links within a concept scheme from links between concept schemes. However, this pattern of usage is not a formal requirement of the SKOS data model, and relies on informal definitions of best practice.
has member
Relates a collection to one of its members.
has member list
For any resource, every item in the list given as the value of the skos:memberList property is also a value of the skos:member property.
Relates an ordered collection to the RDF list containing its members.
has narrower match
skos:narrowMatch is used to state a hierarchical mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes.
has narrower
Narrower concepts are typically rendered as children in a concept hierarchy (tree).
Relates a concept to a concept that is more specific in meaning.
has narrower transitive
skos:narrowerTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:narrower.
By convention, skos:narrowerTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application.
has related
Relates a concept to a concept with which there is an associative semantic relationship.
skos:related is disjoint with skos:broaderTransitive
has related match
skos:relatedMatch is used to state an associative mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes.
is in semantic relation with
Links a concept to a concept related by meaning.
This property should not be used directly, but as a super-property for all properties denoting a relationship of meaning between concepts.
is top concept in scheme
Relates a concept to the concept scheme that it is a top level concept of.
The date of formation of the company. This is identified as the formal date of registration in company registration documents. Further Notes: Generally known as Date of Incorporation.
Date at which the corporation is registered in some jurisdiction for regulatory and / or for tax purposes. Further Notes: This is analogous to a person registering for paying taxes somewhere, regardless of their birth, citizenship and so on.
The precise form of the incorporated company abbreviation as defined in the jurisdiction in which it is registered, for example LLC, LLP, Ltd, PLC, Corp.
a number or quantity represented as a percentage
the patronymic or family name of a person
the given name or first name of a person, that is the name chosen for them at birth or changed by them subsequently from the name given at birth
the legally complete name of a person, as used in formal dealings of a legal or contractual nature
links a particular gender value with a person
the patronymic or family name which a person was born with and which predates any changes of name due to marriage
links any sort of name to an individual person
links a person with their place of birth
indicates whether the contract and the rights thereunder may be assigned by one of the signatories to some other party
Address element giving the formal abbreviation of the state or province (in federal countries) in which the address is situated.
The postal address has as part of it some distinct textual element which performs some distinct function within the overall address such as referring to some specific physical place, built property feature or post office box.
The name of the country in which the address is situated, in some format which may be recognized in that or other countries.
That part of a written address which uniquely references some town, city or other urban area within the overall address.
Address element giving the Post Office Box number in the form of digits or letters plus digits.
The postal code for an address, in a format recognized by the postal authorities in the country in which the address is situated.
Address element giving the name of the state or province (in federal countries) in which the address is situated.
Address element giving the building name or number and the street in which the address is situated.
links an asset or owner/controller/controllee to the date of acquisition
Added at SME Review, to meet AML requirements
Any other name by which an individual or entity is known
a name by which the entity is frequently referred, without reference to any formal usage or structure
links something, typically an agreement, contract, or document, with the date it was issued
links something, such as an asset or its owner/controller/controllee to the date something was sold, transferred, destroyed, etc.
the date a contract, relationship, or policy comes into force
links something, typically an agreement, contract, document, or perishable item, with an expiration date
a name by which the entity is known for some official purpose or context, or which is structured in some way such as to always follow the same format regardless of usage.
the name used to refer to an entity in legal communications
that by which some thing is known; may apply to anything
links an entity to a unique identifier for that entity; may be associated with anything. With reference to a given (possibly implicit) set of objects, a unique identifier (UID) is any identifier which is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific purpose.
A name by which the entity was known in the past
a predicate indicating whether the index excludes energy and food prices
Example explanation from the US Bureau of Labor and Statistics: Because price data are used for different purposes by different groups, the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes seasonally adjusted as well as unadjusted changes each month. ... Seasonal factors used in computing the seasonally adjusted indexes are derived by the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Method. Seasonally adjusted indexes and seasonal factors are computed annually. Each year, the last five years of seasonally adjusted data are revised.
a predicate indicating whether some published formal method is applied that compensates for seasonal variations in the index value
notation
A notation, also known as classification code, is a string of characters such as "T58.5" or "303.4833" used to uniquely identify a concept within the scope of a given concept scheme.
By convention, skos:notation is used with a typed literal in the object position of the triple.
The agreement between members of the Board of the Company.
A code which is officially allocated under a jurisdiction in which a company is incorporated, and which is used within that jurisdiction to identify the company. This usually has to be included in official stationary and must always be publicly available.
a company incorporated by the issuance of shares
1. In the UK, the original (17th century) name for a corporation in which the liability of the owners is limited to the nominal value of the stock (shares) held by them. 2. In the US, a corporation with unlimited liability for the shareholders. Investors in a US joint stock company receive stock (shares) which can be transferred, and can elect a board of directors, but are jointly-and-severally liable for companys debts and obligations. A US joint stock company cannot hold title to a real property.
There are two kinds of joint stock company. The private company kind and the open market. The shares are usually only held by the directors and Company Secretary.
A firm whose issued shares are all held by a family or a small group of investors and, therefore, cannot be bought by the public.
Wikipedia: definition for British or Commonwealth version: A private company limited by shares is a type of company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Scotland, that of certain Commonwealth countries and the Republic of Ireland. It has shareholders with limited liability and its shares may not be offered to the general public, unlike those of public limited companies. Additional notes from Wikipedia: Limited by shares means that the company has shareholders, and that the liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested, i.e. the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholders personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the companys insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. A limited company may be private or public. A private limited companys disclosure requirements are lighter, but for this reason its shares may not be offered to the general public (and therefore cannot be traded on a public stock exchange). This is the major distinguishing feature between a private limited company and a public limited company. Most companies, particularly small companies, are private. Private companies limited by shares are required to have the suffix Limited (often written Ltd or Ltd.) or Incorporated (Inc.) as part of their name, though the latter cannot be used in the UK or the Republic of Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland, Teoranta (Teo.) may be used instead, largely by Gaeltacht companies. Cyfyngedig (Cyf.) may be used by Welsh companies in a similar fashion.
a company whose shares are traded and held publicly.
Corporation set up under specific state legislation to provide some stated societal benefit, and with some corresponding relaxation of the obligation to maximize shareholder return.
This is a US-specific type of entity defined in new and emerging legislation in the US states of California, Hawaii, Virginia, Maryland, Vermont, New Jersey. Additional upcoming legislation (as at November 2011) in Colorado, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan. Much of the description is framed in terms of the role of the entity rather than its nature, however the legislation specifically relaxes or otherwise changes the basic parameters of the Incorporated Company structure (for example relaxing the requirement to maximize shareholder return) It may therefore be more correct to define this as a type of Incorporated Company not a role that one sits in. Having said this, B Corporations are certified by a certifying body (B Lab), which impies that they already exist and are granted a status in a similar way to that granted to non profit enterprises. Therefore at present this is defined as a status which an Incorporated Company may attain.
An organization or economic system where goods and services are exchanged for one another or for money. Every business requires some form of investment and enough customers to whom its output can be sold on a consistent basis in order to make a profit. Businesses can be privately owned, not-for-profit or state-owned. An example of a corporate business is PepsiCo, while a mom-and-pop catering business is a private enterprise.
The activity of buying and selling goods.
This is the context which distinguishes "businesses" or commercial organizations from organizations in general, the latter including government, trans-national and non profit organizations. Note that these distinctions are usually made with reference to these kinds of context and are not necessarily reflected in the structure of those organizations.
The context of carrying out trade and other comercial i.e. for-profit activities.
A commercial enterprise owned and managed by and for the benefit of customers or workers.
Family Office as defined in the relevant legislation.
A business entity defined in terms of its function.
The key distinguishing feature of a Functional Business Entity is that it may itself be constituted as some kind of Business Entity or Legal Entity, but the definition of this entity does not depend on it always having one specific legal structure (for exanple always being a limited company). This would define for example a bank, a special purpose vehicle, most government bodies and so on.
A business entity engaged in a trading activity.
A non profit or charitable public or private foundation is a legal entity Action; needs a relationship to Legal Entity. Which is not a human being. Need non human legal entity scope formally defined. Probably has a board of directors.
An organization which exists for some purpose other than to make a profit for its participants.
A sole proprietorship is a company which is not registered with the state as a limited liability company or corporation. The owner does not pay income tax separately for the company, but he/she reports business income or losses on his/her individual income tax return. The owner is inseparable from the sole proprietorship, so he/she is liable for any business debts.
A business structure in which an individual and his/her company are considered a single entity for tax and liability purposes.
This is an artificial legal person, that is something with legal personhood but which has been created artificially. It is also a formal organization (unlike for example artificial legal persons created by statute or by royal charter). Bodies Corporate, and all non-natural legal persons, are generally created by some legal act and supported by some instrument such as the issuance of shares or guarantees. These are what give the entity a separate legal standing in the jurisdiction in which they are defined, and that jurisdiction will have created the laws which allow and cause this kind of entity to exist.
A body corporate has a legal name and has certain rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and liabilities under law, similar to those of a natural person. The concept is pertinent to the philosophy of law, as it is essential to laws affecting a corporation (corporations law) (the law of business associations).
An LLP (in the UK) is an example of this, and is also a partnership. There, the LLP Document is the legal document which effectively constitutes the Partnership.
A body with legal personhood, incorporated through some agreement among the principals, and without equity or guarantee instruments which would isolate the principals from liability.
A body corporate which is incorporated by means of the issuance of equity.
The profit motive is not the prime objective of the organization.
Incorporated entity without share capital, and in which the liability of its members is limited to the amount each one of them undertakes to contribute at the time the firm is wound up.
body limited by guarantee principals agreement
The formal agreement between the principals of a body limited by guarantee.
A guarantee which is part of the means by which some incorporated entity is incorporated by guarantee.
This may be the issuance of shares, the existence of some agreement, guaranties and so on.
Some legal instrument by which some legal entity which is not a natural person is made to exist.
A part of a business organization or company, identified as a branch.
This is not a separate legal entity in its own right, but a functional part of the entity.
a part of a company, such as a line of business, that may have separate accounting or reporting requirements
Any organization with some formal contractual agreement among its principals
formally constituted organization member
This party may hold some equity in the formally constituted organization and may or may not have some responsibilities or potential liabilitiy in resect of the activities of that organization. Terms setting out the position of the member in these and other matters are defined in the organization covering agreement, to which the member may be a signatory.
A member of some formally constituted organization.
A formal venture between two or more business entities
Detailed properties still to be modeled. This will be similar to Partnership in that it will have two or more venture partners (need to determine best label for these), and some formal standing. Also to research: whether JVs are only instituted via mutual share ownership and therefore may only be between limited companies (or may only be a limited company but may have other types of legal person and/or legal entity as venture partners).
A formal agreement between the principals in a formal organization which covers the relationship between the principals, and between the principals and the entity.
Also covers the aims and purposes of the Entity.
A textual code which uniquely identifies a formal organization; Further Notes: Things which may identified by this kind of code Include but are not restricted to Legal Entity. At this most general level, this may be the identifier for a Fund, for a Legal Entity, for a Trust, or for the LEI scope of Artificial Person plus Trust.
A formal scheme defining identification codes for a business entity.
organization industry sector classification
The classification of an organization in terms of the industry sector in which it carries out business.
an organization that is part of a larger formal organization and only has full recognition within the context of that formal organization; In other words, it is not a legal entity in its own right.
The address at which an entity is registered and at which legal papers may be served.
This usually has to not be a postal address (except in some jurisdictions). So there should be a common superclass.
a legal person created by a royal charter or decree
Anything with "Royal Institute" in the name. Also universities are generally set up by royal charter in a monarchy or principality, (often pre-dating any Privy Council i.e. directly be the monarch in the case of older universities). The Bank of England and the British Broadcasting Council (BBC) are also incorporated through Royal Charter.
In a monarchy or principality, the monarch typically vests the power to create such bodies, in an entity called (for example) the Privy Council.
Legal persons (lat. persona iuris) are of two kinds: natural persons (people) and judicial persons (also called juristic or artificial or fictitious persons, lat. persona ficta), i.e., groups of people, such as corporations, which are treated by law as if they were persons. While people acquire legal personhood when they are born, judicial persons do so when they are incorporated (registered) in accordance with law.
To have legal personality means to be capable of having legal rights and duties within a certain legal system, such as to enter into contracts, sue, and be sued. Legal personality is a prerequisite to legal capacity, the ability of any legal person to amend (enter into, transfer, etc.) rights and obligations.
any entity which can incur legal obligation and can be sued at law
A person of maturity who in the eyes of the law is able to assume obligations.
Written legal authority given by one party (the principal) to another (the agent or attorney-in-fact) to act on the principals behalf. It may be a (1) General power Of attorney that authorizes the agent to act generally on behalf of the principal, or (2) Special power of attorney that is limited to a specific act or situation. Decisions made and actions taken by an attorney in fact (within the scope of his or her authority) are legally binding on the principal. A power of attorney can remain in force only so long as the principal is alive and does not become disabled or incapacitated. Although it is often conferred on the principals attorney, one does not need to be an attorney at law to be an attorney-in-fact.
Some agent who has the capacity to sign contracts on the part of some legal person
A legal person which is created and given legal personhood by act of statute.
Financial capital, which represents obligations, and is liquidated as money for trade, and owned by legal entities. It is in the form of capital assets, traded in financial markets. Its market value is not based on the historical accumulation of money invested but on the perception by the market of its expected revenues and of the risk entailed.
Capital surplus is a term that frequently appears as a balance sheet item as a component of shareholders equity. Capital surplus is used to account for that amount which a firm raises in excess of the par value (nominal value) of the shares (common stock).
the value of an ownership interest in property, including shareholders equity in a business
An asset consisting of one or more financial instruments, treated as an asset
externally-held stockholders equity that may be transferred from one party to another
Equity owned in the entity as recorded on the books of that entity.
In accounting, retained earnings refers to the portion of net income which is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. Similarly, if the corporation takes a loss, then that loss is retained and called variously retained losses, accumulated losses or accumulated deficit. Retained earnings and losses are cumulative from year to year with losses offsetting earnings.
paid in capital, donated capital, and retained earnings less the liabilities of a corporation (Barron's)
equity held in an entity by stockholders
When total assets are greater than total liabilities, stockholders have a positive equity (positive book value). Conversely, when total liabilities are greater than total assets, stockholders have a negative stockholders equity (negative book value, also sometimes called stockholders deficit.
This class may be augmented with actual currency code information as specified in ISO 4217 in a subsequent release of this ontology.
medium of exchange value, defined by reference to the geographical location of the authorities responsible for it
Codes for the representation of currencies and funds, ISO 4217, Sixth edition, 2001-08-15, section 3.1.
the measure which is an amount of money specified in monetary units
This is an abstract concept, not to be confused with a sum of money (Money Amount).
This may be a measure expressed in terms of decimal plus currency, or it may be a measure expressed in terms of a percentage amount with reference to some other monetary amount or to some Money Amount (actual amount of money).
This is an actual sum of money, not the measure of a sum of money in monetary units, although it has the same basic properties (decimal number with a currenct unit). Update 14 June 2011: Renamed from "Monetary Amount" to "Money Amount" to make this perhaps clearer. This term here should not be the Referenceable Archetype used to denote monetary amounts as a measure. ACTION: Across the model, all references to "Money Amount" (which was called 'Monetary Amount' when these were entered), so be the abstract quantity "Monetary Amount".
This will have a relationship to what it is a percentage of. Alternatively and for some applications of this term, there may be an enumerated list of possible things it is a percentage of.
A measure of some amount of money expressed as a percentage of some other amount, some notional amount or some concrete Money Amount.
Agents, then, can be software agents, hardware agents, firmware agents, robotic agents, human agents, and so on. While software developers naturally think of IT systems as being constructed of only software agents, a combination of agent mechanisms might in fact be used from shop-floor manufacturing to warfare systems. The definition incorporated herein must be sufficiently general to account for these and other uses, such as for describing people and organizations who participate in broader processes and systems, for FIBO, other OMG standards and usage, and in general. Whether or not you restrict your view of agents to the software variety, most agree that agents deployed for IT systems are not useful without the following three important properties: (1) Autonomous - an agent is capable of acting without direct external intervention. Agents have some degree of control over their internal state and can act based on their own experiences. They can also possess their own set of internal responsibilities and processing that enable them to act without any external choreography. When an agent acts on behalf of (or as a proxy for) some person or thing, its autonomy is expected to embody the goals and policies of the entity that it represents. (2) Interactive - an agent communicates with the environment and other agents. Agents are interactive entities because they are capable of exchanging rich forms of messages with other entities in their environment. These messages can support requests for services and other kinds of resources, as well as event detection and notification. They can be synchronous or asynchronous in nature. The interaction can also be conversational in nature, such as negotiating contracts, marketplace-style bidding, or simply making a query. (3) Adaptive - an agent is capable of responding to other agents and/or its environment. Agents can react to messages and events and then respond appropriately. Agents can be designed to make difficult decisions and even modify their behavior based on their experiences. They can learn and evolve.
An agent is an autonomous individual that can adapt to and interact with its environment.
Note that this does not necessarily imply that an agent is free to act as it sees fit, without constraint. Rather, an autonomous thing in the sense meant here is something which may or may not be subject to controls and constraints but is self-actualizing in its behavior in response to any such constraints. Autonomous things may include human beings, organizations, software agents, robots and animals.
Biologically, an adult is a human being or other organism that is of reproductive age (sexual maturity). In human context, the term adult additionally has meanings associated with social and legal concepts; for example, a legal adult is a legal concept for a person who has attained the age of majority and is therefore regarded as independent, self-sufficient, and responsible (contrast with minor). In addition, human adulthood encompasses psychological adult development.
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term, birth certificate, can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor.
A driver's license or driving licence is an official document which states that a person may operate a motorized vehicle, such as a motorcycle, car, truck or a bus, on a public roadway.
An emancipated minor is a minor who is allowed to conduct a business or any other occupation on his or her own behalf or for their own account outside the influence of a parent or guardian. The minor will then have full contractual capacity to conclude contracts with regard to the business. Whether parental consent is needed to achieve emancipated status varies from case to case. In some cases, court permission is necessary. Protocols vary by jurisdiction.
An identity document is any document which may be used to verify aspects of a person's personal identity. If issued in the form of a small, mostly standard-sized card, it is usually called an identity card (IC). Countries which do not have formal identity documents may require informal documents. In the absence of a formal identity document, driving licences can be used in many countries as a method of proof of identity, although some countries do not accept driving licences for identification, often because in those countries they don't expire as documents and can be old and easily forged. Most countries accept passports as a form of identification. Most countries have the rule that foreign citizens need to have their passport or occasionally a national identity card from their country available at any time if they do not have residence permit in the country.
Individuals may have an inherent physical condition which prevents them from achieving the normal levels of performance expected from persons of comparable age, or their inability to match current levels of performance may be caused by contracting an illness. Whatever the cause, if the resulting condition is such that individuals cannot care for themselves, or may act in ways that are against their interests, those persons are vulnerable through dependency and require the protection of the state against the risks of abuse or exploitation. Hence, any agreements that were made are voidable, and a court may declare that person a ward of the state and grant power of attorney to an appointed legal guardian.
In law, a minor is a person under a certain age, usually the age of majority, which legally demarcates childhood from adulthood. The age depends upon jurisdiction and application, but is generally 18.
A national identification number, national identity number, or national insurance number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents, and temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits, health care, and other governmentally-related functions. The number will appear on an identity document issued by a country. The ways in which such a system is implemented are dependent on the country, but in most cases, a citizen is issued an identification number at birth or when they reach a legal age (typically the age of 18). Non-citizens may be issued such numbers when they enter the country, or when granted a temporary or permanent residence permit. Many countries issued such numbers ostensibly for a singular purpose, but over time, they become a de facto national identification number. For example, the United States originally developed its Social Security number system as a means of disbursing Social Security benefits. However, due to function creep, the number has become utilized for other purposes to the point where it is almost essential to have one to, among other things, open a bank account, obtain a credit card, or drive a car.
A passport is a document, issued by a national government, which certifies the identity and nationality of its holder for the purpose of international travel. The elements of identity contained in all standardized passports include information about the holder, including name, date of birth, gender and place of birth.
A person; any member of the species homo sapiens.
(2) OMG Property and Casualty Information Models, dtc/12-01-04, Annex A, Glossary of Data Model Terms and Definitions
An agreement may be formalized in the form of a Contract or other formal instrument, or it may not. In either case, the agreement is that which may be referred to as the agreement between or among the parties, and the contract is framed as defining (and usually as exclusively defining) the agreement between two parties.
(1) A negotiated and usually legally enforceable understanding between two or more legally competent parties. Although a binding contract can (and often does) result from an agreement, an agreement typically documents the give-and-take of a negotiated settlement and a contract specifies the minimum acceptable standard of performance.
Some mutual undertaking or set of undertakings between two or among several parties.
(2) An agreement provides language that defines the terms and conditions of a legally binding contract among the identified parties, ordinarily leading to a contract.
The undertaking by some party to act or refrain from acting results in an obligation on the part of that party, and usually results in the existence of some corresponding right on the party of some other party, in the event that the commitment is to such party. Thus Obligations and Rights are considered as reciprocal aspects of this Commitment concept.
A legal construct which represents the undertaking on the part of some party to act or refrain from acting in some manner.
An agreement between three or more parties
A commitment between two or more parties
A commitment made by one party without reference to the party to which the commitment is made.
A contract between two specific named parties. The rights and obligations pertaining to either party cannot be transferred to another party without prior written permission or a change to the contract itself.
Introduced for ISDA Master Agreement. It is likely that the Conditions Precedent defined for OTC Derivatives Master Agreements are actually applicable more widely. However, they are defined within the ISDA terms for now. Modeling note / review question: Modeled as a kind of Terms Set, combining terms and conditions. Should consider whether terms and conditions are distinct (Condition would then be a separate archetype).
Conditions precedent on some obligation. These are conditions which would alter the Obligation as it is otherwise stated.
A voluntary, deliberate, and legally binding agreement between two or more competent parties. Contracts are usually written but may be spoken or implied, and generally have to do with employment, sale or lease, or tenancy.
A counterparty is the other party that participates in a financial transaction. Every transaction must have a counterparty in order for the transaction to go through. More specifically, every buyer of an asset must be paired up with a seller that is willing to sell and vice versa.
This term in Investopedia is named "counterparty" not "contract counterparty". Can we simplify this to "counterparty"? (efk)
The party which originates the transferable contract and acts as the Principal in that contract regardless of the owner or counterparty.
The party identified as being the principal or first party to a contract, in the event that the contract distinguishes any party as the principal. In law, the principal is the party that has the primary responsibility in a liability or obligation, as opposed to an endorser, guarantor, or surety.
The conditions of a contract include the terms and conditions that set the rights and obligations of the contracting parties when a contract is awarded or entered into. These include general conditions which are common to all types of contracts, such as general and special arrangements, provisions, requirements, rules, specifications, and standards that form an integral part of an agreement or contract, as well as special conditions which are peculiar to a specific contract (such as, contract change conditions, payment conditions, price variation clauses, penalties).
The concept "contract terms set" does not exist in any dictionary I could find, however "terms and conditions" does, and could be used for this purpose. Can we change this to TermsAndConditions? If TermsAndConditions have parts, I would suggest creating a class called TermOrCondition, which would then provide the range for hasPart, and which could be specialized for various kinds of clauses, as appropriate.(efk)
Someone who may be indirectly involved but is not a principal party to an arrangement, contract, deal, lawsuit, or transaction.
The concept "contract third party" does not exist in any dictionary I could find, however "third-party" does, and could be used for this purpose. Can we change this to ThirdParty? (efk)
The concept "contractual definition" does not exist in any dictionary I could find. Can we change this to ContractTermOrDefinition? (efk)
These are agreed definitions which are then referred to in terms in contracts or other legal instruments.
The definition of something in some contract or other legal instrument.
The concept "contractual element" does not exist in any dictionary I could find. Can we change this to ContractElement? (efk)
A contractual relationship is evidenced by (1) an offer, (2) acceptance of the offer, and a (3) valid (legal and valuable) consideration. Each party to a contract acquires rights and duties relative to the rights and duties of the other parties. However, while all parties may expect a fair benefit from the contract (otherwise courts may set it aside as inequitable) it does not follow that each party will benefit to an equal extent. Existence of contractual-relationship does not necessarily mean the contract is enforceable, or that it is not void (see void contract) or voidable (see voidable Contract).
Terms which do not have binding legal standing on the Issuer or Holder.
Unlike a contract, a Promissory Note does not need to be signed by both parties. It is essentiually a promise from one party to the holder, of some good or benefit. Promissory notes would generally by fully fungible. These are modeled as a kind of contract but are essentially a kind of unilateral contract between the issuer and the holder, and some authorities might not see this as a contract at all. Cash is a kind of promissory note, with the issuer being a central bank.
A promissory note is a written, signed, unconditional, and unsecured promise by one party (the maker or promisor) to another (the payee or promisee) that commits the maker to pay a specified sum on demand, or on a fixed or a determinable date. Promissory notes (such as bank or currency notes) are negotiable instruments.
An assignment (Latin cessio) is a term used with similar meanings in the law of contracts and in the law of real estate. In both instances, it encompasses the transfer of rights held by one party, the assignor, to another party, the assignee. The details of the assignment determines some additional rights and liabilities (or duties). Typically a third-party is involved in a contract with the assignor, and the contract is in effect transferred to the assignee.
This party may transfer the contract to another party without reference to the issuer, for example by selling it in some marketplace.
The party which holds a transferable contract and enjoys the benefits defined in that contract while they hold it.
A contract which exists as a result of some verbal exchange.
A formal Contract which is written and signed by both parties thereto.
(1) A goal is a desired result a person or a system envisions, plans and commits to achieve a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort of assumed development. Many people endeavor to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines.
(2) An observable and measurable end result having one or more objectives to be achieved within a more or less fixed timeframe.
Civil law (or civilian law) is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of late Roman law, and whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law. This can be contrasted with common law systems whose intellectual framework comes from judge-made decisional law which gives precedential authority to prior court decisions on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions (doctrine of judicial precedent).
A jurisdiction which is based in Common Law will also have alongside a legislature that passes statutes.
Common law, also known as case law or precedent, is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals. By contrast, civil law (codified/continental law) is set on statutes adopted through the legislative/parliamentary process and/or regulations issued by the executive branch on base of the parliamentary statutes. A common law system is a legal system that gives great potential precedential weight to common law, on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions. The body of precedent is called common law and it binds future decisions. In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision (this principle is known as stare decisis). If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases (called a matter of first impression), judges have the authority and duty to make law by creating precedent. Thereafter, the new decision becomes precedent, and will bind future courts.
the limits or territory within which authority may be exercised; the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law
This is a Mediating Thing, that is some context in which things have their meaning and existence - in this case, laws and the interpretation thereof by courts.
The contemporary legal systems of the world are generally based on one of three basic systems: civil law, common law, and religious law, or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations.
Statutory law or statute law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature (as opposed to regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary) or by a legislator (in the case of an absolute monarchy). Statutes may originate with national, state legislatures or local municipalities. Statutory laws are subordinate to the higher constitutional laws of the land.
The capacity to enter into legally binding contracts.
This is the capacity which defines Contractually Capable Entity (sometimes labeled as 'Legal Entity') as distinct from 'Legal Person'. In the latter case the liabilities incurred in the contract accrue also to the Legal Person. In the case of contractual capability, the entity has the authority to enter into contracts, whether or not the liabilities accrue to that same entity (which they do if it is also a Legal Person). For Legal Entities which are not Legal Persons, the liability unwinds to some legal person within the structure of the entity, for example a General Partner or a Trustee.
Such authority is delegated contractually.
Authority in the context of corporate governance means institutionalized and legal power inherent in a particular job, function, or position that is meant to enable its holder to successfully carry out his or her responsibilities. It may also mean (and does in the context of executive authority, for example), power that is delegated formally. It includes a right to command a situation, commit resources, make legally binding commitments, give orders and expect them to be obeyed, and, most importantly, it is always accompanied by an equal responsibility for one's actions or a failure to act.
Some obligation which exists and is imposed on some individual.
This can also be thought of as an obligation - not in the sense in which an obligation and a right are the converse aspects of one another, but in and of itself, independent of the perspective from which it is considered. Examples include statutory obligations, reporting obligations and so on.
The capacity to carry out certain actions or to have certain rights.
Obligations are an aspect of this category of thing, as are rights.
Something which is conferred by way of law or contract, such as a right.
Note that for the purposes of this model, this is distinct from culpability (the ability to commit criminal acts). That would be a separate and analogous term but with grounding in criminal rather than civil law.
The capacity of some natural person to sign agreements on the part of some entity.
An obligation which is defined under some body of law (statute).
This defines the framework in which laws (for a country constitution), rules and regulations (for a party or organization constitution) or contractual commitments are made and in which they have force.
A constitution defines the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it.
A court of law is a court that hears cases and decides them on the basis of statutes or the common law.
This defines the framework in which laws are made and in which they have force.
Most commonly, the term constitution refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government. Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state, in a basic sense the relationship between the executive, legislature and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches. For example, executive branches can be divided into a head of government, government departments/ministries, executive agencies and a civil service/administration. Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state, and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens. It is thus the most basic law of a territory from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived; in some territories it is in fact called Basic Law.
Law is a term which does not have a universally accepted definition, but one definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. Laws are made by governments, specifically by their legislatures. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution (written or unwritten) and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics and society in countless ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people.
Any law or body of law, which may have force in some context, including national laws, company bylaws and the like.
An authoritative rule or law; a decree or command; a public injunction or regulation, such as a city ordinance against excessive horn blowing. (Source: Dictionary.com)
Any organization with some formal contractual standing, and with which another such organization may transact business or engage in some activity.
W3C Definition - An Organization which is recognized in the world at large, in particular in legal jurisdictions, with associated rights and responsibilities. Examples include a Corporation, Charity, Government or Church.
An organization which is not formally constituted in some way.
A social unit of people, systematically structured and managed to meet a need or pursue collective goals on a continuing basis.
This may be a business entity or a government, international or non profit organization.
A thing held by some party and having some value.
A party in the ownership role; one that owns something. The thing owned is an Asset to that Party.
Ownership is the context in which some Party is said to own some Independent Thing. The Party is defined as such due to its being the owning party to that Thing.
An independent party is an independent person, organization or group that can enter into a contract or other legal proceeding.
OMG Property and Casualty Information Models, dtc/12-01-04, Annex A, Glossary of Data Model Terms and Definitions
identifies an entity that has a membership role in some organization
A party-in-role defines is a relative concept that ties an independent party to a specific role they are standing in, for example, an organization member, issuer, owner, partner in a partnership, shareholder, etc., and is effective as of some date.
An agent-in-role is a relative concept that ties an autonomous agent to a role they are playing in a given situational context.
A role is a set of connected behaviours, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualised by actors in the context of some situation.
This came from FDTF Address Reviews Aug/Sept 2011. It represents a place holder for mapping to other standards, such as those for email, network, and other electronic addresses as well as physical and mailing addresses.
An index to a location to which communications may be delivered
The physical area uniquely identified by some postal code.
An address is a collection of information, presented in a mostly fixed format, used for describing the location of a building, apartment, or other structure or a plot of land, generally using political boundaries and street names as references, along with other identifiers such as house or apartment numbers. Some addresses also contain special codes to aid routing of mail and packages, such as a ZIP code or post code. (Wikipedia)
There are existing international and regional standards for defining postal addresses. This is a place holder for mapping to regional standards for postal address representation
A physical and postal address where communications can be addressed, papers served or representatives located for any kind of business or legal entity
A self-governing geopolitical entity that is recognized as a country by the United Nations
The capital administrative region of a country which is a federation, if the physical area of this region does not form a part of any of the states or pronvinces which make up the federal country.
This model includes representation of the capital administrative region of those federations for which the capital is situated other than within one of the states or provinces which make up the country as a whole. This is so that addresses and other references which may need to refer to any location within the country may do so. Examples include the District of Columbia in the US, and the Canberra area in Australia. Not all federations have such an area.
A self-governing geopolitical entity which forms part of a wider geopolitical entity recognized as a country. This type of entity, variously referred to as a state, province or canton, has a level of self government including its own legal system and court jurisdiction, but cedes a level of autonomy to the federation of which it forms a part.
Any country, federal province, city or other entity which is both geographical and political in its identity.
An urban center may include several independent administrative districts; "Ancient Troy was a great city" It is similar to the the term City as used in the US and in particular as used in US postal addressing where most addresses have a 'city' component corresponding to what in some other English speaking countries would be identified as towns.
a large and densely populated urban area
city, metropolis; concrete jungle - an area in a city with large modern buildings that is perceived as dangerous and unpleasant; central city, city center, city centre - the central part of a city; financial center - the part of a city where financial institutions are centered; downtown, municipal center, civic center - the center of a city; inner city - the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city; medical center - the part of a city where medical facilities are centered; municipality - an urban district having corporate status and powers of self-government; national capital - the capital city of a nation; provincial capital - the capital city of a province; state capital - the capital city of a political subdivision of a country
Anything that can be defined as the answer to a question of the form, Where is...?
This includes physical places such as towns, cities, physical addresses, buildings etc. and also abstract places such as on-line trading venues or financial marketplaces.
Land plus anything permanently fixed to it, including buildings, sheds and other items attached to the structure. Although, media often refers to the "real estate market" from the perspective of residential living, real estate can be grouped into three broad categories based on its use, namely residential, commercial and industrial. Examples of real estate include undeveloped land, houses, condominiums, townhomes, office buildings, retail store buildings and factories.
an economic indicator representing a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services
an aspect of the behavior of some economic actor in an economy, related to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
a statistical measure of an economic activity, used for analysis of economic performance and predictions of future performance
An economy consists of the production, distribution or trade, and consumption of limited goods and services by different economic actors in a given geographically distinct web of relationships.
This may be a national economy (relating to a country); a regional economy, or the economy of a state or some other intra-national entity. It need not always be geographical in the strictest sense, for example Second Life has an economy. For the purposes of this model, it refers only to economies involving economic exchange i.e. not the broader sense used by evolutionary biologists etc.
an economic indicator representing the broadest measure of aggregate economic activity, measuring the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period
Always either includes or excludes: Energy prices; Food prices. ALL inflation rates cite whether or not they exclude energy and food prices. If nothing stated it is assumed they include them.
an economic indicator representing a percent change in consumer prices for a specified, typically a one-year, period, for a given country
an economic indicator representing the number of unemployed in the labor force of a given economy for some specified period
an economic indicator representing the ratio of unemployment to the labor force of a given economy for some specified period expressed in percentage terms
Persons are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are currently available for work. Workers expecting to be recalled from layoff are counted as unemployed, whether or not they have engaged in a specific jobseeking activity. In all other cases, the individual must have been engaged in at least one active job search activity in the 4 weeks preceding the interview and be available for work (except for temporary illness).
an economic indicator representing the level of unemployment to the labor force of a given economy for some specified period
This class provides a placeholder for mapping to any ontology that defines the format for bibliographic citations. Because the form is often specific to the domain, publication, or community, we do not dictate this. Either FRBR or ISO 690 provide reasonable approaches if none is explicitly required.
MIME media type as defined by the IANA standard
An organization is a social group that distributes tasks for a collective goal (Wikipedia).
A specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, product, or service.[Wikipedia]
a family of specifications, such as the OMG's Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) or the Information Exchange Framework (IEF)
The content type for the model or module, for example, MOF metamodel, UML profile, UML model, vocabulary, ontology, ruleset, etc. The actual content language for the module (for example, RDF Schema or SBVR vocabulary) should be specified using the contentLanguage annotation property. Valid values are specified as individuals.
Collection
A meaningful collection of concepts.
Labelled collections can be used where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed under a 'node label' in the hierarchy.
Concept
An idea or notion; a unit of thought.
Concept Scheme
A concept scheme may be defined to include concepts from different sources.
A set of concepts, optionally including statements about semantic relationships between those concepts.
Thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, 'folksonomies', and other types of controlled vocabulary are all examples of concept schemes. Concept schemes are also embedded in glossaries and terminologies.
Ordered Collection
An ordered collection of concepts, where both the grouping and the ordering are meaningful.
Ordered collections can be used where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed in a specific order, and optionally under a 'node label'.